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id="toc-Pest_synergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_synergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pest synergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_synergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_synergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_synergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Drug synergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_synergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicological_synergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicological_synergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Toxicological synergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicological_synergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_synergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_synergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human synergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_synergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_synergism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_synergism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theological synergism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_synergism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_synergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_synergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Corporate synergy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_synergy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate synergy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_synergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Financial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cash_slack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_slack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Cash slack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_slack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Debt capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Tax benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergistic_action_in_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergistic_action_in_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Synergistic action in economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synergistic_action_in_economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synergistic action in economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synergistic_action_in_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synergistic_determinants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergistic_determinants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Synergistic determinants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergistic_determinants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergistic_networks_and_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergistic_networks_and_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Synergistic networks and systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergistic_networks_and_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergy_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergy_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Synergy effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergy_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergy_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergy_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Synergy in literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergy_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergy_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergy_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Synergy in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergy_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synergy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="تآزر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآزر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синергия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija" title="Sinergija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sinergija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia" title="Sinergia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sinergia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie" title="Synergie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synergie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergi" title="Synergi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synergi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie" title="Synergie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synergie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia" title="Sinergia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinergia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia" title="Sinergia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinergia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هم‌افزایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌افزایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie" title="Synergie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinerx%C3%ADa" title="Sinerxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinerxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="협력작용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협력작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սիներգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सहक्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergio" title="Sinergio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sinergio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samleg%C3%B0ar%C3%A1hrif" title="Samlegðaráhrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samlegðaráhrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia" title="Sinergia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinergia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סינרגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86)" title="ಸಿನರ್ಜಿ (ಸಹಕ್ರಿಯೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿನರ್ಜಿ (ಸಹಕ್ರಿಯೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синергия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синергия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija" title="Sinergija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinergija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szinergia" title="Szinergia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinergia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie" title="Synergie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synergie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%B9%97%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="相乗効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相乗効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergieffekt" title="Synergieffekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synergieffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergia" title="Synergia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synergia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia" title="Sinergia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinergia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergie" title="Sinergie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinergie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синергия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija" title="Sinergija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinergija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="سینێرجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینێرجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija" title="Sinergija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sinergija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija" title="Sinergija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sinergija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergia" title="Synergia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synergia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergi" title="Synergi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synergi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒருங்கியக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Synergy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Synergy (disambiguation)">Synergy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Synergy" title="Special:EditPage/Synergy">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Synergy" title="Talk:Synergy">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Synergy</b> is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts (i.e., a non-linear addition of force, energy, or effect).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>synergy</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> word συνεργία <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">synergia</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">synergos</i></span></i>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:συνεργός">συνεργός</a></span></span>, meaning "working together". Synergy is similar in concept to <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words <i>synergy</i> and <i>synergetic</i> have been used in the field of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> since at least the middle of the 19th century: </p> <blockquote> <p>SYN'ERGY, <i>Synergi'a</i>, <i>Synenergi'a</i>, (F.) <i>Synergie</i>; from <i>συν</i>, 'with', and <i>εργον</i>, 'work'. A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health; and, according to some, in disease. </p> <dl><dd>—Dunglison, Robley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAm6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA835"><i>Medical Lexicon</i></a> Blanchard and Lea, 1853</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>In 1896, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mazel" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Mazel">Henri Mazel</a> applied the term "synergy" to social psychology by writing <i>La synergie sociale</i>, in which he argued that Darwinian theory failed to account of "social synergy" or "social love", a collective evolutionary drive. The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too; those masses must be led, however, because the crowd, a feminine and unconscious force, cannot distinguish between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> defined synergy as the universal constructive principle of nature: </p> <blockquote> <p>I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal. Either alone is productive of evil consequences. Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order, while communism removes individual initiative. The one leads to disorder, the other to degeneracy. What is not seen—the truth that has no expounders—is that the wholesome, constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles. This is <i>social synergy</i>, which is a form of cosmic synergy, the universal constructive principle of nature. </p> <dl><dd>—Ward, Lester F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/glimpsescosmos00wardgoog#page/n405/mode/1up/search/synergy"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos</i>, volume VI (1897–1912)</a> G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, p. 358</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a> is the idea that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom. </p><p>A modern view of synergy in natural sciences derives from the relationship between energy and <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information</a>. Synergy is manifested when the system makes the transition between the different information (i.e. order, <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a>) embedded in both systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Honigmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Honigmann (page does not exist)">John Honigmann</a> drew attention to an important development in the cultural anthropology field which arose in lectures by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a> from 1941, for which the original manuscripts have been lost but the ideas preserved in "Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict" (1969). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptions_and_usages">Descriptions and usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Descriptions and usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the natural world, synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> (for example, the different combinations of <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) to chemistry (a popular example is water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen), to the cooperative interactions among the genes in <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>, the division of labor in <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_growth" title="Bacterial growth">bacterial colonies</a>, the synergies of scale in <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>, as well as the many different kinds of synergies produced by socially-organized groups, from <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honeybee</a> colonies to wolf packs and human societies: compare <a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">stigmergy</a>, a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions that results in the <a href="/wiki/Self-assembly" title="Self-assembly">self-assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a>. Even the tools and technologies that are widespread in the natural world represent important sources of synergistic effects. The tools that enabled early <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> to become systematic big-game hunters is a primordial human example.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a>, following the view that a cohesive group is more than the sum of its parts, synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual member. These conclusions are derived from the studies conducted by Jay Hall on a number of laboratory-based group ranking and prediction tasks. He found that effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective groups felt a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> In a technical context, its meaning is a construct or collection of different elements working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, documents: all things required to produce system-level results. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is created primarily by the relationship among the parts, that is, how they are interconnected. In essence, a system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with a common objective: fulfilling some designated need.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If used in a business application, synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the group were working toward the same goal individually. However, the concept of group <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(social_policy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohesion (social policy)">cohesion</a> needs to be considered. Group cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the group. As the group becomes more cohesive, its functioning is affected in a number of ways. First, the interactions and communication between members increase. Common goals, interests and small size all contribute to this. In addition, group member satisfaction increases as the group provides friendship and support against outside threats.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 275">: 275 </span></sup> </p><p>There are negative aspects of group cohesion that have an effect on group decision-making and hence on group effectiveness. There are two issues arising. The <a href="/wiki/Risky_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Risky shift">risky shift</a> phenomenon is the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier than those that the group would have recommended individually. Group <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (politics)">Polarisation</a> is when individuals in a group begin by taking a moderate stance on an issue regarding a common value and, after having discussed it, end up taking a more extreme stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup> </p><p>A second, potential negative consequence of group cohesion is group think. Group think is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive group, when the members' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of action. Studying the events of several American policy "disasters" such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> (1941) and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> fiasco (1961), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup> </p><p>That decisions made by committees lead to failure in a simple system is noted by Dr. Chris Elliot. His case study looked at <a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488</a>, an international standard set by the leading US standards body; it led to a failure of small automation systems using the IEEE-488 standard (which codified a proprietary communications standard <a href="/wiki/HP-IB" class="mw-redirect" title="HP-IB">HP-IB</a>). But the external devices used for communication were made by two different companies, and the incompatibility between the external devices led to a financial loss for the company. He argues that systems will be safe only if they are designed, not if they emerge by chance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a systemic approach is endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a>. The successful performance of the health and safety management depends upon the analyzing the causes of incidents and accidents and learning correct lessons from them. The idea is that all events (not just those causing injuries) represent failures in control, and present an opportunity for learning and improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK Health and Safety Executive, <i>Successful health and safety management</i> (1997): this book describes the principles and management practices, which provide the basis of effective health and safety management. It sets out the issues that need to be addressed, and can be used for developing improvement programs, self-audit, or self-assessment. Its message is that organizations must manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities, if they are to effectively control risks and prevent harm to people. </p><p>The term synergy was refined by <a href="/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Buckminster Fuller">R. Buckminster Fuller</a>, who analyzed some of its implications more fully<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_1982_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_1982-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coined the term <a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">synergetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_1982_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_1982-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A dynamic state in which combined action is favored over the difference of individual component actions.</li> <li>Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately, known as <a href="/wiki/Emergent_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent behavior">emergent behavior</a>.</li> <li>The cooperative action of two or more stimuli (or drugs), resulting in a different or greater response than that of the individual stimuli.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_theory">Information theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Information theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partial_Information_Decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Information Decomposition">Partial Information Decomposition</a></div> <p>Mathematical formalizations of synergy have been proposed using <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> to rigorously define the relationships between "wholes" and "parts".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, synergy is said to occur when there is information present in the joint state of multiple variables that cannot be extracted from the individual parts considered individually. For example, consider the logical <a href="/wiki/XOR_gate" title="XOR gate">XOR gate</a>. If <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96b818eeb73e09a9ade6308022100f6ccfaef595" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.189ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})}"></span> for three binary variables, the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_information" title="Mutual information">mutual information</a> between any individual source and the target is 0 bit. However, the joint mutual information <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>;</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c44804055d5c71a3ee9be0e9b7f00628b59de594" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.04ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1}"></span> bit. There is information about the target that can only be extracted from the joint state of the inputs considered jointly, and not any others. </p><p>There is, thus far, no universal agreement on how synergy can best be quantified, with different approaches that decompose information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components appearing in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the lack of universal agreement, information-theoretic approaches to statistical synergy have been applied to diverse fields, including climatology,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neuroscience<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sociology,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and machine learning<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synergy has also been proposed as a possible foundation on which to build a mathematically robust definition of <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence in complex systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be relevant to formal theories of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_sciences">Biological sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biological sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synergy of various kinds has been advanced by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Corning" title="Peter Corning">Peter Corning</a> as a causal agency that can explain the progressive evolution of complexity in living systems over the course of time. According to the Synergism Hypothesis, synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems. The thesis, in a nutshell, is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages (economic benefits) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by natural selection. The cooperating parts, elements, or individuals become, in effect, functional "units" of selection in evolutionary change.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, environmental systems may react in a non-linear way to perturbations, such as climate change, so that the outcome may be greater than the sum of the individual component alterations. Synergistic responses are a complicating factor in environmental modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17841254_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17841254-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_synergy">Pest synergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pest synergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pest synergy would occur in a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> population, where, for example, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> A may cause 10% fatalities, and parasite B may also cause 10% loss. When both parasites are present, the losses would normally be expected to total less than 20%, yet, in some cases, losses are significantly greater. In such cases, it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_synergy">Drug synergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drug synergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Codrug#Common_codrugs" title="Codrug">Codrug § Common codrugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combination_drug#Common_combination_drugs" title="Combination drug">Combination drug § Common combination drugs</a></div> <p>Mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects include: </p> <ul><li>Effect on the same cellular system (e.g. two different <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">aminoglycoside</a>; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram-positive <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides).<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathi_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 698">: 698 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Pharmahuasca" title="Pharmahuasca">pharmahuasca</a>) consists of <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">MAOIs</a> that interfere with the action of the MAO enzyme and stop the breakdown of chemical compounds such as DMT).</li> <li>Reduced risk for <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">lisdexamfetamine</a>, which is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine"><small>L</small>-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covalently_bonded" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalently bonded">attached to</a> <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>, may have a lower liability for abuse as a recreational drug)</li> <li>Increased potency (e.g. as with other <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compound_analgesic" title="Compound analgesic">combinations</a> of aspirin and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22419343_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22419343-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Prevention or delay of degradation in the body (e.g. the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">Ciprofloxacin</a> inhibits the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathi_2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 931">: 931 </span></sup></li> <li>Slowdown of excretion (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a> delays the <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> excretion of Penicillin and thus prolongs its effect).<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathi_2013_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 931">: 931 </span></sup></li> <li>Anticounteractive action: for example, the effect of <a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">oxaliplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan">irinotecan</a>. Oxaliplatin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intercalation" class="extiw" title="wikt:intercalation">intercalates</a> DNA, thereby preventing the cell from replicating DNA. Irinotecan inhibits <a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Topoisomerase 1">topoisomerase 1</a>, consequently the cytostatic effect is increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Jia_2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jia_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Effect on the same receptor but different sites (e.g. the coadministration of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, both act by enhancing the action of GABA on GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors, but benzodiazepines increase the frequency of channel opening, whilst barbiturates increase the channel closing time, making these two drugs dramatically enhance GABAergic neurotransmission).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In addition to the chemical nature of the drug itself, the topology of the chemical reaction network that connect the two targets determines the type of drug-drug interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>More mechanisms are described in an exhaustive 2009 review.<sup id="cite_ref-Jia_2009_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jia_2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicological_synergy">Toxicological synergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicological synergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxicological synergy is of concern to the public and regulatory agencies because chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination. Articles in scientific and lay journals include many definitions of chemical or toxicological synergy, often vague or in conflict with each other. Because toxic interactions are defined relative to the expectation under "no interaction", a determination of synergy (or antagonism) depends on what is meant by "no interaction".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12013546_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12013546-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> has one of the more detailed and precise definitions of toxic interaction, designed to facilitate risk assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-EPAMixRisk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPAMixRisk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their guidance documents, the no-interaction default assumption is dose addition, so synergy means a mixture response that exceeds that predicted from dose addition. The EPA emphasizes that synergy does not always make a mixture dangerous, nor does antagonism always make the mixture safe; each depends on the predicted risk under dose addition. </p><p>For example, a consequence of pesticide use is the risk of health effects. During the registration of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> exhaustive tests are performed to discern health effects on humans at various exposure levels. A regulatory upper limit of presence in foods is then placed on this pesticide. As long as residues in the food stay below this regulatory level, health effects are deemed highly unlikely and the food is considered safe to consume. </p><p>However, in normal agricultural practice, it is rare to use only a single pesticide. During the production of a crop, several different materials may be used. Each of them has had determined a regulatory level at which they would be considered individually safe. In many cases, a commercial pesticide is itself a combination of several chemical agents, and thus the safe levels actually represent levels of the mixture. In contrast, a combination created by the end user, such as a farmer, has rarely been tested in that combination. The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations. This lack of information also applies to many of the chemical combinations to which humans are exposed, including residues in food, indoor air contaminants, and occupational exposures to chemicals. Some groups think that the rising rates of cancer, asthma, and other health problems may be caused by these combination exposures; others have alternative explanations. This question will likely be answered only after years of exposure by the population in general and research on chemical toxicity, usually performed on animals. Examples of pesticide synergists include <a href="/wiki/Piperonyl_butoxide" title="Piperonyl butoxide">Piperonyl butoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/MGK_264" class="mw-redirect" title="MGK 264">MGK 264</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_synergy">Human synergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human synergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synergy exists in individual and social interactions among humans, with some arguing that social cooperation requires synergy to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way of quantifying synergy in human social groups is via energy use, where larger groups of humans (i.e., cities) use energy more efficiently that smaller groups of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human synergy can also occur on a smaller scale, like when individuals huddle together for warmth or in workplaces where labor specialization increase efficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When synergy occurs in the work place, the individuals involved get to work in a positive and supportive working environment. When individuals get to work in environments such as these, the company reaps the benefits. The authors of <i>Creating the Best Workplace on Earth</i> Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones, state that "highly engaged employees are, on average, 50% more likely to exceed expectations that the least-engaged workers. And companies with highly engaged people outperform firms with the most disengaged folks- by 54% in <a href="/wiki/Employee_retention" title="Employee retention">employee retention</a>, by 89% in <a href="/wiki/Customer_satisfaction" title="Customer satisfaction">customer satisfaction</a>, and by fourfold in revenue growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Goffee_2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffee_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> Also, those that are able to be open about their views on the company, and have confidence that they will be heard, are likely to be a more organized employee who helps his/ her fellow team members succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Goffee_2013_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffee_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human interaction with technology can also increase synergy. <a href="/wiki/Organismic_computing" title="Organismic computing">Organismic computing</a> is an approach to improving group efficacy by increasing synergy in human groups via technological means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_synergism">Theological synergism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theological synergism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a></div><p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, synergism is the belief that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> involves a cooperation between divine <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> and human freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordwell1999766_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordwell1999766-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> theology, in particular, uses the term "synergy" to describe this relationship, drawing on biblical language: "in Paul's words, 'We are fellow-workers (<i>synergoi</i>) with God' (1 Corinthians iii, 9)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993PT274_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993PT274-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_synergy">Corporate synergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corporate synergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_synergy" title="Corporate synergy">corporate synergy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corporate_synergy" title="Corporate synergy">Corporate synergy</a> occurs when corporations interact congruently. A corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merges with or acquires</a> another corporation. This type of synergy is a nearly ubiquitous feature of a corporate acquisition and is a negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to. There are distinct types of corporate synergies, as follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> synergy refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">information campaigns</a>, studies, and scientific discovery or experimentation for <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>. This promotes the sale of products for varied use or off-market sales as well as development of <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing tools</a> and in several cases exaggeration of effects. It is also often a meaningless <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a> used by corporate leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue">Revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to generate more revenue than its two predecessor stand-alone companies would be able to generate. For example, if company A sells product X through its sales force, company B sells product Y, and company A decides to buy company B, then the new company could use each salesperson to sell products X and Y, thereby increasing the revenue that each salesperson generates for the company. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Media_Revenue_Generation" title="Media Revenue Generation">media revenue</a>, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiaries</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media conglomerate</a>, e.g. films, soundtracks, or video games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> synergy gained by the combined firm is a result of number of benefits which flow to the entity as a consequence of acquisition and merger. These benefits may be: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cash_slack">Cash slack</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cash slack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is when a firm having a number of cash extensive projects acquires a firm which is cash-rich, thus enabling the new combined firm to enjoy the profits from investing the cash of one firm in the projects of the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debt_capacity">Debt capacity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debt capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If two firms have no or little capacity to carry <a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">debt</a> before individually, it is possible for them to join and gain the capacity to carry the debt through decreased gearing (leverage). This creates value for the firm, as debt is thought to be a cheaper source of finance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_benefits">Tax benefits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tax benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible for one firm to have unused <a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">tax benefits</a> which might be offset against the profits of another after combination, thus resulting in less tax being paid. However this greatly depends on the tax law of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synergy in <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> and in relation to teamwork refers to the combined effort of individuals as participants of the team.<sup id="cite_ref-law2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition that exists when the organization's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone. Positive or negative synergies can exist. In these cases, positive synergy has positive effects such as improved efficiency in operations, greater exploitation of opportunities, and improved utilization of resources. Negative synergy on the other hand has negative effects such as: reduced efficiency of operations, decrease in quality, underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce or eliminate expenses associated with running a business. Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the headquarters office of one of the predecessor companies, certain executives, the human resources department, or other employees of the predecessor companies. This is related to the economic concept of <a href="/wiki/Returns_to_scale" title="Returns to scale">economies of scale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synergistic_action_in_economy">Synergistic action in economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Synergistic action in economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synergistic action of the economic players lies within the economic phenomenon's profundity. The synergistic action gives different dimensions to competitiveness, strategy and network identity becoming an unconventional "weapon" which belongs to those who exploit the economic systems' potential in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synergistic_determinants">Synergistic determinants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Synergistic determinants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synergistic gravity equation (SYNGEq), according to its complex "title", represents a synthesis of the endogenous and exogenous factors which determine the private and non-private economic decision makers to call to actions of synergistic exploitation of the economic network in which they operate. That is to say, SYNGEq constitutes a big picture of the factors/motivations which determine the entrepreneurs to contour an active synergistic network. SYNGEq includes both factors which character is changing over time (such as the competitive conditions), as well as classics factors, such as the imperative of the access to resources of the collaboration and the quick answers. The synergistic gravity equation (SINGEq) comes to be represented by the formula:<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33, 37">: 33, 37 </span></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">ΣSYN.Act = ΣR-*I(CRed+COOP<big>+</big>+A<sup>Unimit.</sup>)*V(Cust.+Info.)*cc</div> <p>where: </p> <ul><li>ΣSYN.Act = the sum of the synergistic actions adopted (by the economic actor)</li> <li>Σ R- = the amount of unpurchased but necessary resources</li> <li>ICRed = the imperative for cost reductions</li> <li>ICOOP<big>+</big> = the imperative for deep cooperation (functional interdependence)</li> <li>IA<sup>Unimit.</sup> = the imperative for purchasing unimitable competitive advantages (for the economic actor)</li> <li>VCust = the necessity of customer value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages VInfo = the necessity of informational value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages</li> <li>cc = the specific competitive conditions in which the economic actor operates</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synergistic_networks_and_systems">Synergistic networks and systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Synergistic networks and systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which, through the coordination and control functions (of the undertaken economic actions), agrees synergies. The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical synergistic networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synergy_effects">Synergy effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Synergy effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synergy effects are difficult (even impossible) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time-varying characteristics. The synergy effects are often called "synergistic benefits", representing the direct and implied result of the developed/adopted synergistic actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computers">Computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synergy can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths, such as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_chess" title="Advanced chess">advanced chess</a>. Computers can process data much more quickly than humans, but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synergy_in_literature">Synergy in literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Synergy in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word "synergos", which means "to work together" or "to cooperate". If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing "the cooperation of human effort with divine will"), in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> wrote an essay titled <i>On Fairy Stores</i>, delivered at an Andrew Lang Lecture, and reprinted in his book, <i>The Tolkien Reader</i>, published in 1966. In it, he made two references to synergy, although he did not use that term. He wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>Faerie cannot be caught in a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable, though not imperceptible. It has many ingredients, but analysis will not necessarily discover the secret of the whole. </p> </blockquote> <p>And more succinctly, in a footnote, about the "part of producing the web of an intricate story", he wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>It is indeed easier to unravel a single <i>thread</i> — an incident, a name, a motive — than to trace the history of any <i>picture</i> defined by many threads. For with the picture in the tapestry a new element has come in: the picture is greater than, and not explained by, the sum of the component threads. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synergy_in_the_media">Synergy in the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Synergy in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The informational synergies which can be applied also in media involve a compression of transmission, access and use of information's time, the flows, circuits and means of handling information being based on a complementary, integrated, transparent and coordinated use of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>In media economics, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. films, soundtracks or video games. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> pioneered synergistic marketing techniques in the 1930s by granting dozens of firms the right to use his <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> character in products and ads, and continued to market Disney media through licensing arrangements. These products can help advertise the film itself and thus help to increase the film's sales. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_in_film" title="Spider-Man in film">Spider-Man films</a> had toys of webshooters and figures of the characters made, as well as posters and games.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NBC sitcom <a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a> often shows the power of synergy, while also poking fun at the use of the term in the corporate world.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also different forms of synergy in popular card games like <a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!" title="Yu-Gi-Oh!">Yu-Gi-Oh!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardfight!!_Vanguard" title="Cardfight!! Vanguard">Cardfight!! Vanguard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_Card_Buddyfight" title="Future Card Buddyfight">Future Card Buddyfight</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_cusp" title="Behavioral cusp">Behavioral cusp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_storm" title="Perfect storm">Perfect storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Fuller)" title="Synergetics (Fuller)">Synergetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaffe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffe, Klaus (2010-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1059-0">"Quantifying social synergy in insect and human societies"</a>. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>64</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1721–</span>1724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-010-1059-0">10.1007/s00265-010-1059-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0762">1432-0762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Quantifying+social+synergy+in+insect+and+human+societies&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1721-%3C%2Fspan%3E1724&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-010-1059-0&rft.issn=1432-0762&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-010-1059-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=synergy">"Synergy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Synergy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsynergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2002" class="citation book cs1">Werth M (2002) [1900]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gDaqOcUMhgC&q=%22social+synergy%22&pg=PA51">"Idyl of the Living Dead"</a>. <i>The joy of life : the idyllic in French art, circa 1900</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22182-6"><bdi>978-0-520-22182-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idyl+of+the+Living+Dead&rft.btitle=The+joy+of+life+%3A+the+idyllic+in+French+art%2C+circa+1900&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22182-6&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gDaqOcUMhgC%26q%3D%2522social%2Bsynergy%2522%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffe, Klaus (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32388%2F2VWCJG.5">"A Law for Irreversible Thermodynamics? Synergy Increases Free Energy by Decreasing Entropy"</a>. <i>Qeios</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32388%2F2VWCJG.5">10.32388/2VWCJG.5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qeios&rft.atitle=A+Law+for+Irreversible+Thermodynamics%3F+Synergy+Increases+Free+Energy+by+Decreasing+Entropy&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32388%2F2VWCJG.5&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32388%252F2VWCJG.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning2003" class="citation book cs1">Corning PA (2003). <i>Nature's magic : synergy in evolution and the fate of humankind</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82547-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82547-4"><bdi>978-0-521-82547-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+magic+%3A+synergy+in+evolution+and+the+fate+of+humankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82547-4&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning2005" class="citation book cs1">Corning PA (2005). <i>Holistic Darwinism : synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11613-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11613-6"><bdi>978-0-226-11613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holistic+Darwinism+%3A+synergy%2C+cybernetics%2C+and+the+bioeconomics+of+evolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11613-6&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_1997_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchananHuczynski1997" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan DA, Huczynski A (1997). <i>Organizational behaviour: an introduction text</i> (3rd ed.). 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Comput Biol Med 155:106584 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12013546-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12013546_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzbergMacDonell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hertzberg RC, MacDonell MM (April 2002). "Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions". <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>288</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ScTEn.288...31H">2002ScTEn.288...31H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2801%2901113-5">10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01113-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12013546">12013546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Synergy+and+other+ineffective+mixture+risk+definitions&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12013546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2801%2901113-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ScTEn.288...31H&rft.aulast=Hertzberg&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=MacDonell%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAMixRisk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPAMixRisk_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhuryHertzbergRiceCogliano2000" class="citation web cs1">Choudhury H, Hertzberg R, Rice G, Cogliano J, Mukerjee D, Teuschler L, et al. (Risk Assessment Forum Technical Panel) (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ofmpub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=4486">"Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures"</a>. <i>Risk Assessment Forum</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Risk+Assessment+Forum&rft.atitle=Supplementary+Guidance+for+Conducting+Health+Risk+Assessment+of+Chemical+Mixtures.&rft.date=2000-08&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Hertzberg%2C+R&rft.au=Rice%2C+G&rft.au=Cogliano%2C+J&rft.au=Mukerjee%2C+D&rft.au=Teuschler%2C+L&rft.au=Doyle%2C+E&rft.au=Woo%2C+Y&rft.au=Schoeny%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fofmpub.epa.gov%2Feims%2Feimscomm.getfile%3Fp_download_id%3D4486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202121751/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html">"Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyrethroids+and+Pyrethrins&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Foppsrrd1%2Freevaluation%2Fpyrethroids-pyrethrins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning1998" class="citation journal cs1">Corning, Peter A. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1061736199800022">"Synergy: Another idea whose time has come?"</a>. <i>Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1061-7361%2899%2980002-2">10.1016/S1061-7361(99)80002-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-7361">1061-7361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Evolutionary+Systems&rft.atitle=Synergy%3A+Another+idea+whose+time+has+come%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1061-7361%2899%2980002-2&rft.issn=1061-7361&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1061736199800022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning2003" class="citation book cs1">Corning, Peter (2003-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Elwzu8vUmhQC"><i>Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44218-3"><bdi>978-1-139-44218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Magic%3A+Synergy+in+Evolution+and+the+Fate+of+Humankind&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44218-3&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElwzu8vUmhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffee_2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffee_2013_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffee_2013_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffeeJones2013" class="citation journal cs1">Goffee R, Jones G (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2013/05/creating-the-best-workplace-on-earth">"Creating the best workplace on earth"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <b>91</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>106, 150. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23898736">23898736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Creating+the+best+workplace+on+earth&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E106%2C+150&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23898736&rft.aulast=Goffee&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Jones%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2013%2F05%2Fcreating-the-best-workplace-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordwell1999766-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordwell1999766_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordwell1999">Bordwell 1999</a>, p. 766. "[Synergism involves] a kind of interplay between human freedom and divine grace".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993PT274-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993PT274_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, PT274. "To describe the relation between the grace of God and human freedom, Orthodoxy uses the term cooperation or synergy (<i>synergeia</i>); in Paul's words, 'We are fellow-workers (<i>synergoi</i>) with God' (1 Corinthians iii, 9). If we are to achieve full fellowship with God, we cannot do so without God's help, yet we must also play our own part: we humans as well as God must make our contribution to the common work, although what God does is of immeasurably greater importance than what we do."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneenBowers1997" class="citation book cs1">Geneen H, Bowers B (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nNwQgAACAAJ"><i>The Synergy Myth: And Other Ailments Of Business Today</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14724-2"><bdi>978-0-312-14724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synergy+Myth%3A+And+Other+Ailments+Of+Business+Today&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-14724-2&rft.aulast=Geneen&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Bowers%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nNwQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2001" class="citation book cs1">Cummings MS (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mgAwXas5xIC"><i>Beyond Political Correctness: Social Transformation in the United States</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-006-2"><bdi>978-1-58826-006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Political+Correctness%3A+Social+Transformation+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-006-2&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mgAwXas5xIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mgAwXas5xIC&pg=PA92">Extract of page 92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law2003-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law2003_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawford2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lawford GR (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/2de291971139ca8c61040f197719fbbf/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37083">"Beyond success: Achieving synergy in teamwork"</a>. <i>The Journal for Quality and Participation</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+for+Quality+and+Participation&rft.atitle=Beyond+success%3A+Achieving+synergy+in+teamwork.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Lawford&rft.aufirst=GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F2de291971139ca8c61040f197719fbbf%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D37083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenton2021" class="citation web cs1">Kenton W (30 June 2021). Khartit K (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costsynergy.asp">"Cost Synergy"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Cost+Synergy&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.aulast=Kenton&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fc%2Fcostsynergy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura-Melinda_2011-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura-Melinda_2011_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura-Melinda2011" class="citation book cs1">Laura-Melinda S (2011). <i>The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential</i>. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Necessity+to+Exploit+the+Economic+Network%27s+Synergistic+Potential&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+Germany&rft.pub=LAP+LAMBERT+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Laura-Melinda&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMartinFabos2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell R, Martin C, Fabos B (2007). <i>Media & culture: Mass communication in a digital age</i>. Boston, Bedford St. Martins. p. 606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+%26+culture%3A+Mass+communication+in+a+digital+age.&rft.place=Boston%2C+Bedford+St.+Martins&rft.pages=606&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Martin%2C+C&rft.au=Fabos%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalecki2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dalecki L (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613230145/http://jimc.medill.northwestern.edu/JIMCWebsite/2008/HollywoodMediaSynergy.pdf">"Hollywood media synergy as IMC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimc.medill.northwestern.edu/JIMCWebsite/2008/HollywoodMediaSynergy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Integrated+Marketing+Communications&rft.atitle=Hollywood+media+synergy+as+IMC.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Dalecki&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjimc.medill.northwestern.edu%2FJIMCWebsite%2F2008%2FHollywoodMediaSynergy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">30 Rock episode 3.09; Liz: "I hate those corporate things; a bunch of drunk people talking about 'synergy'." Jack: "First of all, never badmouth 'synergy'!"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordwell1999" class="citation book cs1">Bordwell, David (1999). <i>Catechism Of The Catholic Church Revised PB</i>. London: Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+Of+The+Catholic+Church+Revised+PB&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bordwell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Timothy</a> (1993). <i>The Orthodox Church</i>. London: Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14192500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14192500-4"><bdi>978-0-14192500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14192500-4&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynergy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/synergy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/synergy">synergy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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