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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Research history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_taphonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_taphonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Age and taphonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_taphonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<span>Torso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Limbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Growth rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TD6.3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD6.3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>TD6.3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD6.3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TD6.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD6.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>TD6.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD6.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TD6.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD6.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>TD6.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD6.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_and_palaeoclimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_and_palaeoclimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fire and palaeoclimate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_and_palaeoclimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannibalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannibalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cannibalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannibalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Homo antecessor</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81" title="إنسان سلف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان سلف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antisessor" title="Homo antisessor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homo antisessor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Предшестващ човек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предшестващ човек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انسان پیشگام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان پیشگام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%AA%A8_%EC%95%88%ED%85%8C%EC%84%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="호모 안테세소르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호모 안테세소르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Նախամարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախամարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הומו אנטססור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומו אנטססור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰომო ანტესესორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომო ანტესესორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="ホモ・アンテセッサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホモ・アンテセッサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پہلا مانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلا مانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پخوانی انسان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پخوانی انسان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Человек-предшественник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человек-предшественник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_predchodca" title="Človek predchodca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek predchodca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homo antecessor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Homo antecessor</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">1.2–0.77 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.59384615385px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproducciones_del_cr%C3%A1neo_(frontal_ATD6-15_)_y_mand%C3%ADbula_(parte_del_esqueleto_facial_ATD6-69)_del_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_Gran_Dolina_(Hom%C3%ADnido_3)._Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reproducciones_del_cr%C3%A1neo_%28frontal_ATD6-15_%29_y_mand%C3%ADbula_%28parte_del_esqueleto_facial_ATD6-69%29_del_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_Gran_Dolina_%28Hom%C3%ADnido_3%29._Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reproducciones_del_cr%C3%A1neo_%28frontal_ATD6-15_%29_y_mand%C3%ADbula_%28parte_del_esqueleto_facial_ATD6-69%29_del_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_Gran_Dolina_%28Hom%C3%ADnido_3%29._Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reproducciones_del_cr%C3%A1neo_%28frontal_ATD6-15_%29_y_mand%C3%ADbula_%28parte_del_esqueleto_facial_ATD6-69%29_del_Ni%C3%B1o_de_la_Gran_Dolina_%28Hom%C3%ADnido_3%29._Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3160" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The "Boy of Gran Dolina" fossils<br />ATD6-15 (<a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a>)<br />ATD6-69 (<a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Madrid)" title="National Archaeological Museum (Madrid)">Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Homo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo"><i>Homo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>H. antecessor</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Homo antecessor</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_de_Castro" title="José María Bermúdez de Castro">Bermúdez de Castro</a> <i>et al.</i>, 1997</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Homo antecessor</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "pioneer man") is an <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> recorded in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Sierra de Atapuerca</a>, a productive archaeological site, from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>. Populations of this species may have been present elsewhere in Western Europe, and were among the first to settle that region of the world, hence the name. The first fossils were found in the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Dolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Dolina">Gran Dolina</a> cave in 1994, and the species was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> in 1997 as the <a href="/wiki/Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, supplanting the more conventional <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i> in this position. <i>H. antecessor</i> has since been reinterpreted as an offshoot from the modern human line, although probably one branching off just before the modern human/Neanderthal split. </p><p>Despite being so ancient, the face is unexpectedly similar to that of modern humans rather than other archaic humans—namely in its overall flatness as well as the curving of the cheekbone as it merges into the upper jaw—although these elements are known only from a juvenile specimen. Brain volume could have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more, but no intact braincase has been discovered. This is within the range of variation for modern humans. Stature estimates range from 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in). <i>H. antecessor</i> may have been broad-chested and rather heavy, much like Neanderthals, although the limbs were proportionally long, a trait more frequent in tropical populations. The kneecaps are thin and have poorly developed tendon attachments. The feet indicate <i>H. antecessor</i> walked differently compared to modern humans. </p><p><i>H. antecessor</i> was predominantly manufacturing simple pebble and <a href="/wiki/Flake_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flake (archaeology)">flake</a> stone tools out of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, although they used a variety of materials. This <a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">industry</a> has some similarities with the more complex <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, an industry which is characteristic of contemporary African and later European sites. Groups may have been dispatching hunting parties, which mainly targeted deer in their savannah and mixed woodland environment. Many of the <i>H. antecessor</i> specimens were <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalised</a>, perhaps as a cultural practice. There is no evidence they were using fire, and they similarly only inhabited inland <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> during warm periods, presumably retreating to the coast otherwise. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View 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style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_history">Research history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Dolina_2012_(Sierra_de_Atapuerca).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg/300px-Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg/450px-Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg/600px-Gran_Dolina_2012_%28Sierra_de_Atapuerca%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12784" data-file-height="4659" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Dolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Dolina">Gran Dolina</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Sierra de Atapuerca</a> in northern Spain had long been known to be abundant in fossil remains. The <a href="/wiki/Gran_Dolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Dolina">Gran Dolina</a> ("great sinkhole") was first explored for fossils by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Jord%C3%A1_Cerd%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Jordá Cerdá (page does not exist)">Francisco Jordá Cerdá</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jord%C3%A1_Cerd%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Jordá Cerdá">es</a>]</span> in a short field trip to the region in 1966, where he recovered a few animal fossils and stone tools. He lacked the resources and manpower to continue any further. In 1976, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a> Trinidad Torres investigated the Gran Dolina for <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> fossils (he recovered <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i> remains), but was advised by the Edelweiss Speleological Team to continue at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sima_de_los_Huesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sima de los Huesos">Sima de los Huesos</a> ("bone pit"). Here, in addition to a wealth of bear fossils, he also recovered <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> fossils, which prompted a massive exploration of the Sierra de Atapuerca, at first headed by Spanish palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Aguirre" title="Emiliano Aguirre">Emiliano Aguirre</a> but quickly taken over by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Berm%C3%BAdez_de_Castro" title="José María Bermúdez de Castro">José María Bermúdez de Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudald_Carbonell" title="Eudald Carbonell">Eudald Carbonell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Arsuaga" title="Juan Luis Arsuaga">Juan Luis Arsuaga</a>. They restarted excavation of the Gran Dolina in 1992, and found archaic human remains two years later; in 1997, they <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> these as a new <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> antecessor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> is specimen ATD6-5, a right <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibular</a> fragment retaining the molars and recovered with some isolated teeth. In their original description Castro and colleagues posited that the species was the first human to colonise Europe, hence the name <i>antecessor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "explorer", "pioneer", or "early settler").<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 25 m (82 ft) of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> sediments at the Gran Dolina are divided into eleven <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit" title="Stratigraphic unit">units</a>, TD1 to TD11 ("trinchera dolina" or "sinkhole trench"). <i>H. antecessor</i> was recovered from TD6, which has consequently become the most well researched unit of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Capana2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first field seasons from 1994–1995, the dig team excavated a small test pit (to see if the unit warranted further investigation) in the southeast section measuring 6 m<sup>2</sup> (65 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Capana2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human fossils were discovered first by Aurora Martín Nájera; the 30 cm (12 in) layer they were found in is nicknamed the "Aurora <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratum (geology)">Stratum</a>" after her.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 13 m<sup>2</sup> (140 sq ft) triangular section was excavated in the central section starting in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Capana2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human fossils were also found in the northern section. In sum, about 170 <i>H. antecessor</i> specimens were recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Capana2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best preserved are ATD6-15 and ATD6-69 (possibly belonging to the same individual) that most clearly elucidate facial anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent field seasons have yielded about sixty more specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovered parts of the <i>H. antecessor</i> skeleton are: elements of the face, <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, forearm, digits, knees, and a few <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg/220px-Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg/330px-Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg/440px-Mandible_Sima_del_Elefante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> ATE9-1</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2007, a mandibular fragment with some teeth, ATE9-1, provisionally assigned to <i>H. antecessor</i> by Carbonell, was recovered from the nearby Sima del Elefante ("elephant pit") in unit TE9 ("trinchera elefante"), belonging to a 20–25-year-old individual. The site additionally yielded stone <a href="/wiki/Flake_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flake (archaeology)">flakes</a> and evidence of butchery.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonell2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonell2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, after providing a much more in depth analysis of the Sima del Elefante material, Castro and colleagues were unsure of the species classification, opting to leave it at <i>Homo</i> <a href="/wiki/Species#Abbreviations" title="Species">sp.</a> (making no opinion on species designation) pending further discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone tool assemblage at the Gran Dolina is broadly similar to several other contemporary ones across Western Europe, which may represent the work of the same species, although this is unconfirmable because many of these sites have not produced human fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 fifty footprints dating to between 1.2 million and 800,000 years ago were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh_footprints" title="Happisburgh footprints">Happisburgh</a>, England, which could potentially be attributed to an <i>H. antecessor</i> group given it is the only human species identified during that time in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashton2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The face of <i>H. antecessor</i> is unexpectedly similar to that of modern <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> compared to other archaic groups, so in their original description, Castro and colleagues classified it as the last common ancestor of modern humans and <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, supplanting <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> in this capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facial anatomy came under close scrutiny in subsequent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo-Stammbaum,_Version_Stringer-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg/330px-Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg/495px-Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg/660px-Homo-Stammbaum%2C_Version_Stringer-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Human family tree according to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Chris Stringer</a>, 2012, showing <i>H. antecessor</i> as an offshoot of the modern human line<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001 French <a href="/wiki/Palaeoanthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoanthropologist">palaeoanthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Hublin" title="Jean-Jacques Hublin">Jean-Jacques Hublin</a> postulated that the Gran Dolina remains and the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Tighennif" title="Tighennif">Tighennif</a> remains from Algeria (usually classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> [=? <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>], originally "<i>Atlantanthropus mauritanicus</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) represent the same population, because fourteen of the fifteen dental features Castro and colleagues listed for <i>H. antecessor</i> have also been identified in the Middle Pleistocene of North Africa; this would mean <i>H. antecessor</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonym</a> of "<i>Homo mauritanicus</i>", i. e., the Gran Dolina and Tighennif humans should be classified into the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 Castro and colleagues studied the fossils, and found the Tighennif remains to be much larger than <i>H. antecessor</i> and dentally similar to other African populations. Nonetheless, they still recommended reviving <i>mauritanicus</i> to house all Early Pleistocene North African specimens as "<i>H. ergaster mauritanicus</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 primatologist Esteban Sarmiento and colleagues questioned the legitimacy of <i>H. antecessor</i> as a separate species because much of the skull anatomy is unknown; <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i> is known from roughly the same time and region; and because the type specimen was a child (the supposedly characteristic features could have disappeared with maturity.) Such restructuring of the face, they argued, can also be caused by regional climatic adaptation rather than speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 American palaeoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Klein_(paleoanthropologist)" title="Richard Klein (paleoanthropologist)">Richard Klein</a> stated he was skeptical that <i>H. antecessor</i> was ancestral to <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, interpreting <i>H. antecessor</i> as "an offshoot of <i>H. ergaster</i> [from Africa] that disappeared after a failed attempt to colonize southern Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 2012, British physical anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Chris Stringer</a> considered <i>H. antecessor</i> and <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> to be two different lineages rather than them having an ancestor/descendant relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues suggested the modern humanlike face evolved independently several times among <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freidline2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freidline2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 Castro and colleagues conceded that <i>H. antecessor</i> may or may not be a modern human ancestor, although if it was not then it probably split quite shortly before the modern human/Neanderthal split.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 Dutch molecular palaeoanthropologist Frido Welker and colleagues concluded <i>H. antecessor</i> is not a modern human ancestor by analysing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_protein" title="Ancient protein">ancient proteins</a> collected from the tooth ATD6-92.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_taphonomy">Age and taphonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age and taphonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Dolina_TD6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gran_Dolina_TD6.png/310px-Gran_Dolina_TD6.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gran_Dolina_TD6.png/465px-Gran_Dolina_TD6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gran_Dolina_TD6.png/620px-Gran_Dolina_TD6.png 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="4214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Dolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Dolina">Gran Dolina</a> with detail on TD6<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 2003 to 2007 excavations revealed a much more intricate <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> than previously thought, and TD6 was divided into three subunits spanning thirteen layers and nine sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Facies_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facies (geology)">facies</a> (bodies of rock distinctive from adjacent bodies). Human presence is recorded in subunits 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>and 2, and in facies A, D1, and F. Randomly orientated scattered bones were deposited in Facies D1 of layer TD6.2.2 (TD6 subunit 2, layer 2) and Facies F of layers TD6.2.2 and TD6.2.3, but in Facies D they seem to have been conspicuously clumped into the northwest area. This might indicate they were dragged into the cave via a <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flow</a>. As for Facies F, which contains the most human remains, they may have been deposited by a low energy debris flow (consistent with <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> behaviour) from the main entrance to the northwest, as well as a stronger debris flow from another entrance to the south. Fluvially deposited fossils (dragged in by a stream of water) were also recovered from Facies A in layers TD6.2.2, TD6.2.1 and TD6.1.2, indicated by <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> within the size range of the remains. Thus, <i>H. antecessor</i> may not have inhabited the cave, although was at least active nearby. Only 5.6% of the fossils bear any evidence of weathering from open air, roots, and soil, which could mean they were deposited deep into the cave relatively soon after death.<sup id="cite_ref-Capana2016_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human occupation seems to have occurred in waves corresponding to timespans featuring a warm, humid savannah habitat (although riversides likely supported woodlands). These conditions were only present during transitions from cool <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial</a> to warm <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods, after the climate warmed and before the forests could expand to dominate the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Blain2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blain2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating attempts of <i>H. antecessor</i> remains are: </p> <ul><li>In 1999 two <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a> teeth from TD6 were dated using <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93thorium_dating" title="Uranium–thorium dating">uranium–thorium dating</a> to 794 to 668 thousand years ago, and further constrained <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">palaeomagnetically</a> to over 780,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2008 TE9 of the Sima del Elefante was constrained to 1.2–1.1 million years ago using palaeomagnetism and <a href="/wiki/Surface_exposure_dating" title="Surface exposure dating">cosmogenic dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonell2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonell2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013 TD6 was dated to about 930 to 780 thousand years ago using palaeomagnetism, in addition to uranium–thorium and <a href="/wiki/Electron_spin_resonance_dating" title="Electron spin resonance dating">electron spin resonance dating</a> (ESR) on more teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Pares2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pares2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018 ESR dating of the <i>H. antecessor</i> specimen ATD6-92 resulted in an age of 949 to 624 thousand years ago, further constrained palaeomagnetically to before 772,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2022 ESR and single grain thermally transferred <a href="/wiki/Optically_stimulated_luminescence" title="Optically stimulated luminescence">optically stimulated luminescence</a> (SG TT-OSL) dated the opening of the Gran Dolina to roughly 900,000 years ago, and the sediments from TD4 to TD6 to between 890,000 to 770,000 years ago. These three units were probably deposited within a period of less than 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Until 2013 with the discovery of the 1.4 million-year-old infant tooth from <a href="/wiki/Barranco_Le%C3%B3n" title="Barranco León">Barranco León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orce" title="Orce">Orce</a>, Spain, these were the oldest human fossils known from Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although human activity on the continent stretches back as early as 1.6 million years ago in Eastern Europe and Spain indicated by stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg/200px-Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg/300px-Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg/400px-Homo_antecessor_reconstruccion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg/200px-Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg/300px-Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Homo_antecessor_ATD6-96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstructed skull of the Boy of the Gran Dolina (above) and the adult <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> ATD6-96 (below)</div></div></div></div> <p>The facial anatomy of <i>H. antecessor</i> is predominantly known from the 10–11.5-year-old <i>H. antecessor</i> child ATD6-69, as the few other facial specimens are fragmentary. ATD6-69 is strikingly similar to modern humans (as well as East Asian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> archaic humans) as opposed to West Eurasian or African Middle Pleistocene archaic humans including Neanderthals. The most notable traits are a completely flat face and a curved zygomaticoalveolar crest (the bar of bone connecting the cheek to the part of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> that holds the teeth). In 2013 anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues statistically determined that these features would not disappear with maturity. <i>H. antecessor</i> suggests the modern human face evolved and disappeared multiple times in the past, which is not unlikely as facial anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and thus the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Freidline2013_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freidline2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a> are like those of modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> (lower jaw) is quite gracile unlike most other archaic humans. It exhibits several archaic features, but the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_notch" title="Mandibular notch">mandibular notch</a> is modern humanlike, and the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_part_of_mandible" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar part of mandible">alveolar part</a> (adjacent to the teeth) is completely vertical as in modern humans. Like many Neanderthals, the <a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid" title="Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid">medial pterygoid tubercle</a> is large. Unlike most Neanderthals, there is no <a href="/wiki/Retromolar_space" title="Retromolar space">retromolar space</a> (a large gap between the last molar and the end of the body of the mandible).<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017b_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> are <a href="/wiki/Shovel-shaped_incisors" title="Shovel-shaped incisors">shovel-shaped</a> (the lingual, or tongue, side is distinctly concave), a feature characteristic of other Eurasian human populations, including modern. The <a href="/wiki/Canine_(tooth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine (tooth)">canines</a> bear the <a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(tooth)" title="Cingulum (tooth)">cingulum</a> (a protuberance toward the base) and the essential ridge (toward the midline) like more <a href="/wiki/Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy" title="Apomorphy and synapomorphy">derived</a> species, but retain the cuspules (small bumps) near the tip and bordering incisor like more archaic species.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017b_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to later hominins, the lower canines of H. antecessor bear fewer perikymata.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a> crowns are rather derived, being nearly symmetrical and bearing a lingual <a href="/wiki/Cusp_(anatomy)" title="Cusp (anatomy)">cusp</a> (on the tongue side), and a cingulum and longitudinal grooves on the cheekward side. The upper molars feature several traits typically seen in Neanderthals. The mandibular teeth, on the other hand, are quite archaic. The P<sub>3</sub> (the first lower premolar) has a strongly asymmetrical crown and complex <a href="/wiki/Tooth_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth root">tooth root</a> system. P<sub>3</sub> is smaller than P<sub>4</sub> like in more derived species, but like other early <i>Homo</i>, M<sub>1</sub> (the first lower molar) is smaller than M<sub>2</sub> and the cusps of the molar crowns make a Y shape. The distribution of <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> is Neanderthal-like, with thicker layers at the periphery than at the cusps.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017b_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on two canine teeth (ATD6- 69 and ATD6-13), the thickness of the enamel and the proportion of the tooth covered by the gums vary to the same degree as for males and females of modern humans and many other apes, so this may be due to sexual dimorphism, with females having smaller teeth, relatively thicker enamel, and smaller proportion of gum coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a> (each being one side of the back part of the top of the skull) are flattened, and conjoin at a peak at the midline. This "tent-like" profile is also exhibited in more archaic African <i>H. ergaster</i> and Asian <i>H. erectus</i>. Like <i>H. ergaster</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_styloid_process" title="Temporal styloid process">temporal styloid process</a> just below the ear is fused to the <a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the skull">base of the skull</a>. The brow ridges are prominent. The upper margin of the <a href="/wiki/Squamous_part_of_temporal_bone" title="Squamous part of temporal bone">squamous part of temporal bones</a> (on the side of the skull) is convex, like in more derived species.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro2017b_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro2017b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain volume of ATD6-15, perhaps belonging to an 11-year-old, may have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more based on <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is within the range of variation for modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torso">Torso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Torso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notably large adult <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> specimen ATD6-50, assumed male based on absolute size, was estimated to have stood 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in), mean of 174.5 cm (5 ft 9 in), based on the correlation among modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a> between clavicle length and stature. An adult <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> (a forearm bone), ATD6-43, which could be male based on absolute size or female based on gracility, was estimated to have belonged to a 172.5 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall individual based on the average of equations among several modern populations relating radial length to stature. Based on <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">metatarsal</a> (foot bone) length, a male is estimated to have stood 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and a female 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 in). These are all rather similar values. For comparison, Western European Neanderthal estimates average 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in), and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">early European modern humans</a> 178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ankle joint is adapted for handling high stress, which may indicate a heavy, robust body plan, much like Neanderthals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pablos2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pablos2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the relationship between human footprint length and body size, twelve <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh" title="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</a> prints that are preserved well enough to measure are consistent with individuals ranging from 93 to 173 cm (3 ft 1 in to 5 ft 8 in) in stature, which may mean some of the trackmakers were children. By this logic, the three biggest footprints—equating to statures of 160 cm (5 ft 3 in), 163 cm (5 ft 4 in), and 173 cm (5 ft 8 in)—ranged from 48 to 53 kg (106 to 117 lb) in weight. Stature estimates for <i>H. antecessor</i>, <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, and Neanderthals are roughly consistent with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashton2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg/300px-Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg/450px-Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg/600px-Happisburgh_Footprints_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh_footprints" title="Happisburgh footprints">Happisburgh footprints</a> with a camera lens cap for scale</figcaption></figure> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">atlases</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">neck vertebra</a>) are known, which is exceptional as this bone is rarely discovered for archaic humans. They are indistinguishable from those of modern humans. For the <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">axis</a> (the second neck vertebra), the angle of the spinous process (jutting out from the vertebra) is about 19°, comparable with Neanderthals and modern humans, diverging from <i>H. ergaster</i> with a low angle of about 8°. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">vertebral foramen</a> (that houses the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>) is on the narrow side compared to modern humans. The spine as a whole otherwise aligns with modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is one known (and incomplete) clavicle, ATD6-50, which is thick compared to those of modern humans. This may indicate <i>H. antecessor</i> had long and flattish (platycleidic) clavicles like other archaic humans. This would point to a broad chest. The proximal curvature (twisting of the bone on the side nearest the neck) in front view is on par with that of Neanderthals, but the distal curvature (on the shoulder side) is much more pronounced. The <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> is narrow. The <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> (that extends over the shoulder joint) is small compared to those of modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">shoulder blade</a> is similar to all <i>Homo</i> with a typical human body plan, indicating <i>H. antecessor</i> was not as skilled a climber as non-human apes or pre-<i>erectus</i> species, but was capable of efficiently launching projectiles such as stones or spears.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs">Limbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Limbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incomplete radius, ATD6-43, was estimated to have measured 257 mm (10.1 in). It is oddly long and straight for someone from so far north, reminiscent of the proportions seen in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern humans">early modern humans</a> and many people from tropical populations. This could be explained as retention of the ancestral long limbed tropical form, as opposed to Neanderthals who evolved shorter limbs. This could also indicate a high brachial index (radial to <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humeral</a> length ratio). Compared to more recent human species, the cross section of the radial shaft is rather round and gracile throughout its length. Like archaic humans, the radial neck (near the elbow) is long, giving more leverage to the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a>. Like modern humans and <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, but unlike Neanderthals and more archaic hominins, the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a> (a bony knob jutting out just below the radial neck) is anteriorly placed (toward the front side when the arm is facing out).<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like those of other archaic humans, the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> features a developed <a href="/wiki/Trochanteric_fossa" title="Trochanteric fossa">trochanteric fossa</a> and posterior crest. These traits are highly variable among modern human populations. The two known <a href="/wiki/Kneecap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneecap">kneecaps</a>, ATD6-22 and ATD6-56, are subrectangular in shape as opposed to the more common subtriangular, although rather narrow like those of modern humans. They are quite small and thin, falling at the lower end for modern human females. The apex of the kneecap (the area that does not join to another bone) is not well developed, leaving little attachment for the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendon" title="Patellar tendon">patellar tendon</a>. The medial (toward the midline) facet and lateral (toward the sides) facet for the knee joint are roughly the same size as each other in ATD6-56 and the medial is larger in ATD6-22, whereas the lateral is commonly larger in modern humans. The lateral facet encroaches onto a straight flat area as opposed to being limited to a defined <a href="/wiki/Vastus_muscles" title="Vastus muscles">vastus</a> notch, an infrequent condition among any human species.<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">metatarsals</a> of the foot are comparable to those of later humans, but the big toe bone is rather robust, which could be related to how <i>H. antecessor</i> pushed off the ground. The <a href="/wiki/Ankle_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle bone">ankle bone</a> (talus) is exceptionally long and high as well as the facet where it connects with the leg (the trochlea), which may be related to how <i>H. antecessor</i> walked. The long trochlea caused a short neck of the talus, which bridges the head of the talus connecting to the toes, and the body of the talus connecting to the leg. This somewhat converges with the condition exhibited in Neanderthals, which is generally explained as a response to a heavy and robust body, to alleviate the consequently higher <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular cartilage">articular cartilage</a> in the ankle joint. This would also have permitted greater <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pablos2012_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pablos2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_rate">Growth rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Growth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Em_-_Homo_antecessor_child_model_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Bust of an <i>H. antecessor</i> child<br /><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010 Castro and colleagues estimated that ATD6-112, represented by a permanent upper and lower first molar, died between 5.3 and 6.6 years of age based on the tooth formation rates in <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> (lower estimate) and modern humans (upper). The molars are hardly worn at all, which means the individual died soon after the tooth erupted, and that first molar eruption occurred at roughly this age. The age is within the range of variation of modern humans, and this developmental landmark can debatably be correlated with life history. If the relation is true, <i>H. antecessor</i> had a prolonged childhood, a characteristic of modern humans in which significant cognitive development takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology">Pathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The partial face ATD6-69 has an ectopic M<sup>3</sup> (upper left third molar), where it erupted improperly, and this caused the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_impaction" title="Tooth impaction">impaction</a> of M<sup>2</sup>, where it was blocked from erupting at all. Although impaction of M<sup>3</sup> is rather common in modern humans, as high as fifty percent in some populations, impaction of M<sup>2</sup> is rare, as little as 0.08 to 2.3%. Impaction can lead to secondary lesions, such as <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">dental cavities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root_resorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Root resorption">root resorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratocyst" title="Keratocyst">keratocysts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentigerous_cyst" title="Dentigerous cyst">dentigerous cysts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mandible ATE9-1 exhibits severe dental <a href="/wiki/Attrition_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrition (dental)">attrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (dental)">abrasion</a> of the tooth crowns and bone resorption at the root, so much so that the <a href="/wiki/Root_canal" title="Root canal">root canals</a> (the sensitive interior) of the canines are exposed. The trauma is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Gum_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum disease">gum disease</a> due to overloading the teeth, such as by using the mouth as a third hand to carry around items. A similar condition was also reported for the later Sima de los Huesos remains also at the Sierra de Atapuerca site.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The left knee bone ATD6-56 has a 4.7 mm × 15 mm (0.19 in × 0.59 in) height x breadth <a href="/wiki/Osteophyte" title="Osteophyte">osteophyte</a> (bone spur) on the inferior (lower) margin. Osteophytes normally form as a response to stress due to <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, which can result from old age or improper loading of the joint as a consequence of bone misalignment or <a href="/wiki/Ligament_laxity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligament laxity">ligament laxity</a>. In the case of ATD6-56, improper loading was likely the causal factor. Frequent squatting and kneeling can lead to this condition, but if the right knee bone ATD6-22 (that has no such trauma) belongs to the same individual, then this is unlikely to be the reason. If so, the lesion was caused by a local trauma, such as <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strain</a> on the soft tissue around the joint due to high intensity activity, or a fracture of the left femur and/or tibia (that is unconfirmable since neither bone is associated with this individual).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right <a href="/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth metatarsal">fourth metatarsal</a> ATD6-124 has a 25.8 mm × 8 mm (1.02 in × 0.31 in) length x width lesion on the medial (toward the midline of the bone) side consistent with a <a href="/wiki/March_fracture" title="March fracture">march fracture</a>. This condition is most often encountered by soldiers, long distance runners, and potentially <a href="/wiki/Flatfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatfoot">flatfooted</a> people whose foot bones failed under repeated, high intensity activity. Later Neanderthals would evolve a much more robust lower skeleton possibly to withstand such taxing movement across uneven terrain. Although only one other example of the condition has been identified (at Sima de los Huesos) among archaic humans, march fractures were probably a common injury for them given that the healed fracture leaves no visible mark, as well as their presumed high intensity lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mode_2_Europe.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mode_2_Europe.webp/310px-Mode_2_Europe.webp.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mode_2_Europe.webp/465px-Mode_2_Europe.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mode_2_Europe.webp/620px-Mode_2_Europe.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Map of Gran Dolina and Western European sites with similar or <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> stone tools dating from 1.4 to 0.59 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <p><i>H. antecessor</i> was producing simple stone tools at Gran Dolina. This <a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">industry</a> is found elsewhere in Early Pleistocene Spain—notably in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Barranc de la Boella</a> and the nearby Galería—distinguished by the preparation and sharpening of cores before flaking, the presence of (crude) <a href="/wiki/Biface" class="mw-redirect" title="Biface">bifaces</a>, and some degree of standardisation of tool types. This bears some resemblance to the much more complex <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> industry, characteristic of African and later European sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of typical Acheulean toolsets comes from Africa 1.75 million years ago, but the typical Acheulean toolset pops up in Western Europe nearly a million years later. It is debated if these early European sites evolved into the European Acheulean industry independently from African counterparts, or if the Acheulean was brought up from Africa and diffused across Europe. In 2020 French anthropologist Marie-Hélène Moncel argued the appearance of typical Achuelean bifaces 700,000 years ago in Europe was too sudden to be the result of completely independent evolution from local technologies, so there must have been influence from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing on the TD6 stone tools is consistent with repeated abrasion against flesh, so they were probably used as butchering implements.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD6.3">TD6.3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: TD6.3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the lower part of TD6.3 (TD6 subunit 3), 84 stone tools were recovered, predominantly small, unmodified <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> pebbles with percussive damage—probably inflicted from pounding items such as bone—as opposed to manufacturing more specialised implements.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 41% of the section's assemblage consists of flakes, they are rather crude and large—averaging 38 mm × 30 mm × 11 mm (1.50 in × 1.18 in × 0.43 in)—either resulting from rudimentary knapping (stoneworking) skills or difficulty working such poor quality materials. They made use of the unipolar longitudinal method, flaking off only one side of a <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">core</a>, probably to compensate for the lack of preplanning, opting to knap irregularly shaped and thus poorer quality pebbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD6.2">TD6.2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: TD6.2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TD6_simple_flakes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TD6_simple_flakes.png/140px-TD6_simple_flakes.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TD6_simple_flakes.png/210px-TD6_simple_flakes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TD6_simple_flakes.png/280px-TD6_simple_flakes.png 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="3465" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png/144px-Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png/216px-Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png/288px-Cores_from_TD6.2.4.png 2x" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="3461" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png/143px-Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png/215px-Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png/286px-Retouched_flakes_from_TD6.2.0%E2%80%931.png 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="2593" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png/141px-Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png/212px-Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png/282px-Percussive_material_from_TD6.2.2%E2%80%933.png 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="3108" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Stone tools from TD6.2, from the top left clockwise: simple <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">cores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Retouch_(lithics)" title="Retouch (lithics)">retouched</a> flakes as well as a <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">chopper</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Most of the stone tools resided in the lower (older) half of TD6.2, with 831 stone tools. The knappers made use of a much more diverse array of materials (although most commonly <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>), which indicates they were moving farther out in search of better raw materials. The Sierra de Atapuerca features an abundance and diversity of mineral outcroppings suitable for stone tool manufacturing, in addition to chert and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> namely quartzite, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, which could all be collected within only 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Gran Dolina.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They produced far fewer pebbles and spent more time knapping off flakes, but they were not particularly economic with their materials, and about half of the cores could have produced more flakes. They additionally modified irregular blanks into more workable shapes before flaking off pieces. This preplanning allowed them to use other techniques: the centripetal method (flaking off only the edges of the core) and the bipolar method (laying the core on an anvil and slamming it with a <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstone</a>). There are 62 flakes measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in) in height, and 28 above 60 mm (2.4 in). There are three conspicuously higher quality flakes, thinner and longer than the others, which may have been produced by the same person. There are also <a href="/wiki/Retouch_(lithics)" title="Retouch (lithics)">retouched</a> tools: notches, spines, <a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">denticulates</a>, points, <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a>, and a single <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">chopper</a>. These small retouched tools are rare in the European Early Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD6.1">TD6.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: TD6.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TD6.1 yielded 124 stone tools, but they are badly preserved as the area was also used by hyenas as a latrine, the urine corroding the area. The layer lacks pebbles and cores, and 44 of the stone tools are indeterminate. Flakes are much smaller with an average of 28 mm × 27 mm × 11 mm (1.10 in × 1.06 in × 0.43 in), with ten measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in), and only three exceeding 60 mm (2.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They seem to have been using the same methods as the people who manufactured the TD6.2 tools. They were only retouching larger flakes, the fourteen such tools averaging 35 mm × 26 mm × 14 mm (1.38 in × 1.02 in × 0.55 in): one marginally retouched flake, one notch, three spines, seven denticulate sidescrapers, and one denticulate point.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosquera2018_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosquera2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_palaeoclimate">Fire and palaeoclimate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fire and palaeoclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> particles have been collected from TD6, which probably originated from a fire well outside the cave. There is no evidence of any fire use or burnt bones (cooking) in the occupation sequences of the Gran Dolina. In other parts of the world, reliable evidence of fire usage does not surface in the archaeological record until roughly 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Roebroeks2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roebroeks2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, small mammal bones burned in fires exceeding 600 °C (1,112 °F) were identified from 780- to 980-thousand-year-old deposits at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueva_Negra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueva Negra (page does not exist)">Cueva Negra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_Negra" class="extiw" title="es:Cueva Negra">es</a>]</span> in southern Spain, which potentially could have come from a human source as such a high temperature is usually (though not always) recorded in <a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">campfires</a> as opposed to natural bushfires.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpanienEbro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SpanienEbro.jpg/250px-SpanienEbro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SpanienEbro.jpg/375px-SpanienEbro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SpanienEbro.jpg/500px-SpanienEbro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><i>H. antecessor</i> may have moved along the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro river">Ebro river</a> highlighted above (the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra de Atapuerca">Sierra de Atapuerca</a> lies near the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">source</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blain2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blain2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of using fire, these early Europeans probably physiologically withstood the cold, such as by eating a high protein diet to support a heightened metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Roebroeks2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roebroeks2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite <a href="/wiki/Glacial_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial cycle">glacial cycles</a>, the climate was probably similar or a few degrees warmer compared to that of today's, with the coldest average temperature reaching 2 °C (36 °F) sometime in December and January, and the hottest in July and August 18 °C (64 °F). Freezing temperatures could have been reached from November to March, but the presence of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> suggests subfreezing was an infrequent occurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TE9 similarly indicates a generally warm climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonell2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonell2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Happisburgh footprints were lain in <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> with open forests dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and in wetter areas <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, with patches of <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a> and grasslands; the vegetation is consistent with the cooler beginning or end of an interglacial.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashton2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. antecessor</i> probably migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> shore into inland <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> when colder glacial periods were transitioning to warmer interglacials, and warm grasslands dominated, vacating the region at any other time. They may have followed water bodies while migrating, in the case of Sierra de Atapuerca, most likely the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blain2013_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blain2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossils of sixteen animal species were recovered<sup id="cite_ref-Saladie2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladie2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> randomly mixed<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <i>H. antecessor</i> material at the Gran Dolina, including the extinct <a href="/wiki/Bush-antlered_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-antlered deer">bush-antlered deer</a>, the extinct species of <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> <i>Dama vallonetensi</i>, the extinct subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_elaphus_acoronatus" title="Cervus elaphus acoronatus">Cervus elaphus acoronatus</a></i>, the extinct <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> <i>Bison voigstedtensi</i>, the extinct rhino <i><a href="/wiki/Stephanorhinus_etruscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanorhinus etruscus">Stephanorhinus etruscus</a></i>, the extinct <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Equus_stenonis" title="Equus stenonis">Equus stenonis</a></i>, the extinct fox <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulpes_praeglacialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulpes praeglacialis (page does not exist)">Vulpes praeglacialis</a></i>, the extinct bear <i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_dolinensis" title="Ursus dolinensis">Ursus dolinensis</a></i>, the extinct wolf <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_mosbachensis" title="Canis mosbachensis">Canis mosbachensis</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, and undetermined species of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a>. Some specimens of the former eight species and the monkey exhibit cut marks consistent with butchery, with about 13% of all Gran Dolina remains bearing some evidence of human modification. Deer are the most commonly butchered animal, with 106 specimens. The inhabitants seem to have carried carcasses back whole when feasible, and only the limbs and skulls of larger quarries. This indicates the Gran Dolina <i>H. antecessor</i> were dispatching hunting parties who killed and hauled back prey to share with the entire group rather than each individual foraging entirely for themselves, which evinces social cooperation and division of labour. Less than 5% of all the remains retain animal carnivore damage, in two instances toothmarks overlapping cutmarks from an unidentified animal, which could indicate animals were sometimes scavenging <i>H. antecessor</i> leftovers.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladie2011_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladie2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg/300px-Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg/450px-Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg/600px-Trinchera_Atapuerca2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Sierra de Atapuerca</a> today: 1) Entrance to railway ditch, 2) Sima del Elefante, 3) Galería, 4) Gran Dolina</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sima del Elefante site records the fallow deer, the bush-antlered deer, rhinos, <i>E. stenonis</i>, <i>C. mosbachensis</i>, <i>U. dolinensis</i>, the extinct big cat <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_gombaszoegensis" title="Panthera gombaszoegensis">Panthera gombaszoegensis</a></i>, the extinct lynx <i><a href="/wiki/Lynx_issiodorensis" title="Lynx issiodorensis">Lynx issiodorensis</a></i>, the extinct fox <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulpes_alopecoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulpes alopecoides (page does not exist)">Vulpes alopecoides</a></i>, several <a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and undetermined species of <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a>, boar, bison, and <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>. The large mammals are most commonly represented by <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bones</a>, a few of which are cracked open, presumably to access the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>. Some others bear evidence of percussion and defleshing.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonell2008_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonell2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also butchering <a href="/wiki/Hermann%27s_tortoise" title="Hermann's tortoise">Hermann's tortoise</a>, an easily obtainable source of meat considering how slowly tortoises move.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cool and humid <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> environment encouraged the growth of olive, <a href="/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus" title="Pistacia lentiscus">mastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> trees, which <i>H. antecessor</i> may have used as food sources, although they become more common in TD7 and TD8 as the interglacial progresses and the environment becomes wetter. In the <i>H. antecessor</i> unit TD6, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> predominantly derives from <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and oak. Trees probably grew along rivers and streams, while the rest of the hills and ridges were dominated by grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2007_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TD6 individuals also seem to have been consuming <a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">hackberries</a>, which in historical times have been used for their medicinal properties more than satiating hunger because these berries provide very little flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence <i>H. antecessor</i> could wield fire and cook, and similarly the wearing on the molars indicates the more frequent consumption of grittier and more mechanically challenging foods than later European species, such as raw rather than cooked meat and underground <a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">storage organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cannibalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eighty young adult and child <i>H. antecessor</i> specimens from the Gran Dolina exhibit cut marks and fracturing indicative of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carretero1999_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carretero1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saladie2011_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladie2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>H. antecessor</i> is the second-most common species bearing evidence of butchering.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladie2011_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladie2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human bodies were efficiently utilised, and may be the reason why most bones are smashed or otherwise badly damaged. There are no complete skulls, elements from the face and back of the skull are usually percussed, and the muscle attachments on the face and the base of the skull were cut off. The intense modification of the face was probably to access the brain. The crown of the head was probably struck, resulting in the impact scars on the teeth at the gum line. Several skull fragments exhibit peeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ribs also bear cut marks along the muscle attachments consistent with defleshing, and ATD6-39 has cuts along the length of the rib, which may be related to disembowelment. The nape muscles were sliced off, and the head and neck were probably detached from the body. The vertebrae were often cut, peeled, and percussed. The muscles on all of the clavicles were sawed off to disconnect the shoulder. One radius, ATD6-43, was cut up and peeled. The femur was shattered, probably to extract the bone marrow. The hands and feet variably exhibit percussion, cutting, or peeling, likely a result of dismemberment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sum, mainly the meatier areas were prepared, and the rest discarded. This suggests they were butchering humans for nutritional purposes, but the face generally exhibits significantly more cutmarks than the faces of animals. When this is seen in prehistoric modern human specimens, it is typically interpreted as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Exocannibalism" title="Exocannibalism">exocannibalism</a>, a form of ritual cannibalism where one eats someone from beyond their social group, such as an enemy from a neighbouring tribe. But, when overviewing the evidence of <i>H. antecessor</i> cannibalism in 1999, Spanish palaeontologist Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo and colleagues instead ascribed the relative abundance of facial cut marks in the <i>H. antecessor</i> sample to the strongly contrasting structure of the muscle attachments between humans and typical animal prey items (that is, defleshing the human face simply required more cuts, or the butcherers were less familiar with defleshing humans).<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, the assemblage had a lack of older individuals, and was composed entirely of young adults and juveniles. In 2010 Carbonell hypothesised that they were practising exocannibalism and hunting down neighbouring tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbonell2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbonell2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not rejecting this hypothesis, Spanish palaeoanthropologist Jesús Rodríguez and colleagues suggested as an alternative explanation that the eaten people may have been fellow tribesmen who had died of unrelated reasons (such as natural causes, war, or accidents), eaten in funerary rites or possibly simply to avoid wasting food. They consider this explanation as better fitting the demographic distribution of the eaten due to the high youth mortality rates in hunter-gatherer groups, while also granting that the high number of young individuals among the eaten may have been due to a "low-risk hunting strategy" (juveniles of foreign groups were easier to catch and kill) or a "deliberate cultural strategy aimed to defend the territory and eliminate competitors" by targeting their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceprano_Man" title="Ceprano Man">Ceprano Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">Early European modern humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happisburgh_footprints" title="Happisburgh footprints">Happisburgh footprints</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Early expansions of hominins out of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">Tautavel Man</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tighennif remains were classified by French vertebrate paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Camille_Arambourg" title="Camille Arambourg">Camille Arambourg</a> as <i>Atlantanthropus mauritanicus</i> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is usually sunk into <i>H. erectus</i>, but many authors choose to distinguish Asian and African populations on a species level, with the latter classified into <i>H. ergaster</i> which was named in 1975. This is somewhat problematic as several African specimens sunk into <i>H. ergaster</i> were already given unique species designations which should take <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of priority">priority</a>, including <i>H. mauritanicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The frontal breadth (the length of the frontal bone) and the bistephanic breadth (the length between each <a href="/wiki/Stephanion" title="Stephanion">stephanion</a>) of ATD6-15 are respectively 95–100 mm (3.7–3.9 in) and 100 mm (3.9 in), which are substantially longer than what is measured in the <i>H. erectus</i> specimens <a href="/wiki/KNM_ER_3733" title="KNM ER 3733">KNM ER 3733</a>, <a href="/wiki/KNM_ER_3883" title="KNM ER 3883">KNM ER 3883</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangiran_2" title="Sangiran 2">Sangiran 2</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Trinil 2</a>, which each have an estimated brain volume of less than 1,000 cc (61 cu in).<sup id="cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Castro2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Castro2015" class="citation journal cs1">de Castro, J.-M. 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"<i>Homo antecessor</i>: The state of the art eighteen years later". <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>433</b>: 22–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.03.049">10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.049</a>. <q>... a speciation event could have occurred in Africa/Western Eurasia, originating a new <i>Homo</i> clade [...] <i>Homo antecessor</i> [...] could be a side branch of this clade placed at the westernmost region of the Eurasian continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Homo+antecessor%3A+The+state+of+the+art+eighteen+years+later&rft.volume=433&rft.pages=22-31&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2015.03.049&rft.aulast=de+Castro&rft.aufirst=J.-M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bermudez1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermudez1997_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermudez_de_CastroArsuagaCarbonellRosas1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bermudez de Castro, J.M.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Carbonell, E.; Rosas, A.; Martinez, I.; Mosquera, M. (1997). "A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>276</b> (5317): 1392–1395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.276.5317.1392">10.1126/science.276.5317.1392</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9162001">9162001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31088294">31088294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+hominid+from+the+Lower+Pleistocene+of+Atapuerca%2C+Spain%3A+possible+ancestor+to+Neandertals+and+modern+humans&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=5317&rft.pages=1392-1395&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31088294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9162001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.276.5317.1392&rft.aulast=Bermudez+de+Castro&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+E.&rft.au=Rosas%2C+A.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+I.&rft.au=Mosquera%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capana2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capana2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capana2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capana2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capana2016_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capana2016_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampañaPérez-GonzálezBenito-CalvoRosell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Campaña, I.; Pérez-González, A.; Benito-Calvo, A.; Rosell, J.; Blasco, R.; de Castro, J. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054435">"New interpretation of the Gran Dolina-TD6 bearing <i>Homo antecessor</i> deposits through sedimentological analysis"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b> (34799): 34799. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...634799C">2016NatSR...634799C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep34799">10.1038/srep34799</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054435">5054435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27713562">27713562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=New+interpretation+of+the+Gran+Dolina-TD6+bearing+Homo+antecessor+deposits+through+sedimentological+analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=34799&rft.pages=34799&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5054435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27713562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep34799&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...634799C&rft.aulast=Campa%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&rft.au=Benito-Calvo%2C+A.&rft.au=Rosell%2C+J.&rft.au=Blasco%2C+R.&rft.au=de+Castro%2C+J.+M.+B.&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+E.&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5054435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez1999_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-JalvoDíezCáceresRosell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Díez, J. C.; Cáceres, I.; Rosell, J. (1999). 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"<i>Celtis</i> remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a></i>. <b>53</b>: 570–577. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JArSc..53..570A">2015JArSc..53..570A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.11.016">10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Celtis+remains+from+the+Lower+Pleistocene+of+Gran+Dolina%2C+Atapuerca+%28Burgos%2C+Spain%29&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=570-577&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.11.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JArSc..53..570A&rft.aulast=Allu%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=C%C3%A1ceres%2C+I.&rft.au=Exp%C3%B3sito%2C+I.&rft.au=Canals%2C+A.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+A.&rft.au=Rosell%2C+J.&rft.au=de+Castro%2C+J.+M.+B.&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-PérezLozanoRomeroMartínez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Pérez, A.; Lozano, M.; Romero, A.; Martínez, L. M.; Galbany, J.; Pinilla, B.; Estebaranz-Sánchez, F.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327419">"The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b>: 43319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...743319P">2017NatSR...743319P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep43319">10.1038/srep43319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327419">5327419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28240290">28240290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+diet+of+the+first+Europeans+from+Atapuerca&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=43319&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327419%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28240290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep43319&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...743319P&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Lozano%2C+M.&rft.au=Romero%2C+A.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+L.+M.&rft.au=Galbany%2C+J.&rft.au=Pinilla%2C+B.&rft.au=Estebaranz-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+F.&rft.au=de+Castro%2C+J.+M.+B.&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+E.&rft.au=Arsuaga%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbonell2010-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbonell2010_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellCáceresLozanoSaladié2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eudald_Carbonell" title="Eudald Carbonell">Carbonell, E.</a>; Cáceres, I.; Lozano, M.; Saladié, P.; Rosell, J.; Lorenzo, C.; Huguet, R.; Canals, A.; de Castro, J.-M. B. (2010). "Cultural cannibalism as a paleoeconomic system in the European Lower Pleistocene". <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>51</b> (4): 539–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F653807">10.1086/653807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1311044">1311044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Cultural+cannibalism+as+a+paleoeconomic+system+in+the+European+Lower+Pleistocene&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=539-549&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F653807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1311044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=C%C3%A1ceres%2C+I.&rft.au=Lozano%2C+M.&rft.au=Saladi%C3%A9%2C+P.&rft.au=Rosell%2C+J.&rft.au=Lorenzo%2C+C.&rft.au=Huguet%2C+R.&rft.au=Canals%2C+A.&rft.au=de+Castro%2C+J.-M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguezGuillermoAna2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rodríguez, J.; Guillermo, Z.-R.; Ana, M. (2019). "Does optimal foraging theory explain the behavior of the oldest human cannibals?". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Evolution" title="Journal of Human Evolution">Journal of Human Evolution</a></i>. <b>131</b>: 228–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2019.03.010">10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31182203">31182203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149855232">149855232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Does+optimal+foraging+theory+explain+the+behavior+of+the+oldest+human+cannibals%3F&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=228-239&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149855232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31182203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2019.03.010&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Guillermo%2C+Z.-R.&rft.au=Ana%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Castro, J.-M. B. (2002). <i>El chico de la Gran Dolina</i> [<i>The Gran Dolina boy</i>] (in Spanish). Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-317-4"><bdi>978-84-8432-317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+chico+de+la+Gran+Dolina&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-317-4&rft.aulast=de+Castro&rft.aufirst=J.-M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+antecessor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989/">UNESCO Archaeological Site of Atapuerca</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_evolution" title="Template talk:Human evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_evolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br />proto-humans<br />(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. antecessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Homo antecessor</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310846" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q310846">Q310846</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessor" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4454113">4454113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827548">4827548</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10002185">10002185</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3607681">3607681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83085">83085</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&oldid=1259786842">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo_antecessor&oldid=1259786842</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1994 archaeological discoveries">1994 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_species_of_Homo" title="Category:Early species of Homo">Early species of Homo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lower_Paleolithic" title="Category:Lower 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