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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Hydrography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes_of_communication_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes_of_communication_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Routes of communication and transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routes_of_communication_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Heraldry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Origins and toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_to_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_to_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 17th to 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_to_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Postwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turn_of_the_millennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn_of_the_millennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Turn of the millennium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn_of_the_millennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Miscellany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Urban fabric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_green_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parks and green spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Main activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_trends_and_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_trends_and_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Political trends and results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_trends_and_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 List of mayors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Municipal administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Local life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Local life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Local_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personalities_linked_to_the_commune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalities_linked_to_the_commune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personalities linked to the commune </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personalities_linked_to_the_commune-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personalities linked to the commune subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personalities_linked_to_the_commune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natives_of_Cherbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives_of_Cherbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Natives of Cherbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives_of_Cherbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natives_of_Octeville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives_of_Octeville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Natives of Octeville </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives_of_Octeville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Died_in_Cherbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Died_in_Cherbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Died in Cherbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Died_in_Cherbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_linked_to_Cherbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_linked_to_Cherbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Others linked to Cherbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_linked_to_Cherbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture and heritage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and heritage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cultural facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cherbourg-Octeville_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherbourg-Octeville_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Cherbourg-Octeville in literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherbourg-Octeville_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_shot_in_Cherbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_shot_in_Cherbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Films shot in Cherbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_shot_in_Cherbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Gastronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 Civil monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.3 Military monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.4 Religious monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Military life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cherbourg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A6resburh" title="Kiæresburh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kiæresburh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="شيربورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيربورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cherbourg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cherbourg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cherbourg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cherbourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cherbourg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg_(Frankrijk)" title="Cherbourg (Frankrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cherbourg (Frankrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cherbourg&params=49.63_N_1.62_W_type:city(25370)_region:FR-NOR">49°38′N 1°37′W / 49.63°N 1.62°W / 49.63; -1.62</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former municipality in Manche, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the city established in 2016, see <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg-en-Cotentin</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cherbourg (disambiguation)">Cherbourg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin in Normandy, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cherbourg</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">Chèrbourg (<a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Part of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg-en-Cotentin </a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="May 2006 aerial view of Cherbourg"><img alt="May 2006 aerial view of Cherbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherbourg.jpg/188px-Cherbourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherbourg.jpg/282px-Cherbourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cherbourg.jpg/376px-Cherbourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2832" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">May 2006 aerial view of Cherbourg</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Location of Cherbourg</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_646e0f4a66109f9a95dda0b8b87cf3026f4e3fb7"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cherbourg&revid=1257709821&groups=_646e0f4a66109f9a95dda0b8b87cf3026f4e3fb7" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cherbourg&revid=1257709821&groups=_646e0f4a66109f9a95dda0b8b87cf3026f4e3fb7 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherbourg is located in France"><img alt="Cherbourg is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/540px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.81%;left:26.456%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cherbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cherbourg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of France</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandie_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherbourg is located in Normandy"><img alt="Cherbourg is located in Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Normandie_region_location_map.svg/270px-Normandie_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Normandie_region_location_map.svg/405px-Normandie_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Normandie_region_location_map.svg/540px-Normandie_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1574" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.038%;left:12.688%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cherbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cherbourg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Normandy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cherbourg&params=49.63_N_1.62_W_type:city(25370)_region:FR-NOR">49°38′N 1°37′W / 49.63°N 1.62°W / 49.63; -1.62</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Cherbourg" title="Arrondissement of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">Commune</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg-en-Cotentin </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn">1</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.91 km2 (2.67 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (1999)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,370</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,700/km2 (9,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">50100</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr></tbody></table> Cherbourg<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">subprefecture</a> located at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin peninsula">Cotentin peninsula</a> in the northwestern French <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>. It was merged into the commune of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg-Octeville</a> on 28 February 2000,<a href="#cite_note-decret-6">[5]</a> which was merged into the new commune of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg-en-Cotentin</a> on 1 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Cherbourg is protected by <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">Cherbourg Harbour</a>, between <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Val de Saire</a>, and the city has been a strategic position over the centuries, disputed between the English and French. Cited as one of the "keys to the kingdom" by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Vauban</a>, it became, by colossal maritime development work, a first-rate military port under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a>, and holds an <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">arsenal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>. A stopping point for prestigious transatlantic liners in the first half of the 20th century, Cherbourg was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">primary goal</a> of US troops during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">invasion of Normandy</a> in 1944. Along with its use as a military, fishing and yachting port, it is also a <a href="/wiki/English_Channel#History_of_Channel_crossings" title="English Channel">cross-Channel</a> ferry port, with routes to the English ports of <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, the Irish ports of <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Harbour" title="Rosslare Harbour">Rosslare Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>. Limited by its geographical isolation from being a great commercial port, it is nonetheless an important shipbuilding centre, and a working-class city with a rural hinterland. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg/220px-Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg/330px-Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg/440px-Cotentin_Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Cotentin peninsula, with Cherbourg to the north</figcaption></figure> Cherbourg is located at the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>, of which it is a <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">subprefecture</a>. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">1999 census</a> the city of Cherbourg had an area of 6.91 square kilometres (2.668 sq mi), while the city of Octeville had an area of 7.35 km2 (2.838 sq mi). The largest city in the Department of Manche, it is the result of the merger of the communes of Cherbourg and Octeville. The <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamated</a> city today has an area of 14.26 km2 (5.506 sq mi). Cherbourg is situated at the mouth of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divette_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divette (river) (page does not exist)">Divette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divette_(fleuve)" class="extiw" title="fr:Divette (fleuve)">fr</a>] and at the south of the bay between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_L%C3%A9vi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap Lévi (page does not exist)">Cap Lévi</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_L%C3%A9vi" class="extiw" title="fr:Cap Lévi">fr</a>] to the east and <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">Cap de La Hague</a> to the west, Cherbourg-Octeville is 120 km (75 mi) from the English coast. Cherbourg and Octeville-sur-Cherbourg once belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deanery</a> of La Hague, delimited by the Divette. In 1786, a part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Equeurdreville</a> joined Cherbourg, during the construction of the port, and then in 1802, a portion of Octeville. Since 1811, the "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mielle" class="extiw" title="wikt:mielle">mielles</a>" [dunes] of Tourlaville, commune of the deanery of <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Saire</a>, are integrated into the Cherbourg territory known as the quarter of Val-de-Saire where the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin (page does not exist)">Pasteur Hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin">fr</a>] and the Saint-Clement Church<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> were built. Thus, Cherbourg-Octeville lies both in La Hague and in the Val de Saire.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Like all Chantereyne and the area of the Mielles, the Cherbourg territory was reclaimed from the sea. Built at the level of the sea, the town developed at the foot of the Roule mountain (highest point of the old town) and la Fauconnière. Octeville is a former rural municipality, composed of hamlets, whose settlement extended from the 19th century and whose territory is highly urbanised since 1950, especially around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zone_%C3%A0_urbaniser_en_priorit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zone à urbaniser en priorité (page does not exist)">ZUP</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_%C3%A0_urbaniser_en_priorit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Zone à urbaniser en priorité">fr</a>] of the provinces and the university campus. The bordering communes are <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville-Hainneville</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/La_Glacerie" title="La Glacerie">La Glacerie</a> to the south and southeast, <a href="/wiki/Martinvast" title="Martinvast">Martinvast</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Nouainville" title="Nouainville">Nouainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sideville" title="Sideville">Sideville</a> to the south-west. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagne-du-roule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Montagne-du-roule.jpg/220px-Montagne-du-roule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Montagne-du-roule.jpg/330px-Montagne-du-roule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Montagne-du-roule.jpg/440px-Montagne-du-roule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>The Montagne du Roule seen from the commercial harbour.</figcaption></figure> Located at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a>, Cherbourg retains traces of the geologic formation, deformed <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a> by the folding of the <a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">arkoses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> and Armorican sandstone and shale of the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>. These folds result in layers of sandstone tilted 45° towards the north-east on la Fauconniere (including "<a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Roche_qui_pend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Roche qui pend (page does not exist)">La Roche qui pend</a>" ['the hanging rock']) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagne_du_Roule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagne du Roule (page does not exist)">Montagne du Roule</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_du_Roule" class="extiw" title="fr:Montagne du Roule">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> These two cliffs are due to sea erosion in the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>. The retreat of the sea then gave way to sand dunes and tidal marshes, destroyed by the urbanisation of the 17th and 19th centuries, identical to those of Collignon in Tourlaville.<a href="#cite_note-pedestre-11">[10]</a> These rocks in the soil have been used for centuries in several ways: Crushed granite extracted in <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">arkoses</a> of Becquet, have been used for the manufacture of rubble (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moellon (page does not exist)">moellon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/moellon" class="extiw" title="fr:moellon">fr</a>]) and blocks squared for <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a>, whose colour comes from <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sericite" title="Sericite">sericite</a>, are used mainly for roofing in Nord-Cotentin, but also masonry in Cherbourg. The Armorican <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> of the Montagne du Roule is used for rubble and rockfill. Most of the many quarries, which opened in the metropolitan area for building the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">harbour wall</a>, are now closed.<a href="#cite_note-pedestre-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrography">edit</a>]</div> Cherbourg is bordered by the sea. The construction of the port of trade, from 1769, accompanied by the diversion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divette_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divette (river) (page does not exist)">Divette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divette_(fleuve)" class="extiw" title="fr:Divette (fleuve)">fr</a>] (the mouth of which was located at the current exit of Port Chantereyne) and the Trottebec (from the territory of Tourlaville) gathered in the canal de retenue, along the Avenue de Paris and Rue du Val-de-Saire. The streams of the Bucaille and the Fay, which watered the Croûte du Homet, disappeared in the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> during the construction of the military port. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Cherbourg has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>. Its maritime character causes high humidity (84%) and a strong sea wind, commonly <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">stormy</a> but also low seasonal variations of temperature and few days of frost (7.3).<a href="#cite_note-infoclimat-13">[12]</a> The combined effect of the wind and the tides can generate a rapid change of weather in a single day, with sun and rain which can be a few hours apart.<a href="#cite_note-meteofrance-14">[13]</a> The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and the mildness of the winter allow the naturalisation of many Mediterranean and exotic plants (<a href="/wiki/Mimosa" title="Mimosa">mimosas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm (plant)">palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agaves</a>, etc.) which are present in the public and private gardens of the city, despite average insolation.<a href="#cite_note-meteofrance-14">[13]</a> The climate is similar to areas much further north in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and Ireland due to the moderation. Summers are far cooler than expected by French standards. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cherbourg-Homet, elevation 19 m (62 ft), (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1968–2014) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.6 (16.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 (4.15) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 (3.17) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2 (2.49) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8 (2.16) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.1 (4.53) </td> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.6 (4.79) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.0 (5.47) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">963.9 (37.96) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">134.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Meteociel<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cherbourg (<a href="/wiki/Gonneville,_Manche" title="Gonneville, Manche">Gonneville</a>), elevation 134 m (440 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.7 (4.00) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8 (2.55) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.7 (2.23) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (2.44) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1 (2.72) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.5 (4.39) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.5 (4.47) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.3 (4.93) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">940.4 (37.02) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">140.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Meteociel<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%" border="1"> <caption>Comparison of weather conditions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Sunshine (hrs/yr) </th> <th>Rain (mm/yr) </th> <th>Snow (days/yr) </th> <th>Storm (days/yr) </th> <th>Fog (days/yr) </th></tr> <tr style="background: #D1E8FF"> <td>Cherbourg-Octeville<a href="#cite_note-infoclimat-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> </td> <td>1538 </td> <td>692.3 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>26.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Average </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>770 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td>1661 </td> <td>637 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> </td> <td>2724 </td> <td>733 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> </td> <td>1693 </td> <td>665 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> </td> <td>1605 </td> <td>1211 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>75 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routes_of_communication_and_transport">Routes of communication and transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Routes of communication and transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> Historically, Cherbourg is at the western end of <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_13" title="Route nationale 13">Route nationale 13</a>, which runs through the city by the "Rouges Terres" and the Avenue de Paris, from <a href="/wiki/La_Glacerie" title="La Glacerie">La Glacerie</a>. In the 1990s, a deviation from the road, now European routes <a href="/wiki/European_route_E03" class="mw-redirect" title="European route E03">E03</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E46" title="European route E46">E46</a>, referred traffic through La Glacerie and <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a> on a three-way axis from La Glacerie, to the Penesme roundabout at Tourlaville and then a dual carriageway to a roundabout located between Collignon Beach and the Port des Flamands. An extension to Cherbourg is in the works, with the doubling of the bridge over the Port des Flamands, to ensure a continuity of the dual carriageway to the commercial port in Cherbourg. The old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_nationale_801&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Route nationale 801 (page does not exist)">Route nationale 801</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_801" class="extiw" title="fr:Route nationale 801">fr</a>] (reclassified as D901), which connects <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">Cap de la Hague</a> to <a href="/wiki/Barfleur" title="Barfleur">Barfleur</a>, crosses the city from east to west. After the completion of the bypass east of the agglomeration, a western bypass project is under study, and a 'zone' corresponding to the future final route has been selected. Similarly, upgrading to a dual carriageway for access of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_%E2%80%93_Maupertus_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport">Maupertus Airport</a> is envisaged. The D650 is used to connect Cherbourg to the west coast of the Cotentin peninsula. Departing from Cherbourg, the D650 takes a southwesterly direction to <a href="/wiki/Les_Pieux" title="Les Pieux">Les Pieux</a> and then along to join the Côte des Isles (the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> coast) to <a href="/wiki/Barneville-Carteret" title="Barneville-Carteret">Barneville-Carteret</a>. In the approach to Cherbourg, this road has undergone development, in recent years, with amenities (roundabouts, traffic lights, urban development) by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">peri-urbanisation</a> of the communes in its path. With the awarding of <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">autoroute</a> status to the RN13 in 2006, the work of upgrading to motorway standard between Cherbourg and <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> is being undertaken over a 10-year period.<a href="#cite_note-memo-18">[17]</a> The construction work of the RN13 at the entrance of the Cherbourg agglomeration (locality Virage des Chèvres) was completed in early 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea">Sea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NormandieExpress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NormandieExpress.jpg/220px-NormandieExpress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NormandieExpress.jpg/330px-NormandieExpress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NormandieExpress.jpg/440px-NormandieExpress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/HSC_Normandie_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="HSC Normandie Express">Normandie Express</a> catamaran ferry at Cherbourg</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">Cherbourg Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">Cherbourg Naval Base</a></div> Cherbourg-Octeville is a port on the English Channel with a number of regular passenger and freight ferry services operating from the large modern ferry terminal and has a major <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">artificial harbour</a>. The following operators currently run services from the port: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> (1 sailing daily) and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> (up to 2 sailings daily, summer only).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> (3 sailings weekly).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Ferries" title="Irish Ferries">Irish Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> (2 sailings weekly).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Ferries" title="Condor Ferries">Condor Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> (1 sailing weekly in summer only).</li></ul> Cherbourg has previously had services operated by the following operators: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> (up to 2 sailings daily). Withdrawn in 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%26O_Ferries" title="P&O Ferries">P&O Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> (up to 2 sailings daily by conventional ferry and up to 3 by fast ferry during the summer). Withdrawn in 2005 following a business review.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%26O_Irish_Sea" title="P&O Irish Sea">P&O Irish Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> (up to 3 sailings weekly) and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> (weekends only during the summer). Dublin service was withdrawn in 2004 and Rosslare service sold to Celtic Link.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Ferries" title="HD Ferries">HD Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>. Operated in 2007 but cancelled in 2008 due to lack of customers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Link_Ferries" title="Celtic Link Ferries">Celtic Link Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> (3 sailings weekly). Service sold to Stena Line.</li></ul> The port welcomes some 30 cruise ships per year including the largest, thanks to a cruise terminal built in 2006 in the <a href="/wiki/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare Maritime de Cherbourg">Gare Maritime de Cherbourg</a>, which had opened in 1933 on the Quai de France next to the Cité de la Mer. Frequently, cruise ships that have planned for another destination have taken refuge in the port, for protection from the frequent storms. Conventional cargo ships berth in the eastern area of the docks on the Quai des Flamands and Quai des Mielles. During the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> prototypes in the 1960s, some sections built in the United Kingdom passed by ferry through Cherbourg, for transfer to Toulouse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_station" title="Cherbourg station">Cherbourg station</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie%E2%80%93Cherbourg_railway" title="Mantes-la-Jolie–Cherbourg railway">Paris - Cherbourg railway line</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Ferr%C3%A9_de_France" title="Réseau Ferré de France">Réseau Ferré de France</a>, ends at <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Cherbourg">Cherbourg railway station</a>, which opened in 1858 and welcomes a million passengers every year.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> This line continued, at the beginning of the 20th century, up to the resort of <a href="/wiki/Urville-Nacqueville" title="Urville-Nacqueville">Urville-Nacqueville</a> and was complemented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligne_de_Cherbourg_%C3%A0_Barfleur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligne de Cherbourg à Barfleur (page does not exist)">Tue-Vâques</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne_de_Cherbourg_%C3%A0_Barfleur" class="extiw" title="fr:Ligne de Cherbourg à Barfleur">fr</a>] which served from Cherbourg to <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Val de Saire</a> between 1911 and 1950. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s" title="Intercités">Intercités</a> Paris-Caen-Cherbourg line is the most profitable in its class with profit over €10 million per year despite numerous incidents and delays.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Regular services operate to <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint_Lazare_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint Lazare railway station">Paris-Saint-Lazare</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Caen">Caen</a> using <a href="/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s" title="Intercités">Intercités</a> stock, local <a href="/wiki/TER_Basse_Normandie" class="mw-redirect" title="TER Basse Normandie">TER</a> services operate from the station to <a href="/wiki/Gare_Principale_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare Principale Lisieux">Lisieux</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Caen">Caen</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Rennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Rennes">Rennes</a> via <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>. Intercités services to <a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Paris-Saint-Lazare</a> take three hours on average. From July 2009 to December 2010, a TGV Cherbourg – <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Dijon-Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Dijon-Ville">Dijon</a> service operated, via <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Mantes-la-Jolie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Mantes-la-Jolie">Mantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_Charles_de_Gaulle_2_TGV" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2 TGV">Roissy TGV</a>. With one daily round-trip, it operated experimentally for three years and gave the people of Cherbourg direct access by rail to France's primary airport. The service ceased prematurely, as the minimum threshold of passenger traffic was not met.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> As well as a main line station there was also the <a href="/wiki/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare Maritime de Cherbourg">Gare Maritime Transatlantique</a> station. This now forms part of the Cité de la mer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus">Bus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG/220px-Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG/330px-Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG/440px-Heuliez_GX_317_n%C2%B0814_Schuman_-_Z%C3%A9phir_Bus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A bus of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A9phir_Bus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zéphir Bus (page does not exist)">Zéphir Bus</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9phir_Bus" class="extiw" title="fr:Zéphir Bus">fr</a>] network of Cherbourg.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9phir_Bus" class="extiw" title="fr:Zéphir Bus">fr:Zéphir Bus</a></div> The Compagnie des transports de Cherbourg (CTC) was created in 1896, connecting the Place de <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a> and the Place du Château by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramway_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tramway de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">tramway</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Tramway de Cherbourg">fr</a>] in Cherbourg, then to <a href="/wiki/Urville-Nacqueville" title="Urville-Nacqueville">Urville</a>. After the German occupation and bombardment of the tram depot, the use of buses took over, and it was not until 1962 that the network had several lines. From 1976, the Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg supported the jurisdiction of public transit. Management of the public service is delegated to <a href="/wiki/Keolis" title="Keolis">Keolis</a>, the CTC took the name of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zephir.actipage.net/">Zephir</a> Bus in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The network covers the whole of the metropolitan area. In recent years, a night bus service has also been created. Cherbourg-Octeville and its suburbs are also served by the Manéo departmental bus service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_%E2%80%93_Maupertus_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport">Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Maupertus-sur-Mer" title="Maupertus-sur-Mer">Maupertus-sur-Mer</a>, serves the city. Its 2,440 m (8,010 ft) runway hosts <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">charter flights</a>. After stopping the daily service to Paris by <a href="/wiki/Twin_Jet" title="Twin Jet">Twin Jet</a>, in spring 2008, a new link with Caen and Paris started with <a href="/wiki/Chalair_Aviation" title="Chalair Aviation">Chalair</a> on 27 October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> With 40,500 passengers in 2007, the airport had lost 30% of its commercial passengers, and 10% of its total traffic over a year.<a href="#cite_note-memo2008-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Histoire de Cherbourg">fr:Histoire de Cherbourg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heraldry">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;padding:5px 8px;width:120px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_(Manche).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Cherbourg-Octeville"><img alt="Arms of Cherbourg-Octeville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg/120px-Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg/180px-Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg/240px-Blason_ville_fr_CherbourgOcteville_%28Manche%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Cherbourg-Octeville</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;">The arms of Cherbourg-Octeville are <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a>: <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fess</a> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">charged</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Star_(heraldry)" title="Star (heraldry)">mullets</a> of six points <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">sable</a>, accompanied of three <a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">bezants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a>), two in <a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">chief</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">point</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Empire</a>, the coat of arms was accompanied by external ornaments: Mural crown with five rounds of argent, crest crossed fess a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a> bypassed same on which are suspended two scallops used as mantling, one dexter olive, the other sinister oak, argent knotted and fastened by strips of azure. They also contain a <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)">Croix de guerre 1939-1945</a> with natural palm, appended at the point of the shield and surmounting the croisure strips.<a href="#cite_note-letourneur9-25">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The origin of the coat of arms is disputed. According to Victor Le Sens, it is of religious origin: Fess argent charged of stars represents the belt of the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>, one of the two patrons of the city and the number of stars, like the <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezants</a>, evokes the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, the other patron of the city. The bezants would be the expression of the redemption of the captives, illustrating the participation of the notables of Cherbourg on the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>. The coat of arms of Cherbourg dates from the late 12th century, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lesens-26">[25]</a> According to M. Le Poupet, which relies in particular on the works of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vulson_de_la_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Marcus Vulson de la Colombière">Vulson de la Colombière</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Jean_Gros,_Baron_S%C3%A9going_de_Laborde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine-Jean Gros, Baron Ségoing de Laborde (page does not exist)">Ségoing</a>, the content of the coat of arms evokes the maritime trade of the city, the bezants - traditional furniture of the arms of ennobled financiers - represent wealth and fortune, while the star shows peace and prudence. The sable signifies prudence and constancy in adversity, the azure denotes activity and the seas. M. Canel had explained before him that the bezants and stars respectively illustrated trade and sea port.<a href="#cite_note-blason-27">[26]</a> The stars, absent from the armorial of <a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_d%27Hozier" title="Charles-René d'Hozier">d'Hozier</a> in 1697,<a href="#cite_note-blason-27">[26]</a> were added in the 18th century. Under the Empire, the coat of arms was completed by a free area of second-class towns which is to dexter azure to an "N" of or, surmounted by a pointed star of the same, brocading at the ninth of the escutcheon.<a href="#cite_note-lesens-26">[25]</a> Regarding the external ornaments, the mural crown symbolises protection and happiness, the caduceus of trade and business, the olive tree of peace, the oak of strength, recalling the role of both the military and commercial port. The argent means that Cherbourg was a second class city under the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-letourneur9-25">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;padding:5px 8px;width:120px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_(Manche).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Octeville"><img alt="Arms of Octeville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg/120px-Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg/180px-Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg/240px-Blason_ville_fr_Octeville_%28Manche%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Octeville</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;">The arms of Cherbourg-Octeville are <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">mantle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a> charged with two capital letters of sable "O" dexter, "V" sinister, of the chief of gules to a leopard or armed and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampass%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampassé (page does not exist)">lampasséd</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/lampass%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:lampassé">fr</a>] azure. It was the logo of the municipality until the merger with Cherbourg, which then took the logo of Cherbourg. </td></tr></tbody></table> Today, the municipality of Cherbourg-Octeville uses a logo, entitled "mouette musicale" [musical seagull]. Initially adopted by Cherbourg, it consists of a gull, symbolising the maritime character of the town, on a musical stave, evoking the musicality of the port: "The cry of the seagulls that dance between sky and sea, the mermaids of ships and the melodious song of the waves".<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_toponymy">Origins and toponymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Origins and toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The date of Foundation of Cherbourg can not be set precisely, although several local historians, including Robert Lerouvillois, trace the origin of the city to Coriallo (for *Coriovallo) of the <a href="/wiki/Unelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Unelli">Unelli</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Pierre-Yves Lambert</a>, the Celtic element corio- means "army, troop" and the element vallo- similar to the Latin vallum, would be "rampart, fortification".<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a> (c. 365), in the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a> and the Gesta de <a href="/wiki/Wandregisel" title="Wandregisel">Fontenelle</a> ("In pago Coriovallinse", 747-753), Coriallo, Latinised then as Coriallum, hosted a Roman garrison during the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and the recovered remains would be the village between Cherbourg and <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a>, on the Mielles.<a href="#cite_note-fondation-30">[29]</a> The Cotentin Peninsula was the first territory conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> in their ninth century invasion. They developed Cherbourg as a port. After the Anglo-Scandinavian settlement, a new name appeared there in a still Latinised form: Carusburg Castellum (1026-1027, Fauroux 58) then Carisburg (1056–1066, Fauroux 214), Chiersburg (<a href="/wiki/William_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="William of Jumièges">William of Jumièges</a>, v. 1070), Chieresburg (<a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a>, v. 1175).<a href="#cite_note-beaurepaire-31">[30]</a> Carusburg would mean "fortress of the marsh" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> kjarr (marsh), and <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">borg</a> (castle, fortified town)<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> or "city of the marais" in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ker (bog) and burgh (town). The element kjarr / ker is also found in Normandy in <a href="/wiki/Villequier" title="Villequier">Villequier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonfreville-l%27Orcher" title="Gonfreville-l'Orcher">Orcher</a>. According to François de Beaurepaire, it comes rather from the Old English chiriche (spelled ċiriċe, Church) or [tch] is reduced to [s], as the commune of <a href="/wiki/Chirbury" title="Chirbury">Chirbury</a>, in the County of <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, formerly also spelled Chirichburig (915) and Chiresbir (1226).<a href="#cite_note-beaurepaire-31">[30]</a> The name of Octeville appears meanwhile, in 1063, in a Charter of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> about allocations made to the Collegiate Church of Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-hist-oct-33">[32]</a> It means: "the rural area of Otti", a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> male name also found in <a href="/wiki/Octeville-l%27Avenel" title="Octeville-l'Avenel">Octeville-l'Avenel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octeville-sur-Mer" title="Octeville-sur-Mer">Octeville-sur-Mer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walesby,_Lincolnshire" title="Walesby, Lincolnshire">Otby</a> (Lincolnshire, Ottebi, 11th century). Cherbourg is also the name of a <a href="/wiki/Township_(Canada)" title="Township (Canada)">Canadian township</a>, located between <a href="/wiki/Matane" title="Matane">Matane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_M%C3%A9chins,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Méchins, Quebec">Les Méchins</a>, which gave its name to the communes of Saint-Thomas-de-Cherbourg, merged in 1954 into Les Méchins, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Cherbourg,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Jean-de-Cherbourg, Quebec">Saint-Jean-de-Cherbourg</a>. This name, including the proclamation date of 7 May 1864, could be due to the impact by the local newspapers of the inauguration of the military port by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Cherbourg is also the name of a town in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_au_17e_siecle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>A view of Cherbourg in the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg/220px-Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg/330px-Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg/440px-Chateau-cherbourg-1689b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Map of Cherbourg and the castle demolished in 1689.</figcaption></figure> The Cotentin, conquered by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Titurius_Sabinus" title="Quintus Titurius Sabinus">Quintus Titurius Sabinus</a> in 56 BC,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> was divided between the pagus constantiensis ("County of Coutances") and the pagus coriovallensis ("County of Coriallo"), within <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>. Coriallo housed a small garrison and a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castrum</a> was built on the left bank of the Divette as an element of the Litus saxonicum, after <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> raids at the beginning of the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-fondation-30">[29]</a> In 497, the village was sold with all of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> to <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>. It was evangelised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_%C3%89reptiole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Éreptiole (page does not exist)">Saint Éreptiole</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_%C3%89reptiole" class="extiw" title="fr:Saint Éreptiole">fr</a>] in 432, then by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Exuperat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Exuperat (page does not exist)">Saint Exuperat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Leonicien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Leonicien (page does not exist)">Saint Leonicien</a>, and finally <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Scubilion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Scubilion (page does not exist)">Saint Scubilion</a> in 555.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In 870, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clair_du_Beauvaisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clair du Beauvaisis (page does not exist)">Saint Clair</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_du_Beauvaisis" class="extiw" title="fr:Clair du Beauvaisis">fr</a>], landing in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, was ordained priest of Cherbourg and established a hermitage in the surrounding forest.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> After several <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> raids in the ninth century, Cherbourg was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a>, in 933, by <a href="/wiki/William_I_Longsword" class="mw-redirect" title="William I Longsword">William Longsword</a>. The Danish King Harold moved there in 946. In the face of English threats, <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III of Normandy">Richard III of Normandy</a> strengthened the fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cherbourg" title="Château de Cherbourg">castle</a> at the same time as those of the other major strongholds of Cotentin. In 1053, the city was one of the four main cities of the duchy of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> to receive an annuity in perpetuity for the maintenance of one hundred needy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In 1139, during the struggle for succession to the Anglo-Norman Crown, Cherbourg fell after two months of siege to the troops of <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen of England</a> before being retaken in 1142 by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey of Anjou</a>, whose wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>, three years later founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbaye_Notre-Dame_du_V%C5%93u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbaye Notre-Dame du Vœu (page does not exist)">Abbaye Notre-Dame du Vœu</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Notre-Dame_du_V%C5%93u" class="extiw" title="fr:Abbaye Notre-Dame du Vœu">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> During the conquest of Normandy by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, Cherbourg fell without a fight in 1204. The city was sacked in 1284 and 1293, the abbey and the Hôtel-Dieu looted and burned, but the castle, where the population was entrenched, resisted. Following these ravages, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> fortified the city in 1300.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> Its strategic position, a key to the kingdom along with Calais as a bridgehead for invasion by the English and French, the town was much disputed during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. Having one of the strongest castles in the world according to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Froissart</a>, it changed ownership six times as a result of transactions or seats, never by force of arms. The fortress resisted the soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> in 1346. In February 1354, Cherbourg was transferred by <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II of Navarre</a> with the bulk of the Cotentin.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The city was of Navarre from 1354 to 1378, and Charles II stayed in Cherbourg on several occasions. In 1378, the city was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> as the rest of the Norman possessions of the King of Navarre, but in vain. Navarre troops who had dropped the County of Évreux and the Cotentin were entrenched in Cherbourg, already a difficult taking, and defended it against French attacks.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In June 1378, having lost ground in Normandy, Charles II of Navarre rented Cherbourg in 1378 to <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> for a period of three years. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a> besieged it for six months using many machines of war, but abandoned the siege in December 1378.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The King of England then refused to return the city to the Navarrese, despite the efforts of Charles II. It was only his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III of Navarre</a> who recovered it in 1393. In 1404, it was returned to <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>, in exchange for the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Nemours" title="Nemours">Nemours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Fallen in 1418 to the hands of the English, Cherbourg, the last English possession of the Duchy of Normandy after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a>, was released on 12 August 1450.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> On 28 April 1532, Cherbourg was visited with great fanfare by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> and the dauphin.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> At that time, Cherbourg was described by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Gouberville" title="Gilles de Gouberville">Gilles de Gouberville</a> as a fortified town of 4,000 residents, protected by drawbridges at the three main gates which were permanently guarded and closed from sunset until dawn. Inside the city walls, the castle, itself protected by wide moats and equipped with a keep and twelve towers, was south-east of the city. Outside and to the south of the city walls, the suburb along the Divette was frequented by sailors.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Cherbourg was not affected by the wind of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> that divided Normandy, consolidated and heavily guarded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_II_de_Goyon_de_Matignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques II de Goyon de Matignon (page does not exist)">Matignon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_II_de_Goyon_de_Matignon" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques II de Goyon de Matignon">fr</a>], <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> thanked his defence against the troops of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel, comte de Montgomery">Montgomery</a>, as lieutenant-general of Normandy and Governor of Cherbourg in 1578, and then marshal the following year. The bourgeois also remained loyal to Henry III and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, when Normandy was mostly held by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_to_19th_century">17th to 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 17th to 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg/220px-Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg/330px-Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg/440px-Cherbourg-Digue-ouest-grande-rade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The western sea wall, known as "de Querqueville".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_cherbourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/N_cherbourg.jpg/220px-N_cherbourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/N_cherbourg.jpg/330px-N_cherbourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/N_cherbourg.jpg/440px-N_cherbourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Napoléon and Marie Louise attending the parade of the squadron in Cherbourg in 1811.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg/220px-Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg/330px-Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg/440px-Belle-poule-napoleon-morel-fatio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Transhipment of the remains of Napoleon I, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_L%C3%A9on_Morel-Fatio" title="Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio">Léon Morel-Fatio</a>, 1841.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_view_from_fort_du_Roule,_Cherbourg,_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg/220px-General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg/330px-General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg/440px-General_view_from_fort_du_Roule%2C_Cherbourg%2C_France-LCCN2001697636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A general view of Cherbourg from the fort du Roule, around 1895.</figcaption></figure> To complement the two major ports of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> on the Atlantic Ocean and <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> wished to build a new port on the side of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, facing England, in order to shelter the passing ships. In 1686, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Vauban</a> offered to strengthen the fortifications of Cherbourg, and close <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">Cherbourg Harbour</a> with two sea walls, but preferred La Hogue for the establishment of a major military port.<a href="#cite_note-bazan-44">[43]</a> Fortifications and the castle development work began the following year but were stopped by the King in December 1688, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Louvois</a> and fear of English attacks.<a href="#cite_note-fondation-30">[29]</a> In the absence of these fortifications, the population of Cherbourg attended to the destruction of the three ships of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hilarion_de_Tourville" title="Anne Hilarion de Tourville">Admiral Tourville</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue">Battle of La Hogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fondation-30">[29]</a> The commercial port dug at the current position of the place Divette between 1739 and 1742, was devastated in August 1758 by an English attack under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bligh" title="Thomas Bligh">General Bligh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Admiral Howe</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the British briefly occupied the town after the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cherbourg" title="Raid on Cherbourg">Raid on Cherbourg</a> in 1758. The British destroyed military buildings and warehouses before departing. With the development of a new pool of trade in 1769, Cherbourg - a longstanding commercial port of minor importance, a city without a university or cultural activity, regularly looted, and having weak relations with Paris - acquired a weight in the Cotentin which translated, on the eve of the French Revolution, by the creation of networks of sociability by the middle-class united in associations - such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg_Royal_Academic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherbourg Royal Academic Society (page does not exist)">Cherbourg Royal Academic Society</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_acad%C3%A9mique_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Société nationale académique de Cherbourg">fr</a>] in 1755 and the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">lodge</a> "Faithful mason". The population increased from 800 <a href="/wiki/Feu_fiscal" title="Feu fiscal">feus</a> (4,000 inhabitants) in Cherbourg and 95 in Octeville, around 1715, to 7,300 people in Cherbourg by 1778.<a href="#cite_note-ancienregime-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> decided to relaunch the project of the port on the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. After many delays, it was decided in 1779 to build a 4 km (2.5 mi)-long sea wall between <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">île Pelée</a> and the tip of <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a>, using a method developed by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_de_Cessart" title="Louis-Alexandre de Cessart">Louis-Alexandre de Cessart</a>, a pier of 90 wooden cones of 20 m (66 ft) by 20, filled with <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a>, connected by iron chains. The first cone was immersed on 6 June 1784, and the King attended the <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_French_Navy_under_Louis_XV_and_Louis_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the French Navy under Louis XV and Louis XVI (page does not exist)">launching of the ninth cone</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_marine_fran%C3%A7aise_sous_Louis_XV_et_Louis_XVI" class="extiw" title="fr:Histoire de la marine française sous Louis XV et Louis XVI">fr</a>] on 22 June. But the technique did not withstand storms and was abandoned in 1788 in favour of scuttling old warships to backfill lost stones touted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_La_Couldre_de_La_Bretonni%C3%A8re" title="Louis de La Couldre de La Bretonnière">La Bretonnière</a>. However, the reduction of subsidies and the revolutionary events slowed work down, until its suspension in 1792. First Consul <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a> wanted to turn Cherbourg into a major military port, for the invasion of the United Kingdom. He charged <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cachin" title="Joseph Cachin">Joseph Cachin</a> with the resumption of the work of the sea wall, the digging of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military outer harbour</a>, and the construction of the new arsenal. After a visit in 1811, Napoleon made Cherbourg a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Prefect">maritime prefecture</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chef-lieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chef-lieu">chef-lieu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Manche_department" title="Arrondissements of the Manche department">Arrondissements of the Manche department</a> and the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">court of first instance</a>. The work of the central sea wall, interrupted again between 1813 and 1832, ended in 1853, the east and west sea walls in 1895. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> docks (begun in 1814 - 290 × 220 × 18 metres) and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (started in 1836 - 420 × 200 × 18 m) of the military port were respectively opened on 25 August 1829, in the presence of the Dauphin, and 7 August 1858, by the Imperial couple. The work of the sea wall was concluded by the construction of the small harbour (Homet sea wall, 1899-1914 and sea wall of the Flemings, 1921–1922). The work of the port led the intensification and spread of a modernising and developing Cherbourg, while contractors, owners, and local merchants were getting richer. Rural village housing scattered in hamlets made up around large farms (La Crespiniere, La Prevallerie, Grimesnil, La Gamacherie, etc.), connected between them and the Saint-Martin Church by a network of paths, Octeville became chef-lieu of the canton in 1801 (Decree of 23 Vendémiaire, year X) and also its population, to increase by the influx of workers who came to build the port of Cherbourg and work at the Arsenal. After the creation of the Route des Pieux (current Rue Salengro and Rue Carnot), the town was formed around an homogenised street-village then urbanising at the beginning of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-hist-oct-33">[32]</a> On 16 August 1830, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">King Charles X</a>, dethroned, departed into exile from the military port of Cherbourg aboard the Great Britain, leaving room for the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-37">[36]</a> After seeing moor in its harbour Le Luxor carrying the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor Obelisk">Obelisk of Luxor</a> in August 1833, Cherbourg welcomed the return of the remains of Napoleon to France aboard the Belle Poule. On 4 August 1858, an equestrian statue of Napoleon by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Armand_Le_V%C3%A9el" title="Armand Le Véel">Armand Le Véel</a>, was erected on the occasion of the visit of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie%E2%80%93Cherbourg_railway" title="Mantes-la-Jolie–Cherbourg railway">railway line from Cherbourg to Paris</a>. On 19 June 1864, a naval engagement in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> was held off the coast of Cherbourg: The warship of the Confederates, the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS Alabama</a> was sunk by the ship of the Union <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(1861)" title="USS Kearsarge (1861)">USS Kearsarge</a> after two hours of fighting [see the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg_(1864)" title="Battle of Cherbourg (1864)">Battle of Cherbourg (1864)</a>], under the eye of thousands of spectators, who had arrived by train for the inauguration of the casino. Visualizing the fight from a sailboat, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a> immortalised it in <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Kearsarge_and_the_Alabama" title="The Battle of the Kearsarge and the Alabama">The Battle of the Kearsarge and the Alabama</a>. In November 1984, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mine_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine hunter">mine hunter</a> Circé discovered a <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">wreck</a> under nearly 60 m (200 ft) of water off Cherbourg. The location of the wreck (WGS84) was 49°45'147N / 001°41'708W. Captain Max Guerout later confirmed the wreck to be of the CSS Alabama. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_(1933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_%281933%29.jpg/220px-Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_%281933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_%281933%29.jpg/330px-Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_%281933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg_%281933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>The gare maritime in 1933.</figcaption></figure> From 1847, the geographical and technical properties of the port of Cherbourg attracted shipping companies linking European ports to the east coast of the United States. At the end of the 1860s, the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail_Steam_Packet_Company" title="Royal Mail Steam Packet Company">Royal Mail Steam Packet Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line" title="Hamburg America Line">Hamburg America Line</a> anchored in the harbour before crossing the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-annales-46">[45]</a> After leaving <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England, the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic</a> made its first stop at Cherbourg on 10 April 1912,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> during its maiden voyage, where an additional 274 passengers embarked. In 1913, Cherbourg received 500 ships and 70,000 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-bulletinBN-48">[47]</a> On 31 July 1909, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> and French president <a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> met officially in Cherbourg to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, traffic was completely suspended. Cherbourg became the place of arrival for equipment and the British and American troops, and for departure on leave and injuries. The military port experienced an increase in activity, and the garrison stationed at Cherbourg was reinforced. The port infrastructures were developed to receive coal and oil required for the conflict. Traffic doubled, reaching 600,000 tons in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-bulletinBN-48">[47]</a> Transatlantic transit resumed in the aftermath of the war with the British, American and Dutch transatlantic companies. To welcome the best stopovers, the Chamber of Commerce built a deep water port, a new ferry terminal, and an area dedicated to loading, unloading and storage of goods in the field of Mielles. Cherbourg became the first port of migration in Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Line" title="Red Star Line">Red Star Line</a> companies united to build the Hôtel Atlantique [Atlantic Hotel] intended to receive emigrants before crossing. At the same time, the downtown was renovated, especially in the architectural projects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Levesque_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Levesque (architect) (page does not exist)">René Levesque</a>, Drancey and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Levavasseur (architect) (page does not exist)">René Levavasseur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:René Levavasseur (architecte)">fr</a>]. However, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">1929 crisis</a> put an end to the transatlantic peak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg/220px-Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg/330px-Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg/440px-Cherbourg1944-Combat_avParis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers engaged in street fighting, on the Avenue de Paris.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> occupied north of France and fortified the coastline against invasion. As a deep-water port, Cherbourg was of strategic importance, very heavily protected against seaborne assault. German troops arrived in the outskirts of Cherbourg on 17 June 1940, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. Two days later, the City Council declared the <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">city open</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">7th Panzer Division</a>, received the surrender of the city from the hands of the maritime prefect, Vice-Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Le_Bigot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Le Bigot (page does not exist)">Jules Le Bigot</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Le_Bigot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Le Bigot">fr</a>], who had earlier destroyed submarines under construction at the arsenal and East Fort. Four years later, Cherbourg, the only deep-water port in the region, was the primary objective of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">American troops</a> who had landed at <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a> was required to give the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> a point of logistic support for human resupply and material of the troops. American troops encircled the city on 21 June 1944. At the end of furious street fighting and bitter resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_du_Roule" title="Fort du Roule">Fort du Roule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl-Wilhelm_von_Schlieben" title="Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben">Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konteradmiral" title="Konteradmiral">Konteradmiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hennecke" title="Walter Hennecke">Walter Hennecke</a> and 37,000 German soldiers surrendered on 26 June to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Joseph Lawton Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding General</a> (CG) of the <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VII Corps (United States)">U.S. VII Corps</a>. After a month of <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a> and repairs by American and French engineers, the port, completely razed by the Germans and the bombing, welcomed the first <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ships</a> and became, until the victory of 1945, the busiest port in the world, with traffic double that of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> It was also the endpoint of the gasoline which crossed the English Channel via the underwater pipeline <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">PLUTO</a> (Pipe Line Under The Ocean), and the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Ball_Express" title="Red Ball Express">Red Ball Express</a>, truck transport circuit to <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. Cherbourg was returned to France by the Americans on 14 October 1945. It was cited in the Order of the Army on 2 June 1948 and received the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)">Croix de guerre with Palm</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Postwar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Redoutable.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le_Redoutable.JPG/220px-Le_Redoutable.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le_Redoutable.JPG/330px-Le_Redoutable.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Le_Redoutable.JPG/440px-Le_Redoutable.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Le Redoutable, a symbol of the flourishing local economy of the postwar period, became a tourist attraction in 2002.</figcaption></figure> The wartime destruction was mainly concentrated around the military port in Cherbourg but had hit 60% of Octeville. Thanks to the urgency of the port reconstruction, economic activity resumed quickly. Cherbourg, headed by former <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Schmitt (page does not exist)">René Schmitt</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schmitt" class="extiw" title="fr:René Schmitt">fr</a>], built much social housing. The postwar boom led to the modernisation of the economy and a greater role for female employment. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">General de Gaulle</a>, Cherbourg became the hub of nuclear <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a> construction from 1964, including the first, <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Redoutable_(S611)" title="French submarine Redoutable (S611)">Le Redoutable</a>, which was launched in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-histoireindustrielle-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot" title="Félix Amiot">Félix Amiot</a>'s shipyard <a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie</a>, specialised in military armaments, became famous during the Christmas of 1969 in an episode of the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Project" title="Cherbourg Project">Cherbourg Project</a>. Incorporated in 1970, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>] gathered together Cherbourg and Octeville, <a href="/wiki/La_Glacerie" title="La Glacerie">La Glacerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville-Hainneville</a>. From the end of the 1960s, the nuclear industry emerged through the construction sites of the <a href="/wiki/La_Hague_site" title="La Hague site">La Hague reprocessing plant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flamanville_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant">Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant</a> in addition to submarines of the <a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">DCN</a>. A union of trade unions, left-wing activists and environmentalists, formed around the fear of the "nuclearisation" of Nord-Cotentin, crystallised in January 1979 when the Pacific Fisher landed with the first spent nuclear waste from Japan. On the eve of the 1980s, the Cherbourg agglomeration was hit by several violent social conflicts, particularly due to the closure of the Babcock factories.<a href="#cite_note-cite-inquiete-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn_of_the_millennium">Turn of the millennium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turn of the millennium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg/220px-Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg/330px-Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg/440px-Vue_panoramique_sur_Cherbourg_depuis_le_Fort_du_Roule_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>A recent view of downtown Cherbourg.</figcaption></figure> The major decisions of the public authorities, on which Cherbourg has depended for many centuries, and the nuclear industry, caused a deep economic crisis in the 1990s. The Arsenal was drastically downsized, the Northern Fleet (FLONOR) moved to <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in 1992, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas (page does not exist)">maritime hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas">fr</a>] closed. UIE, Burty, CMN, Socoval and Alcatel accumulated social plans or closings. Under the auspices of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">urban community</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>], the agglomeration developed its academic offerings with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_universitaire_de_technologie_de_Cherbourg-Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut universitaire de technologie de Cherbourg-Manche (page does not exist)">IUT of Cherbourg-Manche</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_School_of_the_University_of_Caen_Normandy_(ESIX_Normandie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering School of the University of Caen Normandy (ESIX Normandie)">School of Engineers of Cherbourg</a> and a branch of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Lower_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen Lower Normandy">University of Caen</a>, which complemented <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_de_la_mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut national des sciences et techniques de la mer (page does not exist)">INTECHMER</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_de_la_mer" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national des sciences et techniques de la mer">fr</a>] and the School of Fine Arts. The new millennium began with the creation of a new commune. Cherbourg-Octeville was created on 1 March 2000 through the joining of Cherbourg and Octeville, following a local referendum within "Grand Cherbourg". The city revived its tourist and maritime identity through the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a> and the opening to the public of the <a href="/wiki/Redoutable-class_submarine_(1967)" title="Redoutable-class submarine (1967)">Redoubtable</a>, and became the home of stopovers for cruises and nautical events.<a href="#cite_note-cite-inquiete-51">[50]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ration_de_r%C3%A9novation_urbaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opération de rénovation urbaine (page does not exist)">urban renewal operation</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_de_r%C3%A9novation_urbaine" class="extiw" title="fr:Opération de rénovation urbaine">fr</a>] "between land and sea", with an emphasis on the commercial and touristic attractiveness of the city and the Bassins Quarter, as well as the economic specialisation in boating, emerged. Meanwhile, the traditional activities of the port (passengers, freight and fishing) were in crisis.<a href="#cite_note-lesechosfr-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Miscellany">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rossel (page does not exist)">Alfred Rossel</a>, a native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mér" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song. The local dialect is known as <a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a>. La Glacerie was named for <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>. In 1655, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Lucas_de_N%C3%A9hou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Lucas de Néhou (page does not exist)">Louis Lucas de Néhou</a> built a glass factory which produced windows and mirrors for such buildings as the <a href="/wiki/Galerie_des_Glaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie des Glaces">Galerie des Glaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Versailles">Château de Versailles</a>. The factory in La Glacerie was destroyed by Allied bombardments in 1944 during the Normandy invasion. Cherbourg was the first site outside the United States to be designated as an <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> Heritage Site by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Preservation Trust</a> because a sea battle was fought nearby in 1864 by Union and Confederate warships. See the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg_(1864)" title="Battle of Cherbourg (1864)">Battle of Cherbourg (1864)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_fabric">Urban fabric</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Urban fabric">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_au_16e_siecle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the fortress of Cherbourg by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Gomboust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Gomboust (page does not exist)">Jacques Gomboust</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gomboust" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Gomboust">fr</a>], 1657</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg/220px-Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg/330px-Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg/440px-Cherbourg-rue_des_fosses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>The Rue des Fossés, remnant of a street of medieval Cherbourg</figcaption></figure> Cherbourg originally developed on the left bank of the mouth of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divette_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divette (river) (page does not exist)">Divette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divette_(fleuve)" class="extiw" title="fr:Divette (fleuve)">fr</a>], around the castle. Traces of the ancient fortress are rare in the modern city; the fortification was located in the area bounded by the Rue de la Marine, Quai de Caligny, the Foch, Gambetta, Albert-Mahieu and François-Lavieille streets, and La République and La Trinité squares. The city had five streets: Grande Rue, Rue de la Trinité (today, Tour-Carrée), the Rue du Nouet (to the Blé), the Rue au Fourdray and Rue Onfroy (of trade), and a dozen boëls (alleys).<a href="#cite_note-anecdotique-53">[52]</a> These five medieval streets were transformed into pedestrian streets in the 1980s. Until the destruction of the city walls, the main road called rue de-devant-le-château, was built on its west (east is bordered by ditches) with several houses with arcades, called soliers. After the dismantling of the walls, inside which lived three-fifths of the population,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> the city extended up to its natural boundaries at the end of the 17th century: the Divette in the east, and Chantereine stream in the west. During the 19th century, it extended to the neighbouring annexed territories of <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville</a>. Its rapid growth from the end of the 18th century was spoken of by Jean Fleury, in 1839, in that it "offers almost everywhere the appearance of a new town; the old streets occupy little space, and the others are generally large and airy, the fountains numerous [...]. Cherbourg has 10 squares, 59 streets, 12 cul-de-sacs and 5 passages."<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-notions-55">[54]</a> Damaged during all eras, rebuilt in piecemeal, the city has no architectural unity. Shale, extracted from the quarries of the agglomeration, is the traditional material of construction. With widespread coverage in the northern Cotentin, it is also used in Cherbourg for the walls in the city, apparent or often covered with a grayish or sometimes colourful coating. The frames are then Valognes stone (limestone), pink granite of Fermanville, or brick, and the underpinnings Armorican sandstone of the Roule and the Fauconniere. The expansion of the city from the 18th century contributed to the diversity of materials. The use of <a href="/wiki/Caen_stone" title="Caen stone">Caen stone</a> and industrial brick was necessary under the Second Empire, while vernacular architecture disappeared gradually in these years in favour of a more homogeneous and Parisian style.<a href="#cite_note-centreurbainancien-56">[55]</a> Cherbourg and its agglomeration urbanised around the ports and along the coast. With post-war reconstruction and the economic development of the <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>, the city is experiencing a crisis of housing due to the demographic boom, having built on the last vacant land. Indeed, a 1954 report evaluated 1,000 inhabitant families living in slums and called for 1,500 housing units. Then out of land Cité du Casino in 1957 and the Cité Fougère in 1958, then in 1959 all of the Amont-Quentin, Charcot-Spanel and Cité Chantereyne to accommodate the families of the engineers and officers of the Arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Port Chantereyne and the Mielles lands are reclaimed from the sea, the Place Divette and Boulevard Schuman are created at the site of the old fairground. However, at that time, the change mainly affected nearby villages that formed an agglomeration in less than forty years. Octeville, a dispersed habitat until the 18th century, and urbanised during the work of the port around a central street,<a href="#cite_note-hist-oct-33">[32]</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estate</a> of the Provinces settle on the heights of la Fauconniere and triple its population in 20 years. Several estates also emerging at Tourlaville, La Glacerie, Querquerville and Equeurdreville, amending the physiognomy of a suburb which densified.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> This urbanisation resulted in the dilution of the geographic and sociological boundaries of the agglomeration resulting in the creation in 1970 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">urban community</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>] until the merger of Cherbourg and Octeville in 2000. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les-Provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Les-Provinces.jpg/220px-Les-Provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Les-Provinces.jpg/330px-Les-Provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Les-Provinces.jpg/440px-Les-Provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Amont Quentin and the Provinces, born in the 1960s and 1970s, currently under renovation.</figcaption></figure> Following this merger, a plan of urban renewal named "Between Land and Sea" was launched in 2002 on the quarters of Bassins, of the Amont-Quentin and the Provinces to homogenise the territory of the newly alamgamated city.<a href="#cite_note-manoeuvres-59">[58]</a> The Bassins quarter, released by the channelling of the Divette and the filling of the retaining channel, is expected to profoundly transform the commercial landscape of the city, carried by the construction of a new shopping centre and the renovation of downtown. On the heights, seven HLM tower blocks are intended for demolition to improve social housing. A 3-star hotel and the relocation of the casino is also planned.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> At Avenue Carnot, the former Grouard warehouses must leave room for parking and a place through from the wharf from the Quai de l'Entrepôt to the Pasteur Hospital, to 180 dwellings by Presqu'île habitat and ADIM (Vinci company) then 100 extra in a second round of development.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The administrative quarters are: <ul><li>Downtown, historic heart of Cherbourg, with the inner city and the districts of La Polle and the Vœu, dating from the 19th century.</li> <li>The Val-de-Saire, annexed in 1811, beyond the Divette and swing-bridge.</li> <li>Sud-est, corresponding to the districts of du Roule and Maupas, traditionally for workers.</li> <li>The Amont Quentin-Provinces, on the heights of the city, built from the late 1950s (essentially HLM tower blocks).</li> <li>Octeville-Bourg, from both sides of the Salengro and Barbusse streets.</li> <li>Ouest, western part of the former municipality of Octeville.</li></ul> Since 1996, Cherbourg-Octeville is covered by a <a href="/wiki/Sensitive_urban_zone" title="Sensitive urban zone">sensitive urban zone</a> on the expanded area of the Provinces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> The construction of the dam and the military port has brought an important flow of workers and soldiers. Cherbourg and Octeville have seen their populations quadruple in a century. Cherbourg had 43,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century. During this century, Cherbourg lost some 15,000 inhabitants, while Octeville grew continuously, with an explosion in the 1960s and 1970s, during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a>. According to estimates from <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a> for 2018, Cherbourg-Octeville has 35,545 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-pop2018-62">[61]</a> It is the largest city of the Manche department, and second of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>), surpassing <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a>, which had been second before the amalgamation. Cherbourg concentrated 7.7% of the departmental population, twice as much as the prefecture, <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>, while the agglomeration represents 17% and the urban area 23.5%. The depopulation of the city-centre of the agglomeration was one of the main topics of the campaign for the municipal elections of 2008. In addition to the battle of figures on the number of lost inhabitants, the three candidates, Bernard Cazeneuve (PS), Jean Lemière (UMP) and Hervé Corbin (dissident UMP) indicated a new interest in this problem. The urbanisation of the Grimesnil/Monturbet zone, provided for the coming years, should logically bring extra population, although no one knows if it will be enough to stop the demographic bleeding. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1793</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,081</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,389</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,316</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,655</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1831</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">18,043</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,315</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,408</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,949</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,012</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.78%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1856</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">38,309</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,812</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.77%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1866</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,215</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,580</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,691</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.82%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1886</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,013</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.73%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.82%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1896</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,783</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.13%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,938</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.04%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1906</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,837</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,731</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,281</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.32%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,054</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,461</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">39,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,042</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,262</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,486</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,243</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">32,536</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.28%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,442</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.90%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,121</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,370</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.74%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population without double counting. Data for the former commune of Cherbourg. Source: Ldh/<a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a>/Cassini<a href="#cite_note-ehess-63">[62]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:75%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;margin: 0.5em auto;"> <caption>Demographic changes of Cherbourg and Octeville compared, before their merger.<a href="#cite_note-ehess-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cassini2-64">[63]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:12% ;">Year </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1793 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1800 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1806 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1821 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1831 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1836 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1841 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1846 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1851 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1856 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1861 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Cherbourg </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">10,081 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">11,389 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">14,316 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">15,655 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">18,043 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">19,315 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">23,408 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">26,949 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">28,012 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,309 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">41,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Octeville </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">972 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">850 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,026 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,194 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,309 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,508 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,479 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,735 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">1,878 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,160 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,346 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:75%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;margin: 0.5em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:12% ;">Year </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1866 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1872 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1876 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1881 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1886 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1891 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1896 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1901 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1906 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1911 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1921 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Cherbourg </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">37,215 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">35,580 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">37,186 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">35,691 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">37,013 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,554 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">40,783 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">42,938 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">43,837 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">43,731 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,281 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Octeville </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,275 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,268 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,350 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,482 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">2,895 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">3,028 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">3,352 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">3,752 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,077 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,193 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,017 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:75%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;margin: 0.5em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:12% ;">Year </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1926 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1931 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1936 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1946 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1954 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1962 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1968 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1975 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1982 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1990 </th> <th style="background: #D1E8FF; width:8% ;">1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Cherbourg </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,054 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">37,461 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">39,105 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">40,042 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,262 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">37,486 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">38,243 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">32,536 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">28,442 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">27,121 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">25,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">Octeville </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">3,939 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,054 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,317 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">4,606 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">5,421 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">6,247 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">9,465 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">15,977 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">18,551 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">18,120 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5F5;">16,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;">Number retained from 1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_counts_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population counts of France (page does not exist)">population without doubles counting</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiffres_de_population_de_la_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Chiffres de population de la France">fr</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> Today, the neighbouring communes of the metropolitan area (Martinvast, Nouainville, Tonneville, Bretteville, etc.) are experiencing a demographic boost: The framework of life, rural and peaceful, in no way prevents the inhabitants from taking advantage of the infrastructure of the urban community. This problem, which is found in many French towns of this size, has led to the constitution of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Association_of_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Association of Cotentin (page does not exist)">Pays du Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_mixte_du_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Syndicat mixte du Cotentin">fr</a>], the urban community who wish to so participate financially in the rich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_communes_of_Les_Pieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of communes of Les Pieux (page does not exist)">Community of communes of Les Pieux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_des_Pieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté de communes des Pieux">fr</a>] and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_communes_of_La_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of communes of La Hague (page does not exist)">Community of communes of La Hague</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_la_Hague" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté de communes de la Hague">fr</a>]. Since the merger between Cherbourg and Octeville, in February 2000, the inhabitants are officially called Cherbourgeois-Octevillais.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-65">[64]</a> Before, the inhabitants of Cherbourg was called the Cherbourgeois and those of Octeville were the Octevillais. It is likely[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] that, with the merger, the latter disappears gradually in favour of Cherbourgeois. This would be similar to Équeurdrevillais (or sometimes Équeurdrais) for the nearby of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville-Hainneville</a>, which merged communes in 1965. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> Cherbourg and Octeville have two different profiles. The first is the city centre, with varied habitat, the other a commune in suburbs, built quickly from the 1960s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_green_spaces">Parks and green spaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and green spaces">edit</a>]</div> The second half of the 19th century saw the creation of many <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English-style gardens</a>. The first was due to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cachin" title="Joseph Cachin">Joseph Cachin</a> created while he was responsible for the construction of the port, a private garden and a pond near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divette_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divette (river) (page does not exist)">Divette</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divette_(fleuve)" class="extiw" title="fr:Divette (fleuve)">fr</a>], instead of the current railway line leading to the <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Cherbourg">station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-troisjardins-66">[65]</a> The temperate oceanic climate favours the naturalisation of southern and exotic plants such as palm trees, brought back by many Cherbourg sailors and explorers. Then, under the Third Republic, public gardens opened.<a href="#cite_note-troisjardins-66">[65]</a> Today the city offers several green spaces: <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_public_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin public de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Public Garden</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_public_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Jardin public de Cherbourg">fr</a>] of 1.7 ha (4.2 acres), on the Avenue de Paris, was the first park to be offered to the population, in 1887. At the foot of the Montagne du Roule, it hosts many animals (<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, etc.). A commemorative site preferred by the municipality, it contains the monument to the dead inaugurated in 1924, the old portal of the Abbey of the Vœu, the bust of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, and the last town bandstand. Two pavilions of angles constructed in 1889 limit the garden on the Avenue de Paris.<a href="#cite_note-jardinschbg-67">[66]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Liais" title="Emmanuel Liais">Emmanuel Liais</a> Park 1 ha (2.5 acres) is the former garden of the Mayor of Cherbourg's house, designed in 1881 and opened in 1885. Bequeathed to the city upon his death, it is very wooded and has an observation tower, a plan of water containing water lilies and other aquatic plants and two greenhouses sheltering rare plants, including a rich collection of South American plants brought back from his travels and acclimated by Liais. It is labelled as a <a href="/wiki/Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarkable Gardens of France">Remarkable Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></li> <li>The Montebello garden, opened in 1872 in the street of the same name, within the Napoleon III Quarter, was created at the initiative of the Horticultural Society of Cherbourg for its members. Open to the public since its inception, it contains <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolias</a>, and offers a chalet of bricks with beams.</li> <li>The Park of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Ravalet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château des Ravalet (page does not exist)">Château des Ravalet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Ravalet" class="extiw" title="fr:Château des Ravalet">fr</a>] 12 ha (30 acres), a Cherbourg-Octeville property on the territory of Tourlaville, was developed by the Vicomte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_Tocqueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René de Tocqueville (page does not exist)">René de Tocqueville</a> from 1872, with an <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English garden</a> and a woodland. The park and the greenhouse built between 1872 and 1875, which is home to palm, banana, cactus and lianas have been open since the acquisition by the city of Cherbourg in 1935, and are classified as historical monuments since 4 March 1996. Several water bodies welcome Black Swans and the aviaries are home to rare birds. An artificial waterfall was created in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-jardinschbg-67">[66]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallon_sauvage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallon sauvage (page does not exist)">Vallon sauvage</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallon_sauvage" class="extiw" title="fr:Vallon sauvage">fr</a>] [wild valley] contains hedgerows, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, orchards and woodland in the heart of Octeville, in a natural area of 10 ha (25 acres).<a href="#cite_note-pedestre-11">[10]</a></li></ul> A private garden, the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique_de_la_Roche_Fauconni%C3%A8re" title="Jardin botanique de la Roche Fauconnière">Botanical Garden of the Roche Fauconnière</a>, is also listed in the inventory of Historic Monuments since 29 December 1978.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Established in 1873, it was embellished over generations by the Favier family.<a href="#cite_note-troisjardins-66">[65]</a> The commune also has <a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">allotments</a>, managed by associations: Vallon Sauvage, Fourches, Roquettes, Saint Sauveur and Redoute, which gives free land to its members. In 2007, the municipality was awarded four flowers in the <a href="/wiki/Concours_des_villes_et_villages_fleuris" title="Concours des villes et villages fleuris">competition of flowery towns and villages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The beautification policy, which dates from 1995, resulted in obtaining a first flower, followed by a second in 2000 and third in 2002. It relies on public gardens, heirs to a local botanical heritage of over a century, 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) of flower beds and 240 ha (590 acres) of green space on events such as Le Mois des Jardins et Presqu’île en Fleurs [The Month of Gardens and Peninsula in Flowers], and the annual distribution of geraniums to the resident volunteers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_AncienneCri%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Old fish market of Cherbourg, Quai de Caligny.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg/220px-Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg/330px-Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg/440px-Cherbourg-arsenal_hangars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Sheds of the arsenal, seen from Chantereyne.</figcaption></figure> At the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a>, the guild of drapers was founded on 16 April 1668, the manufacture of cloth produced two thousand pieces per year.<a href="#cite_note-anecdotique-53">[52]</a> Two years earlier, Colbert had also promoted the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/La_Glacerie" title="La Glacerie">glass factory</a> in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the 18th century, the economic resources came mainly through maritime trade, the preparation of cured meats and the harbour and breakwater works, plus a moribund textile industry. On the eve of the French Revolution, salt was imported from <a href="/wiki/Le_Croisic" title="Le Croisic">Le Croisic</a> along with British grain, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Molay-Littry" title="Le Molay-Littry">Littry</a> coal. Exports were mainly to Britain (sheets and clothes) and the West Indies (cattle and mules, fat and salted butter, salted meats, cod, linens and canvas), but also to <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> for wood and coal. Lawful or otherwise exchanges also took place with the Channel Islands (<a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a>, grain and wool). Cherbourg shipowners were absent from significant fishing, including that of cod on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, which was a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Manche" title="Granville, Manche">Granville</a>. 361 workers (1764) and 69 skilled workers (1778) of the factory annually produced (1760) 2,000 fine linens in green and white strip. Cherbourg also had seven producers of starch.<a href="#cite_note-ancienregime-45">[44]</a> Opened in 1793 at the location of the current Lawton-Collins Wharf, the arsenal was moved in 1803 on a decision by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, within the project of the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military port</a>. Sailing ships were built, the first, the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> La Colombe, was launched on 27 September 1797, and then screw-propelled vessels up to the end of the 19th century. From 1898, the Arsenal specialised in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_submarines_built_at_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of submarines built at Cherbourg (page does not exist)">construction of submarines</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_sous-marins_construits_%C3%A0_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des sous-marins construits à Cherbourg">fr</a>]. The first were Le Morse and Le Narval. Since then, more than 91 vessels have been built there. L'Annuaire de la Manche [The Yearbook of Manche] in 1829 mentioned several slate quarries in the agglomeration whose product was sometimes exported to Le Havre, two printers, two soda refineries (properties of Mr. Le Couturier and Messrs. Crenier and Co. producing approximately 600 tonnes for <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Germany and Russia), a sugar refinery (Mr. Despréaux) whose 50 tonnes were sold in the English Channel, a lace factory run by four nuns on behalf of Messrs. Blod and Lange and several tanners. It is indicated that the port trade was based on exportation of mules to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>, salted meat of pigs and eggs in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, wine and brandies, and the import of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> and Russian wood, linseed, and hemp.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> But its use as a place of war hampered the development of Cherbourg as major commercial port, compared to Le Havre. Ten years later, for these exchanges, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fleury_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fleury (writer) (page does not exist)">Jean Fleury</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fleury" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Fleury">fr</a>] counted 225 to 230 both French and foreign, from 30 to 800 tons, ships each carrying 6 to 18 crew. He added the maritime buildings and armaments and the export of butter of <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a>, and the total annual trade was estimated at between 4 or 5 million francs, of which one million for the export of eggs to the United Kingdom, and 850 tons of salted meat.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-notions-55">[54]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Cherbourg was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military port</a>. The commercial port was modest, always exporting mules to the West Indies and Réunion and local food products to Britain (butter, meats, eggs, cattle, etc.), but also chemical products of soda extracted from kelp, granite from nearby quarries, and important wood and iron from <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>, tar, hemp, and food from the colonies. At this time the port embraced the transatlantic epic. Cherbourg's industry was then specialised in shipbuilding, as well as in lace-making and the manufacture of rope. The late 19th century also saw Cherbourg develop an aviation industry, through the company of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_du_Temple_de_la_Croix" title="Félix du Temple de la Croix">Félix du Temple</a>, taken over in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot" title="Félix Amiot">Félix Amiot</a>, another aviation pioneer for the aerospace company of Normandy. Gradually, workers developed a particular skill in metalwork, both for the submarines of the Arsenal, for aircraft and ships of the Amiot shipyards or <a href="/wiki/George_Herman_Babcock" title="George Herman Babcock">Babcock</a>-<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wilcox" title="Stephen Wilcox">Wilcox</a> boilers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> introduced its first French factory in Cherbourg. The 1960s saw a revival of the local economy through the increase in the female workforce and the decline of agricultural employment in favour of diversification of jobs and a high-tech industry. In 1960, under the leadership of Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert_(French_politician)" title="Jacques Hébert (French politician)">Jacques Hébert</a>, Hortson was established in the Maupas quarter. One hundred employees manufactured projectors and film cameras, particularly for the <a href="/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française">ORTF</a> and Russian television. Redeemed, the factory specialised under the name of <a href="/wiki/Thomson-CSF" title="Thomson-CSF">Thomson-CSF</a> audiovisual in surveillance and medical cameras, then in the production of electronic circuits of computer terminals on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie</a> and the Arsenal. Since 1976, it has been dedicated to the production of microwave electronic devices, employing 260 workers in 1979 contracted for radars of the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F1</a> Army Air and of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Dassault-Breguet_Super_%C3%89tendard" title="Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard">Super Etendards</a>, rising to 400 employees at the end of the 1980s, after moving in 1987 into a new modernised factory in Tourlaville. For a decade, the electronic workshop expanded, adding a production line for mobile television relays, and a workshop for mechanical surface treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Hortson-74">[73]</a> As part of the internal restructuring of <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>, the site, which has 300 employees, was sold in 2002 to <a href="/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation" title="Sanmina Corporation">Sanmina-SCI</a>, which ceased its activity in March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-redynamiser-75">[74]</a> The Compagnie industrielle des télécommunications (CIT), merged the following decade with Alcatel, it also opened an assembly plant for electronic telephone exchanges, at <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a> in the 1960s. The unit, seen as a flagship of French industry by the new president of the Republic in 1981, was considered unnecessary after the integration of Thomson's telephony division with Alcatel in 1984 and suffered heavy redundancies from the end of the 1980s, before closing in 1997 at the end of a difficult social conflict.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Between the 1970s and 1990s, the two major projects of northern <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/La_Hague_site" title="La Hague site">La Hague reprocessing plant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flamanville_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant">Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant</a>, accentuated the industrial development of a city that saw a golden age<a href="#cite_note-cite-inquiete-51">[50]</a> through what the journalist François Simon called "industries of death", since about two thirds of the local industrial fabric was related to defence and the nuclear industry.<a href="#cite_note-histoireindustrielle-50">[49]</a> Cherbourg is also the cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Louis_Halley" title="Paul-Louis Halley">Halley</a> family and society, which became <a href="/wiki/Promod%C3%A8s" title="Promodès">Promodès</a> in the 1960s (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Continent_(hypermarket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continent (hypermarket) (page does not exist)">Continent</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent_(hypermarch%C3%A9)" class="extiw" title="fr:Continent (hypermarché)">fr</a>] hypermarkets, <a href="/wiki/Champion_(supermarket)" title="Champion (supermarket)">Champion</a> supermarkets). In 1999, Promodès merged with <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a>. The old buildings of Halley House became the technical centre of the Cachin vocational school, on Avenue Aristide-Briand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_data">Economic data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economic data">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, the economically active population of Cherbourg and Octeville was 18,671 inhabitants in a total population of 42,288 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-linternaute-77">[76]</a> Cherbourg-Octeville supports an unemployment rate (19.6% in 1999), double that of its job base (9.3% in 2006, a decrease of 1.1% in one year) which itself has the highest unemployment of the basins of employment of the department. At 31 December 2004, there were 3,700 jobseekers. Therefore, the annual average household income is lower than the national average (€13,730 for the city, compared with €15,027 in France) despite an average monthly salary (€1,590 in 2001) highest job growth of the department and higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> (€1,550).<a href="#cite_note-memo-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-linternaute-77">[76]</a> <table border="0" align="center" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF" width="50%"> <caption>Qualification of employment<a href="#cite_note-memo-18">[17]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#bdbbd7;color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;padding:3px;"> <th>Number of jobs (%)</th> <th>Employment pool</th> <th>Manche</th> <th>Lower Normandy </th></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Farm workers</td> <td>5</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Artisans, merchants and entrepreneurs</td> <td>6</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Executives and professionals</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>7.8 </td></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Associate professionals</td> <td>25.2</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>19.5 </td></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Employees</td> <td>29</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>29.2 </td></tr> <tr align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td align="left">Manual workers</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>31.1</td> <td>31.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_activities">Main activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Main activities">edit</a>]</div> Cherbourg is the seat of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin (page does not exist)">Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cherbourg-Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin">fr</a>] particularly manages the airport, the fishing ports of Cherbourg and the trade, and, together with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Centre_et_Sud-Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Centre et Sud-Manche (page does not exist)">Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Centre and Sud-Manche</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Centre_et_Sud-Manche" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Centre et Sud-Manche">fr</a>], the FIM group training organisation. <ul><li>Major Employers on 1 January 2001<a href="#cite_note-cuc-78">[77]</a></li></ul> <table border="0" align="center" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF" width="50%"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#bdbbd7;color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;padding:3px;"> <th>Name</th> <th>Activity</th> <th>Staff </th></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">DCNS</a></td> <td>Naval construction</td> <td align="right">3,190 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin (page does not exist)">Centre hospitalier Louis-Pasteur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin">fr</a>]</td> <td>Healthcare/social</td> <td align="right">1,411 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">EDF</a></td> <td>Electricity production</td> <td align="right">625 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>Ville de Cherbourg-Octeville</td> <td>Public administration</td> <td align="right">606 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>ACAIS (Association Cherbourg action sanitaire/sociale)</td> <td>Healthcare/social</td> <td align="right">531 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">CMN</a></td> <td>Naval construction</td> <td align="right">522 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">CUC</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>]</td> <td>Public administration</td> <td align="right">458 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Auchan" title="Auchan">Auchan</a></td> <td>Retail group</td> <td align="right">426 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation" title="Sanmina Corporation">Sanmina</a> (ex-Alcatel)</td> <td>Electronics manufacturing</td> <td align="right">364 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td><a href="/wiki/Euriware" title="Euriware">Euriware</a></td> <td>IT services</td> <td align="right">291 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>Lycée A. de Tocqueville</td> <td>Secondary education</td> <td align="right">275 </td></tr> <tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>Centre communal d’action sociale</td> <td>Healthcare/social</td> <td align="right">264 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Maritime sector</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Port de Cherbourg">fr:Port de Cherbourg</a></div> The Cherbourg economy derives a large part of its activities from its maritime position.<a href="#cite_note-boncap-79">[78]</a> Cherbourg indeed has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">four ports</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Port de Cherbourg">fr</a>]: A military port, a fishing port, a port of commerce (passenger traffic and cross-border goods) and a marina. Weakened since the 1990s, the commercial port sees the transit of 110,000 trucks to or from Ireland and Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/FastShip,_Inc." title="FastShip, Inc.">Project Fastship</a>, involving container transport from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (United States) by high-speed vessels and oped for fifteen years, has been forgotten in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_the_Sea" title="Motorways of the Sea">Motorways of the Sea</a> in the context of the Ena (Eurocoast Network Association), with <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> (Belgium), <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> (Ireland) and <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a> (Spain), with no more effect at the moment.<a href="#cite_note-redynamiser-75">[74]</a> In recent years, the cross-Channel passenger traffic has declined, with competition from <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Caen" title="Port of Caen">Caen-Ouistreham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>. The withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Portsmouth" title="P&O Portsmouth">P&O company</a>, which served Poole and Southampton, has left two companies with cross-Channel links: <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Ferries" title="Irish Ferries">Irish Ferries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a> (Ireland). In the first eleven months of 2007 compared with the same period of 2006, passenger traffic declined by 3.84% to 750,000 units, while freight fell 4.43% with 87,000 trucks landed. For comparison, the port had 1.7 million passengers and 138,000 trucks in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-retroport-80">[79]</a> Property, with the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Caen" title="Port of Caen">Port of Caen-Ouistreham</a>, of the joint association Ports Norman Associates, involving the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_Council_of_Lower_Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional Council of Lower Normandy (page does not exist)">Regional Council of Lower Normandy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_r%C3%A9gional_de_Basse-Normandie" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil régional de Basse-Normandie">fr</a>] and the Departmental Councils of <a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Manche" title="Departmental Council of Manche">Manche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Calvados" title="Departmental Council of Calvados">Calvados</a>, port trade is managed by a joint company of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry_of_Cherbourg-Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cherbourg-Cotentin (page does not exist)">Chamber of commerce</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin">fr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_Armateurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Dreyfus Armateurs">Louis Dreyfus Armateurs</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_Armateurs" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Dreyfus Armateurs">fr</a>]. The construction of a terminal dedicated to the traffic of coal from South America and destined for the United Kingdom will put an end to the haemorrhage of the activity of the port.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The fishing industry is affected by the crisis affecting the entire industry, and the port has seen its fleet decline.<a href="#cite_note-redynamiser-75">[74]</a> Cherbourg was the first French marina by number of visitors in 2007, having 10,117 boats for 28,713 overnight stays in 2007, and the total impact estimated at €4 million for the Cherbourg agglomeration.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> A tradition of local industry, shipbuilding is based on the two pillars of the <a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">DCNS</a> Cherbourg for <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie</a> (CMN), famous for their speedboats. This sector has been widely restructured over the past twenty years. The military arsenal saw the end of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Redoutable-class_submarine_(1967)" title="Redoutable-class submarine (1967)">Redoutable-class submarines</a> and expanded its customer base, until then exclusively of the Navy, prior to being privatised in 2007. With diesel Agosta submarines, developed since 1994 for Pakistan, and the Scorpène, in collaboration with the shipyards of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, sold to Malaysia, Chile and India, 25% of the total turnover of the establishment is of foreign origin. Partnerships with Pakistan and India have concluded to make the construction term at home. The CMN, which employed 1,200 people at the beginning of the 1980s, modernised and automated, and now has 500 employees. The company diversified into large luxury yachts, without abandoning the military market, and has signed such contracts with the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> through the Franco-<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> businessman <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Safa" title="Iskandar Safa">Iskandar Safa</a>, owner since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-boncap-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg/220px-TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg/330px-TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg/440px-TransatJ.Vabre6_11_2005_BankPop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Multihull Banque Populaire, built by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=JMV_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JMV Industries (page does not exist)">JMV Industries</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMV_Industries" class="extiw" title="fr:JMV Industries">fr</a>] shipyard</figcaption></figure> While these two military companies have experienced reductions in loads (the number of jobs at the Arsenal increased from 6,000 including 1,000 subcontracted, in 1988, to 2,600 including 500 subcontractors), and the companies have repositioned in the nautical industry. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JMV_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JMV Industries (page does not exist)">JMV Industries</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMV_Industries" class="extiw" title="fr:JMV Industries">fr</a>], a subsidiary of CMN with 100 employees, built racing yachts. Originally hosted by CMN to build aluminium hulls designed by James Ébénistes (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves" title="Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves">Saint-Laurent-de-Cuves</a>), Allures Yachting has specialised in cruising sailboats. The Allais shipyard, of Dieppe, has established a subsidiary, ICAN, dedicated to civilian boats and pleasure craft.<a href="#cite_note-boncap-79">[78]</a> A network of subcontractors and specialists formed around this hub through Ameris France (established in 1994 under the name of Cap 50 export, specialised in the research and the supply of spare parts for ships and military aircraft), the Efinor group (founded in 1988, specialising in metallurgy, nuclear decommissioning and engineering), MPH (help in project control, 140 employees). At <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue</a>, Facnor has become a global specialist of sailing reels.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The Navy employs nearly 3,000 officials in the agglomeration, especially in the context of administration (maritime prefecture), maritime safety (customs, CROSS, Abeille), logistical support of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and foreign passage, and of training.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <ul><li>Metallurgy</li></ul> Metallurgy has long represented a large source of employment in the agglomeration. Around the Arsenal and its <a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">boilermakers</a>, several metalworking and mechanical industries were formed from the early 1900s. This is the case of the oldest business the city, the Simon Brothers company, founded in 1856, which went from being a mechanical workshop to a steam agricultural machinery manufacturer and then to an agribusiness in a half a century. Manufacturing guns in 1870 and 1939, the company became a world leader in <a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">churns</a> and mixers for the butter industry.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Similarly, the Babcock <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> manufacturer was implanted in Cherbourg in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> and closed its doors after a protracted labour dispute, in 1979. Later, the <abbr title="Union industrielle d'entreprise (Industrial Business Union)">UIE</abbr> began business in Cherbourg in 1973, for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platforms</a>, but closed in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-histoireindustrielle-50">[49]</a> <ul><li>Agri-food</li></ul> The food industry, essential in Lower Normandy, is not absent from the employment pool. A farm raising salmon in the harbour, abattoirs handling farmed livestock of Nord-Cotentin, and several processing companies exist. The Simon Brothers (50 employees) have supplied equipment for the cider and dairy industries for more than a century. <ul><li>Electronics</li></ul> Alcatel had two units in the 1980s, one in Cherbourg, then Tourlaville (formerly <a href="/wiki/Thomson-CSF" title="Thomson-CSF">Thomson-CSF</a>) the other in Querqueville (<a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel CIT</a>). Both, regarded as flagships of the group, specialised respectively in microwave and electronic telephone exchanges. However, Alcatel decided to close the Querqueville factory in 1997, Codifur then took over part of the business with hundreds of employees. In 2002, it also offloaded the Tourlaville unit to <a href="/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation" title="Sanmina Corporation">Sanmina-SCI</a>, which relocated its production six years later. Codifur resumed the after-sales service business of Alcatel, or 5% of the initial activity, and a few dozen employees.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <ul><li>Other industries<a href="#cite_note-tresor-87">[86]</a></li></ul> Socoval, a manufacturer of menswear of the Cantoni Group from Italy, is the last textile factory of the Cotentin and employs about 100 employees, since the social plan of 2001, which resulted in the loss of about 40 employees. Economic partners now rely on the "mastery of atmosphere", i.e. the control of contamination from industrial processes, through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technopole_Cherbourg_Normandie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technopole Cherbourg Normandie (page does not exist)">Cherbourg-Normandy technopole</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopole_Cherbourg_Normandie" class="extiw" title="fr:Technopole Cherbourg Normandie">fr</a>] created in 2001. Having experience of work involving nuclear risk, it wants to transfer these skills to the food, electronics and pharmaceutical industries. Two courses have been designed for this purpose: A BTS in nuclear maintenance at the Lycee Tocqueville and a DESS in mastery of atmosphere at the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_School_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherbourg School of Engineering">Cherbourg School of Engineering</a>. <ul><li>Commerce</li></ul> The urban community, the main commercial centre of the Cotentin, has four <a href="/wiki/Hypermarket" title="Hypermarket">hypermarkets</a> covering 26,780 m2 (288,300 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-memo2008-24">[23]</a> - of which one, <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a> (260 employees), located in the Cherbourg area, represents the third largest private employer of the commune - as well as several large specialist stores. Trade employs nearly 1,400 people in the city centre,<a href="#cite_note-tresor-87">[86]</a> but the decline in cross-Channel traffic has caused a big shortfall, exacerbated by the fragile local economy.<a href="#cite_note-redynamiser-75">[74]</a> Although downtown Cherbourg is the main commercial centre of the agglomeration, with 340 establishments, its dominance is lower in the urban community, when compared to Caen towards its agglomeration. Indeed, Cherbourg focuses 35% of commercial activities and 45% of retail trade in the agglomeration, against 40% and 55% for the centre of Caen respectively, particularly two-thirds of the human equipment stores against 90% in Lower Normandy's capital. Grocery chains, equipment and home appliances have left the city centre for out-of-town shopping centres. The number of fast food outlets doubled between 1995 and 2005, while the strength of the traditional catering has stagnated.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <ul><li>Services<a href="#cite_note-tresor-87">[86]</a></li></ul> Cherbourg-Octeville, the largest city of the department, is the main centre for administration and services for the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>. Health is an important provider of jobs with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin (page does not exist)">Pasteur hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin">fr</a>] (470 beds, second of Lower Normandy, merged since 2006 with the Hospital of Valognes) and the Cotentin Polyclinic. The same goes for the education sector with four public and four private schools, a marine high school and aquaculture, a university campus and several graduate schools. The branches of public enterprises are also located there (EDF, with 120 officers and SNCF, with 50 officers). Public employment represents an important part with, in addition to the hospital and schools, municipal and community staff. Business service companies are also present in computer science (Euriware, 85 employees), cleanliness (Onet, 240 employees, and Sin&Stes, 100 employees) and advertising (Adrexo, 50 employees). Cherbourg-Octeville hosts the headquarters of <a href="/w/index.php?title=France_Bleu_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France Bleu Cotentin (page does not exist)">France Bleu Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bleu_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:France Bleu Cotentin">fr</a>] public radio, and the departmental daily <a href="/wiki/La_Presse_de_la_Manche" title="La Presse de la Manche">La Presse de la Manche</a> (120 employees with his CES press), successor to the Libération de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg-%C3%89clair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherbourg-Éclair (page does not exist)">Cherbourg-Éclair</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-%C3%89clair" class="extiw" title="fr:Cherbourg-Éclair">fr</a>], and subsidiary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_SIPA_-_Ouest-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groupe SIPA - Ouest-France (page does not exist)">Groupe SIPA - Ouest-France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_SIPA_-_Ouest-France" class="extiw" title="fr:Groupe SIPA - Ouest-France">fr</a>] since 1990. <a href="/wiki/France_3_Normandie" title="France 3 Normandie">France 3 Normandie</a> boasts a local editorial office in the city; Cherbourg's edition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Manche_libre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Manche libre (page does not exist)">La Manche libre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche_libre" class="extiw" title="fr:La Manche libre">fr</a>] covers the agglomeration, <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Val de Saire</a>; local television <a href="/w/index.php?title=5050_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5050 TV (page does not exist)">5050 TV</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5050_TV" class="extiw" title="fr:5050 TV">fr</a>] has installed its headquarters and its main studio in the area. Jobs in the construction sector are divided between Faucillion (80 employees), <a href="/wiki/Eiffage" title="Eiffage">Eiffage</a> (75 employees) and <a href="/wiki/Colas_Group" title="Colas Group">Colas</a> (60 employees). Since its opening, the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a> is the tourist engine of Nord-Cotentin. The cruise terminal also attracts liners each year. The marina of 1,500 spaces is the first French port of call (11,000 per year). The capacity of the city was, as of 1 January 2007, 15 hotels and 429 rooms. The casino, owned by the Cogit Group is the 109th in France, with a turnover of €6.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-tresor-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_administration">Politics and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Politics and administration">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, the commune of Cherbourg-Octeville was awarded a 3-star equivalent "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ville_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ville Internet (page does not exist)">Ville Internet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_Internet" class="extiw" title="fr:Ville Internet">fr</a>]" <a href="/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">label</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and was upgraded to a 4-star equivalent rating in 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> The city has the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_centralisateur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau centralisateur (page does not exist)">central office</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_centralisateur" class="extiw" title="fr:Bureau centralisateur">fr</a>] of two cantons: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cherbourg-Octeville-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-1">Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-1</a> (to the west) and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cherbourg-Octeville-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-2">Cherbourg-Octeville-2</a> (in the east, which also includes the town of La Glacerie). <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_general_councillors_of_Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of general councillors of Manche (page does not exist)">Departmental advisors</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_conseillers_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_de_la_Manche" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des conseillers généraux de la Manche">fr</a>] are the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a> Frédéric Bastian, Anna Pic, Karine Duval and Sébastien Fagnen. The <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Cherbourg" title="Arrondissement of Cherbourg">arrondissement of Cherbourg</a> has 189 municipalities and 190,363 inhabitants. The sub-prefect is Jacques Troncy, former sub-prefect of <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Arrondissement of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a>, appointed 17 March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Since 1986, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_constituency_of_Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifth constituency of Manche (page does not exist)">fifth constituency of Manche</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinqui%C3%A8me_circonscription_de_la_Manche" class="extiw" title="fr:Cinquième circonscription de la Manche">fr</a>], known as Cherbourg, covered the three cantons of Cherbourg-Octeville, and those of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Equeurdreville-Hainneville</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Saint-Pierre-%C3%89glise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton of Saint-Pierre-Église (page does not exist)">Saint-Pierre-Église</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Saint-Pierre-%C3%89glise" class="extiw" title="fr:Canton de Saint-Pierre-Église">fr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Tourlaville" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a>. In the context of the legislative redistricting of 2010, the two cantons of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hague" title="Beaumont-Hague">Beaumont-Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quettehou" title="Quettehou">Quettehou</a> integrated the constituency of Cherbourg-Octeville, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Manche%27s_4th_constituency" title="Manche's 4th constituency">4th constituency</a>. Despite this redistribution often perceived as advantageous for the right, the outgoing <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> deputy of the 5th constituency, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a>, was re-elected in the first round with 55% of the vote. Cherbourg-Octeville also has the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Prefect">maritime prefecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, whose authority extends from the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> border. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_maritime_prefects_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of maritime prefects of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">maritime prefect</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9fets_maritimes_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des préfets maritimes de Cherbourg">fr</a>] is the Vice Admiral of the Squadron, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Nielly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Nielly (page does not exist)">Bruno Nielly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Home_port" title="Home port">maritime quarter</a> of Cherbourg (initials: CH) is restricted to the limits of the department. Since 1971, Cherbourg-Octeville has belonged to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_community_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban community of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Urban community of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>], presided over by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouxel" title="André Rouxel">André Rouxel</a> since 2012, Mayor of Tourlaville, to which the municipality delegates urban transport, management of space and the quality of life, the environment and development strategies (higher education, research, major projects, and Cité de la Mer, etc.). The postal codes from prior to the merger of 2000 have been preserved: 50130 for addresses of the former territory of Octeville, 50100 for Cherbourg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_trends_and_results">Political trends and results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Political trends and results">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_municipales_de_2014_dans_la_Manche" class="extiw" title="fr:Élections municipales de 2014 dans la Manche">fr:Élections municipales de 2014 dans la Manche</a></div> Cherbourg is historically, with the Arsenal and the port, the main focus of labour and trades unions of the department of Manche. However, the Cherbourg workers do not lean towards radical or revolutionary movements, nor to <a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">yellow unionism</a>, traditionally preferring the reformist tendencies. These choices are reflected politically into a strong center-left anchor, dominated by Socialist-radicals and independent Socialists, before whom the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> are not imposed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Since the Liberation, with the exception of a Gaullist period of 18 years with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert_(French_politician)" title="Jacques Hébert (French politician)">Jacques Hébert</a> following <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Schmitt (page does not exist)">René Schmitt's</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schmitt" class="extiw" title="fr:René Schmitt">fr</a>] death, the city of Cherbourg has voted in favour Socialist forces. Similarly, the right won the town hall of Octeville in 1989, for a term, by the division of the left. Since the redrawing of the electoral district of Cherbourg in 1986, covering the urban population of the agglomeration and the rural district of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Saint-Pierre-%C3%89glise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canton of Saint-Pierre-Église (page does not exist)">Canton of Saint-Pierre-Église</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_de_Saint-Pierre-%C3%89glise" class="extiw" title="fr:Canton de Saint-Pierre-Église">fr</a>], the left-right alternation is the rule in every legislative election. Presidential elections, results of the second rounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">Election of 2012</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> (77.28% participation): 60.00% for <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>, elected), 40.00% for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">Election of 2007</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> (83.27% participation): 52.03% for <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>), 47.97% for Nicolas Sarkozy (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>, elected).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">Election of 2002</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> (76.82% participation): 86,81% for <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>, elected), 13.19% for <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a>).</li></ul> Parliamentary elections, results of the second rounds (1 round, unique for 2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election" title="2012 French legislative election">Elections of 2012</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> (54.48% participation), candidates who have collected more than 5% of the vote: 56.57% to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>, elected), 39.23% David Margueritte (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>), 8.80% for Jean-Jacques Christmas (FN), 5.55% for Ralph Lejamtel (<a href="/wiki/Europe_Ecology_%E2%80%93_The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Ecology – The Greens">EELV</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election" title="2007 French legislative election">Elections of 2007</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> (61.28% participation): 60.77% for Bernard Cazeneuve (PS, elected), 39.23% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Lemière (page does not exist)">Jean Lemière</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Lemière">fr</a>] (UMP).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">Elections of 2002</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> (62.49% participation): 50.78% for Bernard Cazeneuve (PS), 49.22% for Jean Lemière (UMP, elected).</li></ul> European elections, results of the two scores or more than 15% <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2014 European Parliament election in France">2014 election</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> (41.70% participation): 20.59% for <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lavrilleux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jérôme Lavrilleux (page does not exist)">Jérôme Lavrilleux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lavrilleux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jérôme Lavrilleux">fr</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>), 20.38% for <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Pargneaux" title="Gilles Pargneaux">Gilles Pargneaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">PRG</a>), 19.85% for <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2009 European Parliament election in France">2009 election</a> (37.63% participation): 24.98% for <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Riquet" title="Dominique Riquet">Dominique Riquet</a> (UMP), 22.51% for Gilles Pargneaux (PS), 14.2% for <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Flautre" title="Hélène Flautre">Hélène Flautre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europe_%C3%89cologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Écologie">Europe Écologie</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2004 European Parliament election in France">2004 election</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> (40.81% participation): 37.75% for <a href="/wiki/Henri_Weber" title="Henri Weber">Henri Weber</a> (PS), 16.74% for <a href="/wiki/Tokia_Sa%C3%AFfi" title="Tokia Saïfi">Tokia Saïfi</a> (UMP).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1999 European Parliament election in France">1999 election</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> (45.52% participation): Cherbourg, 25.12% for <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (PS), 13.98% to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">RPF</a>), 12.54% for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, 45.09% of participation; Octeville 29.79% for François Hollande (PS), 11.55% for Charles Pasqua (FPN), 8.08% for Nicolas Sarkozy.</li></ul> Regional elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_French_regional_elections" title="2004 French regional elections">2004 election</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> (61.90% participation): 58,27% for <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Duron" title="Philippe Duron">Philippe Duron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>), 31.06% for <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Garrec" title="René Garrec">René Garrec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>), 10.67% for <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Le_Rachinel" title="Fernand Le Rachinel">Fernand Le Rachinel</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_French_regional_elections" title="1998 French regional elections">1998 election</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> (53.71% participation): Cherbourg 42.06% for <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Godefroy" title="Jean-Pierre Godefroy">Jean-Pierre Godefroy</a> (PS), 18.13% for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Aguiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Aguiton (page does not exist)">Pierre Aguiton</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Aguiton" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Aguiton">fr</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>), 51.08% participation. Octeville 44.33% for Jean-Pierre Godefroy (PS), 15.50% for Pierre Aguiton (UDF).</li></ul> Cantonal elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_French_cantonal_elections" title="2008 French cantonal elections">2008 election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest" title="Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest">Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest</a> 54.43% for Michel Lerenard (PS), 15.37% for Alain Estève (DVD), 53.22% of participation;<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cherbourg-Octeville-Nord-Ouest" title="Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Nord-Ouest">Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Nord-Ouest</a> 63.03% for Jean-Michel Houllegatte (PS), 36.97% for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Lemière (page does not exist)">Jean Lemière</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Lemière">fr</a>], 39.32% participation<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_French_cantonal_elections" title="2004 French cantonal elections">2004 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Est" title="Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Est">Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Est</a>, 65.69% for Michel Louiset (PS), 34.31% for M Héry, 59.04% participation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_French_cantonal_elections" title="2001 French cantonal elections">2001 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Canton of Cherbourg-Nord-Ouest (2nd round), 56.15% for Jean Lemière, 43.85% for Jean-Michel Houllegatte, 52.35% of participation; Canton of Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest (1st round), 53.12% for Michel Lerenard, 25.29% for Guillemeau, 52.28% participation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_French_cantonal_elections" title="1998 French cantonal elections">1998 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Canton of Cherbourg-Sud-Est, 65.76% for Michel Louiset, 34.24 percent Ponthou, 41.5% participation.</li></ul> Municipal elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections" title="2014 French municipal elections">2014 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> 39.19% for Jean-Michel Houllegatte (PS), 34.06% for David Margueritte (UMP), 15.56% for Jean Levallois (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">DVD</a>), 11.17% for Ralph Lejamtel (<a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(France)" title="Left Front (France)">FG</a>), 52.28% participation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_French_municipal_elections" title="2008 French municipal elections">2008 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> 66.82% for <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> (PS), 19.64% for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Lemière (page does not exist)">Jean Lemière</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lemi%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Lemière">fr</a>] (UMP), 13.55% for Hervé Corbin (dissident UMP), 55.48% of participation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_French_municipal_elections" title="2001 French municipal elections">2001 election</a>:<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> 55.09% for Bernard Cazeneuve, 23.98% for Jean Lemière, 55.57% participation.</li></ul> Referendums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">2005 European Constitution referendum</a>:<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> 43.39% for Yes, 56.61% for No, 68.95% participation.</li> <li>Local referendum on the Grand Cherbourg:<a href="#cite_note-fusion-65">[64]</a> Cherbourg 83.72% for Yes; Octeville 55.88% for Yes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_mayors">List of mayors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: List of mayors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_maires_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des maires de Cherbourg">fr:Liste des maires de Cherbourg</a> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_maires_d%27Octeville" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des maires d'Octeville">fr:Liste des maires d'Octeville</a></div> With the merging of the municipal councils of Cherbourg and Octeville on 1 March 2000, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Godefroy" title="Jean-Pierre Godefroy">Jean-Pierre Godefroy</a> (PS), the Mayor of Cherbourg, took the helm of the new administration, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> (PS), Mayor of Octeville, became the first Deputy. Bernard Cazeneuve was elected Mayor of Cherbourg-Octeville during the <a href="/wiki/2001_French_municipal_elections" title="2001 French municipal elections">2001 municipal election</a>, and re-elected in March 2008 with 66.82% of the vote. Appointed Minister Delegate for European Affairs in May 2012, he gave way to Jean-Michel Houllegatte the following month. The latter was re-elected following the victory of his list with 51.81% at the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections" title="2014 French municipal elections">2014 municipal election</a>. <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto;"> <caption>List of mayors of Cherbourg-Octeville<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Other details </th></tr> <tr> <td>March 2000 </td> <td>March 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Godefroy" title="Jean-Pierre Godefroy">Jean-Pierre Godefroy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parti_socialiste_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti socialiste (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>Technician </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2001 </td> <td>23 June 2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Bernard Cazeneuve</a> </td> <td>PS </td> <td>Lawyer </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 June 2012 </td> <td>In progress </td> <td>Jean-Michel Houllegatte<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td> <td>PS </td> <td>Territorial official </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_administration">Municipal administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Municipal administration">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/City_council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="City council (France)">municipal council</a> is composed of 39 members including the mayor and eleven assistants.<a href="#cite_note-of-municipales2014-114">[113]</a> Thirty Councillors represent a leftist majority, nine represent the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-of-municipales2014-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> The main initial budget for 2007 amounted to €73,994,364, divided between the operating section (€54,126,712) and investment section (€19,867,652).<a href="#cite_note-budget-115">[114]</a> Personnel expenses exceeded half (60%) of operating expenses. Almost all of the resources were fuelled by grants (49%) and tax (44%).<a href="#cite_note-recettes-116">[115]</a> Of the seven budgets of the municipal mandate (2001-2007), this budget increased overall by 22% (43% for investments, 15% for operation).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The investment budget is included in the multiannual programme "Unite the city" (2003-2007), presented in December 2002 by Bernard Cazeneuve. It sees a transformation of the newly amalgamated city through refurbishment of the pool and Port Chantereyne, development of the Bassins zone, filling the retaining channel, and the construction of the sailing school.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> It is mainly financed by borrowing, increasing the debt of the city (the charges multiplied by two-thirds between 2002 and 2007), lower than the average per capita of the stratum.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">List of twin towns and sister cities in France</a></div> Cherbourg is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-Cherbourg_twinnings-120">[119]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>, United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-Cherbourg_twinnings-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-twin-122">[121]</a> since 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-Cherbourg_twinnings-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Somone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Somone (page does not exist)">La Somone</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Somone" class="extiw" title="fr:La Somone">fr</a>], <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cherbourg_twinnings-120">[119]</a> since 2013<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></li></ul> Cherbourg maintains decentralised co-operation with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cherbourg_twinnings-120">[119]</a> since 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coubalan" title="Coubalan">Coubalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CO1-124">[123]</a> since 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veles,_North_Macedonia" title="Veles, North Macedonia">Veles</a>, North Macedonia<a href="#cite_note-CO1-124">[123]</a></li></ul> Twinning projects: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hann,_Senegal" title="Hann, Senegal">Hann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n,_Cop%C3%A1n" title="La Unión, Copán">La Unión</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kalaat_M%27Gouna" title="Kalaat M'Gouna">Kalaat M'Gouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice">Justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Justice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG/220px-Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG/330px-Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG/440px-Cherbourg_maison_d%27arret.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>The remand prison of Cherbourg.</figcaption></figure> Louis XVI removed the viscountcy of Cherbourg by edict in November 1771, and transferred the rights of justice to the Bailiwick of Valognes.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 1785, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subd%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdélégation (page does not exist)">sub-delegation</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subd%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation" class="extiw" title="fr:Subdélégation">fr</a>] was created, however it was smaller than the Viscountcy, essentially covering <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9auville" title="Héauville">Héauville</a> and included Helleville, Tourlaville, and Bretteville, Digosville and Martinvast, and always under the authority of the electoral district of Valognes. Cherbourg became a town and district in January 1790, seat of a justice of the peace and a civil and criminal court. Under the Directory, they were replaced by a simple police court, attended by a justice of the peace, and a police correctional court. The correctional court closed after the Act of 17 February 1800 and Cherbourg was made a town and township of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissement_of_Valognes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissement of Valognes (page does not exist)">Arrondissement of Valognes</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement_de_Valognes" class="extiw" title="fr:Arrondissement de Valognes">fr</a>]. After his arrival in the city, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">Court of first instance</a> by the Decree of 19 July 1811.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The city is today one of the three main judicial hubs of Manche, along with <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>. It hosts a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribunal_de_grande_instance_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribunal de grande instance (France) (page does not exist)">high court</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Tribunal de grande instance (France)">fr</a>] (arrondissement of Cherbourg-Octeville), a <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_d%27instance" title="Tribunal d'instance">court</a> (Canton of Beaumont-Hague, Cherbourg-Octeville-Nord-Ouest, Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Est, Équeurdreville-Hainneville, Cherbourg-Octeville-Sud-Ouest, Les Pieux, Saint-Pierre-Eglise and Tourlaville), a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Court_(France)" title="Labour Court (France)">council of tribunals</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_de_commerce" title="Tribunal de commerce">tribunal of commerce</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Maison_d%27arr%C3%AAt" title="Maison d'arrêt">remand prison</a> is located in the city centre, behind the buildings of the court. As a result of the justice reform presented in 2007 by Rachida Dati, the jurisdiction of the Court of Valognes will be integrated to that of Cherbourg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_life">Local life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Local life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" align="right" style="border: 1px solid #999; margin: 1em; background-color:#FFFFFF" width="33%"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#bdbbd7;color:#000080; text-align:center;padding:3px;"> <th>Year 2010-2011</th> <th>Students<a href="#cite_note-memo2011-127">[126]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>School of Quartermasters</td> <td align="right">768 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUT_Cherbourg-Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUT Cherbourg-Manche (page does not exist)">IUT Cherbourg-Manche</a></td> <td align="right">573 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BTS and various preparation</td> <td align="right">349 </td></tr> <tr> <td>School of Engineering (Esix)</td> <td align="right">270 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Institute of Nursing</td> <td align="right">215 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Licences and university diplomas</td> <td align="right">191 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_de_la_mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut national des sciences et techniques de la mer (page does not exist)">Intechmer</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_de_la_mer" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national des sciences et techniques de la mer">fr</a>]</td> <td align="right">153 </td></tr> <tr> <td>School of Fine Arts of Cherbourg-Octeville</td> <td align="right">46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_applications_militaires_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique" title="École des applications militaires de l'énergie atomique">EAMEA</a></td> <td align="right">39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ECD – School of Trade and Distribution</td> <td align="right">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Institute of science and nuclear technology</td> <td align="right">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td align="right">2634 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg/220px-%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg/330px-%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg/440px-%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Caen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Engineering School of Cherbourg, on the main university campus.</figcaption></figure> Two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zone_d%27%C3%A9ducation_prioritaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zone d'éducation prioritaire (page does not exist)">ZEP</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_d%27%C3%A9ducation_prioritaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Zone d'éducation prioritaire">fr</a>] have been defined, one being on Cherbourg territory in the Quarter of Maupas, the other straddling Cherbourg and Octeville, in the quarter of the Provinces. Cherbourg-Octeville has six high schools: <ul><li>The former college, which became high school in 1886, is known by the name of Lycée Victor Grignard (830 students: General and TSG, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires_scientifiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classes préparatoires scientifiques (page does not exist)">scientific preparatory classes</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires_scientifiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Classes préparatoires scientifiques">fr</a>]).</li> <li>The Lycée Jean-François Millet (1,210 students: General sector, preparatory health, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2gne" title="Khâgne">preparatory literary classes</a>).</li> <li>The Lycée Alexis de Tocqueville (1,480 students: General sector, technical, professional and higher education -BTS-).</li> <li>The Ingénieur-Cachin private professional high school (320 students).</li> <li>The Thomas Hélye private high school, the Sainte-Chantal private lycée and the La Bucaille technological lycée (1,005 students, courses) general and technical.</li> <li>The aquaculture and marine high school (102 pupils). On 28 June 2013, this became the professional maritime and aquaculture lycée <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rigolet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Rigolet (page does not exist)">Daniel Rigolet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rigolet" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Rigolet">fr</a>].</li></ul> The university campus, installed on the heights of Octeville, focuses the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_School_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherbourg School of Engineering">Cherbourg School of Engineering</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUT_Cherbourg-Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUT Cherbourg-Manche (page does not exist)">IUT Cherbourg-Manche</a> (which hosts approximately 1,000 students in initial or continuing education through four DUT departments, four pro licenses, one DU, a DCEF and a DAEU), as well as two branches of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Lower_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen Lower Normandy">University of Caen</a> (UFR sciences and UFR modern foreign languages). The Pasteur hospital houses the Institute of training in nursing of Cherbourg-Octeville. The Group FIM, training service of the two <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chambers of commerce and industry</a> of la Mancha, manages the school of trade and distribution, and since 2007, the Institute of promotion and marketing boating, forming alternating a fortnight of accreditation in the field of boating (shipbuilding, nautical services company, marinas, etc.). The Institute of the Film Industry of Normandy is installed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Cr%C3%A9ation_Audiovisuelle_et_de_R%C3%A9alisation" title="École Internationale de Création Audiovisuelle et de Réalisation">International School of Audiovisual Creation and Realisation</a> (EICAR) on the site of the former <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas (page does not exist)">maritime hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas">fr</a>]. It is complemented by the training of apprentices of the Performing Arts and Audiovisual Centre, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9dias_de_Caen_-_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École supérieure d'arts et médias de Caen - Cherbourg (page does not exist)">School of Fine Arts</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9dias_de_Caen_-_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:École supérieure d'arts et médias de Caen - Cherbourg">fr</a>] (Esbaco), founded in 1912 by Henri Buffet design Professor and Professor of modelling Félix Delteil, is located in the former convent of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a> (Bassins zone) since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Cherbourg-Octeville welcomes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_military_applications_of_Atomic_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the military applications of Atomic Energy (page does not exist)">School of the Military Applications of Atomic Energy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_applications_militaires_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique" class="extiw" title="fr:École des applications militaires de l'énergie atomique">fr</a>] (EAMEA, 351 students) and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_nucl%C3%A9aires" title="Institut national des sciences et techniques nucléaires">National Institute of Science and Nuclear Technology</a> - remains of the importance of the army in the city - while the School of the Quartermasters (between 600 and 700 students) is located at <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a>. The town also hosts the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology_of_the_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea (page does not exist)">National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_et_techniques_de_la_mer" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national des sciences et techniques de la mer">fr</a>] (Intechmer), Tourlaville. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> The first horse race organised in Normandy took place in Cherbourg in September 1836 on the (now gone) beachfront along the boulevard maritime, at the initiative of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89phrem_Hou%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éphrem Houël (page does not exist)">Éphrem Houël</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89phrem_Hou%C3%ABl" class="extiw" title="fr:Éphrem Houël">fr</a>], the officer of the stud. The races settled in 1931 on the Lande Saint-Gabriel Racecourse in Tourlaville, the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Levavasseur (architect) (page does not exist)">René Levavasseur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:René Levavasseur (architecte)">fr</a>], and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippodrome_de_La_Glacerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippodrome de La Glacerie (page does not exist)">Hippodrome de La Glacerie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome_de_La_Glacerie" class="extiw" title="fr:Hippodrome de La Glacerie">fr</a>] from 1990.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/AS_Cherbourg_Football" title="AS Cherbourg Football">AS Cherbourg Football</a>, after decades at the national level, is changing, as a result of bad sports results and financial problems, since 2014 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligue_de_Basse-Normandie_de_football&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligue de Basse-Normandie de football (page does not exist)">Ligue de Basse-Normandie de football</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Basse-Normandie_de_football" class="extiw" title="fr:Ligue de Basse-Normandie de football">fr</a>], equivalent to the 6th division, and is based at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_Maurice-Postaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade Maurice-Postaire (page does not exist)">Maurice-Postaire stadium</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Maurice-Postaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Stade Maurice-Postaire">fr</a>]. The club has also two other senior male teams in the League of Lower Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Three other clubs have teams in <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_d%C3%A9partemental_de_football&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District départemental de football (page does not exist)">district divisions</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_d%C3%A9partemental_de_football" class="extiw" title="fr:District départemental de football">fr</a>]:<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <ul><li>The Patronage laïque d'Octeville [Secular Patronage of Octeville] (three teams)</li> <li>The Association sportive de l'Arsenal maritime de Cherbourg [Sporting Association of the Marine Arsenal of Cherbourg] (one team)</li> <li>Gazélec Football Club (two teams)</li></ul> The Association sportive Amont-Quentin, which had two district teams until June 2013,<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> had to cease its activities. The Octeville Hague Sport, which was developing its teams in 2013–2014, was unable to present any team for the 2014–2015 season.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In cycling, Cherbourg has been a city of arrival for the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> on sixteen occasions: 1911 to 1914 (four consecutive years), from 1919 to 1929 (eleven consecutive years), and finally in <a href="/wiki/1986_Tour_de_France" title="1986 Tour de France">1986</a>. Cherbourg was a departure city in <a href="/wiki/1994_Tour_de_France" title="1994 Tour de France">1994</a>. The second stage of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France" title="2016 Tour de France">2016 Tour de France</a> finishes at Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Cherbourg regularly hosts stages of sailing competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_du_Figaro" title="Solitaire du Figaro">Solitaire du Figaro</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Course_de_l%27Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Course de l'Europe (page does not exist)">Course de l'Europe</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_de_l%27Europe" class="extiw" title="fr:Course de l'Europe">fr</a>], the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Challenge_Mondial_Assistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Challenge Mondial Assistance (page does not exist)">Challenge Mondial Assistance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_%C3%A0_la_voile" title="Tour de France à la voile">Tour de France à la voile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tall_Ships%27_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Ships' Races">Tall Ships' Race</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Challenger_La_Manche" title="Challenger La Manche">Challenger La Manche</a> is a professional tennis tournament ($50,000 plus accommodation) held annually in Cherbourg since 1994. In ice hockey, NC'HOP (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord_Cotentin_Hockey_Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nord Cotentin Hockey Plus (page does not exist)">Nord Cotentin Hockey Plus</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Cotentin_Hockey_Plus" class="extiw" title="fr:Nord Cotentin Hockey Plus">fr</a>], the Cherbourg Vikings) was based in the city. The team was the successor to CHOC (Cherbourg Hockey Club), who played in <a href="/wiki/FFHG_Division_1" title="FFHG Division 1">FFHG Division 1</a> until filing for bankruptcy in 1996. NC'HOP left the competition in 2010. AS Cherbourg men's basketball team plays in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Championnat_de_France_de_basket-ball_de_Nationale_masculine_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Championnat de France de basket-ball de Nationale masculine 2 (page does not exist)">National 2</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_basket-ball_de_Nationale_masculine_2" class="extiw" title="fr:Championnat de France de basket-ball de Nationale masculine 2">fr</a>] and the women's team in the Prenational league. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeunesse_sportive_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeunesse sportive de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Jeunesse sportive de Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_sportive_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Jeunesse sportive de Cherbourg">fr</a>] has a male handball team in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Championnat_de_France_de_handball_masculin_de_Division_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Championnat de France de handball masculin de Division 2 (page does not exist)">Pro D2</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_handball_masculin_de_Division_2" class="extiw" title="fr:Championnat de France de handball masculin de Division 2">fr</a>] and a women's team in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Championnat_de_France_de_handball_f%C3%A9minin_de_Nationale_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Championnat de France de handball féminin de Nationale 3 (page does not exist)">Nationale 3</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_handball_f%C3%A9minin_de_Nationale_3" class="extiw" title="fr:Championnat de France de handball féminin de Nationale 3">fr</a>] (agreement with <a href="/wiki/Tourlaville" title="Tourlaville">Tourlaville</a>). The club has also implemented a structured training programme for young people, from the 2009/2010 season, around a partnership with colleges of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg/220px-CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg/330px-CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg/440px-CHPC_Cherbourg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The main front of the Pasteur Hospital.</figcaption></figure> Cherbourg-Octeville has two hospitals: <ul><li>The Pasteur Central Hospital, public, second establishment of Lower Normandy with 711 beds and places.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> With a joint medical project since 2001 and a communal direction since 2003, the Pasteur Centre and the Central Hospital of Valognes merged in 2006 within the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin (page does not exist)">Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_hospitalier_public_du_Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre hospitalier public du Cotentin">fr</a>] (2,000 officials, more than 1,000 beds, and a 2005 budget of €133 million)<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li> <li>The Polyclinic of the Cotentin, at the border between Octeville and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville-Hainneville</a> (102 beds).</li></ul> The Gros Hêtre medicalised residence for elderly (a branch of the public hospital in the Cotentin) and, since 1999, the Jean-Brüder Community Health Centre are located on the territory of Octeville. In 1859, following the Imperial visit, the State decided upon the construction of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas (page does not exist)">Maritime Hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas">fr</a>] of a thousand beds to accommodate the troops in garrison. Opened on 15 February 1869, it was renamed René-Le-Bas, named after the first doctor who joined the Free Naval Forces and died in 1942 aboard the submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Surcouf" title="French submarine Surcouf">Surcouf</a>. It was closed in 2002 and renovated as a university campus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Attached to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances">Diocese of Coutances-Avranches</a>, until 1 September 2009 the deanery of Cherbourg covered the territory of the urban community and the bordering communes of <a href="/wiki/Tonneville" title="Tonneville">Tonneville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urville-Nacqueville" title="Urville-Nacqueville">Urville-Nacqueville</a>, and those of the former <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_la_Saire" class="mw-redirect" title="Communauté de communes de la Saire">Communauté de communes de la Saire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_Douve_et_Divette" class="mw-redirect" title="Communauté de communes de Douve et Divette">Communauté de communes de Douve et Divette</a>. To this date, it is merged to the deanery of <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a>, to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deanery_of_Cherbourg-Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deanery of Cherbourg-Hague (page does not exist)">Deanery of Cherbourg-Hague</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyenn%C3%A9_de_Cherbourg-Hague" class="extiw" title="fr:Doyenné de Cherbourg-Hague">fr</a>], therefore adding the parishes covering the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_la_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté de communes de la Hague (page does not exist)">Community of communes of La Hague</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_de_la_Hague" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté de communes de la Hague">fr</a>] and of <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes_des_Pieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Communauté de communes des Pieux">Les Pieux</a>. Jean-XXIII parish unites Cherbourg and La Glacerie, with the Cherbourg churches of La Trinité (long only parish church), Notre-Dame-du-Roule, Notre-Dame-du-Vœu, St-Jean-des-Carrières and Saint-Clément. The parish of Saint-Sauveur of Octeville, which also covers <a href="/wiki/Nouainville" title="Nouainville">Nouainville</a> has three sites in the commune: Saint-Martin, the historic site, Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul, at Provinces, and the Chapel of Saint-Barthélemy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Protestants have a temple of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France" title="Reformed Church of France">Reformed Church</a> (since 1835, rebuilt after the war in 1964), and a <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> church affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>. The Evangelical <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> Church has been present since 1985 in the agglomeration and is currently located in Tourlaville. Cherbourg and Octeville experienced two major waves of immigration of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> population, the late 1950s and during the 1960s, after the construction of the neighbourhoods of Amont-Quentin, Provinces and Maupas, and then in the 1980s, with the major construction sites of the <a href="/wiki/La_Hague_site" title="La Hague site">La Hague reprocessing site</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flamanville_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant">Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant</a>. The Muslim community then opened three mosques (the Mosque of Omar in Octeville, the Mosque de la Gare, on the Avenue de Normandie, and then the Turkish mosque, on the Boulevard de l’Atlantique). <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, Parish of Cherbourg, has its chapel on the Rue du Commerce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities_linked_to_the_commune">Personalities linked to the commune</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Personalities linked to the commune">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives_of_Cherbourg">Natives of Cherbourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Natives of Cherbourg">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanHamon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JeanHamon.jpg/220px-JeanHamon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JeanHamon.jpg/330px-JeanHamon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JeanHamon.jpg/440px-JeanHamon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Jean Hamon.</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masseot_Abaquesne" title="Masseot Abaquesne">Masseot Abaquesne</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1564), ceramicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> (1598–1642), explorer of New France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Mius_d%27Entremont" title="Philippe Mius d'Entremont">Philippe Mius d'Entremont</a> (c. 1601 – c. 1700), Baron of Pobomcoup and coloniser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hamon_(doctor)" title="Jean Hamon (doctor)">Jean Hamon</a> (1618–1687), medical doctor and <a href="/wiki/Solitaires_of_Port-Royal" title="Solitaires of Port-Royal">solitaire of Port-Royal</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_d%27Orange_des_Roches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas d'Orange des Roches (page does not exist)">Nicolas d'Orange des Roches</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_d%27Orange_des_Roches" class="extiw" title="fr:Nicolas d'Orange des Roches">fr</a>] (1626–1705), brigadier of the Armies of the King under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Le_H%C3%A9dois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Le Hédois (page does not exist)">Gilles Le Hédois</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Le_H%C3%A9dois" class="extiw" title="fr:Gilles Le Hédois">fr</a>], known as Du Bocage (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1658), French corsair then vice-admiral of Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie_de_Beauvais" title="Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie de Beauvais">Jean Baptiste de Beauvais</a> (1731–1790), preacher and representative to the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Vastel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Vastel (page does not exist)">Louis Vastel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vastel" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Vastel">fr</a>], (1746–1819), lawyer at the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_de_Normandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement de Normandie">Parlement of Rouen</a>, and author of works of law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amable_Troude" title="Amable Troude">Amable Troude</a> (1762–1824), General of the Empire</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Adrien_de_La_Chapelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Adrien de La Chapelle (page does not exist)">Pierre-Adrien de La Chapelle</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Adrien_de_La_Chapelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Adrien de La Chapelle">fr</a>] (1780–1854), botanist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Leconte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Leconte (page does not exist)">François Leconte</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Leconte" class="extiw" title="fr:François Leconte">fr</a>] (1791–1872), sailor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizinska_de_Mirbel" title="Lizinska de Mirbel">Lizinska de Mirbel</a> (1796–1849), miniaturist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Charles_Ernest_Franquet_de_Franqueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Charles Ernest Franquet de Franqueville (page does not exist)">Alfred Charles Ernest Franquet de Franqueville</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Charles_Ernest_Franquet_de_Franqueville" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred Charles Ernest Franquet de Franqueville">fr</a>] (1809–1876), engineer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyre_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyre Bureau (page does not exist)">Allyre Bureau</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyre_Bureau" class="extiw" title="fr:Allyre Bureau">fr</a>] (1810–1859), politician, musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Vall%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Vallée (page does not exist)">Hippolyte Vallée</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Vall%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Hippolyte Vallée">fr</a>] (1816–1885), founder of the Fondation Vallée, for mentally retarded children in <a href="/wiki/Gentilly,_Val-de-Marne" title="Gentilly, Val-de-Marne">Gentilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Menant" title="Joachim Menant">Joachim Menant</a> (1820–1899), <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Liais" title="Emmanuel Liais">Emmanuel Liais</a> (1826–1900), astronomer and mayor of Cherbourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Alexandre_Quentin" title="Alfred-Alexandre Quentin">Alfred-Alexandre Quentin</a> (1827–1895), trombonist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rossel (page does not exist)">Alfred Rossel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rossel" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred Rossel">fr</a>] (1841–1926), songwriter in the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> (1847–1922), political thinker</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Rousseau_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Rousseau (writer) (page does not exist)">Louise Rousseau</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Rousseau" class="extiw" title="fr:Louise Rousseau">fr</a>] (b. 1854), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moret" title="Henry Moret">Henry Moret</a> (1856–1913), painter of the <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-%C3%89mile_Bertin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Émile Bertin (page does not exist)">Charles-Émile Bertin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Bertin" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Émile Bertin">fr</a>] (1871–1959), colonel, eminent specialist in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> (1871–1935), Nobel chemist laureate of the Nobel Prize in 1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lortac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lortac">Lortac</a> (1884–1973), writer and French pioneer of animated cartoons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noyon" title="Joseph Noyon">Joseph Noyon</a> (1888–1962), compositeur, arrangeur (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymne_%C3%A0_la_nuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymne à la nuit (page does not exist)">Hymne à la nuit</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymne_%C3%A0_la_nuit" class="extiw" title="fr:Hymne à la nuit">fr</a>] [Hymn to the night], <a href="/wiki/Il_est_n%C3%A9_le_divin_enfant" class="mw-redirect" title="Il est né le divin enfant">Il est né le divin enfant</a> [He is born the divine child])</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Lef%C3%A8vre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Amédée Lefèvre (page does not exist)">Louis-Amédée Lefèvre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Lef%C3%A8vre" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis-Amédée Lefèvre">fr</a>] (1890–1968), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rabat" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rabat">Archbishop of Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot" title="Félix Amiot">Félix Amiot</a> (1894–1974), aircraft builder and creator of <a href="/wiki/Constructions_M%C3%A9caniques_de_Normandie" title="Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie">Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie</a> (CMN)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Auguste_Halley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Auguste Halley (page does not exist)">Paul-Auguste Halley</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Auguste_Halley" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul-Auguste Halley">fr</a>] (1907–2002) and <a href="/wiki/Paul-Louis_Halley" title="Paul-Louis Halley">Paul-Louis Halley</a> (1934-2003), founders of the <a href="/wiki/Promod%C3%A8s" title="Promodès">Promodès</a> Group</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Gallien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Gallien (page does not exist)">Louis Gallien</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gallien" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Gallien">fr</a>] (1908–1976), biologist and zoologist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Defrance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Defrance (page does not exist)">André Defrance</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Defrance" class="extiw" title="fr:André Defrance">fr</a>] (1908–1952), member of the Resistance</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Marais_by_van_Vechten,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean_Marais_by_van_Vechten%2C_1947.jpg/220px-Jean_Marais_by_van_Vechten%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Jean_Marais_by_van_Vechten%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Jean Marais.</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a> (1913–1998), actor and stuntman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> (1915–1980), <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Tacchella" title="Jean-Charles Tacchella">Jean-Charles Tacchella</a> (b. 1925), filmmaker, author of <a href="/wiki/Cousin_Cousine" title="Cousin Cousine">Cousin Cousine</a> (1975) ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_S%C3%A9veno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Séveno (page does not exist)">Maurice Séveno</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_S%C3%A9veno" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Séveno">fr</a>] (b. 1925), journaliste, former television news presenter, and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Saumont" title="Annie Saumont">Annie Saumont</a> (b. 1927), writer, laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt_de_la_nouvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle">Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Goncourt_de_la_nouvelle" class="extiw" title="fr:Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle">fr</a>] in 1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rouxel_(animator)" title="Jacques Rouxel (animator)">Jacques Rouxel</a> (1931–2004), animator, creator of <a href="/wiki/Les_Shadoks" title="Les Shadoks">Les Shadoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Besnier" title="Michel Besnier">Michel Besnier</a> (b 1945), writer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy Bridge (page does not exist)">Billy Bridge</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bridge" class="extiw" title="fr:Billy Bridge">fr</a>] (1945–1994), singer who has imported the <a href="/wiki/Madison_(dance)" title="Madison (dance)">madison</a> into France in the 1960s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Thuillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Thuillier (page does not exist)">Patrick Thuillier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Thuillier" class="extiw" title="fr:Patrick Thuillier">fr</a>] (b. 1951), poet</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Lacotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Lacotte (page does not exist)">Daniel Lacotte</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lacotte" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Lacotte">fr</a>] (b 1951), writer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halvard_Mabire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halvard Mabire (page does not exist)">Halvard Mabire</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvard_Mabire" class="extiw" title="fr:Halvard Mabire">fr</a>] (b 1956), sailor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Ballet" title="Élisabeth Ballet">Élisabeth Ballet</a> (b 1957), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Galgani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Galgani (page does not exist)">François Galgani</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Galgani" class="extiw" title="fr:François Galgani">fr</a>] (b 1958), oceanographer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Metz-Noblat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph de Metz-Noblat (page does not exist)">Joseph de Metz-Noblat</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Metz-Noblat" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph de Metz-Noblat">fr</a>] (b 1959), Bishop of Langres</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(actress)" title="Rosette (actress)">Rosette</a> (b 1959), film actress</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Thi%C3%A9baut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Thiébaut (page does not exist)">Olivier Thiébaut</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Thi%C3%A9baut" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Thiébaut">fr</a>] (b 1963), writer and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Gohel" title="Wilfried Gohel">Wilfried Gohel</a> (b 1968), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Leflamand" title="Laurent Leflamand">Laurent Leflamand</a> (b 1968), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oiz_Breut" title="Françoiz Breut">Françoiz Breut</a> (b 1969), singer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Raynaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Raynaud (page does not exist)">Julie Raynaud</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Raynaud" class="extiw" title="fr:Julie Raynaud">fr</a>] (b 1971), television presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_Loit" title="Émilie Loit">Émilie Loit</a> (b 1979), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Quéré (page does not exist)">Julie Quéré</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Julie Quéré">fr</a>] (b 1982), comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ama%C3%ABl_Moinard" title="Amaël Moinard">Amaël Moinard</a> (b 1982), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lodie_Godin" title="Élodie Godin">Élodie Godin</a> (b 1985), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_de_la_Salle" title="Lise de la Salle">Lise de la Salle</a> (b 1988), pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Umhauer" title="Ernst Umhauer">Ernst Umhauer</a> (b 1989), actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives_of_Octeville">Natives of Octeville</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Natives of Octeville">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Lebas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Lebas (page does not exist)">Édouard Lebas</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lebas" class="extiw" title="fr:Édouard Lebas">fr</a>] (1897–1975), prefect and French politician.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Died_in_Cherbourg">Died in Cherbourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Died in Cherbourg">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Auguste_Digard_de_Lousta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Auguste Digard de Lousta (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Digard de Lousta</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Auguste_Digard_de_Lousta" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Auguste Digard de Lousta">fr</a>] (1803–1879), historian and poet.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosper_Payerne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosper Payerne (page does not exist)">Prosper Payerne</a> (1806–1886), physician, scientist and inventor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Le_V%C3%A9el" title="Armand Le Véel">Armand Le Véel</a> (1821–1905), statue sculptor.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Marie_du_Crest_de_Villeneuve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Marie du Crest de Villeneuve (page does not exist)">Alexandre Marie du Crest de Villeneuve</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Marie_du_Crest_de_Villeneuve" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Marie du Crest de Villeneuve">fr</a>] (1813–1892), Rear Admiral.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles-Alexandre_Sallandrouze_de_Lamornaix" title="Jean-Charles-Alexandre Sallandrouze de Lamornaix">Jean-Charles-Alexandre Sallandrouze de Lamornaix</a> (1840–1899), Admiral, Commander in Chief of the Squadron of the North, died in harbour on the battleship <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Formidable" title="French ironclad Formidable">Formidable</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Louis Corbière">Louis Corbière</a> (1850–1941), botanist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hellmich" title="Heinz Hellmich">Heinz Hellmich</a> (1890 – 17 June 1944) German General who served in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Wehrmacht</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Simon_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Simon (general) (page does not exist)">Jean Simon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Simon" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Simon">fr</a>] (1912–2003), one of the negotiators of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> for the abandonment of French Algeria</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Darinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Darinot (page does not exist)">Louis Darinot</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Darinot" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Darinot">fr</a>] (1925–2006), politician, deputy mayor of Cherbourg</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_linked_to_Cherbourg">Others linked to Cherbourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Others linked to Cherbourg">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg/220px-Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg/330px-Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg/440px-Napoleon_a_Cherbourg_bordercropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Napoleon at Cherbourg.</figcaption></figure> The work of the seawall and the military port in Cherbourg led many soldiers and engineers, for whom this step was often an important moment in their career. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a> (1739–1823), Governor of Cherbourg who was responsible for the first work, at the dawn of the French Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cachin" title="Joseph Cachin">Joseph Cachin</a> (1757–1825), engineer assigned by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to the general direction of the maritime work of Cherbourg in 1804. For twenty years, he realised the improvement of the commercial port, and the digging of the docks of the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military port</a>, constituting the New Arsenal. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rieunier" title="Henri Rieunier">Henri Rieunier</a> (1833–1918) who was twice major of the Navy in Cherbourg (1872/1875) and <a href="/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="Louis-Émile Bertin">Louis-Émile Bertin</a> (1840–1924) who lived in Cherbourg from 1863 to 1879, and is buried in the cemetery of <a href="/wiki/La_Glacerie" title="La Glacerie">La Glacerie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaunay" title="Charles-Eugène Delaunay">Charles-Eugène Delaunay</a> (1816–1872), Director of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>, drowned while visiting the harbour. Among the engineers of the <a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">Directorate of construction and naval weapons</a>, included <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a> (1789–1857) and also <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Laubeuf" title="Maxime Laubeuf">Maxime Laubeuf</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, the safeguarding of the Château de Cherbourg was already the task of illustrious figures of the Kingdom, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_des_Essarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre des Essarts (page does not exist)">Pierre des Essarts</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_des_Essarts" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre des Essarts">fr</a>], the <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Goyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Goyon (page does not exist)">family of Matignon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_Goyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Maison de Goyon">fr</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Calli%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques de Callières">Jacques de Callières</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Calli%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques de Callières">fr</a>] (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1697). At the origin of the military port, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> (1769–1821), who visited the city in 1811, "Revient" in Cherbourg in 1840 during the <a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">return of his remains</a> to France, aboard <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Belle_Poule_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Belle Poule (1834)">La Belle Poule</a>, before being taken to <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>. A transatlantic port of the 20th century, Cherbourg saw Hollywood stars arrive, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, who organised his disembarkation in 1952 to a press conference in the gare maritime, critical of the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyist</a> America that he left. The port saw a lot of famous people, including businessman <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Guggenheim" title="Benjamin Guggenheim">Benjamin Guggenheim</a> (1865–1912) for his fatal voyage on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">Titanic</a>. Cinema then gave Cherbourg another lasting reputation, through the images of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a> (1931–1990) and music by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Legrand" title="Michel Legrand">Michel Legrand</a> (1932-2019), in <a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg" title="The Umbrellas of Cherbourg">The Umbrellas of Cherbourg</a>. Earlier, <a href="/wiki/Frida_Boccara" title="Frida Boccara">Frida Boccara</a> (1940–1996), knew great success in 1961 with her song Cherbourg avait raison. The letters were not left with <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">academician</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier-Marie_Grente" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-François-Xavier-Marie Grente">Georges Grente</a> (1872–1959), superior of the Saint-Paul Institute, and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Psichari" title="Ernest Psichari">Ernest Psichari</a> (1883–1914), soldier and writer, whose garrison stay in Cherbourg in 1914 with the 2nd colonial artillery regiment inspires L'Appel des armes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_heritage">Culture and heritage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture and heritage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_facilities">Cultural facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cultural facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_Vox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cherbourg_Vox.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_Vox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cherbourg_Vox.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_Vox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cherbourg_Vox.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_Vox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>The Vox, a former cinema converted into a theatre, depends upon the National Stage.</figcaption></figure> With <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, Cherbourg-Octeville is the main cultural centre of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a>. The city is the seat of several <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a>, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academic_Society_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academic Society of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">National Academic Society of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_acad%C3%A9mique_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Société nationale académique de Cherbourg">fr</a>] founded in 1755, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Society_of_Natural_Sciences_and_Mathematics_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Society of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">National Society of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_des_sciences_naturelles_et_math%C3%A9matiques_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Société nationale des sciences naturelles et mathématiques de Cherbourg">fr</a>] formed in 1851, and the Artistic and Industrial society of Cherbourg, incorporated in 1871. The creation and dissemination of the performing arts are ensured by the <a href="/wiki/Le_Trident_(theatre)" title="Le Trident (theatre)">Trident</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sc%C3%A8ne_nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scène nationale (page does not exist)">national stage</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A8ne_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:Scène nationale">fr</a>] of Italian theatre, the theatre of Octeville and the Vox. Amateur theatre is celebrated by Les Téméraires. The vocation prioritaire du Centre régional des arts du cirque [Priority Mission of the Regional Centre of Circus Arts] (CRAC) of La Brèche, opened in October 2006, is the residence of circus troops, but instead also offers programming for the public.<a href="#cite_note-offreculturelle-138">[137]</a> CRAC participates in the festival of street arts, Charivarue. In addition, the provision of artistic education is rich, with the Film Industry Institute of Normandy, the school of fine arts and the municipal music school, labelled as a conservatory for communal influence, which has 800 registrants. After the closure of Ultrasound in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville-Hainneville</a>, a unique room of contemporary music of Nord-Cotentin, several associations have come together within the network "La Voix des oreilles" ["The voice of the ears"] and of the place Épicentre, in the former yacht club on Quai Lawton-Collins,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> where the festival La Terra Trema takes place. However, the city lacks a large capacity venue, the theatre can accommodate only 700 spectators. After the bitter failure of Cherbourg-Land, this problem has not been resolved at the level of the Cotentin.<a href="#cite_note-offreculturelle-138">[137]</a> The Great Hall of the Cité de la Mer, with a space for over 6,000 people, has hosted several concerts, but it is primarily dedicated to the organisation of fairs and exhibitions. Today, the main welcoming complex of large-scale concerts is the Jean-Jaurès Centre of Équeurdreville-Hainneville. Octeville has retained its patronal festival, the Sainte-Échelle, with holiday fair and parades. Cherbourg restarted its carnival in the 1980s, heir of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Confr%C3%A9rie_des_Conards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confrérie des Conards (page does not exist)">Confrérie des Conards</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confr%C3%A9rie_des_Conards" class="extiw" title="fr:Confrérie des Conards">fr</a>], similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg/330px-Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg/440px-Jacques-Louis_David_Patrocle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>The Patroclus of David, displayed at the Thomas-Henry Museum.</figcaption></figure> Cherbourg has several museums. The former home of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Liais" title="Emmanuel Liais">Emmanuel Liais</a>, mayor of Cherbourg, astronomer and explorer, houses since 1905 the Museum of Natural History and Ethnography, the oldest museum in Cherbourg (founded in 1832), with curio cabinet, collection of stuffed animals, fossils, minerals and ethnographic objects (Egypt, Asia, Oceania, America and Africa), archaeological treasures and library science. It is also the headquarters of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Society_of_Natural_Sciences_and_Mathematics_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Society of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">National Society of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_des_sciences_naturelles_et_math%C3%A9matiques_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Société nationale des sciences naturelles et mathématiques de Cherbourg">fr</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Thomas-Henry" title="Musée Thomas-Henry">Thomas-Henry Fine Arts Museum</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(patron_of_the_arts)" title="Thomas Henry (patron of the arts)">its first patron</a>, was inaugurated in 1835 and is now the third collection of Normandy with 300 paintings and sculptures from the 15th to the 20th century. Located in the cultural centre, at the back of the theatre, it presents paintings by French, Flemish, Spanish and Italian artists, as well as sculptures. Presentations of works by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a>, and one of the largest collections of works by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, as well as paintings by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Fouace" title="Guillaume Fouace">Guillaume Fouace</a> native of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ville" title="Réville">Réville</a> or the Navy painters. Sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Armand_Le_V%C3%A9el" title="Armand Le Véel">Armand Le Véel</a> are also included. The Museum of the War and the Liberation, the first of its kind when it was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> on 6 June 1954, traces the daily life of Cherbourg civilians during the Occupation and the course of the Liberation of Cotentin, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a>. It is installed in the Fort du Roule, centrepiece of the defence of Cherbourg taken by the Americans on 25 June 1944 . The <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a>, is a large museum devoted to scientific and historical aspects of maritime subjects. Dedicated to oceanographic exploration, it is a complex installed since 2003 in a part of the remains of the old transatlantic station. It offers giant aquariums, a collection of underwater vehicles, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">bathyscaphe</a> Archimède and <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Redoutable_(S611)" title="French submarine Redoutable (S611)">Redoutable</a>, the first French <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">SSBN</a> built in Cherbourg, fully open to the public. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_du_jour_(Cherbourg-Octeville)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point du jour (Cherbourg-Octeville) (page does not exist)">Point du jour</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Point_du_jour_(Cherbourg-Octeville)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Point du jour (Cherbourg-Octeville)">fr</a>], a unique contemporary art centre in France, dedicated to photography, was inaugurated in the Bassin zone in November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-offreculturelle-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg/220px-Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg/330px-Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg/440px-Jeanniot_C%C3%A9lestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Célestine, of the Journal d’une femme de chambre [Diary of a Chambermaid], by Georges Jeanniot, Le Cri de Paris, 18 November 1900.</figcaption></figure> The Jacques Prévert Municipal Library, founded in 1831 and opened in 1832, holds the second largest collection in the region, after that of Caen. The purchase of the library of the local scholar Henri-François Duchevreuil, in 1830, complements the 1,855 volumes of the district's library, created at 24 Rue Tour-Carrée, in application of the decree of the Convention of 8 pluviôse year II<a href="#cite_note-histbiblio-140">[139]</a> and composed essentially of works seized from emigrants and deportees.<a href="#cite_note-ccfr-141">[140]</a> Several donations were then made, including a legacy of 3,000 works by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Asselin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustin Asselin (page does not exist)">Augustin Asselin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Asselin" class="extiw" title="fr:Augustin Asselin">fr</a>] in 1844 (with twenty-six <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a> and a ninth-century manuscript <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">De bello iudaico</a> [The Jewish War] of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, which remains the oldest document in the library) and a gift in 1877 from Jérôme-Frédéric Bignon, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Rozel" title="Le Rozel">Le Rozel</a> and heir to the king's librarians. It also has a Norman <a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">fonds</a>, an old fonds devoted to botany and another to travel.<a href="#cite_note-histbiblio-140">[139]</a> Housed in a wing of the City Hall in 1855, and then at 9 Rue Thiers (Rue Talluau) from 1896, the library moved into the cultural centre in June 1981, taking the name of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a>, who had died four years earlier in <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ccfr-141">[140]</a> The library also participates in the Normannia project of the Norman digital library. The former barracks of the Abbey, dating back to the start of the works of the large dam in 18th-century, has housed one of the five regional centres of history of the National Navy, alongside <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, since 1970. The archives of the maritime district of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> are grouped here, and the library of the Navy founded in 1836 in Cherbourg and specialising in maritime history with its 23,000 works. Each year, a network of writing workshops are organised in the metropolitan area, the Mercurielles, and the Festival of the Book and of Youth Comic Books (since 1987). The Biennial of the 9th Art exhibits the works of <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comic</a> cartoonists (<a href="/wiki/Enki_Bilal" title="Enki Bilal">Enki Bilal</a> in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Schuiten" title="François Schuiten">François Schuiten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Peeters" title="Benoît Peeters">Benoît Peeters</a> in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Juillard" title="André Juillard">André Juillard</a> in 2006, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Loustal" title="Jacques de Loustal">Loustal</a> in 2008). In 2002, with the support of the City Hall of Cherbourg, Enki Bilal had planned to create a mural in the old gare maritime to represent the history of migration in the place; This project was rejected on the basis of an official complaint by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Cauvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Cauvin (page does not exist)">Bernard Cauvin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cauvin" class="extiw" title="fr:Bernard Cauvin">fr</a>], president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">CUC</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>] and the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Cherbourg-Octeville is the seat of two publishing houses, Isoète founded in 1985 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Point_du_jour_(Cherbourg-Octeville)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Point du jour (Cherbourg-Octeville) (page does not exist)">Le Point du jour</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Point_du_jour_(Cherbourg-Octeville)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Point du jour (Cherbourg-Octeville)">fr</a>] established in 1996. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cherbourg-Octeville_in_literature">Cherbourg-Octeville in literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cherbourg-Octeville in literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> cites the engineer Joseph Cachin, constructor of the port of Cherbourg, among the men of genius in <a href="/wiki/Le_Cur%C3%A9_de_village" title="Le Curé de village">Le Curé de village</a> [The Village Priest] and <a href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La Duchesse de Langeais</a> [The Duchess of Langeais].<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Cherbourg is also present in <a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9quisitionnaire" title="Le Réquisitionnaire">Le Réquisitionnaire</a> [The Recruit].<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_Mirbeau" title="Octave Mirbeau">Octave Mirbeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Chambermaid_(novel)" title="The Diary of a Chambermaid (novel)">Le Journal d'une femme de chambre</a> [The Diary of a Chambermaid], 1900: In the final chapter, Celestine became the owner of a cafe in Cherbourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remy_de_Gourmont" title="Remy de Gourmont">Remy de Gourmont</a>, Un cœur virginal [A Virginal Heart], 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Psichari" title="Ernest Psichari">Ernest Psichari</a>, L'Appel des armes [The Call to Arms], 1913</li> <li>Gilles Rosset, Le Vent dominant [The Prevailing Wind], Grasset, 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Salatko" title="Alexis Salatko">Alexis Salatko</a>, Vingt deux nuances de gris [Twenty-two Shades of Grey], 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Arrou-Vignod" title="Jean-Philippe Arrou-Vignod">Jean-Philippe Arrou-Vignod</a>, L’omelette au sucre [The Omelette with Sugar], Gallimard, Folio Junior, 1999</li> <li>Robert Sinsoilliez, Une balle pour rien à Cherbourg [A Bullet for Nothing to Cherbourg], 2000</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalatko2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salatko, Alexis (2007). Un fauteuil au bord du vide [A Chair at the Edge of the Vacuum] (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-62615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-62615-4"><bdi>978-2-213-62615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+fauteuil+au+bord+du+vide&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-213-62615-4&rft.aulast=Salatko&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ken Follett's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth" title="The Pillars of the Earth">The Pillars of the Earth</a> features Cherbourg as the hometown of Jacques Cherbourg, a Frenchman washed ashore in England during the <a href="/wiki/European_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="European Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a>. His son, Jack Jackson, travels to France as an adult and meets his father's family in Cherbourg.</li> <li>Kimberly Brubaker Bradley set her novel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=For_Freedom:_The_Story_of_a_French_Spy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy (page does not exist)">For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy</a> in Cherbourg. The narrator, Suzanne Hall (née David), is a spy for the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>.</li> <li>Cherbourg (or to be precise its analog in the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Darcy_(character)" title="Lord Darcy (character)">Lord Darcy</a> universe) is the setting for <a href="/wiki/Randall_Garrett" title="Randall Garrett">Randall Garrett</a>'s short story "A Case of Identity" and is part of the backdrop for his novel <a href="/wiki/Too_Many_Magicians" title="Too Many Magicians">Too Many Magicians</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix,_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg/220px-L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg/330px-L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg/440px-L%27OMNIA_se_trouve_rue_de_la_Paix%2C_derri%C3%A8re_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_Cherbourg_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The Omnia cinema in 1944, after the Liberation.</figcaption></figure> The cinema occupies a significant place in the life of Cherbourg. Many classics of French cinema have been filmed there, such as <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_the_Port_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of the Port (film)">La Marie du port</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a>. In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Miller" title="Claude Miller">Claude Miller</a> also located the action film <a href="/wiki/Garde_%C3%A0_Vue" title="Garde à Vue">Garde à Vue</a> there, though shot in the studio. However, the most emblematic is undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg" title="The Umbrellas of Cherbourg">The Umbrellas of Cherbourg</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a>, a story about Madame Emery and her 17-year-old daughter Geneviève (<a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a>) who sell umbrellas at their tiny boutique. The film was shot in the summer of 1963, and still contributes to the international renown of the city. Yet long before, at the time of the splendor of the transatlantic liners, Cherbourg was a port of arrival, departure or transit for many stars, including <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a>. The city was also birthplace of the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Tacchella" title="Jean-Charles Tacchella">Jean-Charles Tacchella</a> and the actor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_des_cin%C3%A9mas_d%27Irlande_et_de_Grande-Bretagne_de_Cherbourg-Octeville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival des cinémas d'Irlande et de Grande-Bretagne de Cherbourg-Octeville (page does not exist)">Festival of cinemas of Ireland and Great Britain</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_des_cin%C3%A9mas_d%27Irlande_et_de_Grande-Bretagne_de_Cherbourg-Octeville" class="extiw" title="fr:Festival des cinémas d'Irlande et de Grande-Bretagne de Cherbourg-Octeville">fr</a>], the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinemovida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinemovida (page does not exist)">Cinemovida</a> (festival of the cinema of Spain and Latin America), and Images d'Outre-Rhin (German cinema), as well as Cin'étoiles, screenings of films outdoors in July, animate the local cultural life. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Internationale_de_Cr%C3%A9ation_Audiovisuelle_et_de_R%C3%A9alisation" title="École Internationale de Création Audiovisuelle et de Réalisation">EICAR</a> film school was located in the old buildings of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas (page does not exist)">marine hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas">fr</a>]. After three years of loss and liabilities estimated at €1.5 million, it was placed into liquidation in September 2006 and replaced the following month, under the leadership of elders of its teachers by the Institut des métiers du cinéma de Normandie (IMC Normandie) that itself closed its doors in 2011. The city has a fleet of 17 permanent cinema rooms, distributed over two sites, including one labelled as Art et essai (<a href="/wiki/Revival_house" title="Revival house">Revival house</a>). <ul><li>Odéon (5 rooms)</li></ul> Following the opening of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_Georges-Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuit Georges-Raymond (page does not exist)">CGR</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Georges-Raymond" class="extiw" title="fr:Circuit Georges-Raymond">fr</a>] <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex</a>, the withdrawal of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soredic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soredic (page does not exist)">Soredic</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soredic" class="extiw" title="fr:Soredic">fr</a>], which operated Club 6 (Rue de la Paix) since 1983 and the Odeon (Rue Foch) since 1991, resulted in the closure in 2004 of the first and the revival of the latter city centre cinema, labelled as <a href="/wiki/Revival_house" title="Revival house">Art et essai</a> by Fadila Chambelland, the former manager. The cinema had 90,000 admissions in 2006. The damaged façade of the old cafe of the Grand balcon, which then became Le Central cinema, is in the style of the Second Empire, with <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> and garlands of flowers. <ul><li>Méga CGR (12 rooms)</li></ul> Opened in 2003 near the boulevard maritime with 2,557 seats; 400,000 admissions in 2006. <ul><li>Omnia (1 room)</li></ul> The historic cinema operated by <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, located on the Rue de la Paix, it was bought in the 1990s by the municipality and no longer welcomes any more than rare events. The interior frescoes of R. Lecoq, representing <a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, were distinguished in 2006 by the label "20th century heritage" of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Several cinemas have disappeared, such as the Eldorado (destroyed, Place de la Republique), the Eden (Rue Cachin), the Vox (former <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> room which became a second room of <a href="/wiki/Le_Trident_(theatre)" title="Le Trident (theatre)">Le Trident (theatre)</a>), and the Saint-Joseph (Rue des Ormes), etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films_shot_in_Cherbourg">Films shot in Cherbourg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Films shot in Cherbourg">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_p%27tit_Parigot" title="Le p'tit Parigot">Le p'tit Parigot</a> (1926), by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Le_Somptier" title="René Le Somptier">René Le Somptier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_the_Port_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of the Port (film)">La Marie du port</a> (1950), by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg" title="The Umbrellas of Cherbourg">The Umbrellas of Cherbourg</a> (1964), by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Course_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9chalote" title="La Course à l'échalote">La Course à l'échalote</a> (1975), directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Zidi" title="Claude Zidi">Claude Zidi</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Richard" title="Pierre Richard">Pierre Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Birkin" title="Jane Birkin">Jane Birkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_to_the_South" title="Roads to the South">Roads to the South</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Ray_(film)" title="The Green Ray (film)">The Green Ray</a> (1986) of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer" title="Éric Rohmer">Éric Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foon_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foon (film) (page does not exist)">Foon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foon" class="extiw" title="fr:Foon">fr</a>] (2005), directed in part at the EICAR-Cherbourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bo%C3%AEte_noire" class="mw-redirect" title="La Boîte noire">La Boîte noire</a> (2005), by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_(actor)" title="Richard Berry (actor)">Richard Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lili_and_the_baobab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lili and the baobab (page does not exist)">Lili and the baobab</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Sloane" title="Peter and Sloane">Chantal Richard</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Romane_Bohringer" title="Romane Bohringer">Romane Bohringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumba_(2008_film)" title="Rumba (2008 film)">Rumba</a> (2008) <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Abel_and_Fiona_Gordon" title="Dominique Abel and Fiona Gordon">Fiona Gordon, Dominique Abel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Romy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Romy (page does not exist)">Bruno Romy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Romy" class="extiw" title="fr:Bruno Romy">fr</a>], etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Me_No_More_(film)" title="Love Me No More (film)">Love Me No More</a> (2008), by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Becker_(director)" title="Jean Becker (director)">Jean Becker</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dupontel" title="Albert Dupontel">Albert Dupontel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(2011_film)" title="Q (2011 film)">Q</a> (2011), by <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Bouhnik" title="Laurent Bouhnik">Laurent Bouhnik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> The Cherbourg population spoke le haguais, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, while having some specifics regarding the pronunciation of certain words. In Cotentinais Norman, Cherbourg is called Tchidbouo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʃidbwu:]</a> and Octeville, Otteville <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔtvil]</a>. Their inhabitants are the Tchidbouorqŭais and the Ottevillais <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʃidbwuʁtʃje:]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔtvile:]</a>. While French was necessary in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in the 19th century, Norman remained widely used from Cherbourg to <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pic-146">[145]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rossel (page does not exist)">Alfred Rossel</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rossel" class="extiw" title="fr:Alfred Rossel">fr</a>] was the leading local figure of the dialect authors of the 19th century. He published his Chansonnettes normandes, among which Sus la mé became an anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>. At that time, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fleury_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fleury (writer) (page does not exist)">Jean Fleury</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fleury" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Fleury">fr</a>] was critical of its approximate spelling and poor mastery of the language.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Various actors are now trying to promote the local use of the Norman. The Alfred Rossel society makes live folklore and language. Le Boué-jaun a Cherbourg-based magazine, published his texts in Norman, and one of three popular Norman universities is based here.<a href="#cite_note-pic-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Gastronomy">edit</a>]</div> A large fishing port, Cherbourg-Octeville offers a wide variety of fish (<a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_(fish)" title="Yellowtail (fish)">yellowtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_seabass" title="European seabass">bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_mullet" title="Red mullet">red mullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_sole" title="Lemon sole">lemon sole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small-spotted_catshark" title="Small-spotted catshark">small-spotted catshark</a>, etc.), crustaceans (<a href="/wiki/Cancer_pagurus" title="Cancer pagurus">brown crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majoidea" title="Majoidea">spider crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homarus" title="Homarus">lobster</a>) and shellfish (<a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Saint-Jacques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>), caught off the coast of the Cotentin peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demoiselles_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demoiselles de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Demoiselles de Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselles_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Demoiselles de Cherbourg">fr</a>] are small lobsters. Cherbourg is also located near three <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> areas (<a href="/wiki/Blainville-sur-Mer" title="Blainville-sur-Mer">Blainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">Saint-Vaast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isigny-sur-Mer" title="Isigny-sur-Mer">Isigny</a>). The most traditional preparation is the <a href="/wiki/Matelote" title="Matelote">matelote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-viquet-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> also presented the recipe of the "queue de merlan à la mode de Cherbourg " [tail of whiting in the Cherbourg manner], with butter and oysters.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> From 1464, the bakers of Cherbourg held Royal permission to develop their breads based on seawater, thus avoiding paying for the salt and the gabelle [salt tax]. On the occasion of the visit of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, they would have created folded bread, country bread ball, oval, which is folded back on itself to be cooked, thus offering a tighter bicorn-shaped sandwich which came to be called "pain Napoléon" [Napoleon bread].<a href="#cite_note-viquet-149">[148]</a> Fleury indicated that at the beginning of the 19th century, the principal food of Nord-Cotentin was <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> bread, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> porridge and pork-based products, and on feast days, the galette, a "type of dough composed of buckwheat flour, milk and eggs, and cooked in a thin film on the tile with butter", watered, of course, with cider.<a href="#cite_note-fleury1839-notions-55">[54]</a> The agglomeration is located in the <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Pont-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque_cheese" title="Pont-l'Évêque cheese">Pont-l'Évêque</a> and of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camembert_of_Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camembert of Normandy (page does not exist)">Camembert of Normandy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert_de_Normandie" class="extiw" title="fr:Camembert de Normandie">fr</a>] as well as being partially within the <a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pommeau_de_Normandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pommeau de Normandie">Pommeau de Normandie</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommeau_de_Normandie" class="extiw" title="fr:Pommeau de Normandie">fr</a>] and the <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> of Normandy. It also benefits from the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">IGP</a> of the cider of Normandy, Normandy pork and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volailles_de_Normandie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volailles de Normandie (page does not exist)">Normandy poultry</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volailles_de_Normandie" class="extiw" title="fr:Volailles de Normandie">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> More broadly, the kitchen of Nord-Cotentin is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_normande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine normande (page does not exist)">that of Normandy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_normande" class="extiw" title="fr:Cuisine normande">fr</a>], in which dairy products (butter, cream, milk, cheese, etc.) and apples (as fruit or alcohol) dominate. Since 2010, the restaurant le Pily, of the <a href="/wiki/Valognes" title="Valognes">Valognes</a> restaurateur Pierre Marion, holds a star in the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage">Heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Heritage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_monuments">Civil monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Civil monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cherbourg_theatre.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cherbourg_theatre.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cherbourg_theatre.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The Italian theatre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg/220px-Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg/330px-Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg/440px-Cherbourg-Gare-transatlantique-pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The gare maritime.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg/220px-Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg/330px-Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg/440px-Cherbourg_Bassin_du_Commerce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>The commercial dock, during the <a href="/wiki/Tall_Ships%27_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Ships' Races">Tall Ships' Race 2005</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg/220px-Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg/330px-Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg/440px-Hotel_Atlantique_Cherbourg2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The central pavilion of the Atlantic Hotel.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Le_Trident_(theatre)" title="Le Trident (theatre)">Italian Theatre</a> is one of the last <a href="/wiki/Theater_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater (building)">Italian theatres</a> built in France (1880). Opened in 1882, it was built on the plans of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Lalande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Lalande (page does not exist)">Charles de Lalande</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Lalande" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles de Lalande">fr</a>], on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain market</a>. The façade pays homage to <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Adrien_Boieldieu" title="François-Adrien Boieldieu">Boieldieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>. It has been classified a historical monument since 1984 with its two side returns and corresponding roofing; also classified are the vestibule, the grand staircase, the hall and foyer, as well as the 13 original decorations. The ceiling is the work of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clairin" title="Georges Clairin">Georges Clairin</a>. With three galleries, it accommodates up to 600 spectators. The Mouchel Fountain, named after the patron and director of the journal Le Phare de la Manche, stands at the centre of the Place Général-de-Gaulle. A monumental fountain in cast iron, it was created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_Gutelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Eugène Gutelle (page does not exist)">Louis Eugène Gutelle</a> in 1895. The Hotel Epron de la Horie (named after the Vice Admiral and Marine Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Jacques_Epron_de_la_Horie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Jacques Epron de la Horie (page does not exist)">Jacques Epron de la Horie</a>, owner under the first Empire) or ancient customs is located at the corner of Rue de Val-de-Saire and the wharf of the Old Arsenal. Built in 1781 by Jacques Martin Maurice, "contractor of the King's works" in <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> (cover and body of the building) and red brick (window frames), registered as a historical monument since 16 February 1965.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Successively barracks of the Swiss, auxiliary Hospital of the work of the harbour, home of shipowners Richer, Cousin, Despréaux and Lias in the 19th century and a customs house during the interwar period, it is now the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Caisse_d%27%C3%89pargne" title="Groupe Caisse d'Épargne">Groupe Caisse d'Épargne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-centreurbainancien-56">[55]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare Maritime de Cherbourg">Gare Maritime de Cherbourg</a> is the largest French <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> monument. Built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Levavasseur (architect) (page does not exist)">René Levavasseur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:René Levavasseur (architecte)">fr</a>] from 1928 and inaugurated in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert François Lebrun">President Lebrun</a>, it could accommodate two ships simultaneously. Listed as an <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">historical monument</a> in 1989 and 2000, it was redeveloped in 2002 to become an oceanographic complex, the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a>, where one can visit the <abbr title="Sous-marin nucléaire lanceur d'engins"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">SNLE</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Redoutable-class_submarine_(1967)" title="Redoutable-class submarine (1967)">Le Redoutable</a>, and host since December 2006 of a cruise terminal.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The hôtel Atlantique [Atlantic Hotel], opposite the maritime station, was also built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Levavasseur (architect) (page does not exist)">René Levavasseur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Levavasseur_(architecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:René Levavasseur (architecte)">fr</a>], in iron and cement and in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style, for the three transatlantic companies which served Cherbourg, the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Line" title="Red Star Line">Red Star Line</a>, grouped into the Société anonyme de l’Hôtel Atlantique. It hosted on 5,400 m2 (58,000 sq ft) the emigrants (third class passengers), mainly from Eastern Europe, who stayed there for an average of 12 days to undergo sanitary and customs controls. The building thus included a section for infected and a section for disinfected with a capacity of 2,000 people. Begun in 1920, opened in 1926, it closed eight years later. Requisitioned under the Occupation and Liberation, it was bought by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Amiot" title="Félix Amiot">Félix Amiot</a> to accommodate some of its shipyard employees.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> It has hosted the services of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_commerce_and_industry_of_Cherbourg-Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamber of commerce and industry of Cherbourg-Cotentin (page does not exist)">Chamber of commerce and industry of Cherbourg-Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin">fr</a>] since 1991. The central pavilion is included in the inventory of historic monuments since October 2001.<a href="#cite_note-pedestre-11">[10]</a> Statues of Themis and Minerva, Roman goddesses of justice and war respectively, of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Houdon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Laurent_Roland" title="Philippe-Laurent Roland">Roland</a> and which were stored in the courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a> during their replacement on the frontispiece of the Chamber of Deputies by casts during the renovation of the façade, were available to the city in June 1989, through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Stirn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Stirn (page does not exist)">Olivier Stirn</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Stirn" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Stirn">fr</a>], Minister of Tourism, and President of the Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg [Urban community of Cherbourg]. After restoration by Pierre Bataille of <a href="/wiki/Poclain" title="Poclain">Poclain</a>, they were each placed in 1990 and 1993 on a roundabout, the Minerva of Philippe-Laurent Roland, near the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a>, the Themis of Jean-Antoine Houdon at the foot of the Montagne du Roule. Carved around 1810, they have been classified as historic monuments since June 1990.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The town hall was built at the beginning of the 19th century; It was enlarged twice, first in 1850 by a south-west wing forming an L-shape with the first building, and then under the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> (salon of the Empress), and reworked after the Liberation. Inside, a staircase serves the Grand Lounge and the lounge of the Empress, which houses portraits of Napoleon III and Eugénie by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Winterhalter</a>, with - between the two – a rotunda room for the paintings of Michel-Adrien Servant recalling the major events in the history of the city. Since 1858, the Council Chamber contains the 16th century chimney of the abbot's house of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_of_Notre-Dame-du-V%C5%93u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu (page does not exist)">Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu</a>, purchased by the municipality in 1841 and classified as a historical monument since 1905.<a href="#cite_note-centreurbainancien-56">[55]</a> The three lounges and the stairs have been registered since 13 August 2004. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas (page does not exist)">maritime hospital</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_arm%C3%A9es_Ren%C3%A9-Le-Bas" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôpital des armées René-Le-Bas">fr</a>], a former regional hospital of the armies of René-Le-Bas, built by a decision of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and opened 15 February 1869, it was decommissioned in 2000 and rehabilitated as an academic and cultural centre in 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Napoleon III style</a> buildings are surrounded by a large park. The docks and Port Chantereyne are regularly brought to life by various events: Stopovers of prestigious liners (<a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a>, etc.), armada, sailing races and such. The docks were constructed in 1994 with the lighting by <a href="/wiki/Yann_Kersal%C3%A9" title="Yann Kersalé">Yann Kersalé</a>. The marina, first French port of call, extends beyond the Plage Verte, old beach redeveloped into lawn after the creation of the port. Recreational and leisure facilities are located here (pool, skating rink, bowling, services for boaters, etc.). In the commercial wet dock is the Jacques-Louise, the last wooden trawler built in the shipyards of Cherbourg Bellot in 1959, the former Cherbourg <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a>, decommissioned in 1991, registered in 1996, then classified as a historic monument in 1999. A trawler in oak wood of the Orne, designed for lateral fishing off the coast, it has been open to the public since summer 2004.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memorials">Memorials</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg/220px-Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg/330px-Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg/440px-Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_Napol%C3%A9on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Napoleon</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_Napol%C3%A9on_(Cherbourg-Octeville)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place Napoléon (Cherbourg-Octeville) (page does not exist)">Equestrian Statue of Napoleon I</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Napol%C3%A9on_(Cherbourg-Octeville)" class="extiw" title="fr:Place Napoléon (Cherbourg-Octeville)">fr</a>] faces the basilica, on the Place Napoléon. The work of <a href="/wiki/Armand_Le_V%C3%A9el" title="Armand Le Véel">Armand Le Véel</a>, it represents the Emperor contemplating the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">harbour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military port</a>. On the base, reads an excerpt from the Memorial of Sainte-Hélène, dated 15 July 1816: I had resolved to renew to Cherbourg the wonders of Egypt, i.e. a pyramid with central fort and a new <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a>, for the outer harbour, dug into the rock. The statue, erected in 1858 on the occasion of the visit of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, recalls the importance of the Emperor in the expansion of Cherbourg. Around this emblematic monument of the city, registered in August 2006 and classified as an <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">historic monument</a> on 31 January 2008, extends the Plage verte, the old artificial beach until the postwar period, which runs along the marina.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The monument of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a>, in the Place de la République, commemorates the landing of the son of the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, back in France on the British frigate Eurotas on 13 April 1814, after the fall of the Empire. Completed in 1816, it consists of an obelisk of 25 ft (7.6 m) in pink granite of Flamanville, surmounting a fountain of grey granite, where four bronze lions' heads spew water into a basin dug in the same block.<a href="#cite_note-centreurbainancien-56">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg/220px-ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg/330px-ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg/440px-ArmandDeBricqueville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Bricqueville by David d’Angers.</figcaption></figure> The bust of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armand_de_Bricqueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armand de Bricqueville (page does not exist)">Colonel Bricqueville</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_de_Bricqueville" class="extiw" title="fr:Armand de Bricqueville">fr</a>], on the Quai de Caligny, was inaugurated on 12 May 1850, in homage to the Colonel of the Imperial Dragons and Bonapartist deputy of Cherbourg who died in 1844. This 1.45 m (4.8 ft) bust of Hermes<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> is a bronze of <a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a> on a 4 ft (1.2 m) column of granite of the architect Lemelle, on which one can read the name of four battles where Bricqueville is illustrated: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1814)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1814)">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Versailles</a>. Two bronze reliefs evoke the military (a sword) and parliamentary (a forum), were melted by the Germans in 1944. The monument has been listed as an <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">historical monument</a> since August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-statuaire-160">[159]</a> The statue of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, inaugurated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_garden_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public garden of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">public garden</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_public_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Jardin public de Cherbourg">fr</a>] on 22 September 1892, for the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a>, honours the "painter of peasants", student at the Museum of Cherbourg. Funded by a subscription launched by the municipality in 1886 and taken over by Parisian circles, the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> bust (1.05 m (3.4 ft) high) was entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Chapu" title="Henri Chapu">Henri Chapu</a>; after his death, it was completed by his pupil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Ernest_Bouteiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Ernest Bouteiller (page does not exist)">Jean-Ernest Bouteiller</a> who had assisted him in the allegorical group in bronze (2.95 m (9.7 ft) high) of a peasant woman with her daughter in arms and laying flowers of the fields on the bust, supported on a pedestal and granite rocks (4.45 m (14.6 ft) high, 2.55 m (8.4 ft) wide, 2.6 m (8.5 ft) of depth). The monument is inscribed since August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-statuaire-160">[159]</a> The monument to the dead of the <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Surcouf" title="French submarine Surcouf">Surcouf</a>, inaugurated at the end of the marina pier on 23 September 1951 by General de Gaulle, commemorates the memory of 130 sailors from the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Forces" title="Free French Naval Forces">Free French Naval Forces</a> submarine, built at Cherbourg and which sank on 18 February 1942 in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_monuments">Military monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Military monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg/220px-Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg/330px-Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg/440px-Cherbourg-Fort-de-l%27ouest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Fort de l’Ouest.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">Cherbourg Harbour</a> is the largest artificial harbour of the world. Begun in 1783, the central wall was completed in 1853 and equipped with three forts in 1860. Built 4 km (2.5 mi) from the coast, the offshore seawall is 3.64 km (2.26 mi) long, with an average width of 100 m (330 ft) at its base and 12 m (39 ft) at its peak, and a height of 27 m (89 ft). The three sea walls cover over 6 km (3.7 mi) combined. The fort de l’Île Pelée [fort of Pelée Island], a defensive element to the east of the sea wall, was designed by Ricard and Decaux and built between 1777 and 1784. It was named fort Royal, fort National, fort Imperial, before taking the name of the island on which it was built. It served as a prison during the Revolution. Fort du Roule (Museum of the War and Liberation) is located on the Montagne du Roule. The location in 1650 of the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Protection, abandoned during the Revolution, razed in 1870, this highest point of the city [117 m (384 ft)] welcomed a redoubt to protect the harbour in 1793. In 1853, the present fort was built. The place of the last fighting in 1940, it was reinforced by the Germans in 1943 with a battery located on the hillside overlooking the harbour, below the fort. Composed of four <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> for 105 mm (4.1 in) guns and a position for the direction of firing, with several tunnels and access dug into the rock, for the Germans it became the strong point of the fortresse de Cherbourg and of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>. On 6 June 1954, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> inaugurated the first French Museum of Liberation there. At the end of a winding road named chemin des Résistants [Path of Resistants], the fort offers a panoramic view of the city and the harbour. The battery and a part of the German ammunition storage tunnels were classified as a historic monument in 1995, and another part is converted into an underground laboratory for measurement of radioactivity for the school of military application of atomic energy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_monuments">Religious monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Religious monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg/220px-FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg/330px-FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg/440px-FranceNormandieCherbourgBasiliqueTrinite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Sainte-Trinité of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Basilica of Sainte-Trinité</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Basilique Sainte-Trinité de Cherbourg">fr</a>].</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg/220px-Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg/330px-Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg/440px-Eglise_ND_du_Voeu_Cherbourg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Church of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_of_Notre-Dame-du-V%C5%93u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu (page does not exist)">Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Notre-Dame_du_V%C5%93u" class="extiw" title="fr:Abbaye Notre-Dame du Vœu">fr</a>] was founded in 1145, on the coast of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville" title="Équeurdreville-Hainneville">Équeurdreville</a>, at the Croûte du Homet, by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>. Located outside the city walls, it was regularly looted and burned during the incessant Anglo-French battles, then during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>. Subject to the regime of a <a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">commendatory abbot</a> in 1583, it declined until its closure in 1774. Its lands were annexed in 1778 for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">military port</a>, and it became the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_d%27Harcourt" title="François-Henri d'Harcourt">Duke of Harcourt</a>, who sheltered the King in 1786. The place was then transformed into a hospital, into a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagne_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagne de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">prison</a>, and into the Martin des Pallières Barracks for the <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marine infantry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a> of Chantereyne was built in 1928, until its destruction in June 1944. Bought by the Town Hall in 1961, the Abbey has been slowly restored since 1965. The smokestack of the Abbey House (16th century) is kept in the council room of the city hall, the west portal of the Church (13th century) is placed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_public_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin public de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">public garden</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_public_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Jardin public de Cherbourg">fr</a>]. The remains of Martin des Pallières barracks were classified in 1913, then all of the buildings, remains and soil of the abbey, in September 2002. The grave slab of Guillaume de Margerai, priest of <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a>, who died in the 1280s, uncovered, has been classified as an <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">historic monument</a> since 1995. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Sainte-Trinité of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Basilica of Sainte-Trinité</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Basilique Sainte-Trinité de Cherbourg">fr</a>], begun in the 11th century at the request of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, remained the only parish church of the city until the 19th century. The stately church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Our Lady</a> in the castle was destroyed along with the fortress, in the 17th century. The Trinité was enlarged and transformed significantly in the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> was rebuilt, the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> and the bell tower is recorded from after 1450. After a rampage by January 1794, it had added a new square bell tower 26 m (85 ft) in 1828 and restored in neo-<a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture#Flamboyant_arch" title="Gothic architecture">flamboyant</a> style in 1865. Registered as a historical monument since March 1944, Trinité has a rich religious furniture, including a high <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> of 1809, a wood <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> carved by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Fr%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Fréret (page does not exist)">Pierre Fréret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fr%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Fréret">fr</a>] (1767), a <a href="/wiki/Retable" title="Retable">retable</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armand_Fr%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armand Fréret (page does not exist)">Armand Fréret</a> (1814) and the great <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Cavaillé-Coll</a>. The church of Notre-Dame du Roule was built at the foot of the Montagne du Roule between 1832 and 1842 under the leadership of the "poet-Barber" Michel Legoupil and by the subscription of the faithful of the peripheral quarters of Roule which grew, such as the districts of the Vœu and the Polle. The church of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu, begun in 1850 on subscription of the parishioners and in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style due to the scarcity of resources, was erected on a pasture, known as les briques, offered by Mr. de Virandeville. In 1855, the municipality completes the nave inaugurated in 1852 by a <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> and a more ornate choir, and in 1862 the façade and two bell towers. A work of 61.5 m (202 ft) in length, the church houses a large organ by Duputel (1885), classified as a historic monument since 1990 and the stained glass windows of 1834, 1858–60 and 1949–58.<a href="#cite_note-jeanxxii-163">[162]</a> The Church of Saint-Clément was built within the quarter of the Val-de-Saire, facing the Pasteur hospital, between June 1853 and 1856 by the architect of the city, Geufroy. 52 m (171 ft) long, it is of Greco-Roman inspiration, with a porch in the triangular pediment supported by four columns with <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>. It houses the altars of the Virgin (1863) by François Fréret and Saint-Clément (1864) by Louis-Victor Fréret, acquired from the Basilica of Sainte-Trinité in 1846, an organ (1881), painting of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a> (1935) the Rock of Césigné and stained glass (1953) of Mauméjean.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The Church of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Paul, on the area of Octeville, was built between 1967 and 1969 while the "grand ensemble" of Provinces was born. The triangular and irregular modern architecture of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Vimond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Vimond (page does not exist)">Paul Vimond</a> symbolises "the tent of God in among the houses of men", a sacred art inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962-1965).<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Another Church was built on Octeville during those years: The Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine-Postel opened in 1966 in the quarter of Fourches and decommissioned in 1990. The Church of Saint-Martin of Octeville, dating from the 12th century, is the historic parish church of Octeville which depended on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_of_Notre-Dame-du-V%C5%93u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu (page does not exist)">Abbey of Notre-Dame-du-Vœu</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Notre-Dame_du_V%C5%93u" class="extiw" title="fr:Abbaye Notre-Dame du Vœu">fr</a>]. Romanesque, it has an octagonal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddleback_steeple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saddleback steeple (page does not exist)">saddleback steeple</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocher_en_b%C3%A2ti%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Clocher en bâtière">fr</a>]. The nave was remodelled in the 18th century. A <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> has been classified as a historic monument since 1908.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_life">Military life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Military life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Naval_Base" title="Cherbourg Naval Base">Cherbourg Naval Base</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Abeille_Libert%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Abeille_Libert%C3%A9" title="Abeille Liberté">Abeille Liberté</a> at Cherbourg-Octeville.</figcaption></figure> During the Middle Ages, Cherbourg, a stronghold of the Cotentin peninsula, was home to a small garrison for the protection of the fortress. With the implementation of the harbour and military port, Cherbourg became a port of war at the end of the 18th century, with a large garrison. In 1798, it had 1,332 men, or a tenth of the population, divided mainly between the barracks of the Abbey, current historical Service of the Navy, which housed 542 men of the 4th brigade and the Maurice Quarter, in the Hôtel Epron de la Horie, home to 227 men.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Numbers were brought to 3,000 men for the completion of the work, by a decree of germinal year XI. During the 20th century, Cherbourg, a strategic point during both world wars, adapted to new threats. It then hosted a large garrison of the Navy, an artillery regiment and a Hôpital des Armées known locally as "marine hospital". In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the presence of the army weakened by the transfer of the northern fleet to Brest and the closure of the maritime hospital renamed René-Le-Bas. Yet Cherbourg remained a base of the first order of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">National Navy</a>, as the seat of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Prefecture_of_Manche_and_the_North_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Prefecture of Manche and the North Sea (page does not exist)">Maritime Prefecture of Manche and the North Sea</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture_maritime_de_la_Manche_et_la_mer_du_Nord" class="extiw" title="fr:Préfecture maritime de la Manche et la mer du Nord">fr</a>] and of the Maritime Gendarmerie grouping of Manche. The naval base is the homeport of five patrol vessels of the Navy and the coastguard, group of the clearance divers sleeve and its building-base the <a href="/wiki/Vulcain_(M611)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcain (M611)">Vulcain</a>, the tug <a href="/wiki/Abeille_Libert%C3%A9" title="Abeille Liberté">Abeille Liberté</a> and various support vessels. It is also the headquarters of the Operational Training of Surveillance and Territorial Information of Cherbourg (Cherbourg FOSIT) which brings together thirteen semaphores and the lookout of the maritime district. In addition, a flotilla 35 F <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin" title="Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin">Dauphin</a> helicopter is based at <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_%E2%80%93_Maupertus_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport">Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport</a>. The operation of the military port is borne by the directions of the Commissioner of the Navy, maritime works and information systems of the Navy, as well as the branch of the support service of the fleet and the military workshop of the Cherbourg fleet.<a href="#cite_note-accueil-168">[167]</a> Cherbourg is also a training hub of the armed forces through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Military_Applications_of_Atomic_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Military Applications of Atomic Energy (page does not exist)">School of Military Applications of Atomic Energy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_applications_militaires_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique" class="extiw" title="fr:École des applications militaires de l'énergie atomique">fr</a>] (EAMEA), in charge of the joint education of military specialists in material sciences, of techniques and of nuclear safety and the École des fourriers de <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a>, devoted to education of the officers of the three armed forces in business administration, management, human resources and the restoration to the training of specialists of the restoration of the national gendarmerie and the homes of the Navy staff. Proposals for reform on the organization and the distribution of the French Army, presented in the spring of 2008 in the <a href="/wiki/2008_French_White_Paper_on_Defence_and_National_Security" title="2008 French White Paper on Defence and National Security">White Paper on Defence and National Security</a> planned in the context of the <a href="/wiki/French_General_Review_of_Public_Policies" title="French General Review of Public Policies">French General Review of Public Policies</a> raise the concern of civilian personnel of the defence of the city, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_submarines_built_at_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of submarines built at Cherbourg (page does not exist)">construction of submarines</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_sous-marins_construits_%C3%A0_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des sous-marins construits à Cherbourg">fr</a>]. According to projects, Cherbourg-Octeville would become one of 90 defence bases around 2010. In a pooling of means and the establishment of support for the armed forces, the city would retain military and civilian activities, and would host new regiments for the army and of the air force to constitute one of the largest bases of defence.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> However, the Navy in Cherbourg-Octeville would lose 220 jobs, including civilians, through including the division of half of the staff of the Directorate of maritime works, the abolition of 30 posts including 5 civilians in the École des fourriers and the Atomic school, the loss of 27 posts including 14 civilians in the direction of information systems, and the disarmament of the Vulcain, Acharné, Coralline and Élan. National orders for <a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">DCNS</a> could be spread over several years, also reducing human needs there, especially among the subcontractors.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Several military units were stationed at Cherbourg during the 20th century: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Infantry_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Infantry Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">8th Infantry Regiment</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/8e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27infanterie" class="extiw" title="fr:8e régiment d'infanterie">fr</a>], 1939 - 1940</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=25th_Infantry_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25th Infantry Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">25th Infantry Regiment</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/25e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27infanterie" class="extiw" title="fr:25e régiment d'infanterie">fr</a>], 1870 - 1914</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=119th_Infantry_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="119th Infantry Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">119th Infantry Regiment</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/119e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27infanterie" class="extiw" title="fr:119e régiment d'infanterie">fr</a>],</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=77th_Territorial_Infantry_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="77th Territorial Infantry Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">77th Territorial Infantry Regiment</a>, 1870 - 1914</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Artillery_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Artillery Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">2nd Artillery Regiment of Foot</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:2e régiment d'artillerie (France)">fr</a>], 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Artillery Regiment">1st Marine Artillery Regiment</a>, 1906</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Colonial_Artillery_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Colonial Artillery Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">2nd Colonial Artillery Regiment</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie_coloniale" class="extiw" title="fr:2e régiment d'artillerie coloniale">fr</a>], 1906</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Colonial_Artillery_Regiment_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Colonial Artillery Regiment (France) (page does not exist)">5th Colonial Artillery Regiment</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie_coloniale" class="extiw" title="fr:5e régiment d'artillerie coloniale">fr</a>], 1906</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CherbourgCentre.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Town centre"><img alt="Town centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CherbourgCentre.JPG/120px-CherbourgCentre.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CherbourgCentre.JPG/180px-CherbourgCentre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CherbourgCentre.JPG/240px-CherbourgCentre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3583" data-file-height="2020" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town centre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles de Gaulle delivering a speech in liberated Cherbourg from the Hôtel de ville (townhall)"><img alt="Charles de Gaulle delivering a speech in liberated Cherbourg from the Hôtel de ville (townhall)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG/120px-HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG/180px-HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG/240px-HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="2793" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> delivering a speech in liberated Cherbourg from the Hôtel de ville (townhall)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare-cherbourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gare de Cherbourg"><img alt="Gare de Cherbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gare-cherbourg.jpg/120px-Gare-cherbourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gare-cherbourg.jpg/180px-Gare-cherbourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gare-cherbourg.jpg/240px-Gare-cherbourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Cherbourg">Gare de Cherbourg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg,_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Haven"><img alt="Haven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG/120px-Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG/180px-Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG/240px-Cherbourg%2C_Bassin_de_commerce_sous_le_soleil_d%27hiver_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haven</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Current view of the city"><img alt="Current view of the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg/120px-Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg/180px-Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg/240px-Cherbourg-vuegenerale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="987" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Current view of the city</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">History of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Histoire de Cherbourg">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Harbour" title="Cherbourg Harbour">Cherbourg Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_Navy" title="History of the French Navy">History of the French Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_submarines_built_at_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of submarines built at Cherbourg (page does not exist)">List of submarines built at Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_sous-marins_construits_%C3%A0_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des sous-marins construits à Cherbourg">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_maritime_prefects_of_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of maritime prefects of Cherbourg (page does not exist)">List of maritime prefects of Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9fets_maritimes_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des préfets maritimes de Cherbourg">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Cherbourg">Gare de Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Maritime_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare Maritime de Cherbourg">Gare Maritime de Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a>, 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Mer" title="Cité de la Mer">Cité de la Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Parapluies_de_Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Parapluies de Cherbourg">Les Parapluies de Cherbourg</a> (The Umbrellas of Cherbourg), a <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demoiselles_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demoiselles de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Demoiselles de Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoiselles_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Demoiselles de Cherbourg">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɛərbɜːrɡ, ˈʃɛərbʊərɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHAIR-burg, SHAIR-boorg</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>also <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɜːrbʊərɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHUR-boorg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɛərbʊər, ʃɛərˈbʊər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHAIR-boor, shair-BOOR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɛʁbuʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1c\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Cherbourg.wav">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>: Chèrbourg or Tchidbouo. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cherbourg">"Cherbourg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcherbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727203502/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cherbourg">"Cherbourg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cherbourg">the original</a> on 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FCherbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Cherbourg" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cherbourg">"Cherbourg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCherbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cherbourg">"Cherbourg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCherbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-decret-6"><a href="#cite_ref-decret_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000750489&fastPos=9&fastReqId=655584624&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte">Décret</a> 23 February 2000 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/arrete/2015/12/1/INTB1529848A/jo/texte">Arrêté préfectoral</a> 1 December 2015 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Histoire de la ville de Cherbourg de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Thomas_Voisin-La-Hougue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Thomas Voisin-La-Hougue (page does not exist)">Voisin La Hougue</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Thomas_Voisin-La-Hougue" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Thomas Voisin-La-Hougue">fr</a>], continuée depuis 1728 jusqu'à 1835, par Vérusmor [History of the city of Cherbourg from Voisin-La-Hougue, continued from 1728 until 1835, by Verusmor] (in French). Cherbourg: Boulanger. 1855. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+ville+de+Cherbourg+de+Voisin+La+Hougue%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%2C+continu%C3%A9e+depuis+1728+jusqu%27%C3%A0+1835%2C+par+V%C3%A9rusmor&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Boulanger&rft.date=1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleury1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fleury" title="Jean Fleury">Fleury, Jean</a> (1886). Essai sur le patois normand de la Hague [Essay on the Norman dialect of la Hague] (in French). Maisonneuve frères et C. Leclerc. pp. 363–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essai+sur+le+patois+normand+de+la+Hague&rft.pages=363-64&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+fr%C3%A8res+et+C.+Leclerc&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Fleury&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> roule is the medieval name of the sandstone </li> <li id="cite_note-pedestre-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pedestre_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pedestre_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pedestre_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pedestre_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211744/http://www.cuc-cherbourg.fr/Pages/telechargement/telechargement/guide_sentiers_pietons.pdf">"Sentiers piétons"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (page does not exist)">Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg">fr</a>]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuc-cherbourg.fr/Pages/telechargement/telechargement/guide_sentiers_pietons.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communaut%C3%A9+urbaine+de+Cherbourg%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Sentiers+pi%C3%A9tons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuc-cherbourg.fr%2FPages%2Ftelechargement%2Ftelechargement%2Fguide_sentiers_pietons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211739/http://www.cuc-cherbourg.fr/Pages/atlas_cuc/Pages/donnees_historiques/cherbourg_1700.htm">"Cherbourg en 1700"</a> [Cherbourg in 1700] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuc-cherbourg.fr/Pages/atlas_cuc/Pages/donnees_historiques/cherbourg_1700.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+en+1700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuc-cherbourg.fr%2FPages%2Fatlas_cuc%2FPages%2Fdonnees_historiques%2Fcherbourg_1700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoclimat-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infoclimat_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoclimat_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07020-cap-de-la-hague.html">"Cap de la Hague, 1961-1990"</a> [Cap de la Hague, 1961-1990]. Infoclimat (in French). Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infoclimat&rft.atitle=Cap+de+la+Hague%2C+1961-1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie-07020-cap-de-la-hague.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteofrance-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meteofrance_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meteofrance_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028105432/http://www.meteofrance.com/FR/climat/dpt_tempsdumois.jsp?LIEUID=DEPT50">"Caractéristique du département de la Manche"</a> [Characteristic of the Manche Department]. Météo France (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteofrance.com/FR/climat/dpt_tempsdumois.jsp?LIEUID=DEPT50">the original</a> on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+France&rft.atitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+du+d%C3%A9partement+de+la+Manche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteofrance.com%2FFR%2Fclimat%2Fdpt_tempsdumois.jsp%3FLIEUID%3DDEPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=50129001">"Normales et records pour Cherbourg-Homet (50)"</a>. Meteociel. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+et+records+pour+Cherbourg-Homet+%2850%29&rft.pub=Meteociel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteociel.fr%2Fobs%2Fclim%2Fnormales_records.php%3Fcode%3D50129001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=50209001">"Normales et records pour Gonneville (50)"</a>. Meteociel. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+et+records+pour+Gonneville+%2850%29&rft.pub=Meteociel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteociel.fr%2Fobs%2Fclim%2Fnormales_records.php%3Fcode%3D50209001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteopassion.com/ensoleillement-annuel.php">"Carte de l'ensoleillement annuel en France"</a> [Map of the annual sunshine in France]. Météo Passion (in French). Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Passion&rft.atitle=Carte+de+l%27ensoleillement+annuel+en+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteopassion.com%2Fensoleillement-annuel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-memo-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memo_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo_18-2">c</a> Mémento économique du Cotentin 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin (page does not exist)">CCI de Cherbourg-Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin">fr</a>], 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 2006 figures </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012045347/http://www.region-basse-normandie.fr/discours/discours_voeux_11012007.pdf">"Discours des vœux aux personnalités pour 2007, par Philippe Duron, président de la Région Basse-Normandie, Caen, 11 janvier 2007"</a> [Speech of greeting to the personalities for 2007, by Philippe Duron, President of the Lower Normandy region, Caen, 11 January 2007] (PDF) (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.region-basse-normandie.fr/discours/discours_voeux_11012007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discours+des+v%C5%93ux+aux+personnalit%C3%A9s+pour+2007%2C+par+Philippe+Duron%2C+pr%C3%A9sident+de+la+R%C3%A9gion+Basse-Normandie%2C+Caen%2C+11+janvier+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.region-basse-normandie.fr%2Fdiscours%2Fdiscours_voeux_11012007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604121918/http://www.ouest-france.fr/ofdernmin_-Fin-des-TGV-Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon-_6346-1524474-fils-tous-74_filDMA.Htm">"Fin des TGV Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon"</a> [End of the Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon TGV]. Ouest-france.fr (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/ofdernmin_-Fin-des-TGV-Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon-_6346-1524474-fils-tous-74_filDMA.Htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-france.fr&rft.atitle=Fin+des+TGV+Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Fofdernmin_-Fin-des-TGV-Cherbourg-Caen-Dijon-_6346-1524474-fils-tous-74_filDMA.Htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"La Compagnie des transports de Cherbourg fête ses 110 ans!" [Cherbourg transportation company celebrates 110 years!]. Le Journal de la Communauté urbaine de Cherbourg (in French) (35). September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+la+Communaut%C3%A9+urbaine+de+Cherbourg&rft.atitle=La+Compagnie+des+transports+de+Cherbourg+f%C3%AAte+ses+110+ans%21&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2006-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017081651/http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/Chalair-reliera-Cherbourg-et-Caen-a-Orly-/re/actudet/actu_dep-722055------_actu.html">"Chalair reliera Cherbourg et Caen à Orly"</a> [Chalair between Cherbourg and Caen at Orly]. Ouest France (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/Chalair-reliera-Cherbourg-et-Caen-a-Orly-/re/actudet/actu_dep-722055------_actu.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest+France&rft.atitle=Chalair+reliera+Cherbourg+et+Caen+%C3%A0+Orly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherbourg.maville.com%2FChalair-reliera-Cherbourg-et-Caen-a-Orly-%2Fre%2Factudet%2Factu_dep-722055------_actu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-memo2008-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memo2008_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo2008_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotentin-entreprises.com/iso_album/memento_economique_ccicc_2008.pdf">"Mémento économique du Cotentin 2008"</a> [Economic Handbook of the Cotentin 2008] (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin (page does not exist)">CCI de Cherbourg-Cotentin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Cherbourg-Cotentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cherbourg-Cotentin">fr</a>] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCI+de+Cherbourg-Cotentin%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9mento+%C3%A9conomique+du+Cotentin+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotentin-entreprises.com%2Fiso_album%2Fmemento_economique_ccicc_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-letourneur9-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letourneur9_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letourneur9_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetourneur1985" class="citation book cs1">Letourneur, Guy (1985). Cherbourg et son histoire. Vol. 1. Cherbourg: Pierre Boulland. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+et+son+histoire&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Pierre+Boulland&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Letourneur&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesens-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lesens_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lesens_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Sens1860" class="citation book cs1">Le Sens, Victor (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231206/http://www.normannia.info/cgi-bin/aurweb.exe/normannia/rechpdoc?idn=lesens1860.html">Mémoires de la Société impériale académique de Cherbourg</a>. Cherbourg: Bedelfontaine et Syffert. Essai historique sur le Blason de Cherbourg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normannia.info/cgi-bin/aurweb.exe/normannia/rechpdoc?idn=lesens1860.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+imp%C3%A9riale+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Cherbourg&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Bedelfontaine+et+Syffert&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Le+Sens&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.normannia.info%2Fcgi-bin%2Faurweb.exe%2Fnormannia%2Frechpdoc%3Fidn%3Dlesens1860.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blason-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blason_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blason_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Chanteur_de_Pontaumont1873" class="citation book cs1">Le Chanteur de Pontaumont (1873). Mémoires de la Société nationale académique de Cherbourg. Vol. 11. Véritable histoire du blason de Cherbourg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+nationale+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Cherbourg&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Le+Chanteur+de+Pontaumont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031142023/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/fiche_didentite_de_la_vil/situation_administrative/cherbourg-octeville_ville/default.asp">"La "mouette musicale" de Cherbourg-Octeville"</a>. Ville de Cherbourg-Octeville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/fiche_didentite_de_la_vil/situation_administrative/cherbourg-octeville_ville/default.asp">the original</a> on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ville+de+Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.atitle=La+%22mouette+musicale%22+de+Cherbourg-Octeville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Ffiche_didentite_de_la_vil%2Fsituation_administrative%2Fcherbourg-octeville_ville%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2002" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2002). La Langue gauloise. édition Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-224-4"><bdi>2-87772-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Langue+gauloise&rft.pub=%C3%A9dition+Errance&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2-87772-224-4&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fondation-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fondation_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fondation_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fondation_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fondation_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVastel1998" class="citation book cs1">Vastel, Jacqueline (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120204704/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_cherbourg/fichiers/fondation_de_ch.pdf">La fondation de Cherbourg</a> (PDF). ville de Cherbourg-Octeville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_cherbourg/fichiers/fondation_de_ch.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fondation+de+Cherbourg&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Vastel&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_de_cherbourg%2Ffichiers%2Ffondation_de_ch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaurepaire-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beaurepaire_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaurepaire_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beaurepaire1986" class="citation book cs1">de Beaurepaire, François (1986). Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche. Paris: Éd. Picard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+noms+des+communes+et+anciennes+paroisses+de+la+Manche&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Picard&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=de+Beaurepaire&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> René Lepelley, cited by Jacqueline Vastel, op. cit. </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-oct-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist-oct_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist-oct_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist-oct_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614120701/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_docteville/default.asp">"Histoire d'Octeville: quelques temps forts"</a>. ville de Cherbourg-Octeville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_docteville/default.asp">the original</a> on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville+de+Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.atitle=Histoire+d%27Octeville%3A+quelques+temps+forts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_docteville%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Noms et lieux du Québec", Commission de toponymie, 1994-1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+de+toponymie&rft.atitle=Noms+et+lieux+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Julius Caesar, <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>, Book III, 11–17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulanger1855" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boulanger (1855). Histoire de la ville de Cherbourg [History of the town of Cherbourg] (in French). Cherbourg. p. 2. de Voisin-la-Hougue, continuée depuis 1728 jusqu'à 1835, par Vérusmor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+ville+de+Cherbourg&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Boulanger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-fleury1839-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fleury1839_37-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallée1839" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vallée, Hippolyte (1839). 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Cherbourg: ville de Cherbourg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99habitat+ancien+du+centre+urbain&rft.btitle=%C3%80+la+d%C3%A9couverte+de+Cherbourg+%3A+guide+historique+et+touristique+sur+la+ville+de+Cherbourg%2C+la+Hague+et+le+Val+de+Saire&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=ville+de+Cherbourg&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Centorame&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatardLavalley2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patard, F.; Lavalley, J. (5 March 2007). Cherbourg en marche vers le futur [Cherbourg moving towards the future] (in French). 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Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communaut%C3%A9+urbaine+de+Cherbourg&rft.atitle=Plan+des+fondements+historiques+de+l%27agglom%C3%A9ration+cherbourgeoise&rft.date=1999-06&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuc-cherbourg.fr%2FPages%2Fatlas_cuc%2FImages%2Fcartos%2Fdonnees_generales%2Furbanisme%2Fatlas_urbanisme_fondements_historiques_01.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-manoeuvres-59"><a href="#cite_ref-manoeuvres_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519140245/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites/les-grandes-manoeuvres/1037/0/115197">"Cherbourg - urbanisme - Les grandes manœuvres"</a> [Cherbourg - planning - major manoeuvres]. Le Point (in French). 24 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites/les-grandes-manoeuvres/1037/0/115197">the original</a> on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Point&rft.atitle=Cherbourg+-+urbanisme+-+Les+grandes+man%C5%93uvres&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Factualites%2Fles-grandes-manoeuvres%2F1037%2F0%2F115197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubillot2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dubillot, Thierry (16 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922165220/http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/Rentree-la-renovation-commerciale-au-menu-/re/actudet/actu_loc-704475------_actu.html">"Rentrée : la rénovation commerciale au menu"</a> [Re-entry: the commercial renovation on the menu] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/Rentree-la-renovation-commerciale-au-menu-/re/actudet/actu_loc-704475------_actu.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rentr%C3%A9e+%3A+la+r%C3%A9novation+commerciale+au+menu&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.aulast=Dubillot&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherbourg.maville.com%2FRentree-la-renovation-commerciale-au-menu-%2Fre%2Factudet%2Factu_loc-704475------_actu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/avenue-carnot-esquisse-dun-nouveau-quartier-534563">"Avenue Carnot: esquisse d'un nouveau quartier"</a> [Avenue Carnot: sketch of a new neighbourhood]. Ouest-France (in French). 18 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=Avenue+Carnot%3A+esquisse+d%27un+nouveau+quartier&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Favenue-carnot-esquisse-dun-nouveau-quartier-534563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2018-62"><a href="#cite_ref-pop2018_62-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4989724/ensemble.pdf">Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehess-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehess_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehess_63-1">b</a> Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=9198">Commune data sheet Cherbourg-Octeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassini2-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Cassini2_64-0">^</a> Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=25437">Commune data sheet Octeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-fusion-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fusion_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fusion_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031142023/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/fiche_didentite_de_la_vil/situation_administrative/cherbourg-octeville_ville/default.asp">"Cherbourg-Octeville, une ville fusionnée"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/fiche_didentite_de_la_vil/situation_administrative/cherbourg-octeville_ville/default.asp">the original</a> on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cherbourg-Octeville%2C+une+ville+fusionn%C3%A9e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Ffiche_didentite_de_la_vil%2Fsituation_administrative%2Fcherbourg-octeville_ville%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-troisjardins-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troisjardins_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troisjardins_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-troisjardins_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentorame" class="citation book cs1">Centorame, Bruno. À la découverte de Cherbourg. Trois jardins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80+la+d%C3%A9couverte+de+Cherbourg&rft.aulast=Centorame&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jardinschbg-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jardinschbg_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jardinschbg_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230554/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_botanique/parcs_et_jardins/default.asp">"Parcs et jardins"</a>. ville de Cherbourg-Octeville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_botanique/parcs_et_jardins/default.asp">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville+de+Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.atitle=Parcs+et+jardins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_botanique%2Fparcs_et_jardins%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parcsetjardins.fr/basse_normandie/manche/parc_emmanuel_liais-75.html">"Parc Emmanuel Liais"</a>. Comité des parcs et jardins de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comit%C3%A9+des+parcs+et+jardins+de+France&rft.atitle=Parc+Emmanuel+Liais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parcsetjardins.fr%2Fbasse_normandie%2Fmanche%2Fparc_emmanuel_liais-75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00110368">Jardin botanique de la Roche Fauconnière</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020002655/http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P50.htm">"Villes et Villages Fleuris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P50.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villes+et+Villages+Fleuris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com%2Fleconcours%2Fpalmaresdep%2FP50.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Voisin-La-Hougue, op. cit. p. 104-109 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Industrie et commerce - Arrondissement de Cherbourg, Annuaire du Département de la Manche. Saint-Lô: Impr. de J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mairie-tourlaville.fr/fr/tourisme/tourisme_et_patrimoine/dossiers_en_consultation/fichiers/felix_du_temple.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ville+de+Tourlaville&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9lix+Du+Temple%2C+un+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+inventeur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mairie-tourlaville.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme%2Ftourisme_et_patrimoine%2Fdossiers_en_consultation%2Ffichiers%2Ffelix_du_temple.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hortson-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Hortson_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatard" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patard, Frédéric. D'Hortson à Sanmina, 45 ans d'histoire industrielle [Of Hortson at Sanmina, 45 years of industrial history] (in French). La Presse de la Manche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%27Hortson+%C3%A0+Sanmina%2C+45+ans+d%27histoire+industrielle&rft.pub=La+Presse+de+la+Manche&rft.aulast=Patard&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-redynamiser-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redynamiser_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redynamiser_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redynamiser_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redynamiser_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/actu/actudet_-Comment-redynamiser-l-economie-de-la-ville-centre-_loc-579463_actu.Htm">"Comment redynamiser l'économie de la ville centre ?"</a> [How to revitalise the economy of the city centre?]. Ouest-France (in French). 5 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=Comment+redynamiser+l%27%C3%A9conomie+de+la+ville+centre+%3F&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherbourg.maville.com%2Factu%2Factudet_-Comment-redynamiser-l-economie-de-la-ville-centre-_loc-579463_actu.Htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalsan2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malsan, Sylvie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frdm.029.0180">"Licenciements collectifs : le prix d'une dette symbolique"</a> [Collective redundancies: the price of a symbolic debt]. 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href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/050/05004129.html">"Résultats de l'élection législative 2012"</a> [Results of the 2012 legislative election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+l%C3%A9gislative+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FLegislatives%2Felecresult__LG2012%2F%28path%29%2FLG2012%2F050%2F05004129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2007/050/05012905.html">"Résultats de l'élection législative 2007"</a> [Results of the 2007 legislative election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+l%C3%A9gislative+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2FLG2007%2F050%2F05012905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/LG2002/050/05012905.html">"Résultats de l'élection législative 2002"</a> [Results of the 2002 legislative election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+l%C3%A9gislative+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2FLG2002%2F050%2F05012905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Europeennes/elecresult__ER2014/(path)/ER2014/01/025/050/050129.html">"Résultats de l'élection européenne 2014"</a> [Results of the 2014 European election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+europ%C3%A9enne+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2FElections%2FLes-resultats%2FEuropeennes%2Felecresult__ER2014%2F%28path%29%2FER2014%2F01%2F025%2F050%2F050129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/eur2004/001/050/50129.html">"Résultats de l'élection européenne 2014"</a> [Results of the 2004 European election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+europ%C3%A9enne+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2Feur2004%2F001%2F050%2F50129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113132343/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/europeennes_1999.asp">"Résultats de l'élection européenne 1999"</a> [Results of the 1999 European election]. ministère de l’Intérieur (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/europeennes_1999.asp">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+europ%C3%A9enne+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fcherbourg_octeville%2Fvie_municipale%2Fvie_politique%2Fresultats_electoraux%2Feuropeennes_1999.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/reg2004/025/050/50129.html">"Résultats de l'élection régionale 2004"</a> [Results of the 2004 regional election]. Ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+r%C3%A9gionale+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2Freg2004%2F025%2F050%2F50129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113181359/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/regionales_1998.asp">"Résultats de l'élection régionale 1998"</a> [Results of the 1998 regional election]. Ministère de l’Intérieur (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/regionales_1998.asp">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+r%C3%A9gionale+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fcherbourg_octeville%2Fvie_municipale%2Fvie_politique%2Fresultats_electoraux%2Fregionales_1998.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/CN2008/050/05025129.html">"Résultats du premier tour de l'élection cantonale de 2008"</a> [Results of the first round of the canonal election of 2008] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+premier+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+cantonale+de+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2FCN2008%2F050%2F05025129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/CN2008/050/05011129.html">"Résultats du second tour de l'élection cantonale de 2008"</a> [Results of the second round of the canonal election of 2008] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+second+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+cantonale+de+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2FCN2008%2F050%2F05011129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113132415/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_2004.asp">"Résultats du second tour de l'élection cantonale de 2004"</a> [Results of the second round of the canonal election of 2004] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_2004.asp">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+second+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+cantonale+de+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fcherbourg_octeville%2Fvie_municipale%2Fvie_politique%2Fresultats_electoraux%2Fcantonales_2004.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113132440/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_2001.asp">"Résultats du second tour de l'élection cantonale de 2001"</a> [Results of the second round of the canonal election of 2001] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_2001.asp">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+second+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+cantonale+de+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fcherbourg_octeville%2Fvie_municipale%2Fvie_politique%2Fresultats_electoraux%2Fcantonales_2001.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113132151/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_1998.asp">"Résultats du second tour de l'élection cantonale de 1998"</a> [Results of the second round of the canonal election of 1998] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/cherbourg_octeville/vie_municipale/vie_politique/resultats_electoraux/cantonales_1998.asp">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+second+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+cantonale+de+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fcherbourg_octeville%2Fvie_municipale%2Fvie_politique%2Fresultats_electoraux%2Fcantonales_1998.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/MN2014/050/050129.html">"Résultats du premier tour de l'élection municipale de 2014"</a> [Results of the first round of the municipal election of 2014] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+premier+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+municipale+de+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.interieur.gouv.fr%2FMN2014%2F050%2F050129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829172246/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/MN2008/050/050129.html">"Résultats du premier tour de l'élection municipale de 2008"</a> [Results of the first round of the municipal election of 2008] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/MN2008/050/050129.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+premier+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+municipale+de+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2FMN2008%2F050%2F050129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://municipales2001.ouestfrance.fr/scripts/consult/ecran3/MUNecran3.asp?SiteAppel=defaut&CodeInsee=50129">"Résultats du second tour de l'élection municipale de 2001"</a> [Results of the second round of the municipal election of 2001] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+second+tour+de+l%27%C3%A9lection+municipale+de+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmunicipales2001.ouestfrance.fr%2Fscripts%2Fconsult%2Fecran3%2FMUNecran3.asp%3FSiteAppel%3Ddefaut%26CodeInsee%3D50129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/rf2005/025/050/50129.html">"Résultats du référendum 2005"</a> [Results of the 2005 referendum]. Ministère de l’Intérieur (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9sultats+du+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fresultats-elections%2Frf2005%2F025%2F050%2F50129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112022759/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_cherbourg/les_anciens_maires_de_che.asp">"Les anciens maires de Cherbourg et d'Octeville depuis 1900"</a> [The former mayors of Cherbourg and Octeville since 1900]. Cherbourg-Octeville (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_la_ville/histoire_de_cherbourg/les_anciens_maires_de_che.asp">the original</a> on 12 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.atitle=Les+anciens+maires+de+Cherbourg+et+d%27Octeville+depuis+1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_de_la_ville%2Fhistoire_de_cherbourg%2Fles_anciens_maires_de_che.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> 2014 re-election: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/municipales-cherbourg-jean-michel-houllegatte-elu-maire-2103742">"Municipales à Cherbourg. Jean-Michel Houllegatte élu maire"</a> [Municipals in Cherbourg. Jean-Michel Houllegatte elected Mayor]. Ouest-France (in French). 5 April 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=Municipales+%C3%A0+Cherbourg.+Jean-Michel+Houllegatte+%C3%A9lu+maire&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Fmunicipales-cherbourg-jean-michel-houllegatte-elu-maire-2103742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-of-municipales2014-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-of-municipales2014_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-of-municipales2014_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506120139/http://elections.ouest-france.fr/elections-municipales-2014/manche/50100-cherbourg-octeville.html">"Cherbourg-Octeville (50100) - Municipales 2014"</a> [Cherbourg-Octeville (50100) - municipal 2014]. elections.ouest-france.fr (in French). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peche-cherbourg.com/poissonplat.asp">the original</a> on 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centre+de+mar%C3%A9e+de+Cherbourg-Cotentin&rft.atitle=Poissons+p%C3%AAch%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peche-cherbourg.com%2Fpoissonplat.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-viquet-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viquet_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viquet_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Boire et manger en Cotentin". Le Viquet (78). Saint-Lô. Christmas 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Viquet&rft.atitle=Boire+et+manger+en+Cotentin&rft.chron=Christmas&rft.issue=78&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Alexandre Dumas, Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, 1873. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Website of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27origine_et_de_la_qualit%C3%A9" title="Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité">INAO</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> «<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304195644/http://www.lamanchelibre.fr/Guide-Michelin-un-etoile-agrave-Cherbourg,1.media?f=4248">"Guide Michelin: un étoilé à Cherbourg"</a>. lamanchelibre.net. 1 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamanchelibre.fr/Guide-Michelin-un-etoile-agrave-Cherbourg,1.media?f=4248">the original</a> on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lamanchelibre.net&rft.atitle=Guide+Michelin%3A+un+%C3%A9toil%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Cherbourg&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamanchelibre.fr%2FGuide-Michelin-un-etoile-agrave-Cherbourg%2C1.media%3Ff%3D4248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00110367">PA00110367</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00110648">PA00110648</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008133457/http://www.cotentin-entreprises.com/hotelatlan.html">"L'hôtel Atlantique"</a>. CCI Cherbourg-Cotentin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotentin-entreprises.com/hotelatlan.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCI+Cherbourg-Cotentin&rft.atitle=L%27h%C3%B4tel+Atlantique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotentin-entreprises.com%2Fhotelatlan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111061131/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/statues_themis_et_minerve/default.asp">"Statues Thémis et Minerve"</a> [Thémis and Minerva statues]. ville-cherbourg.fr (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/statues_themis_et_minerve/default.asp">the original</a> on 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=Statues+Th%C3%A9mis+et+Minerve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fstatues_themis_et_minerve%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107230106/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/ville_maritime/patrimoine_maritime/bateaux_de_peche/jacques_louise/default.asp">"Le Jacques-Louise"</a> [The Jacques-Louise]. ville-cherbourg.fr (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/ville_maritime/patrimoine_maritime/bateaux_de_peche/jacques_louise/default.asp">the original</a> on 7 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=Le+Jacques-Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Fville_maritime%2Fpatrimoine_maritime%2Fbateaux_de_peche%2Fjacques_louise%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231101357/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/la_statue_napoleon_1er/default.asp">"La Statue de Napopéon Ier"</a> [The Statue of Napopéon I]. www.ville-cherbourg.fr (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/la_statue_napoleon_1er/default.asp">the original</a> on 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=La+Statue+de+Napop%C3%A9on+Ier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fla_statue_napoleon_1er%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> "Bust whose shoulders, chest and back are cut by vertical planes. (Dict. Nineteenth and twentieth century.") <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/herm%C3%A8s">"Définition du CNRTL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9finition+du+CNRTL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fdefinition%2Fherm%25C3%25A8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statuaire-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statuaire_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statuaire_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">La Statuaire monumentale. Affaires culturelles de la ville Cherbourg-Octeville. 2008. tourist brochure.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Statuaire+monumentale&rft.pub=Affaires+culturelles+de+la+ville+Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111061116/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/le_monument_aux_morts_sur/default.asp">"Le monument aux morts Surcouf"</a>. ville-cherbourg.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/le_monument_aux_morts_sur/default.asp">the original</a> on 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=Le+monument+aux+morts+Surcouf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fle_monument_aux_morts_sur%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVastel" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vastel, Jacqueline. Le Fort de la Montagne du Roule [The Fort of the Montagne du Roule] (in French). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholique-cherbourg.cef.fr/jeanXXIII/culte.php">the original</a> on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doyenn%C3%A9+de+Cherbourg&rft.atitle=Lieux+de+cultes+-+Paroisse+Jean-XXII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholique-cherbourg.cef.fr%2FjeanXXIII%2Fculte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805085917/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-clement/default.asp">"L'église Saint-Clément"</a>. ville-cherbourg.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-clement/default.asp">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9glise+Saint-Cl%C3%A9ment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fleglise_saint-clement%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430113638/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-pierre_sain/default.asp">"L'église Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul"</a>. ville-cherbourg.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-pierre_sain/default.asp">the original</a> on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9glise+Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fleglise_saint-pierre_sain%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130063415/http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-martin/default.asp">"L'église Saint-Martin"</a>. ville-cherbourg.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr/fr/tourisme_decouverte/architecture_parc_et_jard/patrimoine_architectural/leglise_saint-martin/default.asp">the original</a> on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ville-cherbourg.fr&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9glise+Saint-Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-cherbourg.fr%2Ffr%2Ftourisme_decouverte%2Farchitecture_parc_et_jard%2Fpatrimoine_architectural%2Fleglise_saint-martin%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Il était une fois Cherbourg : le Dragon et la prostituée", La Manche libre, 16 February 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Manche+libre&rft.atitle=Il+%C3%A9tait+une+fois+Cherbourg+%3A+le+Dragon+et+la+prostitu%C3%A9e&rft.date=2008-02-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-accueil-168"><a href="#cite_ref-accueil_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104210213/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/content/download/44361/442761/file/accueil%20cherbourg%202007.pdf">"Marine Cherbourg : guide d'accueil"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense&rft.atitle=Marine+Cherbourg+%3A+guide+d%27accueil&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Fmarine%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F44361%2F442761%2Ffile%2Faccueil%2520cherbourg%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730115909/http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/La-carte-militaire-epargne-Cherbourg-/re/actudet/actu_loc-674952------_actu.html">"La carte militaire épargne Cherbourg"</a>. Ouest-France. 25 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/La-carte-militaire-epargne-Cherbourg-/re/actudet/actu_loc-674952------_actu.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=La+carte+militaire+%C3%A9pargne+Cherbourg&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherbourg.maville.com%2FLa-carte-militaire-epargne-Cherbourg-%2Fre%2Factudet%2Factu_loc-674952------_actu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922165210/http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/La-Marine-devra-encore-se-serrer-la-ceinture-/re/actudet/actu_loc-705199------_actu.html">"La Marine devra encore se serrer la ceinture"</a>. Ouest-France. 17 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherbourg.maville.com/La-Marine-devra-encore-se-serrer-la-ceinture-/re/actudet/actu_loc-705199------_actu.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=La+Marine+devra+encore+se+serrer+la+ceinture&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherbourg.maville.com%2FLa-Marine-devra-encore-se-serrer-la-ceinture-%2Fre%2Factudet%2Factu_loc-705199------_actu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/pop_legale/accueil_pop.asp">Results of the census of 1999</a> <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png/220px-Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png/330px-Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Chbg-Voisinlahougue.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>History of the city of Cherbourg, by Voisin La Hougue, continued from 1728 until 1835 by Vérusmor (1835)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Published in the 19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mémoires de la Société nationale académique de Cherbourg [Memoirs of the national academic society of Cherbourg] (in French), 1833-1995</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+nationale+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Cherbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Berruyer1833" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Berruyer (1833). Guide du voyageur à Cherbourg [A traveller's guide to Cherbourg] (in French). Cherbourg: Boulanger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+du+voyageur+%C3%A0+Cherbourg&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Boulanger&rft.date=1833&rft.au=de+Berruyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoisin_La_Hougue1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Voisin La Hougue (1835). Histoire de la ville de Cherbourg (continuée depuis 1728 jusqu'à 1835 par Vérusmor) [History of the city of Cherbourg (continued from 1728 until 1835 by Vérusmor)] (in French). Cherbourg: Boulanger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+ville+de+Cherbourg+%28continu%C3%A9e+depuis+1728+jusqu%27%C3%A0+1835+par+V%C3%A9rusmor%29&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Boulanger&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Voisin+La+Hougue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Tocqueville1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Tocqueville, Alexis (1848). Notice sur Cherbourg [Notice on Cherbourg] (in French). Paris: Furne et Cie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+Cherbourg&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Furne+et+Cie&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=de+Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/handbookfortrave1861john#page/82/mode/2up">"Cherbourg"</a>, A Handbook for Travellers in France, London: John Murray, 1861, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24627024M">24627024M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+for+Travellers+in+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24627024M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhandbookfortrave1861john%23page%2F82%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelloquet1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pelloquet, Th. (1866). Cherbourg et ses bains de mer [Cherbourg and its sea baths] (in French). mprimerie Vallée, Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+et+ses+bains+de+mer&rft.pub=mprimerie+Vall%C3%A9e%2C+Paris&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Pelloquet&rft.aufirst=Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiais1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liais, Eugène (1871). Cherbourg, la ville, son port et son commerce [Cherbourg, the city, its port and its trade] (in French). Mouchel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg%2C+la+ville%2C+son+port+et+son+commerce&rft.pub=Mouchel&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Liais&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.B._Black1876" class="citation cs2">C.B. Black (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/guidetonorthfra01blacgoog#page/n544/mode/2up">"Cherbourg"</a>, Guide to the North of France, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+North+of+France&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1876&rft.au=C.B.+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fguidetonorthfra01blacgoog%23page%2Fn544%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertin1879" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertin, Émile (1879). Fondation de l'ancien Port de Cherbourg (notes et plans) [Foundation of the old Port of Cherbourg (notes and plans)] (in French). Paris: Dunod.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fondation+de+l%27ancien+Port+de+Cherbourg+%28notes+et+plans%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroy1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leroy, Abbé (1885). Le Vieux Cherbourg [The old Cherbourg] (in French). Mouchel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Vieux+Cherbourg&rft.pub=Mouchel&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Abb%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/northernfrance00karl#page/162/mode/2up">"Cherbourg"</a>, Northern France, Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1899, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2229516">2229516</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24872324M">24872324M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=Northern+France&rft.place=Leipsic&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2229516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24872324M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnorthernfrance00karl%23page%2F162%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Published in the 20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cherbourg et le Cotentin [Cherbourg and the Cotentin] (in French). Cherbourg: imprimerie Émile Le Maout. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+et+le+Cotentin&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=imprimerie+%C3%89mile+Le+Maout&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cherbourg">"Cherbourg" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvoine1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avoine, Émile (1927). Histoire de Cherbourg [History of Cherbourg] (in French). Cherbourg: Périgault.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Cherbourg&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=P%C3%A9rigault&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Avoine&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuoniam1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quoniam, C. Th. (1933). Le Port de Cherbourg [The Port of Cherbourg] (in French). Cherbourg: Imprimerie centrale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Port+de+Cherbourg&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Imprimerie+centrale&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Quoniam&rft.aufirst=C.+Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefèvre1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lefèvre, Raymond (1941). L'Histoire anecdotique de Cherbourg à l'intention de nos écoliers [The anecdotal history of Cherbourg for our school children] (in French). Cherbourg: herbourg-Éclair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Histoire+anecdotique+de+Cherbourg+%C3%A0+l%27intention+de+nos+%C3%A9coliers&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=herbourg-%C3%89clair&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefèvre1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lefèvre, Raymond (1946). La libération de Cherbourg (26 juin 1944) [The Liberation of Cherbourg (26 June 1944)] (in French). Cherbourg: Imprimerie commerciale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lib%C3%A9ration+de+Cherbourg+%2826+juin+1944%29&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Imprimerie+commerciale&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContre-amiral_Lepotier1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Contre-amiral Lepotier (1972). Cherbourg, port de la Libération [Cherbourg, Port of the Liberation] (in French). Paris: éditions France-Empire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg%2C+port+de+la+Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+France-Empire&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Contre-amiral+Lepotier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrot-Brouhon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Henrot-Brouhon, Thérèse (1975). Cherbourg à la Belle époque [Cherbourg to the Belle époque] (in French). Bruxelles: éditions SPRL Sodim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+%C3%A0+la+Belle+%C3%A9poque&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+SPRL+Sodim&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Henrot-Brouhon&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauney1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Launey, Bernard (1976). Cherbourg 1900-1975 [Cherbourg 1900-1975] (in French). Cherbourg: Imprimerie La Dépêche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+1900-1975&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Imprimerie+La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Launey&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson_d’Autume" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Masson d’Autume, Madeleine. Cherbourg pendant la guerre de Cent ans (de 1354 à 1450) [Cherbourg during the Hundred Years' War (from 1354 to 1450)] (in French). Saint-Lô: imprimerie Jacqueline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+pendant+la+guerre+de+Cent+ans+%28de+1354+%C3%A0+1450%29&rft.place=Saint-L%C3%B4&rft.pub=imprimerie+Jacqueline&rft.aulast=Masson+d%E2%80%99Autume&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemangeonFortier1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Demangeon" title="Albert Demangeon">Demangeon, A.</a>; Fortier, B. (1978). Les Vaisseaux et les villes [Vessels and cities] (in French). Liège: Mardaga.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Vaisseaux+et+les+villes&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pub=Mardaga&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Demangeon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Fortier%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngoufGreneville1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ingouf, Paul; Greneville, R. (1979). La bataille de Cherbourg [The Battle of Cherbourg] (in French). éditions Heimdal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bataille+de+Cherbourg&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Heimdal&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ingouf&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Greneville%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Jeune1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Jeune, Jean (1981). Documents historiques sur le Vieux Cherbourg et sa région [Historical documents on old Cherbourg and its region] (in French). Cherbourg: éditions La Dépêche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+historiques+sur+le+Vieux+Cherbourg+et+sa+r%C3%A9gion&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Le+Jeune&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicquenot1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Picquenot, André (1983). Cherbourg sous l'occupation [Cherbourg under the occupation] (in French). Rennes: éditions Ouest-France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+sous+l%27occupation&rft.place=Rennes&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Picquenot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetourneur1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Letourneur, Guy (1985). Cherbourg… histoire d'une ville et de son peuple [Cherbourg... story of a city and its people] (in French). Cherbourg: Pierre Boulland-La Dépêche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg%E2%80%A6+histoire+d%27une+ville+et+de+son+peuple&rft.place=Cherbourg&rft.pub=Pierre+Boulland-La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Letourneur&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesnier1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besnier, Michel (1993). Cherbourg [Cherbourg] (in French). coll. Des villes: Champ Vallon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-903528-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-903528-72-0"><bdi>978-2-903528-72-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg&rft.place=coll.+Des+villes&rft.pub=Champ+Vallon&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-903528-72-0&rft.aulast=Besnier&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecœur2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lecœur, Maurice (2001). Cherbourg au fil du temps [Cherbourg over time] (in French). Cherbourg-Octeville: Isoète. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913920-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913920-15-6"><bdi>978-2-913920-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherbourg+au+fil+du+temps&rft.place=Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.pub=Iso%C3%A8te&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-913920-15-6&rft.aulast=Lec%C5%93ur&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatard2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patard, Frédéric (2004). Une ville, un pays en guerre, Cherbourg et le Haut-Cotentin, novembre 1918-mai 1944 [A city, a country at war, Cherbourg and the Haut-Cotentin, November 1918 – May 1944] (in French). Cherbourg-Octeville: Isoète. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913920-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913920-35-4"><bdi>978-2-913920-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+ville%2C+un+pays+en+guerre%2C+Cherbourg+et+le+Haut-Cotentin%2C+novembre+1918-mai+1944&rft.place=Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.pub=Iso%C3%A8te&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-913920-35-4&rft.aulast=Patard&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatardLéonard2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patard, Frédéric; Léonard, Gérard (2007). Le Guide du Promeneur, Cherbourg-Octeville, Équeurdreville-Hainneville, La Glacerie, Querqueville, Tourlaville [The Guide of the Walker, Cherbourg-Octeville, Équeurdreville-Hainneville, La Glacerie, Querqueville, Tourlaville] (in French). Cherbourg-Octeville: Isoète.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Guide+du+Promeneur%2C+Cherbourg-Octeville%2C+%C3%89queurdreville-Hainneville%2C+La+Glacerie%2C+Querqueville%2C+Tourlaville&rft.place=Cherbourg-Octeville&rft.pub=Iso%C3%A8te&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Patard&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=L%C3%A9onard%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez_de_Palacios2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramirez de Palacios, Bruno (January 2015). Charles dit le Mauvais, Roi de Navarre, comte d'Evreux, prétendant au trône de France [Charles, known as the Bad, king of Navarre, Count of Evreux, pretender to the throne of France] (in French). Bruno Ramirez de Palacios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9540585-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9540585-2-8"><bdi>978-2-9540585-2-8</bdi></a>. 530.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+dit+le+Mauvais%2C+Roi+de+Navarre%2C+comte+d%27Evreux%2C+pr%C3%A9tendant+au+tr%C3%B4ne+de+France&rft.pub=Bruno+Ramirez+de+Palacios&rft.date=2015-01&rft.isbn=978-2-9540585-2-8&rft.aulast=Ramirez+de+Palacios&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherbourg&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cherbourg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cherbourg#Q3667188" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cherbourg">"Cherbourg" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherbourg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherbourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910014530/http://titanic-titanic.com/cherbourg.shtml">Cherbourg on Titanic-Titanic.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-cherbourg.fr">Official website</a> (English/French/German)</li> <li>Visit of Queen Victoria to Cherbourg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandythenandnow.com/queen-victoria-is-not-amused-in-cherbourg/">Visit of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li>Photographs of Tsar Nicholas II and family <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandythenandnow.com/cherbourg-torpedoes-and-a-tsar-in-the-playground/">visiting Cherbourg</a> in 1909 from Illustration Magazine.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3667188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3667188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3667188#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240812536">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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