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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaeolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Palaeolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chalcolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proto-history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pre-modern Iberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern Iberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography and geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_metropolitan_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_metropolitan_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major metropolitan regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_metropolitan_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Atlantic_flyway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Atlantic_flyway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>East Atlantic flyway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Atlantic_flyway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberian Peninsula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiese_Skiereiland" title="Iberiese Skiereiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iberiese Skiereiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberische_Halbinsel" title="Iberische Halbinsel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Iberische Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD" title="የኢቤሪያ ልሳነ ምድር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኢቤሪያ ልሳነ ምድር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iberia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peninsula Iberica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Իպերական Թերակղզի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իպերական Թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ninsula_Ib%C3%A8rica" title="Pèninsula Ibèrica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pèninsula Ibèrica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Península Ibérica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pireney_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Pireney yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pireney yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آیبریا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آیبریا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="ইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia_Po%C3%A0n-t%C3%B3" title="Iberia Poàn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iberia Poàn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Пиреней ярымутрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пиреней ярымутрауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пірэнейскі паўвостраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пірэнейскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пірэнэйскі паўвостраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пірэнэйскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пиренейски полуостров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиренейски полуостров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenejsko_poluostrvo" title="Pirenejsko poluostrvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pirenejsko poluostrvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledenez_iberek" title="Ledenez iberek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ledenez iberek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Пиренейн хахад арал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пиренейн хахад арал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A8rica" title="Península Ibèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Península Ibèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Пиреней çурутравĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиреней çурутравĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penynsula_sa_Iberia" title="Penynsula sa Iberia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Penynsula sa Iberia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenejsk%C3%BD_poloostrov" title="Pyrenejský poloostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pyrenejský poloostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Peninsula Iberica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrhyn_Iberia" title="Penrhyn Iberia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Penrhyn Iberia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Iberiske_Halv%C3%B8" title="Den Iberiske Halvø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Iberiske Halvø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إيبيريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيبيريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberische_Halbinsel" title="Iberische Halbinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iberische Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenejska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Pyrenejska połkupa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pyrenejska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCrenee_poolsaar" title="Pürenee poolsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pürenee poolsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιβηρική Χερσόνησος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιβηρική Χερσόνησος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica" title="Península ibérica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Península ibérica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberio" title="Iberio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iberio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Península Ibérica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiar_penintsula" title="Iberiar penintsula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iberiar penintsula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شبه‌جزیره ایبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جزیره ایبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberianes" title="Iberianes – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Iberianes" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique" title="Péninsule Ibérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péninsule Ibérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibearysk_Skiereil%C3%A2n" title="Ibearysk Skiereilân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ibearysk Skiereilân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leithinis_na_hIb%C3%A9ire" title="Leithinis na hIbéire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leithinis na hIbéire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieh-innys_yn_Ibeir" title="Lieh-innys yn Ibeir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lieh-innys yn Ibeir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Península Ibérica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia_Pan-t%C3%B3" title="Iberia Pan-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iberia Pan-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="이베리아반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이베리아반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Պիրենեյան թերակղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիրենեյան թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="इबेरिया प्रायद्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इबेरिया प्रायद्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenejska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Pyrenejska połkupa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pyrenejska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenejski_poluotok" title="Pirenejski poluotok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pirenejski poluotok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iberia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Iberic" title="Peninsula Iberic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peninsula Iberic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsul_Iberic" title="Peninsul Iberic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Peninsul Iberic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пиренейы æрдæгсакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пиренейы æрдæгсакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dber%C3%ADuskagi" title="Íberíuskagi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íberíuskagi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_iberica" title="Penisola iberica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penisola iberica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="חצי האי האיברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצי האי האיברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA" title="ಐಬೀರಿಯನ್ ಪರ್ಯಾಯದ್ವೀಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಬೀರಿಯನ್ ಪರ್ಯಾಯದ್ವೀಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პირენეს ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირენეს ნახევარკუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Пиреней түбегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пиреней түбегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_ya_Iberia" title="Rasi ya Iberia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rasi ya Iberia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEvgirava_%C3%8Eber%C3%AE" title="Nîvgirava Îberî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîvgirava Îberî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Пиреней жарым аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пиреней жарым аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пиреней пел ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пиреней пел ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsola_Iberika" title="Peninsola Iberika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Peninsola Iberika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ແຫຼມອີເບລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຫຼມອີເບລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberia" title="Hiberia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hiberia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pireneju_pussala" title="Pireneju pussala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pireneju pussala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeeresch_Hallefinsel" title="Ibeeresch Hallefinsel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ibeeresch Hallefinsel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пиреней зуростров – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пиреней зуростров" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C4%97n%C5%B3_pusiasalis" title="Pirėnų pusiasalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirėnų pusiasalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%AEzoa_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Penîzoa Ibérica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Penîzoa Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberi%C3%AB" title="Iberië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iberië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iberia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%A9riai-f%C3%A9lsziget" title="Ibériai-félsziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibériai-félsziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пиринејски Полуостров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиринејски Полуостров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikanosy_Iberika" title="Saikanosy Iberika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saikanosy Iberika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഐബീരിയൻ ഉപദ്വീപ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐബീരിയൻ ഉപദ്വീപ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="इबेरियन द्वीपकल्प – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इबेरियन द्वीपकल्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პირენეშ ჩქონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პირენეშ ჩქონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شبه الجزيره الايبيريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شبه الجزيره الايبيريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایبری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایبری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Iberia" title="Semenanjung Iberia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semenanjung Iberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Eib%C3%A9rica" title="Península Eibérica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Península Eibérica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Иберийн хойг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иберийн хойг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ဘီးရီးယားကျွန်းဆွယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ဘီးရီးယားကျွန်းဆွယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Iberisch Schiereiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iberisch Schiereiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="इबेरियन प्रायद्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इबेरियन प्रायद्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="イベリア半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イベリア半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пиренейн ахгӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пиренейн ахгӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeerisk_Hualeweilun" title="Ibeerisk Hualeweilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ibeerisk Hualeweilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_iberiske_halv%C3%B8y" title="Den iberiske halvøy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den iberiske halvøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyren%C3%A9halv%C3%B8ya" title="Pyrenéhalvøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pyrenéhalvøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peninsula Iberica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pireney_yarim_oroli" title="Pireney yarim oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pireney yarim oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਬੇਰੀਆਈ ਟਾਪੂਨੁਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬੇਰੀਆਈ ਟਾਪੂਨੁਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ نما آئیبیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ نما آئیبیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9riko" title="Península Ibériko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Península Ibériko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د ایبریا شبه الجزیره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ایبریا شبه الجزیره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibiirian_Peninsiula" title="Aibiirian Peninsiula – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aibiirian Peninsiula" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ACsola_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Penìsola Ibérica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Penìsola Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82wysep_Iberyjski" title="Półwysep Iberyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półwysep Iberyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιβηρικόν Χερσόνησος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιβηρικόν Χερσόνησος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Península Ibérica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Iberic%C4%83" title="Peninsula Iberică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peninsula Iberică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пиренейский полуостров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиренейский полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ نما آئبیریا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جزیرہ نما آئبیریا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ACsula_Ib%C3%A8rica" title="Penìsula Ibèrica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Penìsula Ibèrica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_o_Ibeirie" title="Peninsula o Ibeirie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Peninsula o Ibeirie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadishulli_Iberik" title="Gadishulli Iberik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gadishulli Iberik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%C3%ACsula_ibb%C3%A8rica" title="Pinìsula ibbèrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pinìsula ibbèrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="අයිබීරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයිබීරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iberian Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزیرو نما آئیبیریا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جزیرو نما آئیبیریا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenejsk%C3%BD_polostrov" title="Pyrenejský polostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pyrenejský polostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberski_polotok" title="Iberski polotok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iberski polotok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیمچەدوورگەی ئیبیریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیمچەدوورگەی ئیبیریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиринејско полуострво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиринејско полуострво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirinejski_poluotok" title="Pirinejski poluotok – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pirinejski poluotok" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyreneiden_niemimaa" title="Pyreneiden niemimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyreneiden niemimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiska_halv%C3%B6n" title="Iberiska halvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iberiska halvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangway_ng_Iberya" title="Tangway ng Iberya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tangway ng Iberya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஐபீரிய மூவலந்தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐபீரிய மூவலந்தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Пиреней ярымутравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пиреней ярымутравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ber_Yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="İber Yarımadası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İber Yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirene%C3%BD_%C3%BDarymadasy" title="Pireneý ýarymadasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pireneý ýarymadasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Піренейський півострів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піренейський півострів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ نما آئبیریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ نما آئبیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirenejan_pol%27sar%27" title="Pirenejan pol'sar' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pirenejan pol'sar'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Iberia" title="Bán đảo Iberia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán đảo Iberia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="伊比利半島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊比利半島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Iberisch Schiereiland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iberisch Schiereiland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawis_han_Iberia" title="Rawis han Iberia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rawis han Iberia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊比利亚半岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9C" title="איבערישער האלבאינזל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבערישער האלבאינזל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=40_30_N_4_00_W_scale:10000000_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.500°N 4.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.500; -4.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula in southwestern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Iberia" redirects here. For other uses including the early mediaeval Caucasian kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iberia (disambiguation)">Iberia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Iberian (disambiguation)">Iberian</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Iberian Peninsula</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><span style="font-size:9pt;">Native names</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Península Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Península Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">Peninsula Iberica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Asturian-language text"><i lang="ast">Península Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Iberiar Penintsula</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Península Ibèrica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Iberian Peninsula</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Extremaduran-language text"><i lang="ext">Península Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Péninsule Ibérique</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">Península Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Mirandese-language text"><i lang="mwl">Península Eibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>)</span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span title="Fala-language text"><i lang="fax">Península/Pinínsula Ibérica</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/255px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/383px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg/510px-Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/260px-Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/390px-Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/520px-Iberia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=40_30_N_4_00_W_scale:10000000_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.500°N 4.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.500; -4.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">583,254 km<sup>2</sup> (225,196 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,478 m (11411 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Major_modern_countries">See below</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Iberian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 53</span> million</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iberian Peninsula</b> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet"><small>IPA</small></a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Iberia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in south-western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, it includes the territories of <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">Continental Portugal</a>, comprising most of the region, as well as the tiny adjuncts of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and, pursuant to the traditional definition of the Pyrenees as the peninsula's northeastern boundary, a small part of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a population of roughly 53 million,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the second-largest European peninsula by area, after the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sesars.svg/220px-Sesars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sesars.svg/330px-Sesars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sesars.svg/440px-Sesars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="62" /></a><figcaption>Northeast Iberian script from <a href="/wiki/Huesca_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huesca (province)">Huesca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the River <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> (Ibēros in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> and Ibērus or Hibērus in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>). The association was so well known it was hardly necessary to state; for example, Ibēria was the country "this side of the Ibērus" in Strabo. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of the peninsula" Hiberia because of the Hiberus River.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river appears in the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_Treaty" title="Ebro Treaty">Ebro Treaty</a> of 226 BCE between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. The fullest description of the treaty, stated in <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses Ibērus. With reference to this border, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the "native name" is <i>Ibēr</i>, apparently the original word, stripped of its Greek or Latin <i>-os</i> or <i>-us</i> termination. </p><p>The early range of these natives, which geographers and historians place from the present southern Spain to the present southern France along the Mediterranean coast, is marked by instances of a readable script expressing a yet unknown language, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a>". Whether this was the native name or was given to them by the Greeks for their residence near the Ebro remains unknown. Credence in Polybius imposes certain limitations on etymologizing: if the language remains unknown, the meanings of the words, including Iber, must also remain unknown. </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, the word <i>ibar</i><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means "valley" or "watered meadow", while <i>ibai</i><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means "river", but there is no proof connecting the names with <i>Ebro</i> or <i>Iberia</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_name">Greek name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greek name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Iberia</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hiberia</i></span> originating from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰβηρία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ibēríā</i></span>), used by Greek geographers under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-LyonsPapadopoulos2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyonsPapadopoulos2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the name did not describe a single geographical entity or a distinct population; the same name was used for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a>, natively known as <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, the core region of what would later become the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> who first reported the delineation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iberia</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Keltikē</i></span>) by the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ebel1976_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included the entire land mass southwest (he says "west") from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Padrón2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padrón2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the word "Iberia" continued the Roman word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hiberia</i></span> and the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰβηρία</span></span>. </p><p>The ancient Greeks reached the Iberian Peninsula, of which they had heard from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, by voyaging westward on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> was the first known to use the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iberia</i></span>, which he wrote about <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> of Halicarnassus says of the <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaeans</a> that "it was they who made the Greeks acquainted with [...] Iberia."<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus1827_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus1827-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-III.4.19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-III.4.19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior historians used <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iberia</i></span> to mean the country "this side of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἶβηρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ibēros</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>) as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, but in his day they set the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> as the limit. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> respects that limit,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but identifies Iberia as the Mediterranean side as far south as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, with the Atlantic side having no name. Elsewhere<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he says that <a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Saguntum</a> is "on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_names">Roman names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></div> <p>According to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use <i>Hispania</i> and <i>Hiberia</i> (Greek: <i>Iberia</i>) as synonyms. The confusion of the words was because of an overlapping in political and geographic perspectives. The Latin word <i>Hiberia</i>, similar to the Greek <i>Iberia</i>, literally translates to "land of the Hiberians". This word was derived from the river <i>Hiberus</i> (now called <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> or Ebre). <i>Hiber</i> (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebel1976_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebel1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaffiot1934_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaffiot1934-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> in 200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vega2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vega2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> wrote <i>impacatos (H)iberos</i> ("restless Iberi") in his <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Virgil1846_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virgil1846-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> called the entire peninsula <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></i>. In Greek and Roman antiquity, the name <i>Hesperia</i> was used for both the Italian and Iberian Peninsula; in the latter case <i>Hesperia Ultima</i> (referring to its position in the far west) appears as form of disambiguation from the former among Roman writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernet_Pons2014307_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernet_Pons2014307-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also since Roman antiquity, Jews gave the name <i><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></i> to the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernet_Pons2014297_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernet_Pons2014297-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As they became politically interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names <i>Hispania Citerior</i> and <i>Hispania Ulterior</i> for 'near' and 'far' Hispania. At the time Hispania was made up of three <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Lusitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a>. Strabo says<sup id="cite_ref-III.4.19_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-III.4.19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Romans use <i>Hispania</i> and <i>Iberia</i> synonymously, distinguishing between the <i>near</i> northern and the <i>far</i> southern provinces. (The name <i>Iberia</i> was ambiguous, being also the name of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Iberia</a> in the Caucasus.) </p><p>Whatever languages may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the <a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a>, which was preserved as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> by the barrier of the Pyrenees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_name">Modern name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern phrase "Iberian Peninsula" was coined by the French geographer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent" title="Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent">Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent</a> on his 1823 work <i>"Guide du Voyageur en Espagne"</i>. Prior to that date, geographers had used the terms 'Spanish Peninsula' or 'Pyrenaean Peninsula'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palaeolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited by members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> genus for at least 1.2 million years as remains found in the sites in the <a href="/wiki/Atapuerca_Mountains" title="Atapuerca Mountains">Atapuerca Mountains</a> demonstrate. Among these sites is the cave of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Dolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Dolina">Gran Dolina</a>, where six <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominin</a> skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, or a new species called <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>. </p><p>Around 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BP, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period, the last glacial event began and the Neanderthal <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> culture was established. Around 37,000 BP, during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, the Neanderthal <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> cultural period began. Emanating from <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>, this culture extended into the north of the peninsula. It continued to exist until around 30,000 BP, when Neanderthal man faced extinction. </p><p>About 40,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> entered the Iberian Peninsula from across the Pyrenees. On the Iberian Peninsula, modern humans developed a series of different cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> cultures, some of them characterized by the complex forms of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic expansion</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> cultures developed in the Iberian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open seas navigation culture from the east Mediterranean, called the <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium culture</a>, also extended its influence to the eastern coasts of the peninsula, possibly as early as the 5th millennium BCE. These people may have had some relation to the subsequent development of the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian civilization</a>. </p><p>As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, is testimony to a considerable input from various waves of (predominantly male) <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> during the Bronze Age. Iberia experienced a significant genetic turnover, with 100% of the paternal ancestry and 40% of the overall ancestry being replaced by peoples with steppe-related ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/220px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/330px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/440px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A model recreating the Chalcolithic settlement of Los Millares</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BCE), a series of complex cultures developed that would give rise to the peninsula's <a href="/wiki/First_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="First civilization">first civilizations</a> and to extensive exchange networks reaching to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. Around 2800 – 2700 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, which produced the <i>Maritime Bell Beaker</i>, probably originated in the vibrant copper-using communities of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> estuary and spread from there to many parts of western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-case_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bronze Age began on the Iberian Peninsula in 2100 cal. BC according to radiocarbon datings of several key sites. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cultures developed beginning <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the culture of <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a> was followed by that of <a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">El Argar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Early Bronze Age, southeastern Iberia saw the emergence of important settlements, a development that has compelled some archeologists to propose that these settlements indicate the advent of state-level social structures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this centre, bronze metalworking technology spread to other cultures like the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_of_Levante" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze of Levante">Bronze of Levante</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Cogotas" title="Las Cogotas">Las Cogotas</a>. </p><p>Preceded by the Chalcolithic sites of Los Millares, the <a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric culture</a> flourished in southeastern Iberia in from 2200 BC to 1550 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when depopulation of the area ensued along with disappearing of copper–bronze–arsenic metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarriónFuentesGonzález-SampérizSánchez-Quirante20071472_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarriónFuentesGonzález-SampérizSánchez-Quirante20071472-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most accepted model for El Argar has been that of an early state society, most particularly in terms of class division, exploitation, and coercion,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with agricultural production, maybe also human labour, controlled by the larger hilltop settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2008208–209_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2008208–209-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the elite using violence in practical and ideological terms to clamp down on the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegarra_Herrero202152_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegarra_Herrero202152-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological degradation, landscape opening, fires, pastoralism, and maybe tree cutting for mining have been suggested as reasons for the collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture of the <i><a href="/wiki/Motillas" title="Motillas">motillas</a></i> developed an early system of groundwater supply plants (the so-called <i>motillas</i>) in the upper <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a> basin (in the southern <i>meseta</i>) in a context of extreme aridification in the area in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">4.2-kiloyear climatic event</a>, which roughly coincided with the transition from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age. Increased precipitation and recovery of the water table from about 1800 BC onward should have led to the forsaking of the <i>motillas</i> (which may have flooded) and the redefinition of the relation of the inhabitants of the territory with the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-history">Proto-history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proto-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/220px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/330px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/440px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Iberia before the Carthaginian conquests <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg/130px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg/195px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg/260px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_002A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>An instance of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic script</a> inscribed in the Abóbada I stele.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, starting in the 8th century BCE, the Iberian Peninsula consisted of complex agrarian and urban civilizations, either <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a> or Celtic (such as the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> and others), the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a> in the eastern and southern zones and the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> in the western portion of the Pyrenees. </p><p>As early as the 12th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician civilization">Phoenicians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocratic">thalassocratic</a> civilization originally from the Eastern Mediterranean, began to explore the coastline of the peninsula, interacting with the metal-rich communities in the southwest of the peninsula (contemporarily known as the semi-mythical <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe199515_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe199515-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1100 BCE, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>). Phoenicians established a permanent trading port in the Gadir colony <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BCE</span> in response to the increasing demand of silver from the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe199516_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe199516-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seafaring Phoenicians, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over several centuries. In the 8th century BCE, the first <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity#Greek_colonies" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colonies</a>, such as Emporion (modern <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Empúries</a>), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. </p><p>Together with the presence of Phoenician and Greek epigraphy, several <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">paleohispanic scripts</a> developed in the Iberian Peninsula along the 1st millennium BCE. The development of a primordial paleohispanic script antecessor to the rest of paleohispanic scripts (originally supposed to be a non-redundant <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semi-syllabary</a>) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> and originated in Southwestern Iberia by the 7th century BCE has been tentatively proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sixth century BCE, the Carthaginians arrived in the peninsula while struggling with the Greeks for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena, Spain</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquista_Hispania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/290px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/435px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/580px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula">Roman conquest</a>: 220 BCE – 19 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>In 218 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> against the Carthaginians, the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> troops occupied the Iberian Peninsula, known to them as <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. After 197, the territories of the peninsula most accustomed to external contact and with the most urban tradition (the Mediterranean Coast and the Guadalquivir Valley) were divided by Romans into <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local rebellions were quelled, with a 195 Roman campaign under Cato the Elder ravaging hotspots of resistance in the northeastern Ebro Valley and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodá2013526_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodá2013526-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat to Roman interests posed by Celtiberians and Lusitanians in uncontrolled territories lingered in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodá2013527_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodá2013527-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further wars of indigenous resistance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a>, were fought in the 2nd century. Urban growth took place, and population progressively moved from <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a> to the plains.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Slaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaving">slaving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>, the aftermath of the conquest increased mining extractive processes in the southwest of the peninsula (which required a massive number of forced laborers, initially from Hispania and latter also from the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic borderlands</a> and other locations of the Mediterranean), bringing in a far-reaching environmental outcome vis-à-vis long-term global pollution records, with levels of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pollution">atmospheric pollution</a> from mining across the Mediterranean during Classical Antiquity having no match until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to mineral extraction (of which the region was the leading supplier in the early Roman world, with production of the likes of gold, silver, copper, lead, and <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>), Hispania also produced manufactured goods (<a href="/wiki/Terra_sigillata" title="Terra sigillata">sigillata</a> pottery, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">colourless glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> garments) fish and fish sauce (<a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>), dry crops (such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and, more importantly, <a href="/wiki/Esparto" title="Esparto">esparto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> spurred on throughout the first century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodá2013535_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodá2013535-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peninsula was also the battleground of civil wars between rulers of the Roman republic; such as the <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">conflict between Caesar and Pompey</a> later in the century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodá2013533;_536_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodá2013533;_536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their 600-year occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, the Romans introduced the Latin language that influenced many of the languages that exist today in the Iberian peninsula. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_Iberia">Pre-modern Iberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-modern Iberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_560.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/220px-Iberia_560.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/330px-Iberia_560.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/440px-Iberia_560.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Germanic and Byzantine rule <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 560</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early fifth century, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> occupied the peninsula, namely the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a>) and their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>. Only the kingdom of the Suebi (<a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>) would endure after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, who occupied all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Visigoths eventually occupied the Suebi kingdom and its capital city, Bracara (modern day <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>), in 584–585. They would also occupy the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (552–624) of <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a> in the south of the peninsula<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> remained in Byzantine hands until Umayyad conquest, which began in 703 CE and was completed in 902 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></div> <p>In 711, a <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim army</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a>, the Islamic army landed at Gibraltar and, in an eight-year campaign, occupied all except the northern kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإندلس</span>, tr. <i>al-ʾAndalūs</i>, possibly "Land of the Vandals"),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samsó1998_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsó1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Arabic name given to Muslim Iberia. The Muslim conquerors were <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>; following the conquest, conversion and arabization of the Hispano-Roman population took place, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199141–42_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199141–42-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>muwalladum</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mulad%C3%AD" title="Muladí">Muladí</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199143_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199143-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernández-Morera2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Morera2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long process, spurred on in the 9th and 10th centuries, the majority of the population in Al-Andalus eventually converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199147_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199147-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslims were referred to by the generic name <i><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim population was divided per ethnicity (Arabs, Berbers, Muladí), and the supremacy of Arabs over the rest of group was a recurrent causal for strife, rivalry and hatred, particularly between Arabs and Berbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199143–44_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199143–44-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab elites could be further divided in the Yemenites (first wave) and the Syrians (second wave).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199145_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199145-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians and Jews were allowed to live as part of a stratified society under the <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi"><i>dhimmah</i> system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199146_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199146-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Jews became very important in certain fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199149_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199149-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christians migrated to the Northern Christian kingdoms, while those who stayed in Al-Andalus progressively arabised and became known as <i>musta'arab</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mozarab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarab">mozarabs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199148_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199148-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave population comprised the <i><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Ṣaqāliba</a></i> (literally meaning "slavs", although they were slaves of generic European origin) as well as <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudanese</a> slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199150_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarín-Guzmán199150-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Umayyad rulers faced a major <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a> in the early 740s; the uprising originally broke out in North Africa (Tangier) and later spread across the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood201920_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201920-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> takeover from the Umayyads and the shift of the economic centre of the Islamic Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad, the western province of al-Andalus was marginalised and ultimately became politically autonomous as independent emirate in 756, ruled by one of the last surviving Umayyad royals, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable19943_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable19943-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/220px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/330px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/440px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Islamic rule: <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Andalus became a center of culture and learning, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>. The Caliphate reached the height of its power under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd-ar-Rahman_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-ar-Rahman III">Abd-ar-Rahman III</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a>, becoming then, in the view of <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Vicens_Vives" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Vicens Vives">Jaime Vicens Vives</a>, "the most powerful state in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives197037_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives197037-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd-ar-Rahman III also managed to expand the clout of Al-Andalus across the Strait of Gibraltar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives197037_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicens_Vives197037-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waging war, as well as his successor, against the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Empire">Fatimid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafran200038–42_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafran200038–42-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 8th and 12th centuries, Al-Andalus enjoyed a notable urban vitality, both in terms of the growth of the preexisting cities as well as in terms of founding of new ones: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba (Spain)">Córdoba</a> reached a population of 100,000 by the 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> 30,000 by the 11th century and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> 80,000 by the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013167_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013167-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the North of the peninsula housed many small Christian polities including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, as well as a number of counties that spawned from the Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a>. Christian and Muslim polities fought and allied among themselves in variable alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian kingdoms progressively expanded south taking over Muslim territory in what is historiographically known as the "<a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>" (the latter concept has been however noted as product of the claim to a pre-existing Spanish Catholic nation and it would not necessarily convey adequately "the complexity of centuries of warring and other more peaceable interactions between Muslim and Christian kingdoms in medieval Iberia between 711 and 1492").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavanaugh20164_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavanaugh20164-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg/170px-Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg/255px-Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg/340px-Warriors_embrace_CSM_185_panel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Two warriors embrace before the siege of Chincoya Castle (<i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Caliphate of Córdoba was subsumed in a period of upheaval and civil war (the <a href="/wiki/Fitna_of_al-Andalus" title="Fitna of al-Andalus">Fitna of al-Andalus</a>) and collapsed in the early 11th century, spawning a series of ephemeral statelets, the <i><a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifas</a></i>. Until the mid 11th century, most of the territorial expansion southwards of the Kingdom of Asturias/León was carried out through a policy of agricultural colonization rather than through military operations; then, profiting from the feebleness of the taifa principalities, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I of León</a> seized Lamego and Viseu (1057–1058) and Coimbra (1064) away from the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Taifa of Badajoz</a> (at times at war with the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Taifa of Seville</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_FitzAyala_MartínezAlvira_Cabrer201883–84_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_FitzAyala_MartínezAlvira_Cabrer201883–84-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in the same year Coimbra was conquered, in the Northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Aragon <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Barbastro" title="Crusade of Barbastro">took Barbastro</a> from the Hudid <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_L%C3%A9rida" title="Taifa of Lérida">Taifa of Lérida</a> as part of an international expedition sanctioned by Pope Alexander II. Most critically, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Castile">Alfonso VI of León-Castile</a> conquered Toledo and its <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo" title="Taifa of Toledo">wider taifa</a> in 1085, in what it was seen as a critical event at the time, entailing also a huge territorial expansion, advancing from the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_FitzAyala_MartínezAlvira_Cabrer201884_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_FitzAyala_MartínezAlvira_Cabrer201884-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1086, following the siege of Zaragoza by Alfonso VI of León-Castile, the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravids</a>, religious zealots originally from the deserts of the Maghreb, landed in the Iberian Peninsula, and, having inflicted a serious defeat to Alfonso VI at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zalaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zalaca">battle of Zalaca</a>, began to seize control of the remaining taifas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood201987–88_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201987–88-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almoravids in the Iberian peninsula progressively relaxed strict observance of their faith, and treated both Jews and Mozarabs harshly, facing uprisings across the peninsula, initially in the Western part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983228_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983228-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohads</a>, another North-African Muslim sect of Masmuda Berber origin who had previously undermined the Almoravid rule south of the Strait of Gibraltar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983227_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983227-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first entered the peninsula in 1146.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983229_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1983229-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat straying from the trend taking place in other locations of the Latin West since the 10th century, the period comprising the 11th and 13th centuries was not one of weakening monarchical power in the Christian kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuresi20115_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuresi20115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively novel concept of "frontier" (Sp: <i>frontera</i>), already reported in Aragon by the second half of the 11th century become widespread in the Christian Iberian kingdoms by the beginning of the 13th century, in relation to the more or less conflictual border with Muslim lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuresi20112–3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuresi20112–3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 13th century, a power reorientation took place in the Iberian Peninsula (parallel to the Christian expansion in Southern Iberia and the increasing commercial impetus of Christian powers across the Mediterranean) and to a large extent, trade-wise, the Iberian Peninsula reorientated towards the North away from the Muslim World.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstable19942–3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable19942–3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the monarchs of Castile and León, from <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> (crowned <i>Hispaniae Imperator</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a> tended to embrace an imperial ideal based on a dual Christian and Jewish ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues20117_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues20117-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the hegemonic ambitions of its rulers and the consolidation of the union of Castile and León after 1230, it should be pointed that, except for a brief period in the 1330s and 1340s, Castile tended to be nonetheless "essentially unstable" from a political standpoint until the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz202188,_99_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz202188,_99-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merchants from Genoa and Pisa were conducting an intense trading activity in Catalonia already by the 12th century, and later in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> expanded overseas; led by <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a>, it attained an overseas empire in the Western Mediterranean, with a presence in Mediterranean islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Balearics" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearics">Balearics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and even conquering Naples in the mid-15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie20001_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie20001-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genoese merchants invested heavily in the Iberian commercial enterprise with Lisbon becoming, according to <a href="/wiki/Virg%C3%ADnia_Rau" title="Virgínia Rau">Virgínia Rau</a>, the "great centre of Genoese trade" in the early 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149–50_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149–50-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese would later detach their trade to some extent from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201149-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrid Kingdom of Granada">Nasrid Kingdom of Granada</a>, neighbouring the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and founded upon a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassalage</a> relationship with the Crown of Castile,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFábregas_García20061616_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFábregas_García20061616-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also insinuated itself into the European mercantile network, with its ports fostering intense trading relations with the Genoese as well, but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFábregas_García200616–17_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFábregas_García200616–17-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1275 and 1340, Granada became involved in the "crisis of the Strait", and was caught in a complex geopolitical struggle ("a kaleidoscope of alliances") with multiple powers vying for dominance of the Western Mediterranean, complicated by the unstable relations of Muslim Granada with the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict reached a climax in the 1340 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Salado" title="Battle of Río Salado">Battle of Río Salado</a>, when, this time in alliance with Granada, the Marinid Sultan (and Caliph pretender) <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman</a> made the last Marinid attempt to set up a power base in the Iberian Peninsula. The lasting consequences of the resounding Muslim defeat to an alliance of Castile and Portugal with naval support from Aragon and Genoa ensured Christian supremacy over the Iberian Peninsula and the preeminence of Christian fleets in the Western Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuñoz_Bolaños2012154_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuñoz_Bolaños2012154-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg/170px-FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg/255px-FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg/340px-FraMauroMapSpainPortugalNorthenAfrica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa (inverted) by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro" title="Fra Mauro">Fra Mauro</a> (ca. 1450)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">1348–1350 bubonic plague</a> devastated large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, leading to a sudden economic cessation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201718_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz201718-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many settlements in northern Castile and Catalonia were left forsaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201718_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz201718-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague marked the start of the hostility and downright violence towards religious minorities (particularly the Jews) as an additional consequence in the Iberian realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201719_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz201719-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th century was a period of great upheaval in the Iberian realms. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter the Cruel of Castile</a> (reigned 1350–69), the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> succeeded to the throne in the person of Peter's half brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a> (reigned 1369–79). In the kingdom of Aragón, following the death without heirs of <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a> (reigned 1387–96) and <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin I</a> (reigned 1396–1410), a prince of the House of Trastámara, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a> (reigned 1412–16), succeeded to the Aragonese throne.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> also spilled over into the Iberian peninsula, with Castile particularly taking a role in the conflict by providing key naval support to France that helped lead to that nation's eventual victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a> to the throne of Castile, the populace, exasperated by the preponderance of Jewish influence, perpetrated a massacre of Jews at Toledo. In 1391, mobs went from town to town throughout Castile and Aragon, killing an estimated 50,000 Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even as many as 100,000, according to <a href="/wiki/Jane_Gerber" title="Jane Gerber">Jane Gerber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerber1994113_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber1994113-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and children were sold as slaves to Muslims, and many synagogues were converted into churches. According to <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a>, about 70 Jewish communities were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 15th century, Portugal, which had ended its southwards territorial expansion across the Iberian Peninsula in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve, initiated an overseas expansion in parallel to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquering Ceuta</a> (1415) arriving at <a href="/wiki/Porto_Santo_Island" title="Porto Santo Island">Porto Santo</a> (1418), <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, as well as establishing additional outposts along the North-African Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGloël201755_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGloël201755-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, already in the Early Modern Period, between the completion of the Granada War in 1492 and the death of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1516, the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Monarchy_(political_entity)" title="Hispanic Monarchy (political entity)">Hispanic Monarchy</a> would make strides in the imperial expansion along the Mediterranean coast of the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscribano_Páez2016189–191_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscribano_Páez2016189–191-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Late Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Jews</a> acquired considerable power and influence in Castile and Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlorente184319_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlorente184319-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the late Middle Ages, the Crown of Aragon took part in the mediterranean slave trade, with <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (already in the 14th century), <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> (particularly in the 15th century) and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> (since the 13th century), becoming dynamic centres in this regard, involving chiefly eastern and Muslim peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castile engaged later in this economic activity, rather by adhering to the incipient atlantic slave trade involving sub-saharan people thrusted by Portugal (Lisbon being the largest slave centre in Western Europe) since the mid 15th century, with Seville becoming another key hub for the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the advance in the conquest of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada, the seizure of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> entailed the addition of another notable slave centre for the Crown of Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 15th century (1490) the Iberian kingdoms (including here the Balearic Islands) had an estimated population of 6.525 million (Crown of Castile, 4.3 million; Portugal, 1.0 million; Principality of Catalonia, 0.3 million; Kingdom of Valencia, 0.255 million; Kingdom of Granada, 0.25 million; Kingdom of Aragon, 0.25 million; Kingdom of Navarre, 0.12 million and the Kingdom of Mallorca, 0.05 million).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013180_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013180-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For three decades in the 15th century, the <i>Hermandad de las Marismas</i>, the trading association formed by the ports of Castile along the Cantabrian coast, resembling in some ways the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, fought against the latter,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> an ally of England, a rival of Castile in political and economic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013350_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013350-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castile sought to claim the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Biscay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Biscay">Gulf of Biscay</a> as its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1419, the powerful Castilian navy <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle_(1419)" title="Battle of La Rochelle (1419)">thoroughly defeated a Hanseatic fleet in La Rochelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 15th century, the imperial ambition of the Iberian powers was pushed to new heights by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> in Castile and Aragon, and by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues20117_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues20117-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/220px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/330px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg/440px-Reinos_Antiguo_R%C3%A9gimen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Iberian Kingdoms in 1400</figcaption></figure> <p>The last Muslim stronghold, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, was conquered by a combined Castilian and Aragonese force in 1492. As many as 100,000 Moors died or were enslaved in the military campaign, while 200,000 fled to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims and Jews throughout the period were variously tolerated or shown intolerance in different Christian kingdoms. After the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War#Last_stand_at_Granada" title="Granada War">fall of Granada</a>, all Muslims and Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or face expulsion—as many as 200,000 Jews were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expelled from Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 3,000,000 Muslims fled or were driven out of Spain between 1492 and 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Henry Kamen estimates that some 25,000 Jews died en route from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews were also <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Sicily" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily">expelled from Sicily</a> and Sardinia, which were under Aragonese rule, and an estimated 37,000 to 100,000 Jews left.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1497, King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> forced all Jews in his kingdom to convert or leave. That same year he <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">expelled</a> all Muslims that were not slaves,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1502 the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> followed suit, imposing the choice of <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">conversion to Christianity</a> or exile and loss of property. Many Jews and Muslims fled to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, while others publicly converted to Christianity and became known respectively as <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> (after the old term <i>Moors</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these continued to practice their religion in secret. The Moriscos revolted several times and were ultimately <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">forcibly expelled</a> from Spain in the early 17th century. From 1609 to 1614, over 300,000 Moriscos were sent on ships to North Africa and other locations, and, of this figure, around 50,000 died resisting the expulsion, and 60,000 died on the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of case studies by the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> demonstrated that the change of relative supremacy from Portugal to the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Monarchy_(political_entity)" title="Hispanic Monarchy (political entity)">Hispanic Monarchy</a> in the late 15th century was one of the few cases of avoidance of the <a href="/wiki/Thucydides_Trap" title="Thucydides Trap">Thucydides Trap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs_1939_l047_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs_1939_l047-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Iberia">Modern Iberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern Iberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg/220px-La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg/330px-La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg/440px-La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mostre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Expelling of the moriscos in the Port of Denia</figcaption></figure> <p>Challenging the conventions about the advent of modernity, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a> pushed back the origins of the capitalist modernity to the Iberian expansion of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEel-Ojeili20154_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEel-Ojeili20154-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 16th century Spain created a vast empire in the Americas, with a state monopoly in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> becoming the center of the ensuing transatlantic trade, based on <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011169–170_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011169–170-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iberian imperialism, starting by the Portuguese establishment of routes to Asia and the posterior transatlantic trade with the New World by Spaniards and Portuguese (along Dutch, English and French), precipitated the economic decline of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPrados_de_la_Escosura199837–38_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPrados_de_la_Escosura199837–38-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th century was one of population growth with increased pressure over resources;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011116–117_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011116–117-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the case of the Iberian Peninsula a part of the population moved to the Americas meanwhile Jews and Moriscos were banished, relocating to other places in the Mediterranean Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011117_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011117-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Moriscos remained in Spain after the <a href="/wiki/Morisco_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco revolt">Morisco revolt</a> in Las Alpujarras during the mid-16th century, but roughly 300,000 of them <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">were expelled from the country</a> in 1609–1614, and emigrated <i>en masse</i> to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiangBalbaleDevereuxGómez-Rivas201323_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiangBalbaleDevereuxGómez-Rivas201323-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey,_c._1570-80_(Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png/220px-Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png/330px-Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png/440px-Chafariz_d%E2%80%99El-Rey%2C_c._1570-80_%28Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Berardo%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>An anonymous picture depicting Lisbon, the centre of the slave trade, by the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1580, after the political crisis that followed the 1578 death of King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian</a>, Portugal became a dynastic composite entity of the Hapsburg Monarchy; thus, the whole peninsula was united politically during the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640). During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (I of Portugal), the Councils of Portugal, Italy, Flanders and Burgundy were added to the group of counselling institutions of the Hispanic Monarchy, to which the Councils of Castile, Aragon, Indies, Chamber of Castile, Inquisition, Orders, and Crusade already belonged, defining the organization of the Royal court that underpinned the <a href="/wiki/Polysynodial_System" title="Polysynodial System">Polysynodial System</a> through which the empire operated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrios201552_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios201552-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Iberian union, the "first great wave" of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> happened, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enriqueta_Vila_Villar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enriqueta Vila Villar (page does not exist)">Enriqueta Vila Villar</a>, as new markets opened because of the unification gave thrust to the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemser2018117_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemser2018117-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1600, the percentage of urban population for Spain was roughly 11.4%, while for Portugal the urban population was estimated as 14.1%, which were both above the 7.6% European average of the time (edged only by the Low Countries and the Italian Peninsula).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some striking differences appeared among the different Iberian realms. Castile, extending across a 60% of the territory of the peninsula and having 80% of the population was a rather urbanised country, yet with a widespread distribution of cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the urban population in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> was highly concentrated in a handful of cities: <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>), and, to a lesser extent in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orihuela" title="Orihuela">Orihuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of Portugal presented an hypertrophied capital, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (which greatly increased its population during the 16th century, from 56,000 to 60,000 inhabitants by 1527, to roughly 120,000 by the third quarter of the century) with its demographic dynamism stimulated by the Asian trade,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiranda201775–76_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiranda201775–76-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed at great distance by <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a> (both roughly accounting for 12,500 inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiranda201776_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiranda201776-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout most of the 16th century, both Lisbon and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> were among the Western Europe's largest and most dynamic cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flanagan200818_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flanagan200818-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 17th century has been largely considered as a very negative period for the Iberian economies, seen as a time of recession, crisis or even decline,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the urban dynamism chiefly moving to Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dismantling of the inner city network in the Castilian plateau took place during this period (with a parallel accumulation of economic activity in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>), with only <a href="/wiki/New_Castile_(Spain)" title="New Castile (Spain)">New Castile</a> resisting recession in the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019421,_423_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019421,_423-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the Atlantic façade of Castile, aside from the severing of trade with Northern Europe, inter-regional trade with other regions in the Iberian Peninsula also suffered to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019424_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019424-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Aragon, suffering from similar problems than Castile, the expelling of the Moriscos in 1609 in the Kingdom of Valencia aggravated the recession. Silk turned from a domestic industry into a raw commodity to be exported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019425–426_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019425–426-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the crisis was uneven (affecting longer the centre of the peninsula), as both Portugal and the Mediterranean coastline recovered in the later part of the century by fuelling a sustained growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019428–429_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019428–429-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aftermath of the intermittent <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">1640–1668 Portuguese Restoration War</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> as the new ruling dynasty in the Portuguese territories across the world (bar <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>), putting an end to the Iberian Union. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">History of Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></div> <p>Despite both Portugal and Spain starting their path towards modernization with the liberal revolutions of the first half of the 19th century, this process was, concerning structural changes in the geographical distribution of the population, relatively tame compared to what took place after World War II in the Iberian Peninsula, when strong urban development ran in parallel to substantial <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">rural flight</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilveiraAlvesPainhoCosta2013172_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilveiraAlvesPainhoCosta2013172-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography of Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Geography of Andorra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg/290px-MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg/435px-MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg/580px-MapaTopogr%C3%A1ficoPen%C3%ADnsulaIb%C3%A9rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of the Iberian Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iberian Peninsula is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Blanco198821–32_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Blanco198821–32-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms the westernmost portion of the larger <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> landmass. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and on the north, west, and southwest by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> mountains are situated along the northeast edge of the peninsula, where it adjoins the rest of Europe. Its southern tip, located in <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a> is the southernmost point of the European continent and is very close to the northwest coast of Africa, separated from it by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula encompasses 583,254 km<sup>2</sup> and has very contrasting and uneven relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula are mainly distributed from west to east, and in some cases reach altitudes of approximately 3000 <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">mamsl</a>, resulting in the region having the second highest mean altitude (637 mamsl) in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula extends from the southernmost extremity at <a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Tarifa" title="Punta de Tarifa">Punta de Tarifa</a> to the northernmost extremity at <a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Estaca_de_Bares" title="Punta de Estaca de Bares">Punta de Estaca de Bares</a> over a distance between lines of latitude of about 865 km (537 mi) based on a <a href="/wiki/Latitude#Degree_length" title="Latitude">degree length</a> of 111 km (69 mi) per degree, and from the westernmost extremity at <a href="/wiki/Cabo_da_Roca" title="Cabo da Roca">Cabo da Roca</a> to the easternmost extremity at <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_Creus" title="Cap de Creus">Cap de Creus</a> over a distance between lines of longitude at <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40° N latitude</a> of about 1,155 km (718 mi) based on an estimated degree length of about 90 km (56 mi) for that latitude. The irregular, roughly octagonal shape of the peninsula contained within this spherical <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(geography)" title="Quadrangle (geography)">quadrangle</a> was compared by the geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an ox-hide. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="60%" border="2" align="center" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="30%" align="center"> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Estaca_de_Bares" title="Punta de Estaca de Bares">Punta de Estaca de Bares</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=43_47_38_N_7_41_17_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°47′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°41′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.79389°N 7.68806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.79389; -7.68806</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </td> <td width="30%" align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="30%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cabo_da_Roca" title="Cabo da Roca">Cabo da Roca</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=38_46_51_N_9_29_54_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°46′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°29′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.78083°N 9.49833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.78083; -9.49833</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compass_rose_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Compass_rose_simple.svg/75px-Compass_rose_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Compass_rose_simple.svg/113px-Compass_rose_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Compass_rose_simple.svg/150px-Compass_rose_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </td> <td width="30%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cap_de_Creus" title="Cap de Creus">Cap de Creus</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=42_19_09_N_3_19_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°19′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°19′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.31917°N 3.32194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.31917; 3.32194</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="30%" align="center"> </td> <td width="40%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Tarifa" title="Punta de Tarifa">Punta de Tarifa</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iberian_Peninsula&params=36_00_15_N_5_36_37_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°00′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°36′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.00417°N 5.61028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.00417; -5.61028</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </td> <td width="10%" align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>About three quarters of that rough octagon is the <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a>, a vast plateau ranging from 610 to 760 m in altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located approximately in the centre, staggered slightly to the east and tilted slightly toward the west (the conventional centre of the Iberian Peninsula has long been considered <a href="/wiki/Getafe" title="Getafe">Getafe</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>). It is ringed by mountains and contains the sources of most of the rivers, which find their way through gaps in the mountain barriers on all sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline">Coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg/220px-Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg/330px-Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg/440px-Iberia_Europe_satfoto_2014067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian Peninsula and Southern France, satellite photo on a cloudless day in March 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is 3,313 km (2,059 mi), 1,660 km (1,030 mi) on the Mediterranean side and 1,653 km (1,027 mi) on the Atlantic side.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coast has been inundated over time, with sea levels having risen from a minimum of 115–120 m (377–394 ft) lower than today at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) to its current level at 4,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal shelf created by sedimentation during that time remains below the surface; however, it was never very extensive on the Atlantic side, as the continental shelf drops rather steeply into the depths. An estimated 700 km (430 mi) length of Atlantic shelf is only 10–65 km (6.2–40.4 mi) wide. At the 500 m (1,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Isobath" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobath">isobath</a>, on the edge, the shelf drops off to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The submarine topography of the coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied extensively in the process of drilling for oil. Ultimately, the shelf drops into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> on the north (an abyss), the Iberian abyssal plain at 4,800 m (15,700 ft) on the west, and Tagus abyssal plain to the south. In the north, between the continental shelf and the abyss, is an extension called the Galicia Bank, a plateau that also contains the Porto, Vigo, and Vasco da Gama <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>, which form the Galicia interior basin. The southern border of these features is marked by <a href="/wiki/Nazar%C3%A9_Canyon" title="Nazaré Canyon">Nazaré Canyon</a>, which splits the continental shelf and leads directly into the abyss.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douro_estuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Douro_estuary.jpg/220px-Douro_estuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Douro_estuary.jpg/330px-Douro_estuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Douro_estuary.jpg/440px-Douro_estuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>Discharge of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> into the Atlantic Ocean near Porto</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Spain" title="List of rivers of Spain">List of rivers of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">List of rivers of Portugal</a></div> <p>The major rivers flow through the wide valleys between the mountain systems. These are the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All rivers in the Iberian Peninsula are subject to seasonal variations in flow. </p><p>The Tagus is the longest river on the peninsula and, like the Douro, flows westwards with its lower course in Portugal. The Guadiana river bends southwards and forms the border between Spain and Portugal in the last stretch of its course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely <a href="/wiki/Mountainous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous">mountainous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major mountain systems are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and their foothills, the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pyrenees" title="Pre-Pyrenees">Pre-Pyrenees</a>, crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. <a href="/wiki/Aneto" title="Aneto">Aneto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maladeta" title="Maladeta">Maladeta</a> massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulhacen_north_face.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mulhacen_north_face.JPG/220px-Mulhacen_north_face.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mulhacen_north_face.JPG/330px-Mulhacen_north_face.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mulhacen_north_face.JPG/440px-Mulhacen_north_face.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a>, the highest peak in the Iberian Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a> along the northern coast with the massive <a href="/wiki/Picos_de_Europa" title="Picos de Europa">Picos de Europa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Cerredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre de Cerredo">Torre de Cerredo</a>, at 2,648 m, is the highest point</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Galician_Massif" title="Galician Massif">Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif</a> in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pena_Trevinca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pena Trevinca">Pena Trevinca</a>, at 2,127 m, is the highest point</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Sistema Ibérico</a>, a complex system at the heart of the peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. <a href="/wiki/Moncayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncayo">Moncayo</a>, at 2,313 m, is the highest point</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a>, dividing the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Plateau">Iberian Plateau</a> into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">Continental Portugal</a> (1,993 m) is located in the <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela" title="Serra da Estrela">Serra da Estrela</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pico_Almanzor" title="Pico Almanzor">Pico Almanzor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Gredos" title="Sierra de Gredos">Sierra de Gredos</a> is the highest point, at 2,592 m</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Montes_de_Toledo" title="Montes de Toledo">Montes de Toledo</a>, which also stretches into Portugal from the <a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a> natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is <a href="/wiki/La_Villuerca" title="La Villuerca">La Villuerca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Villuercas" title="Sierra de Villuercas">Sierra de Villuercas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>, which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1uela" title="Bañuela">Bañuela</a> is the highest point</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a>, which stretches between <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> and Gibraltar and northeast towards <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante Province">Alicante Province</a>. It is divided into three subsystems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebaetic_System" title="Prebaetic System">Prebaetic System</a>, which begins west of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Sur_de_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Sierra Sur de Jaén">Sierra Sur de Jaén</a>, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> shores in <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante Province">Alicante Province</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Sagra_(peak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Sagra (peak) (page does not exist)">La Sagra</a> is the highest point at 2,382 m.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbaetic_System" title="Subbaetic System">Subbaetic System</a>, which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cádiz Province">Cádiz Province</a> across Andalusia to the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest point, at 2,027 m (6,650 ft), is Peña de la Cruz in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Arana" title="Sierra Arana">Sierra Arana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penibaetic_System" title="Penibaetic System">Penibaetic System</a>, located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high <a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Iberian Peninsula">Geology of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg/290px-Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg/435px-Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg/580px-Geological_units_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Major Geologic Units of the Iberian Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iberian Peninsula contains rocks of every geological period from the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Recent</a>, and almost every kind of rock is represented. World-class <a href="/wiki/Mineral_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral deposit">mineral deposits</a> can also be found there. The core of the Iberian Peninsula consists of a <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian</a> <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratonic</a> block known as the <a href="/wiki/Hesperian_Massif" title="Hesperian Massif">Iberian Massif</a>. On the northeast, this is bounded by the Pyrenean fold belt, and on the southeast it is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a>. These twofold chains are part of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Alps" title="Geology of the Alps">Alpine belt</a>. To the west, the peninsula is delimited by the continental boundary formed by the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>-poor opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The Hercynian Foldbelt is mostly buried by Mesozoic and Tertiary cover rocks to the east, but nevertheless outcrops through the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Sistema Ibérico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Mediterranean_System" title="Catalan Mediterranean System">Catalan Mediterranean System</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula features one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> deposits belts in Europe (an otherwise relatively scarce resource in the continent), scattered along the Iberian Massif's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Iberian_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Iberian Zone (page does not exist)">Central Iberian Zone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Centroib%C3%A9rica" class="extiw" title="es:Zona Centroibérica">es</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galicia_Tras-Os-Montes_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galicia Tras-Os-Montes Zone (page does not exist)">Galicia Tras-Os-Montes Zone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_Galicia_Tras-Os-Montes" class="extiw" title="es:Zona de Galicia Tras-Os-Montes">es</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the Iberian Massif, and similarly to other Hercynian blocks in Europe, the peninsula hosts some <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> deposits, largely located in the Central Iberian Zone unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlkamp1991232–233_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlkamp1991232–233-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Pyrite_Belt" title="Iberian Pyrite Belt">Iberian Pyrite Belt</a>, located in the SW quadrant of the Peninsula, ranks among the most important <a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit" title="Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit">volcanogenic</a> massive sulphide districts on Earth, and it has been exploited for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Portugal">Climate of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate of Spain</a></div> <p>The Iberian Peninsula's location and topography, as well as the effects of large <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> patterns induce a NW to SE gradient of yearly precipitation (roughly from 2,000 mm to 300 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582–2583_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582–2583-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula has three dominant climate types. One of these is the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> seen in the northeast in which precipitation has barely any difference between winter and summer. However, most of Portugal and Spain have a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">warm-summer Mediterranean climate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a>, with various differences in precipitation and temperature depending on latitude and position versus the sea, this applies greatly to the Portuguese and Galician Atlantic coasts where, due to <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">downwelling</a> phenomena average temperatures in summer can vary through as much as 10 °C (18 °F) in only a few kilometers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peniche,_Portugal" title="Peniche, Portugal">Peniche</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>) There are also more localized <a href="/wiki/Steppe_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe climate">steppe climates</a> in central Spain, with temperatures resembling a more continental Mediterranean climate. In other extreme cases highland alpine climates such as in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a> and areas with extremely low precipitation and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-desert climate">semi-desert climates</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> area and southern <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southwestern interior of the Iberian Peninsula the hottest temperatures in Europe are found, with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a> averaging around 37 °C (99 °F) in July.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish Mediterranean coast usually averages around 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. In sharp contrast <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> at the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> has a summer daytime high average at just below 23 °C (73 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cool and wet summer climate is replicated throughout most of the northern coastline. Winters in the Peninsula are for the most part, mild, although frosts are common in higher altitude areas of central Spain. The warmest winter nights are usually found in <a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">downwelling</a> favourable areas of the west coast, such as on capes. Precipitation varies greatly between regions on the Peninsula, in December for example the northern west coast averages above 200 mm (7.9 in) whereas the southeast can average below 30 mm (1.2 in). <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">Insolation</a> can vary from just 1,600 hours in the <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> area, to above 3,000 hours in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Gulf of Cádiz">Gulf of Cádiz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/220px-Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/330px-Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg/440px-Iberian_Peninsula_at_Night_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Iberia at night</figcaption></figure> <p>The current political configuration of the Iberian Peninsula comprises the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the whole <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked microstate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, a small part of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">French department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">French Cerdagne</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. </p><p>French Cerdagne is on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> mountain range, which runs along the border between France and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahlins198949_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahlins198949-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilstach1931_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilstach1931-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray1837_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray1837-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Segre_(river)" title="Segre (river)">Segre</a> river, which runs west and then south to meet the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, has its source on the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> side. The Pyrenees range is often considered the northeastern boundary of Iberian Peninsula, although the French coastline curves away from the rest of Europe north of the range, which is the reason why <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, which is also known as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>, is often considered as the entrance to the Iberian Peninsula. </p><p>Regarding Portugal and Spain, this chiefly excludes the <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesian</a> archipelagos (the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> of Portugal, and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> of Spain), the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (Spain), and the <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Spanish overseas territories</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (most conspicuously the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, as well as unpopulated islets and rocks). </p><p>The countries and territories on the Iberian Peninsula:<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Territory</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Area</a><br />(mainland) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Population</a><br />(mainland) </th> <th>% of area </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/20px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/40px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="911" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/45px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/68px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/90px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7008468000000000000♠"></span>468 km<sup>2</sup><br />(181 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="3" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7004858630000000000♠">85,863</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/21px-Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/32px-Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/42px-Arms_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Flag of Pyrénées-Orientales"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/45px-Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/68px-Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg/90px-Drapeau_propos%C3%A9_pour_le_d%C3%A9partement_des_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">French Cerdagne</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via" title="Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via">Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7008539000000000000♠"></span>539 km<sup>2</sup><br />(208 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="5" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7004120350000000000♠">12,035</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/68px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/90px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7006700000000000000♠"></span>7 km<sup>2</sup><br />(2.7 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="4" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7004326880000000000♠">32,688</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/21px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/32px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/43px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/68px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/90px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">mainland</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7010890150000000000♠"></span>89,015 km<sup>2</sup><br />(34,369 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="2" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7007101420790000000♠">10,142,079</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/20px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/30px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/40px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/68px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/90px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">mainland</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7011493515000000000♠"></span>493,515 km<sup>2</sup><br />(190,547 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="1" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7007444938940000000♠">44,493,894</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.5 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th colspan="4">Total </th> <th style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="7011583544000000000♠"></span>583,544 km<sup>2</sup><br />(225,308 sq mi) </th> <th style="text-align:right;"><span data-sort-value="1" style="display:none;"></span><span data-sort-value="7007547665590000000♠">54,766,559</span> </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities">Cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_ESA354454_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Madrid_ESA354454_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="2795" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Madrid</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona,_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg/200px-Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg/300px-Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg/400px-Barcelona%2C_Spain_ESA22069155.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="3761" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Barcelona</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon,_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg/200px-Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg/300px-Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg/400px-Lisbon%2C_Portugal_ESA24382662.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3149" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lisbon</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Iberian city network is dominated by three international metropolises (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>) and four regional metropolises (<a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively weak integration of the network favours a competitive approach vis-à-vis the inter-relation between the different centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these metropolises, Madrid stands out within the global urban hierarchy in terms of its status as a major service centre and enjoys the greatest degree of connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011313_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011313-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_metropolitan_regions">Major metropolitan regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Major metropolitan regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> (2019),<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the metropolitan regions with a population over one million are listed as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metropolitan region </th> <th>State </th> <th>Population (2019) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid_metropolitan_area" title="Madrid metropolitan area">Madrid</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006664164900000000♠">6,641,649</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_metropolitan_area" title="Barcelona metropolitan area">Barcelona</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006557520400000000♠">5,575,204</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area" title="Lisbon metropolitan area">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>Portugal </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006303533200000000♠">3,035,332</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006254058800000000♠">2,540,588</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006194964000000000♠">1,949,640</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante-Elche-Elda</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006186278000000000♠">1,862,780</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Metropolitan_Area_of_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto">Porto</a> </td> <td>Portugal </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006172237400000000♠">1,722,374</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga-Marbella</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006166098500000000♠">1,660,985</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia-Cartagena</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006148766300000000♠">1,487,663</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006124973900000000♠">1,249,739</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilbao_metropolitan_area" title="Bilbao metropolitan area">Bilbao</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006113719100000000♠">1,137,191</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo-Gijón</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006102220500000000♠">1,022,205</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Spain">Cities of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Portugal">Cities of Portugal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forests">Forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg/170px-Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg/255px-Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg/340px-Lince_Ib%C3%A9rico_Do%C3%B1ana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>An Iberian lynx</figcaption></figure> <p>The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, there are some similarities across the peninsula. </p><p>While the borders between these regions are not clearly defined, there is a mutual influence that makes it very hard to establish boundaries and some species find their optimal habitat in the intermediate areas. </p><p>The endangered <a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx</a> (<i>Lynx pardinus</i>) is a symbol of the Iberian mediterranean forest and of the fauna of the Iberian Peninsula altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new <i><a href="/wiki/Podarcis" title="Podarcis">Podarcis</a></i> lizard species, <i><a href="/wiki/Podarcis_virescens" title="Podarcis virescens">Podarcis virescens</a></i>, was accepted as a species by the Taxonomic Committee of the <i>Societas Europaea Herpetologica</i> in 2020. This lizard is native to the Iberian Peninsula and found near rivers in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Atlantic_flyway">East Atlantic flyway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: East Atlantic flyway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iberian Peninsula is an important stopover on the East Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Flyway" title="Flyway">flyway</a> for birds migrating from northern Europe to Africa. For example, <a href="/wiki/Curlew_sandpiper" title="Curlew sandpiper">curlew sandpipers</a> rest in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Bay of Cádiz">Bay of Cádiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the birds migrating through, some seven million wading birds from the north spend the winter in the estuaries and wetlands of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly at locations on the Atlantic coast. In <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> are <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADa_de_Arousa" title="Ría de Arousa">Ría de Arousa</a> (a home of <a href="/wiki/Grey_plover" title="Grey plover">grey plover</a>), Ria de <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira" title="Ortigueira">Ortigueira</a>, Ria de Corme and Ria de Laxe. In Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Aveiro_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aveiro Lagoon">Aveiro Lagoon</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Pied_avocet" title="Pied avocet">pied avocet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Common_ringed_plover" title="Common ringed plover">common ringed plover</a>, grey plover and <a href="/wiki/Little_stint" title="Little stint">little stint</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ribatejo_Province" title="Ribatejo Province">Ribatejo Province</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> supports pied avocet, grey plover, <a href="/wiki/Dunlin" title="Dunlin">dunlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar-tailed_godwit" title="Bar-tailed godwit">bar-tailed godwit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_redshank" title="Common redshank">common redshank</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sado_River" title="Sado River">Sado Estuary</a> holds dunlin, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_curlew" title="Eurasian curlew">Eurasian curlew</a>, grey plover and common redshank. The <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Red_knot" title="Red knot">red knot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_greenshank" title="Common greenshank">common greenshank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone" title="Ruddy turnstone">turnstone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir_Marshes" title="Guadalquivir Marshes">Guadalquivir Marshes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and the Salinas de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> are especially rich in wintering wading birds: <a href="/wiki/Kentish_plover" title="Kentish plover">Kentish plover</a>, common ringed plover, <a href="/wiki/Sanderling" title="Sanderling">sanderling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit" title="Black-tailed godwit">black-tailed godwit</a> in addition to the others. And finally, the Ebro delta is home to all the species mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Iberia">Languages of Iberia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Languages of Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Languages of Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages of Portugal</a></div> <p>With the sole exception of <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, which is of <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">unknown origin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all modern Iberian languages descend from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> and belong to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history (and pre-history), many different languages have been spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, contributing to the formation and differentiation of the contemporaneous languages of Iberia; however, most of them have become extinct or fallen into disuse. Basque is the only <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">non-Indo-European surviving language</a> in Iberia and Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (the official language of Spain, spoken by the entire 45 million population in the country, the native language of about 36 million in Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013289–290_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013289–290-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (the official language of Portugal, with a population over 10 million), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (over 7 million speakers in Europe, 3.4 million with Catalan as first language),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013293_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013293-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> (understood by the 93% of the 2.8 million Galician population)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013293_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013293-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> (cf. around 1 million speakers)<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the most widely spoken languages in the Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese have expanded beyond Iberia to the rest of world, becoming <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">global languages</a>. </p><p>Other minority romance languages with some degree of recognition include the several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Astur-leonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-leonese">Astur-leonese</a>, collectively amounting to about 0.6 million speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013290–291_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013290–291-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> (barely spoken by the 8% of the 130,000 people inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/High_Aragon" title="High Aragon">Alto Aragón</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013291_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreoseRenzi2013291-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the official language of Gibraltar. <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a> is a unique language in the territory, an amalgamation of mostly English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibraltar_Fact_Sheets_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar_Fact_Sheets-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, only 54.3% could speak a foreign language, below that of the EU-28 average. Portugal meanwhile achieved 69%, above the EU average, but still below the EU median. Spain ranks 25th out of 33 European countries in the English Proficiency Index.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Spain and Portugal have traditionally used a non-standard rail gauge (the 1,668 mm <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a>) since the construction of the first railroads in the 19th century. Spain has progressively introduced the 1,435 mm <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard gauge</a> in its new high-speed rail network (one of the most extensive in the world),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017368_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017368-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inaugurated in 1992 with the <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line">Madrid–Seville line</a>, followed to name a few by the <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line">Madrid–Barcelona</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Levante_high-speed_rail_network" title="Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network">Madrid–Valencia</a> (2010), an Alicante branch of the latter (2013) and the connection to France of the Barcelona line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017371_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017371-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal however suspended all the high-speed rail projects in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">2008 financial crisis</a>, putting an end for the time being to the possibility of a high-speed rail connection between Lisbon, Porto and Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017382_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017382-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handicapped by a mountainous range (the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>) hindering the connection to the rest of Europe, Spain (and subsidiarily Portugal) only has two meaningful rail connections to France able for freight transport, located at both ends of the mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201545_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201545-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international rail line across the Central Pyrenees linking <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and the French city of <a href="/wiki/Pau_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pau (France)">Pau</a> through a tunnel existed in the past; however, an accident in the French part destroyed a stretch of the railroad in 1970 and the <a href="/wiki/Canfranc_International_railway_station" title="Canfranc International railway station">Canfranc Station</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Dead_end_(street)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead end (street)">cul-de-sac</a> since then.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four points connecting the Portuguese and Spanish rail networks: <a href="/wiki/Valen%C3%A7a_railway_station" title="Valença railway station">Valença do Minho</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuy_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuy railway station (page does not exist)">Tui</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilar_Formoso_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilar Formoso railway station (page does not exist)">Vilar Formoso</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuentes de Oñoro railway station (page does not exist)">Fuentes de Oñoro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marv%C3%A3o-Beir%C3%A3_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marvão-Beirã railway station (page does not exist)">Marvão-Beirã</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valencia de Alcántara railway station (page does not exist)">Valencia de Alcántara</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elvas_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvas railway station (page does not exist)">Elvas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Badajoz_railway_station" title="Badajoz railway station">Badajoz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmeiro_PiñeiroPazos_Otón2008227_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmeiro_PiñeiroPazos_Otón2008227-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prospect of the development (as part of a European-wide effort) of the Central, Mediterranean and Atlantic rail corridors is expected to be a way to improve the competitiveness of the ports of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tarragona" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Valencia" title="Port of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Sagunto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Sagunto (page does not exist)">Sagunto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Bilbao" title="Port of Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Santander" title="Port of Santander">Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Sines" title="Port of Sines">Sines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Algeciras" title="Port of Algeciras">Algeciras</a> vis-à-vis the rest of Europe and the World.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201550_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201550-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Morocco and Spain started a joint study on the feasibility of a fixed link (tunnel or bridge) across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, possibly through a connection of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punta_Paloma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punta Paloma (page does not exist)">Punta Paloma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Paloma" class="extiw" title="es:Punta Paloma">es</a>]</span> with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malabata" title="Cape Malabata">Cape Malabata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Álvarez19967;_11_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Álvarez19967;_11-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years of studies have, however, made no real progress thus far.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A transit point for many submarine cables, the <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe" title="Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe">Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe_India_Gateway" title="Europe India Gateway">Europe India Gateway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a> feature landing stations in the Iberian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-cix_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cix-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Cable_System" title="West Africa Cable System">West Africa Cable System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_One" title="Main One">Main One</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAT-3/WASC" title="SAT-3/WASC">SAT-3/WASC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_Coast_to_Europe_(cable_system)" title="Africa Coast to Europe (cable system)">Africa Coast to Europe</a> also land in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-cix_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cix-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MAREA" title="MAREA">MAREA</a>, a high capacity communication transatlantic cable, connects the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Bilbao) to North America (Virginia), whereas <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a> is an upcoming cable connecting the Iberian Peninsula (Bilbao) to the UK and the US intended to be operative by 2022<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/EllaLink" title="EllaLink">EllaLink</a> is an upcoming high-capacity communication cable expected to connect the Peninsula (Sines) to South America and the mammoth <a href="/wiki/2Africa" title="2Africa">2Africa project</a> intends to connect the peninsula to the United Kingdom, Europe and Africa (via Portugal and Barcelona) by 2023–24.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two gas pipelines: the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb%E2%80%93Europe_Gas_Pipeline" title="Maghreb–Europe Gas Pipeline">Pedro Duran Farell pipeline</a> and (more recently) the <a href="/wiki/Medgaz" title="Medgaz">Medgaz</a> (from, respectively, Morocco and Algeria) link the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula, providing Spain with Algerian natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhilès200896–97_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhilès200896–97-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the contract for the first pipeline expires on 31 October 2021 and—amidst a tense climate of <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Algeria–Morocco relations">Algerian–Moroccan relations</a>—there are no plans to renew it.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official currency across Iberia is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, with the exception of Gibraltar, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar Pound</a> (at parity with <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gibraltar_Fact_Sheets_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar_Fact_Sheets-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major industries include mining, tourism, small farms, and fishing. Because the coast is so long, fishing is popular, especially sardines, tuna and anchovies. Most of the mining occurs in the Pyrenees mountains. Commodities mined include: iron, gold, coal, lead, silver, zinc, and salt. </p><p>Regarding their role in the global economy, both the microstate of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and the British Overseas Territory of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> have been described as <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax havens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2005167_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2005167-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Galician region of Spain, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, became one of the biggest entry points of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> in Europe, on a par with the Dutch ports.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> is smuggled from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the local languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a>: <i>Península Ibérica</i> (mostly rendered in lowercase in Spanish: <i>península ibérica</i>) <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[peˈninsulajˈβeɾika]</a></span> (the same in Asturian and Extremaduran)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[pɨˈnĩsulɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈβɛɾikɐ]</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Galician:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">[peˈninsʊlɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈβɛɾikɐ]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Península Ibèrica</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[pəˈninsulə<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈβɛɾikə]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: <i>Peninsula Iberica</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Aragonese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="an-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[peninˈsula<span class="wrap"> </span>iβeˈɾika]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Péninsule Ibérique</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[penɛ̃syl<span class="wrap"> </span>ibeʁik]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>: <i lang="mwl">Península Eibérica</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mwl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">[pɨˈnĩsulɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ejˈβɛɾikɐ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Iberiar penintsula</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[iβeɾiar<span class="wrap"> </span>penints̺ula]</a></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the local languages: <ul><li>Spanish, Aragonese, Asturian, Extremaduran and Galician: <i>Iberia</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[iˈβeɾja]</a></span> (the same in Aragonese, Asturian and Extremaduran)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Galician:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">[iˈβɛɾjɐ]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese and Mirandese: <i>Ibéria</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[iˈβɛɾiɐ]</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mirandese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mwl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">[iˈβɛɾiɐ]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Catalan: <i>Ibèria</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[iˈβɛɾiə]</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Occitan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[iˈβɛɾiɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>-ˈbɛʀi-]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>French: <i>Ibérie</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ibeʁi]</a></span></li> <li>Basque: <i>Iberia</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[iβeɾia]</a></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thus, strictly speaking, leaving out the mainland Spanish territory of the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aran Valley">Aran Valley</a>, in the northern Pyrenean watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-bp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian forces were usually better armoured than their Muslim counterparts, with noble and non-noble <i>milites</i> and <i>cavallers</i> wearing <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">mail</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberks</a>, separate <a href="/wiki/Mail_coif" title="Mail coif">mail coifs</a> and metal helmets, and armed with <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">maces</a>, cavalry axes, sword and lances.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_JuanaGarcia2015" class="citation book cs1">de Juana, Eduardo; Garcia, Ernest (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgIzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Birds of the Iberian Peninsula</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2480-2"><bdi>978-1-4081-2480-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2480-2&rft.aulast=de+Juana&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgIzBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo20112582_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenzo-LacruzVicente-SerranoLópez-MorenoGonzález-Hidalgo2011">Lorenzo-Lacruz et al. 2011</a>, p. 2582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriviñoKujalaAraújoCabeza2018" class="citation journal cs1">Triviño, María; Kujala, Heini; Araújo, Miguel B.; Cabeza, Mar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36153813">"Planning for the future: identifying conservation priority areas for Iberian birds under climate change"</a>. <i>Landscape Ecology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 659–673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LaEco..33..659T">2018LaEco..33..659T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10980-018-0626-z">10.1007/s10980-018-0626-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F309558">10138/309558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-2973">0921-2973</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3699212">3699212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+Ecology&rft.atitle=Planning+for+the+future%3A+identifying+conservation+priority+areas+for+Iberian+birds+under+climate+change&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=659-673&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F309558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3699212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018LaEco..33..659T&rft.issn=0921-2973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10980-018-0626-z&rft.aulast=Trivi%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Kujala%2C+Heini&rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Miguel+B.&rft.au=Cabeza%2C+Mar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36153813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.3.21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteJona_Lendering" class="citation web cs1">White, Horace; Jona Lendering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220045731/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_spain_02.html#%A77">"Appian's History of Rome: The Spanish Wars (§§6–10)"</a>. livius.org. pp. Chapter 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_spain_02.html#%A77">the original</a> on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appian%27s+History+of+Rome%3A+The+Spanish+Wars+%28%C2%A7%C2%A76%E2%80%9310%29&rft.pages=Chapter+7&rft.pub=livius.org&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft.au=Jona+Lendering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fap-ark%2Fappian%2Fappian_spain_02.html%23%25A77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/3*.html">"Polybius: The Histories: III.6.2"</a>. Bill Thayer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius%3A+The+Histories%3A+III.6.2&rft.pub=Bill+Thayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPolybius%2F3%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.euskadi.net/morris/dictionary.htm">Morris Student Plus</a>, Basque-English dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LyonsPapadopoulos2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LyonsPapadopoulos2002_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_L._LyonsJohn_K._Papadopoulos2002" class="citation book cs1">Claire L. Lyons; John K. Papadopoulos (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xB7EZ9L7y-gC&pg=PA68"><i>The Archaeology of Colonialism</i></a>. Getty Publications. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-635-4"><bdi>978-0-89236-635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Colonialism&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-635-4&rft.au=Claire+L.+Lyons&rft.au=John+K.+Papadopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxB7EZ9L7y-gC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. "Book III Chapter 1 Section 6". <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica"><i>Geographica</i></a>. <q>And also the other Iberians use an alphabet, though not letters of one and the same character, for their speech is not one and the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+III+Chapter+1+Section+6&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebel1976-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebel1976_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebel1976_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Ebel1976" class="citation book cs1">Charles Ebel (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Transalpine Gaul: The Emergence of a Roman Province</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04384-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04384-5"><bdi>90-04-04384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transalpine+Gaul%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Roman+Province&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=90-04-04384-5&rft.au=Charles+Ebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbwUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padrón2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padrón2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicardo_Padrón2004" class="citation book cs1">Ricardo Padrón (1 February 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaciouswordcart0000padr"><i>The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaciouswordcart0000padr/page/252">252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64433-2"><bdi>978-0-226-64433-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spacious+Word%3A+Cartography%2C+Literature%2C+and+Empire+in+Early+Modern+Spain&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-64433-2&rft.au=Ricardo+Padr%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspaciouswordcart0000padr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_WaldmanCatherine_Mason2006" class="citation book cs1">Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA404"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.au=Carl+Waldman&rft.au=Catherine+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3D*.html#note124"><i>The Geography</i></a> (in Greek and English). Vol. II. Horace Leonard Jones (trans.). Cambridge: Bill Thayer. p. 118, Note 1 on 3.4.19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=118%2C+Note+1+on+3.4.19&rft.pub=Bill+Thayer&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F3D%2A.html%23note124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus1827-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus1827_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1827" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rledbh92a0QC&pg=PA75"><i>The nine books of the History of Herodotus, tr. from the text of T. Gaisford, with notes and a summary by P. E. Laurent</i></a>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nine+books+of+the+History+of+Herodotus%2C+tr.+from+the+text+of+T.+Gaisford%2C+with+notes+and+a+summary+by+P.+E.+Laurent&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1827&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drledbh92a0QC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-III.4.19-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-III.4.19_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-III.4.19_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geography III.4.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaffiot1934-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaffiot1934_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix_Gaffiot1934" class="citation book cs1">Félix Gaffiot (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/FelixGaffiotDictionnaireIllustr.LatinFrancais/DictionnaireIllustr-Latin-Franais#page/n773/mode/2up"><i>Dictionnaire illustré latin-français</i></a>. Hachette. p. 764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+illustr%C3%A9+latin-fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=764&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1934&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix+Gaffiot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FFelixGaffiotDictionnaireIllustr.LatinFrancais%2FDictionnaireIllustr-Latin-Franais%23page%2Fn773%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolf2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woolf2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Woolf2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Woolf" title="Greg Woolf">Greg Woolf</a> (8 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb13HpLmecgC&pg=PA18"><i>Rome: An Empire's Story</i></a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz201718-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201718_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201718_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz2017">Ruiz 2017</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz201719-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiz201719_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz2017">Ruiz 2017</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, W. T. (14 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekH7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT417"><i>A History of Europe: From 1378 to 1494</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317217022" title="Special:BookSources/9781317217022"><bdi>9781317217022</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Europe%3A+From+1378+to+1494&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.isbn=9781317217022&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekH7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1996424_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1996">Phillips 1996</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerGerson2006" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Julia Phillips; Gerson, Sue Parker (30 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zese2C-fDTEC&pg=PA118"><i>Teaching Jewish History</i></a>. Behrman House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780867051834" title="Special:BookSources/9780867051834"><bdi>9780867051834</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Jewish+History&rft.pub=Behrman+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006-09-30&rft.isbn=9780867051834&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Julia+Phillips&rft.au=Gerson%2C+Sue+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzese2C-fDTEC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor2005" class="citation book cs1">Kantor, Máttis (30 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uK5pa3R4d8C&pg=PA205"><i>Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History</i></a>. Zichron Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967037837" title="Special:BookSources/9780967037837"><bdi>9780967037837</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Judaica%3A+Chronological+Index+of+Jewish+History%2C+Covering+5%2C764+Years+of+Biblical%2C+Talmudic+%26+Post-Talmudic+History&rft.pub=Zichron+Press&rft.date=2005-09-30&rft.isbn=9780967037837&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ttis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uK5pa3R4d8C%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiken1997" class="citation book cs1">Aiken, Lisa (1 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXq3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Why Me God: A Jewish Guide for Coping and Suffering</i></a>. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461695479" title="Special:BookSources/9781461695479"><bdi>9781461695479</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Me+God%3A+A+Jewish+Guide+for+Coping+and+Suffering&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1997-02-01&rft.isbn=9781461695479&rft.aulast=Aiken&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXq3AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA166"><i>Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306483219" title="Special:BookSources/9780306483219"><bdi>9780306483219</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=9780306483219&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Ember%2C+Carol+R.&rft.au=Skoggard%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2003">Gilbert 2003</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFSchaff2013">Schaff 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber1994113-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerber1994113_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerber1994">Gerber 1994</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Anti-Jewish Riots in the Crown of Aragon and the Royal Response, 1391–1392</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2016. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107164512" title="Special:BookSources/9781107164512"><bdi>9781107164512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Jewish+Riots+in+the+Crown+of+Aragon+and+the+Royal+Response%2C+1391%E2%80%931392&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107164512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGloël201755-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGloël201755_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGloël2017">Gloël 2017</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscribano_Páez2016189–191-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscribano_Páez2016189–191_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEscribano_Páez2016">Escribano Páez 2016</a>, pp. 189–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlorente184319-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlorente184319_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlorente1843">Llorente 1843</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916–17_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Arévalo2019">González Arévalo 2019</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Arévalo201916_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Arévalo2019">González Arévalo 2019</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013180-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadero_Quesada2013180_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadero_Quesada2013">Ladero Quesada 2013</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013350-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013350_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Sánchez2013">González Sánchez 2013</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Sánchez2013347_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Sánchez2013">González Sánchez 2013</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2015. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107024564" title="Special:BookSources/9781107024564"><bdi>9781107024564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Refugees+in+the+Early+Modern+World%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+the+Reformation&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107024564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit/page/201"><i>The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia</i></a>. Kingfisher. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit/page/201">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753457849" title="Special:BookSources/9780753457849"><bdi>9780753457849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Kingfisher&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780753457849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingfisherhistor00edit%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Bernard (30 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw8EZypTqekC&pg=PA180"><i>True Jew: Challenging the Stereotype</i></a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875869032" title="Special:BookSources/9780875869032"><bdi>9780875869032</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Jew%3A+Challenging+the+Stereotype&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.isbn=9780875869032&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGw8EZypTqekC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrom1992" class="citation book cs1">Strom, Yale (30 September 1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofjews00stro"><i>The Expulsion of the Jews: Five Hundred Years of Exodus</i></a></span>. SP Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofjews00stro/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561710812" title="Special:BookSources/9781561710812"><bdi>9781561710812</bdi></a> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expulsion+of+the+Jews%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+of+Exodus&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=SP+Books&rft.date=1992-09-30&rft.isbn=9781561710812&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=Yale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpulsionofjews00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNELSON2016" class="citation book cs1">NELSON, CARY R. (11 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAAjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT199"><i>Dreams Deferred: A Concise Guide to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Movement to Boycott Israel</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253025180" title="Special:BookSources/9780253025180"><bdi>9780253025180</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+Deferred%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict+and+the+Movement+to+Boycott+Israel&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.isbn=9780253025180&rft.aulast=NELSON&rft.aufirst=CARY+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlAAjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/islamic/pages/spain.html">"Islamic Encounters"</a>. <i>www.brown.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Between 1492 and 1610, some 3,000,000 Muslims voluntarily left or were expelled from Spain, resettling in North Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brown.edu&rft.atitle=Islamic+Encounters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FFacilities%2FJohn_Carter_Brown_Library%2Fexhibitions%2Fislamic%2Fpages%2Fspain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlitz2002" class="citation book cs1">Gitlitz, David Martin (30 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLKS69FKHkYC&pg=PA74"><i>Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews</i></a>. 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Jason Aronson, Incorporated. December 1993. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461631491" title="Special:BookSources/9781461631491"><bdi>9781461631491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Time+Line+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Year-by-Year+History+From+Creation+to+the+Present&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1993-12&rft.isbn=9781461631491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Latin America in Colonial Times</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2018. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108416405" title="Special:BookSources/9781108416405"><bdi>9781108416405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+in+Colonial+Times&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781108416405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlac2015" class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian A. (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eLFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"><i>A Concise Survey of Western Civilization: Supremacies and Diversities throughout History</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442237681" title="Special:BookSources/9781442237681"><bdi>9781442237681</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Survey+of+Western+Civilization%3A+Supremacies+and+Diversities+throughout+History&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.isbn=9781442237681&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eLFBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaleel2015" class="citation web cs1">Jaleel, Talib (11 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwAmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA622">"Notes on Entering Deen Completely: Islam as its followers know it"</a>. EDC Foundation – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Entering+Deen+Completely%3A+Islam+as+its+followers+know+it&rft.pub=EDC+Foundation&rft.date=2015-07-11&rft.aulast=Jaleel&rft.aufirst=Talib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwAmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajid2009" class="citation book cs1">Majid, Anouar (30 September 2009). <a href="/wiki/We_Are_All_Moors" title="We Are All Moors"><i>We are All Moors: Ending Centuries of Crusades Against Muslims and Other Minorities</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816660797" title="Special:BookSources/9780816660797"><bdi>9780816660797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+All+Moors%3A+Ending+Centuries+of+Crusades+Against+Muslims+and+Other+Minorities&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.isbn=9780816660797&rft.aulast=Majid&rft.aufirst=Anouar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs_1939_l047-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs_1939_l047_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705234915/https://www.belfercenter.org/thucydides-trap/case-file">"Special Initiative: Thucydides Trap"</a>. <i>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</i>. 3 September 1939. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/thucydides-trap/case-file">the original</a> on 5 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Special+Initiative%3A+Thucydides+Trap&rft.date=1939-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fthucydides-trap%2Fcase-file&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEel-Ojeili20154-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEel-Ojeili20154_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFel-Ojeili2015">el-Ojeili 2015</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011169–170-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011169–170_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerstein2011">Wallerstein 2011</a>, p. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPrados_de_la_Escosura199837–38-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'BrienPrados_de_la_Escosura199837–38_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'BrienPrados_de_la_Escosura1998">O'Brien & Prados de la Escosura 1998</a>, p. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011116–117-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011116–117_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerstein2011">Wallerstein 2011</a>, p. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011117-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011117_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerstein2011">Wallerstein 2011</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiangBalbaleDevereuxGómez-Rivas201323-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiangBalbaleDevereuxGómez-Rivas201323_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiangBalbaleDevereuxGómez-Rivas2013">Liang et al. 2013</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalikowski_Smith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Halikowski Smith, Stefan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa45477">"Lisbon in the sixteenth century: decoding the Chafariz d'el Rei"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></i>. <b>60</b> (2): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396818794355">10.1177/0306396818794355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220080922">220080922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Lisbon+in+the+sixteenth+century%3A+decoding+the+Chafariz+d%27el+Rei&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396818794355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220080922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Halikowski+Smith&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcronfa.swan.ac.uk%2FRecord%2Fcronfa45477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios201552-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrios201552_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrios2015">Barrios 2015</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemser2018117-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemser2018117_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemser2018">Nemser 2018</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGelabert1994">Gelabert 1994</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelabert1994183–184_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGelabert1994">Gelabert 1994</a>, p. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiranda201775–76-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiranda201775–76_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiranda2017">Miranda 2017</a>, p. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiranda201776-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiranda201776_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiranda2017">Miranda 2017</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flanagan200818-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flanagan200818_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Flanagan2008">O'Flanagan 2008</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019418_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019">Yun Casalilla 2019</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019421,_423-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019421,_423_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019">Yun Casalilla 2019</a>, pp. 421, 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019424-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019424_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019">Yun Casalilla 2019</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019425–426-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019425–426_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019">Yun Casalilla 2019</a>, p. 425–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019428–429-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYun_Casalilla2019428–429_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019">Yun Casalilla 2019</a>, p. 428–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilveiraAlvesPainhoCosta2013172-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilveiraAlvesPainhoCosta2013172_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilveiraAlvesPainhoCosta2013">Silveira et al. 2013</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Blanco198821–32-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Blanco198821–32_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez_Blanco1988">Sánchez Blanco 1988</a>, pp. 21–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.1.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1920" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, T (1920). "The Iberian Peninsula: Spain". In Mill, Hugh Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA368"><i>The International Geography</i></a>. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 368–377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Iberian+Peninsula%3A+Spain&rft.btitle=The+International+Geography&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=368-377&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyUbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These figures sum the figures given in the Wikipedia articles on the geography of Spain and Portugal. Most figures from Internet sources on Spain and Portugal include the coastlines of the islands owned by each country and thus are not a reliable guide to the coastline of the peninsula. Moreover, the length of a coastline may vary significantly depending on where and how it is measured.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundsK_HinsbyC_MarlinMT_Condesso_de_Melo2001" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, WM; K Hinsby; C Marlin; MT Condesso de Melo; M Manyano; R Vaikmae; Y Travi (2001). "Evolution of groundwater systems at the European coastline". In Edmunds, W. M.; Milne, C. J. (eds.). <i>Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater Since the Late Pleistocene</i>. 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Robert M. McBride Company. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+Pyrenees&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Robert+M.+McBride+Company&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Paul+Wilstach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddpw-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522stretches%2520off%2520southwest%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray1837-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray1837_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Erskine_Murray1837" class="citation book cs1">James Erskine Murray (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asummerinpyrene01murrgoog"><i>A Summer in the Pyrenees</i></a>. J. Macrone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asummerinpyrene01murrgoog/page/n118">92</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Summer+in+the+Pyrenees&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=J.+Macrone&rft.date=1837&rft.au=James+Erskine+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasummerinpyrene01murrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0">População residente (Série longa, início 1991 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Idade; Anual 2022</a>, "INE 2022"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.es/prensa/censo_2022_2023.pdf">2023 Census data</a>, "Official Spanish census"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011312_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez_Moral2011">Sánchez Moral 2011</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011313-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Moral2011313_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez_Moral2011">Sánchez Moral 2011</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do">"Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+on+1+January+by+broad+age+group%2C+sex+and+metropolitan+regions&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2FsubmitViewTableAction.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metode.cat/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/bookexsituvargas2009_3.pdf"><i>Conservación Ex situ del Lince Ibérico: Un Enfoque Multidisciplinar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Spain+continues+to+have+one+of+the+worst+levels+of+English+in+Europe&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Zafra&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F11%2F08%2Finenglish%2F1573204575_231066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017368-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017368_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZembriLibourel2017">Zembri & Libourel 2017</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017371-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017371_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZembriLibourel2017">Zembri & Libourel 2017</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017382-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZembriLibourel2017382_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZembriLibourel2017">Zembri & Libourel 2017</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201545-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201545_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_de_Alarcón2015">Fernández de Alarcón 2015</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrenechea1983" class="citation journal cs1">Barrenechea, Eduardo (10 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1983/01/10/economia/411001210_850215.html">"El Canfranc: un ferrocarril en vía muerta"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Canfranc%3A+un+ferrocarril+en+v%C3%ADa+muerta&rft.date=1983-01-10&rft.aulast=Barrenechea&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1983%2F01%2F10%2Feconomia%2F411001210_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmeiro_PiñeiroPazos_Otón2008227-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmeiro_PiñeiroPazos_Otón2008227_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmeiro_PiñeiroPazos_Otón2008">Palmeiro Piñeiro & Pazos Otón 2008</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201550-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_de_Alarcón201550_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_de_Alarcón2015">Fernández de Alarcón 2015</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Álvarez19967;_11-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía_Álvarez19967;_11_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Álvarez1996">García Álvarez 1996</a>, p. 7; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.de-cix.net/_Resources/Persistent/ae619c013d07fc207d4efe67f7a66bc662c78b8b/Whitepaper_Madrids%20position%20in%20the%20gloabl%20telecommunications%20landscape.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madrid%CE%84s+Position+in+the+Global+Telecommunications+Landscape&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=DE-CIX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.de-cix.net%2F_Resources%2FPersistent%2Fae619c013d07fc207d4efe67f7a66bc662c78b8b%2FWhitepaper_Madrids%2520position%2520in%2520the%2520gloabl%2520telecommunications%2520landscape.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expansion.com/economia-digital/companias/2021/09/09/6139f38e468aeba72b8b4594.html">"Grace Hopper: el gran cable submarino de Google 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhilès200896–97_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhilès2008">Ghilès 2008</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaño2014" class="citation web cs1">Montaño, Baltasar (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vozpopuli.com/economia-y-finanzas/empresas/Argelia-Gas_natural-Medgaz-Jose_Manuel_Garcia-Margallo-Interconexiones-Francia_0_701929820.html">"Saltan las alarmas: la dependencia energética con Argelia roza el 60% en pleno conflicto en Ucrania"</a>. <i>Voz Pópuli</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voz+P%C3%B3puli&rft.atitle=Saltan+las+alarmas%3A+la+dependencia+energ%C3%A9tica+con+Argelia+roza+el+60%25+en+pleno+conflicto+en+Ucrania&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.aulast=Monta%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Baltasar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vozpopuli.com%2Feconomia-y-finanzas%2Fempresas%2FArgelia-Gas_natural-Medgaz-Jose_Manuel_Garcia-Margallo-Interconexiones-Francia_0_701929820.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliana2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enric_Juliana" title="Enric Juliana">Juliana, Enric</a> (29 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20210929/7754133/fatidico-triangulo-argelia-marruecos-espana.html">"Fatídico triángulo: Argelia, Marruecos, España"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Fat%C3%ADdico+tri%C3%A1ngulo%3A+Argelia%2C+Marruecos%2C+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Juliana&rft.aufirst=Enric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fpolitica%2F20210929%2F7754133%2Ffatidico-triangulo-argelia-marruecos-espana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2005167-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2005167_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooley2005">Cooley 2005</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drugs-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrousseLaniel2001" class="citation book cs1">Labrousse, Alain; Laniel, Laurent, eds. (2001). "Europe". <i>The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999</i>. pp. 117, 123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-3505-6">10.1007/978-94-017-3505-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-3505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-3505-6"><bdi>978-94-017-3505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.btitle=The+World+Geopolitics+of+Drugs%2C+1998%2F1999&rft.pages=117%2C+123&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-3505-6&rft.isbn=978-94-017-3505-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jonathan (26 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPAO6kfbizMC&pg=PA208"><i>Species Richness: Patterns in the Diversity of Life</i></a>. Springer. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74278-4"><bdi>978-3-540-74278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Richness%3A+Patterns+in+the+Diversity+of+Life&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.isbn=978-3-540-74278-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPAO6kfbizMC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreoseRenzi2013" class="citation book cs1">Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chRomanceLanguages/page/n295/">"Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe"</a>. In Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages</i>. Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80073-0"><bdi>978-0-521-80073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography+and+distribution+of+the+Romance+languages+in+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80073-0&rft.aulast=Andreose&rft.aufirst=Alvise&rft.au=Renzi%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FchRomanceLanguages%2Fpage%2Fn295%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarrán2018" class="citation book cs1">Albarrán, Javier (2018). "Granada". <i>War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1600</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 36–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-70745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-70745-0"><bdi>978-1-138-70745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Granada&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1600&rft.pages=36-53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-70745-0&rft.aulast=Albarr%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrios2015" class="citation book cs1">Barrios, Feliciano (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-DH-2016-12"><i>La gobernación de la Monarquía de España. Consejos, Juntas y Secretarios de la Administración de Corte (1556-1700)</i></a>. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Pol%C3%ADticos_y_Constitucionales" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales">Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales</a>, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado; Fundación Rafael del Pino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2266-9"><bdi>978-84-340-2266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gobernaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Monarqu%C3%ADa+de+Espa%C3%B1a.+Consejos%2C+Juntas+y+Secretarios+de+la+Administraci%C3%B3n+de+Corte+%281556-1700%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Pol%C3%ADticos+y+Constitucionales%2C+Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado%3B+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Rafael+del+Pino&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-84-340-2266-9&rft.aulast=Barrios&rft.aufirst=Feliciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbiblioteca_juridica%2Fabrir_pdf.php%3Fid%3DPUB-DH-2016-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuresi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buresi, Pascal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00804456/document">"The Appearance of the Frontier Concept in the Iberian Peninsula: at the Crossroads of Local, National and Pontifical Strategies (11 th −13 th Centuries)"</a>. <i>Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae</i> (16). Warsaw: Instytut historyczny: 81–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestiones+Medii+Aevi+Novae&rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+the+Frontier+Concept+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula%3A+at+the+Crossroads+of+Local%2C+National+and+Pontifical+Strategies+%2811+th+%E2%88%9213+th+Centuries%29&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Buresi&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00804456%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Cavanaugh, Stephanie Maria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/76372/1/Cavanaugh_Stephanie_M_201611_PhD_thesis.pdf"><i>The Morisco problem and the politics of belonging in sixteenth-century Valladolid</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morisco+problem+and+the+politics+of+belonging+in+sixteenth-century+Valladolid&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F76372%2F1%2FCavanaugh_Stephanie_M_201611_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable1994" class="citation book cs1">Constable, Olivia Remie (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-CVlhPb21MC&pg=PR11"><i>Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56503-5"><bdi>978-0-521-56503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Traders+in+Muslim+Spain%3A+The+Commercial+Realignment+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+900%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56503-5&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Olivia+Remie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-CVlhPb21MC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Alexander (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfytDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupation</i></a>. Ithaca & London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6249-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-6249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logics+of+Hierarchy%3A+The+Organization+of+Empires%2C+States%2C+and+Military+Occupation&rft.place=Ithaca+%26+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6249-8&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfytDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1995" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f913/6885861829869d178c99369cfd089f305fe0.pdf">"Diversity in the Landscape: The Geographical Background to Urbanism in Iberia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Cunliffe, Barry; Keay, Simon (eds.). <i>Social Complexity and the Development of Towns in Iberia, From the Copper Age to the Second Century AD</i>. pp. 5–28. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54654511">54654511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209010356/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f913/6885861829869d178c99369cfd089f305fe0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Origin of the Name Sepharad: A New Interpretation". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a></i>. <b>59</b> (2): 297–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgu002">10.1093/jss/fgu002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F164860">2445/164860</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Name+Sepharad%3A+A+New+Interpretation&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-313&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F164860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgu002&rft.aulast=Vernet+Pons&rft.aufirst=Mariona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicens_Vives1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaume_Vicens_i_Vives" title="Jaume Vicens i Vives">Vicens Vives, Jaime</a> (1970) [1967]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice"><i>Approaches to the History of Spain</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01422-0"><bdi>978-0-520-01422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+the+History+of+Spain&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01422-0&rft.aulast=Vicens+Vives&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapproachestohist00vice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein, Immanuel</a> (2011) [1974]. <i>The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World-System+I%3A+Capitalist+Agriculture+and+the+Origins+of+the+European+World-Economy+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun_Casalilla2019" class="citation book cs1">Yun Casalilla, Bartolomé (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IO-MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA418"><i>Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811308338" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811308338"><bdi>978-9811308338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iberian+World+Empires+and+the+Globalization+of+Europe+1415%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9811308338&rft.aulast=Yun+Casalilla&rft.aufirst=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIO-MDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZembriLibourel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zembri, Pierre; Libourel, Eloïse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trpro.2017.05.414">"Towards oversized high-speed rail systems? Some lessons from France and Spain"</a>. <i>Transportation Research Procedia</i>. <b>25</b> (25): 368–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trpro.2017.05.414">10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-1465">2352-1465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Procedia&rft.atitle=Towards+oversized+high-speed+rail+systems%3F+Some+lessons+from+France+and+Spain&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=368-385&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trpro.2017.05.414&rft.issn=2352-1465&rft.aulast=Zembri&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Libourel%2C+Elo%C3%AFse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.trpro.2017.05.414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" class="extiw" title="commons:Iberian Peninsula"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Iberian Peninsula</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula#Q12837" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriosoDiego_Meozzi" class="citation web cs1">Arioso, Pāolā; Diego Meozzi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonepages.com/megalinks/01_megalithic_sites/iberian_peninsula/index.html">"Iberian Peninsula•Links"</a>. Stone Pages<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iberian+Peninsula%E2%80%A2Links&rft.pub=Stone+Pages&rft.aulast=Arioso&rft.aufirst=P%C4%81ol%C4%81&rft.au=Diego+Meozzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonepages.com%2Fmegalinks%2F01_megalithic_sites%2Fiberian_peninsula%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloresMaca-MeyerGonzálezOefner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M.; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A.; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M.; Underhill, Peter A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201225">"Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian Peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>12</b> (10): 855–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201225">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15280900">15280900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16765118">16765118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Reduced+genetic+structure+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula+revealed+by+Y-chromosome+analysis%3A+implications+for+population+demography&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=855-863&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16765118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15280900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201225&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Maca-Meyer%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Oefner%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Shen%2C+Peidong&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+Jose+A.&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Larruga%2C+Jose+M.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5201225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyd2007" class="citation web cs1">Loyd, Nick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iberianature.com">"IberiaNature: A guide to the environment, climate, wildlife, geography and nature of Spain"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IberiaNature%3A+A+guide+to+the+environment%2C+climate%2C+wildlife%2C+geography+and+nature+of+Spain&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Loyd&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iberianature.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Silva, Luís Fraga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006160601/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">"Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 B.C.). NEW VERSION #10"</a> (in English, Portuguese, and Latin). Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologic+Map+of+Pre-Roman+Iberia+%28circa+200+B.C.%29.+NEW+VERSION+%2310&rft.pub=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Campo+Arqueol%C3%B3gico+de+Tavira%2C+Tavira%2C+Portugal&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs+Fraga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arqueotavira.com%2FMapas%2FIberia%2FPopuli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/32px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/42px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Andorra" title="Portal:Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/21px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" 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aria-labelledby="Andorra_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andorra_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Andorra-related_articles" title="Index of Andorra-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/80px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/120px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/160px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Andorra">Cities and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Andorra (page does not exist)">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Andorra" title="Geology of Andorra">Geology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakes_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakes of Andorra (page does not exist)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountains_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountains of Andorra (page does not exist)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Andorra" title="Parishes of Andorra">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivers_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivers of Andorra (page does not exist)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Andorra (page does not exist)">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-Princes of Andorra">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Representatives_of_the_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Representatives of the Co-Princes of Andorra">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Andorra" title="Elections in Andorra">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Andorra" title="Foreign relations of Andorra">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Andorra" title="Human rights in Andorra">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Andorra">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Corps_of_Andorra" title="Police Corps of Andorra">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra#Security" title="Politics of Andorra">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Andorra" title="List of political parties in Andorra">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andorra" title="Economy of Andorra">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Andorra" title="List of banks in Andorra">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Andorra" title="List of companies of Andorra">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran euro coins">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Andorra" title="Taxation in Andorra">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Andorra" title="Tourism in Andorra">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arts of Andorra (page does not exist)">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Andorra">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Andorra">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Andorra">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Andorrans" title="List of Andorrans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Andorra" title="Public holidays in Andorra">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Andorra">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andorra" title="Transport in Andorra">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ad" title=".ad">.ad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Andorra" title="Outline of Andorra">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Andorra-related_articles" title="Index of Andorra-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Further_reading" title="Andorra">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andorra" title="Category:Andorra">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Andorra" title="Portal:Andorra">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template talk:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Gibraltar</span></a> topics  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthals_in_Gibraltar" title="Neanderthals in Gibraltar">Neanderthals in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="List of sieges of Gibraltar">sieges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">Battle of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rooke" title="George Rooke">George Rooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Augustus Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_real" title="Gibraltar real">Gibraltar real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Gibraltar" title="History of nationality in Gibraltar">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Genoese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maltese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Maltese in Gibraltar">Maltese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosion_of_the_RFA_Bedenham" title="Explosion of the RFA Bedenham">Explosion of the RFA <i>Bedenham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Aurora_(2000)#2003:_Norwalk_virus_breakout" title="MV Aurora (2000)"><i>Aurora</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_New_Flame" title="MV New Flame"><i>New Flame</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Fedra" title="MV Fedra"><i>Fedra</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gibraltar" title="Climate of Gibraltar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Iberian Peninsula">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_Transform_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault">Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Environment of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Gibraltar" title="List of birds of Gibraltar">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Gibraltar" title="List of mammals of Gibraltar">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Gibraltar" title="List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar">Reptiles and amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberis_gibraltarica" title="Iberis gibraltarica">Candytuft <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Iberis gibraltarica</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Botanic_Gardens" title="Gibraltar Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Ornithological_%26_Natural_History_Society" title="Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society">Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Alameda Wildlife Conservation Park">Wildlife Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Bay" title="Catalan Bay">Catalan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Beach,_Gibraltar" title="Eastern Beach, Gibraltar">Eastern Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cave" title="St. Michael's Cave">St. Michael's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Gibraltar" title="Sandy Bay, Gibraltar">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Cave" title="Vanguard Cave">Vanguard Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_(Gibraltar)" title="Windmill Hill (Gibraltar)">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Gibraltar" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Built</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Gibraltar" title="Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar">Bristol Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Hall" title="Gibraltar City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">The Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Library" title="Garrison Library">Garrison Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Hospital_(Gibraltar)" title="King George V Hospital (Gibraltar)">King George V Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_Hotel" title="The Rock Hotel">The Rock Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital" title="St Bernard's Hospital">St. Bernard's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Politics_and_Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics and Government</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Constitution Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_1969" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">2006</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Gibraltar" title="Law of Gibraltar">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Gibraltar" title="Judiciary of Gibraltar">court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Gibraltar">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_passport_(Gibraltar)" title="British passport (Gibraltar)">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_development_in_modern_Gibraltar" title="Political development in modern Gibraltar">Political development in modern Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Minister of Gibraltar">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gibraltar" title="Mayor of Gibraltar">Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Political issues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Project" title="Black Swan Project">Black Swan Project controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">isthmus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar" title="Elections in Gibraltar">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2007 Gibraltar general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2011 Gibraltar general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2015 Gibraltar general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2019 Gibraltar general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2023 Gibraltar general election">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Gibraltar" title="List of political parties in Gibraltar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">EU referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Military</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">British Forces Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">Gibraltar Defence Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_of_Magdala_Battery" title="Napier of Magdala Battery">Napier of Magdala Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Royal Gibraltar Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Gibraltar" title="List of banks in Gibraltar">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Gibraltar_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Gibraltar pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Stock_Exchange" title="Gibraltar Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Gibraltar" title="Taxation in Gibraltar">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gibraltar" title="Tourism in Gibraltar">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Gibraltar" title="Communications in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communications</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet domain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibtelecom" title="Gibtelecom">Gibtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(Gibraltar)" title="Panorama (Gibraltar)">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Regulatory_Authority" title="Gibraltar Regulatory Authority">Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Post_Office" title="Royal Gibraltar Post Office">Royal Gibraltar Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar">postage stamps and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_orders_of_Gibraltar" title="Postal orders of Gibraltar">postal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Study_Circle" title="Gibraltar Study Circle">Study Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Gibraltar" title="Telephone numbers in Gibraltar">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Transport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cable_Car" title="Gibraltar Cable Car">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_in_Gibraltar" title="Shipping in Gibraltar">Shipping in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Gibraltar" title="Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayside_Comprehensive_School" title="Bayside Comprehensive School">Bayside Comprehensive School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westside_School,_Gibraltar" title="Westside School, Gibraltar">Westside School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">University of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar" title="Miss Gibraltar">Miss Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%A9vame_Donde_Nac%C3%AD" title="Llévame Donde Nací">Llévame Donde Nací</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gibraltar Fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_National_Day" title="Gibraltar National Day">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Gibraltar" title="Public holidays in Gibraltar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Gibraltar" title="Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar">Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians" title="Gibraltarians">Gibraltarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gibraltarians" title="List of Gibraltarians">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_status" title="Gibraltarian status">Gibraltarian status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Religion</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe" title="Diocese in Europe">Diocese in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe" title="Bishop in Europe">Bishop diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_in_Europe" title="Suffragan Bishop in Europe">Bishop suffragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Gibraltar" title="St Andrew's Church, Gibraltar">St. Andrew's Church <span style="font-size:85%;">(Church of Scotland)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Methodist_Church" title="Gibraltar Methodist Church">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar">Roman Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Our Lady of Europe">Our Lady of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cemetery" title="Trafalgar Cemetery">Trafalgar Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim_Mosque" title="Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque">Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Gibraltar)" title="Great Synagogue (Gibraltar)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues of Gibraltar">other synagogues</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Gibraltar" title="Sport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Sport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_sport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:4.4em;font-weight:normal;">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar national basketball team">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cricket_Association" title="Gibraltar Cricket Association">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_cricket_team" title="Gibraltar national cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cycling_Association" title="Gibraltar Cycling Association">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hockey_Association" title="Gibraltar Hockey Association">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Gibraltar men's national field hockey team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Gibraltar" title="Football in Gibraltar">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Football_Association" title="Gibraltar Football Association">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_football_team" title="Gibraltar national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Gibraltar" title="Rugby union in Gibraltar">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_rugby_union_team" title="Gibraltar national rugby union team">national team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Barbarians_Rugby_Club" title="Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club">Campo Gibraltar RUFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gibraltar at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian records in athletics">Records in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Stadium,_Gibraltar" title="Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar">Victoria Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:National symbols of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Symbols</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Anthem" title="Gibraltar Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar">Official flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Gibraltar">other flags</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" title="Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span>  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Commons</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Portal</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gibraltar" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">WikiProject</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portugal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountain_systems_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_systems_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template:Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_systems_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template talk:Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain_systems_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_systems_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula">Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Massif" title="Galician Massif">Galician Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Mediterranean_System" title="Catalan Mediterranean System">Catalan Mediterranean System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Sistema Ibérico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Central System">Central System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montes_de_Toledo" title="Montes de Toledo">Montes de Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South-western</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12837#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12837#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12837#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238991012">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1919592/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjt83WhVHKVHGFRQFQpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047912-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005005381">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320646">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320646">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pyrenejský poloostrov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130557&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451724">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000193700&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000763105">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=6163">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000053250">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl021p7641wmgtn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561663505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/540456066">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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