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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Incest</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Incest" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Incest" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the variable social, legal, religious, and cultural attitudes and sanctions concerning human sexual relations with close kin. For a detailed description of its legal aspects worldwide, see <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Legality of incest</a>. For the biological act of reproducing with close kin, see <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a>. For the descriptive term for blood-related kin, see <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a>. 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Incest (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪnsɛst/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IN-sest</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">close relatives</a>, for example a <a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a> or cousins.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This typically includes sexual activity between people in <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> (blood relations), and sometimes those related by <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>. It is condemned and considered immoral in most societies, given that it can lead to an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disorders">genetic disorders</a> in children in case of pregnancy from incestuous sex. The <a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">incest taboo</a> is one of the most widespread of all cultural <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a>, both in present and in past societies.<a href="#cite_note-Bittles-3">[3]</a> Most modern societies have <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">laws regarding incest</a> or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages.<a href="#cite_note-Bittles-3">[3]</a> In societies where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">victimless crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolf169-5">[5]</a> Some cultures extend the incest taboo to relatives with no consanguinity, such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">milk-siblings</a>, stepsiblings, and adoptive siblings, albeit sometimes with less intensity.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Third-degree relatives (such as half-aunt, half-nephew, first cousin) on average have 12.5% common genetic heritage, and sexual relations between them are viewed differently in various cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Children of incestuous relationships have been regarded as <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] and are still so regarded in some societies today. In most cases, the parents did not have the option to marry to remove that status, as incestuous marriages were, and are, normally also prohibited. A common justification for prohibiting incest is avoiding <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding#Genetic_disorders" title="Inbreeding">genetic disorders</a> suffered by the children of parents with a close <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">genetic relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WolfDurham2005-9">[9]</a> Such children are at greater risk of congenital disorders, developmental and physical disability, and death; that risk is proportional to their parents' <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">coefficient of relationship</a>, a measure of how closely the parents are related genetically.<a href="#cite_note-WolfDurham2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afzal-10">[10]</a> However, cultural anthropologists have noted that <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">inbreeding avoidance</a> cannot form the sole basis for the incest taboo because the boundaries of the incest prohibition vary widely between cultures and not necessarily in ways that maximize the avoidance of inbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-WolfDurham2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In some societies, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, brother-sister, father-daughter, mother-son, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and other combinations of relations within a <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> were married as a means of perpetuating the royal lineage.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some societies have different views about what constitutes illegal or immoral incest. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, a man was permitted to marry his older sister, but not his younger sister.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative (meaning a parent, sibling, or child) are almost universally forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Antiquity">2.1 Antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Biblical_references">2.2 Biblical references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#From_the_Middle_Ages_onward">2.3 From the Middle Ages onward</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Others">2.4 Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Prevalence_and_statistics">3 Prevalence and statistics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Types">4 Types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Between_adults_and_children">4.1 Between adults and children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Between_children">4.2 Between children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Between_adults">4.3 Between adults</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Aunts,_uncles,_nieces_or_nephews">4.3.1 Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Between_adult_siblings">4.3.2 Between adult siblings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Cousin_relationships">4.3.3 Cousin relationships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Defined_through_marriage">4.3.4 Defined through marriage</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Inbreeding">5 Inbreeding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Laws">6 Laws</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religious_and_philosophical_views">7 Religious and philosophical views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Jewish">7.1 Jewish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Christian">7.2 Christian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Islamic">7.3 Islamic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Zoroastrian">7.4 Zoroastrian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Hindu">7.5 Hindu</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Stoicism">7.6 Stoicism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Animals">8 Animals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg/300px-Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg/300px-Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg/450px-Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg/600px-Table_of_Consanguinity_showing_degrees_of_relationship.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The number next to each box indicates the degree of relationship relative to the given person.</figcaption></figure> The English word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incest" class="extiw" title="wikt:incest">incest</a> is derived from the Latin incestus, which has a general meaning of "impure, unchaste". It was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and in the narrow modern sense. The derived adjective incestuous appears in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Before the Latin term came in, incest was known in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as sib-leger (from sibb 'kinship' + leger 'to lie') or mǣġhǣmed (from mǣġ 'kin, parent' + hǣmed 'sexual intercourse') but in time, both words fell out of use. Terms like incester<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and incestual<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> have been used to describe those interested or involved in sexual relations with relatives among humans, while inbreeder has been used in relation to similar behavior among non-human organisms.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, first cousins with the same surnames (i.e. those born to the father's brothers) were not permitted to marry, while those with different surnames could marry (i.e. maternal cousins and paternal cousins born to the father's sisters).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Achaemenid Persia</a>, marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as incestuous. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside the royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-27">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, Shah <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> supposedly married two of his sisters, <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a> and Roxane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726%E2%80%93729-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-27">[27]</a> This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married <a href="/wiki/Otanes" title="Otanes">Otanes</a>' daughter <a href="/wiki/Phaedymia" title="Phaedymia">Phaidyme</a>, whilst his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-27">[27]</a> The accusations against Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of "crimes", such as the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Apis_bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis bull">Apis bull</a>, have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-27">[27]</a> Several of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> married their sisters and had several children with them to continue the royal bloodline. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> married his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a>, and was himself the child of an incestuous union between <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and an unidentified sister-wife. Several scholars, such as Frier et al., state that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister, of the same father and mother.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, it has also been argued that the available evidence does not support the view that such relations were common.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The most famous of these relationships were in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic royal family</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> was married to two of her younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIII">Ptolemy XIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV">Ptolemy XIV</a>, whilst her mother and father, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra V of Egypt">Cleopatra V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XII">Ptolemy XII</a>, were also brother and sister. <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a> and her younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> were the first in the family to participate in a full-sibling marriage, a departure from custom.<a href="#cite_note-Familiarity_Breeds:_Incest_and_the-36">[36]</a> A union between full siblings was counternormative in Greek and Macedonian tradition, and prohibited by the laws of at least some cities.<a href="#cite_note-Familiarity_Breeds:_Incest_and_the-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Routledge_Companion_to_Women_and_Monarchy_in_the_Ancient_Mediterranean_World-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg/220px-Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="1732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg/220px-Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg/330px-Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg/440px-Tutankhamun_and_his_wife_B._C._1330.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Egyptian king <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> married his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a>.</figcaption></figure> The fable of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, with a theme of inadvertent incest between a mother and son, ends in disaster and shows ancient taboos against incest, since Oedipus blinds himself in disgust and shame after his incestuous actions. In the 'sequel' to Oedipus, <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a>, his four children are also punished for their parents' incestuousness. Incest appears in the commonly accepted version of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, when his mother, <a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a>, has sex with her father, <a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Cinyras</a>, during a festival, disguised as a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Sparta">Spartan King</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas I</a>, hero of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, was married to his <a href="/wiki/Niece" class="mw-redirect" title="Niece">niece</a> <a href="/wiki/Gorgo,_Queen_of_Sparta" title="Gorgo, Queen of Sparta">Gorgo</a>, daughter of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_I" title="Cleomenes I">Cleomenes I</a>. Greek law allowed marriage between a brother and sister if they had different mothers: for example, some accounts say that <a href="/wiki/Elpinice" title="Elpinice">Elpinice</a> was for a time married to her half-brother <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Incest is mentioned and condemned in <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> Book VI:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos – "This one invaded a daughter's room and a forbidden sex act". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg/220px-Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg/220px-Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg/330px-Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Yaxchil%C3%A1n_lintel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maya king <a href="/wiki/Itzamnaaj_B%27alam_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzamnaaj B'alam II">Shield Jaguar II</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">aunt-wife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a> AD 709</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman civil law</a> prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity<a href="#cite_note-SRCL514-40">[40]</a> but had no degrees of affinity with regard to marriage. Roman civil laws prohibited any marriage between parents and children, either in the ascending or descending line <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ad_infinitum" class="extiw" title="wikt:ad infinitum">ad infinitum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SRCL514-40">[40]</a> Adoption was considered the same as affinity in that an adoptive father could not marry an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unemancipated" class="extiw" title="wikt:unemancipated">unemancipated</a> daughter or granddaughter even if the adoption had been dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-SRCL514-40">[40]</a> Incestuous unions were discouraged and considered <a href="/wiki/Nefas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefas">nefas</a> (against the laws of gods and man) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. In AD 295, incest was explicitly forbidden by an imperial edict, which divided the concept of incestus into two categories of unequal gravity: the incestus iuris gentium, which was applied to both Romans and non-Romans in the Empire, and the incestus iuris civilis, which concerned only Roman citizens. Therefore, for example, an Egyptian could marry an aunt, but a Roman could not. Despite the act of incest being unacceptable within the Roman Empire, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> is rumored to have had sexual relationships with all three of his sisters (<a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(sister_of_Caligula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drusilla (sister of Caligula)">Drusilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200762-41">[41]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, after executing his previous wife, married his brother's daughter, Agrippina the Younger, and changed the law to allow an otherwise illegal union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200766-42">[42]</a> The law prohibiting marrying a sister's daughter remained.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The taboo against incest in ancient Rome is demonstrated by the fact that politicians would use charges of incest (often false charges) as insults and means of political disenfranchisement. In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, there are themes of brother–sister marriage, a prominent example being between <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">unnamed sister</a> (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>), parents of <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> in turn also accuses Freyja and Freyr of having a sexual relationship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biblical references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></div> The earliest Biblical reference to possible incest involves Cain. It was cited that he knew his wife and she conceived and bore Enoch.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> A literalist reading of this passage indicates that, during this period, there was no other woman except Eve, or there was an unnamed sister, in which case Cain had an incestuous relationship with his mother or his sister.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> married his sister <a href="/wiki/Awan_(religious_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan (religious figure)">Awan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Later, in Genesis 20<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> married his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka200926%E2%80%9331-48">[48]</a> Other references include the passage in 2 Samuel 13 where <a href="/wiki/Amnon" title="Amnon">Amnon</a>, King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s son, rapes his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Tamar_(2_Samuel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar (2 Samuel)">Tamar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael D. Coogan">Michael D. Coogan</a>, it would have been perfectly all right for Amnon to have married her, the Bible being inconsistent about prohibiting incest.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In Genesis 19:30–38, while living in an isolated area after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>'s two daughters conspire to inebriate and rape their father due to the lack of available partners to continue his <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">line of descent</a>. Because of intoxication, Lot "perceived not" when his firstborn, and the following night his younger, daughter lay with him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Moses was also born of an incestuous marriage. Exodus 6<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> details how his father, <a href="/wiki/Amram" title="Amram">Amram</a>, was the nephew of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Jochebed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> An account noted that the incestuous relations did not suffer the fate of childlessness, which was the punishment for such couples in Levitical law.<a href="#cite_note-:2-53">[53]</a> It stated, however, that the incest exposed Moses "to the peril of wild beasts, of the weather, of the water, and more."<a href="#cite_note-:2-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Middle_Ages_onward">From the Middle Ages onward</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From the Middle Ages onward" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:266px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:W.Clerke_table.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/W.Clerke_table.PNG/198px-W.Clerke_table.PNG" decoding="async" width="198" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 198px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/W.Clerke_table.PNG/198px-W.Clerke_table.PNG" data-alt="" data-width="198" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/W.Clerke_table.PNG/297px-W.Clerke_table.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/W.Clerke_table.PNG/396px-W.Clerke_table.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Table of prohibited marriages from The Trial of Bastardie by <a href="/wiki/William_Clerke_(writer)" title="William Clerke (writer)">William Clerke</a>. London, 1594</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:266px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rey_Carlos_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rey_Carlos_II.jpg/226px-Rey_Carlos_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="2184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rey_Carlos_II.jpg/226px-Rey_Carlos_II.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="226" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rey_Carlos_II.jpg/339px-Rey_Carlos_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rey_Carlos_II.jpg/452px-Rey_Carlos_II.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> was born physically disabled, likely due to centuries of inbreeding in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, and suffered a particularly pronounced case of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg jaw">Habsburg jaw</a></div></div></div></div></div> Many European monarchs were related due to political marriages, such that many such marriages were between cousins of some degree, uncles and nieces, and so forth, and sometimes first cousins. This was especially true in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> royal houses. However, relations between siblings, which may have been tolerated in other cultures, were considered abhorrent. For example, the false accusation that <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> and her brother, <a href="/wiki/George_Boleyn,_2nd_Viscount_Rochford" class="mw-redirect" title="George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford">George Boleyn</a>, had committed incest was one of the reasons given for both being executed in May 1536. Historians agree that the false accusation against Anne Boleyn and George Boleyn was trumped up in order to ensure the king could go on to marry <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Sects deemed heretical, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, were accused of incest.<a href="#cite_note-Gow_Desjardins_Pageau_2016_p._64-55">[55]</a> Incestuous marriages were also seen in the royal houses of ancient <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and Korea,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Inca <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaii</a>, and, at times, Central Africa, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Like the kings of ancient Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> rulers married their sisters. <a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a>, for instance, was the son of <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a> and the Inca's sister and wife.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Half-sibling marriages were found in ancient Japan, such as the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bidatsu" title="Emperor Bidatsu">Emperor Bidatsu</a> and his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kinashi_no_Karu" title="Prince Kinashi no Karu">Prince Kinashi no Karu</a> had sexual relations with his full sister Princess Karu no Ōiratsume, although the action was regarded as foolish.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In order to prevent the influence of the other families, Korean <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty monarch <a href="/wiki/Gwangjong_of_Goryeo" title="Gwangjong of Goryeo">Gwangjong</a> married his half-sister Daemok in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Marriage with a family member not related by blood was also regarded as contravening morality and was therefore incest. One example of this is the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Chunghye_of_Goryeo" title="Chunghye of Goryeo">Chunghye of Goryeo</a>, who raped one of his deceased <a href="/wiki/Princess_Gyeonghwa" title="Princess Gyeonghwa">father's concubines</a>, who was thus regarded to be his mother.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In India, the largest proportion of women aged 13 to 49 who marry their close relatives are in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. While it is rare for uncle–niece marriages, it is more common in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In some Southeast Asian cultures, stories of incest being common among certain ethnicities are sometimes told as expressions of contempt for those ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Marriages between younger brothers and their older sisters were common among the early <a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udege people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prevalence_and_statistics">Prevalence and statistics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prevalence and statistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Incest between an adult and a person under the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood abuse; it often results in serious and long-term <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>, especially in the case of parental incest.<a href="#cite_note-Courtois-69">[69]</a> Its prevalence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10–15% of the general population as having had at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Courtois-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a>–<a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a> incest was for many years the most commonly reported and studied form of incest.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herman-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a>–<a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a> incest is rarely reported. According to Catanzarite (1980), between 1965 and 1980 only a handful such cases were documented. Catanzarite attributes this to selection bias and the lack of physical evidence in such cases.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> According to Etherington (1997), one of the reasons of the under-reporting of such cases is that men often found difficulty in defining their mother's behavior as abuse.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In a clinical study by Olson (1990), 30 men had been victims of incest; the mother was a perpetrator in 61.5 % of cases.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In a clinical study by Kelly et al. (2002), among the 67 sexually abused men, in 17 cases the perpetrators were their mothers.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> More recently, studies have suggested that <a href="/wiki/Sibling_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibling incest">sibling incest</a>, particularly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abuse choose younger victims, abuse victims over a lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than father or stepfather incest, with father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Nigeria are some of the countries with the most incest through consanguineous marriage.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_adults_and_children">Between adults and children</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Between adults and children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></div> Sex between an adult family member and a child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> also known as child incestuous abuse,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and for many years has been the most reported form of incest. Father–daughter and stepfather–stepdaughter sex are the most commonly reported forms of adult–child incest, with most of the remaining involving a mother or stepmother.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-94">[94]</a> Many studies found that stepfathers tend to be far more likely than biological fathers to engage in this form of incest. One study of adult women in San Francisco estimated that 17% of women were abused by stepfathers and 2% were abused by biological fathers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Father–son incest is reported less often, but it is not known how close the frequency is to heterosexual incest because it is likely more under-reported.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to estimate due to secrecy and privacy. In a 1999 news story, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported: "Close-knit family life in India masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisation <a href="/wiki/RAHI_Foundation" title="RAHI Foundation">RAHI</a> said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children – 40% of those by a family member."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to the National Center for Victims of Crime a large proportion of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before the age of 18; furthermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or stepfathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></blockquote> A study of victims of father–daughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were "common features" within families before the occurrence of incest: estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, and reassignment of some of the mother's traditional major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was also stated that the incest experience was psychologically harmful to the woman in later life, frequently leading to low self-esteem, very unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Adults who as children were incestuously victimized by adults often suffer from low <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobic avoidance reactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatoform_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatoform disorder">somatoform disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Courtois-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Goler_clan" title="Goler clan">Goler clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> is a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult–child and sibling–sibling incest took place over at least three generations.<a href="#cite_note-cruise-105">[105]</a> A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, cousins, and each other. During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to engaging in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including full intercourse, multiple times with the children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five.<a href="#cite_note-cruise-105">[105]</a> In July 2012, twelve children were removed from the <a href="/wiki/Colt_clan_incest_case" title="Colt clan incest case">'Colt' family</a> (a pseudonym) in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, after the discovery of four generations of incest.<a href="#cite_note-ccnsw-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-nca131210-107">[107]</a> Child protection workers and psychologists said interviews with the children indicated "a virtual sexual free-for-all".<a href="#cite_note-nca131212-108">[108]</a> In Japan, there is a popular misconception that mother–son incestuous contact is common, due to the manner in which it is depicted in the press and popular media. According to Hideo Tokuoka, "when Americans think of incest, they think of fathers and daughters; in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons" due to the extensive media coverage of mother–son incest there.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Some Western researchers assumed that mother–son incest is common in Japan, but research into victimization statistics from police and health-care systems discredits this; it shows that the vast majority of sexual abuse in Japan, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> While incest between adults and children generally involves the adult as the perpetrator of abuse, there are rare instances of sons sexually assaulting their mothers. These sons are typically mid-adolescent to young adult, and, unlike parent-initiated incest, the incidents involve some kind of physical force. Although the mothers may be accused of being seductive with their sons and inviting the sexual contact, this is contrary to evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Courtois_2-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-112">[112]</a> Such accusations can parallel other forms of rape, where, due to <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">victim blaming</a>, a woman is accused of being at fault for the rape. In some cases, mother–son incest is best classified as <a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">acquaintance rape</a> of the mother by the adolescent son.<a href="#cite_note-Courtois_2-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_children">Between children</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Between children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Childhood <a href="/wiki/Sibling_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibling incest">sibling–sibling incest</a> is considered to be widespread but rarely reported.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-94">[94]</a> Sibling–sibling incest becomes <a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">child-on-child sexual abuse</a> when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-94">[94]</a> A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have "distorted" or "disturbed" beliefs (such as that the act was "normal") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse#Sexual_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abusive incest</a> is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling.<a href="#cite_note-leder-115">[115]</a> Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother.<a href="#cite_note-rudd-116">[116]</a> The damaging effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brother–sister sexual abuse are similar to the effects of father–daughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders.<a href="#cite_note-rudd-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyr-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_adults">Between adults</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Between adults" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults on one hand and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest on the other.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2002-118">[118]</a> However, even consensual relationships such as these are still legally classified as incest<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and criminalized in many jurisdictions (although there are <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">certain exceptions</a>). James Roffee, a senior lecturer in criminology at <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> and former worker on legal responses to familial sexual activity in England and Wales, and Scotland<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> discussed how the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> deems all familial sexual acts to be criminal, even if all parties give their full consent and are knowledgeable to all possible consequences.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> He also argues that the use of particular language tools in the legislation manipulates the reader to deem all familial sexual activities as immoral and criminal, even if all parties are consenting adults.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aunts,_uncles,_nieces_or_nephews">Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate marriage</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, marrying one's nephew or niece is legal, but only with the explicit permission of the Dutch government, due to the possible risk of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic defects">genetic defects</a> among the offspring. Nephew-niece marriages predominantly occur among foreign immigrants. In November 2008, the Scientific Institute of the Christian Democratic Party (CDA) announced that it wanted a ban on marriages to nephews and nieces.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Consensual sex between individuals aged 16 and older is always lawful in the Netherlands and Belgium, even among closely related family members. Sexual acts between an adult family member and a minor are illegal, though they are classified not as incest but as abuse of the authority such an adult has over a minor, comparable to that of a teacher, coach, or priest.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone known to be one's aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew constitutes a felony of the third degree.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Other states also commonly prohibit marriages between such kin.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The legality of sex with a half-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In the United Kingdom, incest includes only sexual intercourse with a parent, grandparent, child, or sibling,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> but the more recently introduced offense of "sex with an adult relative" extends as far as half-siblings, uncles, aunts, nephews, and nieces.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-129">[129]</a> However, the term 'incest' remains widely used in popular culture to describe any form of sexual activity with a relative. In Canada, marriage between uncles and nieces and between aunts and nephews is legal.<a href="#cite_note-can1-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Between_adult_siblings">Between adult siblings</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Between adult siblings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sibling_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibling incest">Sibling incest</a></div> One of the most public cases of adult sibling incest in the 2000s is the case of <a href="/wiki/Cases_of_St%C3%BCbing_v._Germany" title="Cases of Stübing v. Germany">Patrick Stübing and Susan Karolewski</a>, a brother–sister couple from Germany. Because of violent behavior on the part of his father, Patrick was taken in at the age of 3 by foster parents, who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his then 16-year-old sister Susan for the first time. The now-adult Patrick moved in with his birth family shortly thereafter. After their mother died suddenly six months later, the siblings became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. By 2004, they had had four children together: Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public nature of their relationship, and the repeated <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecutions</a> and jail time they have served as a result, have caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article about them in <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> states that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-4">[4]</a> In April 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, Patrick Stübing lost his case that the conviction violated his right to a private and family life.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECtHR_judgment-132">[132]</a> On 24 September 2014, the <a href="/wiki/German_Ethics_Council" title="German Ethics Council">German Ethics Council</a> recommended that the government abolish laws criminalizing incest between siblings, arguing that such bans impinge upon citizens.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Some societies differentiate between full-sibling and half-sibling relations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cousin_relationships">Cousin relationships</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cousin relationships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incest_World_Wide_Chart_(Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title,_legend,_bkrd_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png/220px-Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png/220px-Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png/330px-Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png/440px-Incest_World_Wide_Chart_%28Borysk5_orig_amended_by_Tyir86_with_title%2C_legend%2C_bkrd_color%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Legal status of incest, globally</figcaption></figure> Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are stigmatized as incest in some cultures, but tolerated in much of the world. Currently, 24 <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> prohibit marriages between first cousins, and another seven permit them only under special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The United Kingdom permits both marriage and sexual relations between first cousins.<a href="#cite_note-Ref1-138">[138]</a> In some non-Western societies, marriages between close biological relatives account for 20–60% of all marriages.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> First- and second-cousin marriages are rare in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania, accounting for less than 1% of marriages, but reach 9% in South America, East Asia, and South Europe, and about 50% in regions of the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Communities such as the Dhond and the <a href="/wiki/Bhittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhittani">Bhittani</a> of Pakistan clearly prefer marriages between cousins due to the belief they ensure purity of the descent line, provide intimate knowledge of the spouses, and ensure that <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">patrimony</a> will not pass into the hands of "outsiders".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Cross-cousin</a> marriages are preferred among the <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a> of Brazilian Amazonia, among many other tribal societies identified by anthropologists. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cousin_marriage_map1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cousin_marriage_map1.svg/220px-Cousin_marriage_map1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cousin_marriage_map1.svg/220px-Cousin_marriage_map1.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cousin_marriage_map1.svg/330px-Cousin_marriage_map1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cousin_marriage_map1.svg/440px-Cousin_marriage_map1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cousin marriage laws in the United States, by state</figcaption></figure> There are some cultures in Asia which stigmatize cousin marriage, in some instances even marriages between second cousins or more remotely related people. This is notably true in the culture of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. In South Korea, before 1997, two people with the same last name and clan were prohibited from marrying. In light of this law being held unconstitutional, South Korea now only prohibits up to third cousins (see <a href="/wiki/Article_809_of_the_Korean_Civil_Code" title="Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code">Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> culture prohibits the marriage of anyone with the same last name – to do so would result in being shunned by the entire community, and they are usually stripped of their last name.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In a review of 48 studies of children parented by cousins, the rate of birth defects was twice that of non-related couples: 4% for cousin couples as opposed to 2% for the general population.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defined_through_marriage">Defined through marriage</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Defined through marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some cultures include relatives by marriage in incest prohibitions; these relationships are called <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinity</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>. For example, the question of the legality and morality of a widower who wished to marry his <a href="/wiki/Deceased_Wife%27s_Sister%27s_Marriage_Act_1907" title="Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907">deceased wife's sister</a> was the subject of long and fierce debate in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the 19th century, involving, among others, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_La_Trobe" title="Charles La Trobe">Charles La Trobe</a>. The marriages were entered into in Scotland and Switzerland respectively, where they were legal. In medieval Europe, <a href="/wiki/Lateran_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran IV">Lateran IV</a> ruled that standing as a <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparent</a> to a child also created a bond of affinity; which precluded legal marriage.<a href="#cite_note-b310-148">[148]</a> But in other societies, a deceased spouse's sibling was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew Bible forbids a man from marrying his brother's widow with the exception that, if his brother dies childless, the man is required to marry his brother's widow so as to "raise up seed to him".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some societies have long practiced <a href="/wiki/Sororal_polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sororal polygyny">sororal polygyny</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> in which a man marries multiple wives who are sisters to each other (though not closely related to him). In Islamic law, marriage among close blood relations like parents, stepparents, parents in-law, siblings, stepsiblings, the children of siblings, aunts, and uncles is forbidden, while first or second cousins may marry. Marrying the widow of a brother or the sister of a deceased or divorced wife is also allowed. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inbreeding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></div> Offspring of biologically related parents are subject to the possible impact of inbreeding. Such offspring have a higher possibility of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital birth defects</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a>), because it increases the proportion of zygotes that are <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> for deleterious <a href="/wiki/Recessive_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive allele">recessive alleles</a> that produce such disorders<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a>). Because most such <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> are rare in populations, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners will both be heterozygous carriers. However, because close relatives <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">share a large fraction of their alleles</a>, the probability that any such rare deleterious allele present in the common ancestor will be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes. This has two contrary effects:<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <ul><li>In the short term, because incestuous reproduction increases <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">zygosity</a>, deleterious recessive alleles will express themselves more frequently, leading to increases in <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">spontaneous abortions</a> of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects.</li> <li>In the long run, however, because of this increased exposure of deleterious recessive alleles to <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, their frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred population, leading to a "healthier" population (with fewer deleterious recessive alleles).</li></ul> The closer two persons are related, the higher the zygosity, and thus the more severe the biological costs of inbreeding. This fact likely explains why inbreeding between close relatives, such as siblings, is less common than inbreeding between cousins.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similar <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a> may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see <a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection" title="Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection">Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection</a>).<a href="#cite_note-moral-153">[153]</a> A 1994 study found a mean excess mortality with inbreeding among first cousins of 4.4%.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A 2008 study also found decreased lifespan among offspring of first cousins, but no difference between lifespans after the second cousin level.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A 1990 study conducted in South India found that the incidence of malformations was slightly higher in uncle-niece progeny (9.34%) compared to the first cousin progeny (6.18%).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Stillbirth rates were significantly higher among consanguineous couples irrespective of the mother's socioeconomic status, and were higher in uncle-niece mating's compared to first cousin and beyond first cousin unions in both the poor and middle/upper class. Children of parent–child or sibling–sibling unions are at increased risk compared to cousin–cousin unions. Studies suggest that 20–36% of these children will die or have major disability due to the inbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-WolfDurham2005-9">[9]</a> A study of 29 offspring resulting from brother–sister or father–daughter incest found that 20 had congenital abnormalities, including four directly attributable to autosomal recessive alleles.<a href="#cite_note-Baird-157">[157]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Laws" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Legality of incest</a></div> Laws regarding sexual activity between close relatives vary considerably between jurisdictions, and depend on the type of sexual activity and the nature of the family relationship of the parties involved, as well as the age and sex of the parties. Prohibition of incest laws may extend to restrictions on marriage rights, which also vary between jurisdictions. Most jurisdictions prohibit parent–child and sibling marriages, while others also prohibit first-cousin and uncle–niece and aunt–nephew marriages. In most places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the two partners. In other countries, incestuous relationships between consenting adults (with the age varying by location) are permitted, including in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> is the only country that allows marriage between half-siblings, and they must seek government counseling before marriage.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> While the legality of consensual incest varies by country, sexual assault committed against a relative is seen as a very serious crime. In some legal systems, the fact of a perpetrator being a close relative to the victim constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Aggravating_circumstance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravating circumstance">aggravating circumstance</a> in the case of sexual crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual conduct with a minor</a> – this is the case in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Religious_and_philosophical_views">Religious and philosophical views </h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious and philosophical views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jewish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, per Leviticus 18,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> "the children of Israel" – Israelite men and women alike – are forbidden from sexual relations between people who are "near of kin" (verse 6), who are defined as: <ul><li>Children and their mothers (verse 7);</li> <li>Siblings and half-siblings (verses 9 and 11). Relationships between these are particularly singled out for a curse in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0527.htm">Deuteronomy 27</a>, and they are of the only two kinds of incestuous relationships that are among the particularly singled-out relationships – with the other particularly singled-out relationships being ones of non-incestuous family betrayal (cf. verse 20) and bestiality (cf. verse 21);</li> <li>Grandparents and grandchildren (verse 10);</li> <li>Aunts and nephews, uncles and nieces, etc. (verses 12–14).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Relationships between these are the second kind of relationships that are particularly singled out for a curse in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0527.htm">Deuteronomy 27</a>, and the explicit examples of children-in-law and mothers-in-law (verse 23) serve to remind the Israelites that the parents-in-law are also (or at least should also be) the children-in-law's aunts and uncles:<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li></ul> <blockquote>And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the LORD, saying: 'The tribe of the sons of Joseph speaketh right. This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded concerning the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zelophehad" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelophehad">Zelophehad</a>, saying: Let them be married to whom they think best; only into the family of the tribe of their father shall they be married. So shall no inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe; for the children of Israel shall cleave every one to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may possess every man the inheritance of his fathers. So shall no inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; for the tribes of the children of Israel shall cleave each one to its own inheritance.' Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of Zelophehad. For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's brothers' sons.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></blockquote> Incestuous relationships, along with the other forbidden relationships that are mentioned in Leviticus 18, are considered so severe among <a href="/wiki/Chillul_Hashem" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillul Hashem">chillulim HaShem</a>, acts which bring shame to the name of God, as to be punishable by death as specified in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0320.htm">Leviticus 20</a>. In the 4th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Soferim" class="mw-redirect" title="Soferim">Soferim</a> (scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termed seconds (Hebrew: sheniyyot) and included the wives of a man's grandfather and grandson.<a href="#cite_note-TosYeb23-164">[164]</a> The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of these seconds of his, on the basis that doing so would act as a safeguard against infringing the biblical incest rules,<a href="#cite_note-Yeb21a-165">[165]</a> although there was inconclusive debate about exactly what the limits should be for the definition of seconds.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncInce-166">[166]</a> Marriages that are forbidden in the Torah (with the exception of uncle–niece marriages) were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as invalid – as if they had never occurred;<a href="#cite_note-EbenezerSA-167">[167]</a> any children born to such a couple were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">bastards under Jewish law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EbenezerSA-167">[167]</a> and the relatives of the spouse were not regarded as forbidden relations for further marriage.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> On the other hand, relationships that were prohibited due to qualifying as seconds and so forth were regarded as wicked but still valid;<a href="#cite_note-EbenezerSA-167">[167]</a> while such a couple may have been pressured to divorce, any children of the union were still seen as legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-EbenezerSA-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></div> The New Testament condemns relations between a man "and his father's wife" (1 Corinthians 5:1–5). It is inevitable for Bible literalists to accept that the first children of Adam and Eve would have been in incestuous relations as we regard it today. However, according to the Bible, God's law forbidding incest had not at that time been given to men and was delivered to Moses after Adam and Eve were created. Protestant Christians who adopt the Old Testament as part of their rule of faith and practice distinguish between the ceremonial law and the moral law given to Moses, with the demands of the ceremonial law being fulfilled by Christ's atoning death. Protestants view Leviticus 18:6–20 as part of the moral law and still applicable, thus condemning sexual/marriage relations between a man and his mother, sister, stepsister, or stepmother (if a man has more than one wife, it is forbidden for a son to have relations with or marry any of his father's wives), aunt, granddaughter, or his brother's wife. Leviticus 18 goes on to condemn relations between a man and the daughter of a woman he is having relations with and the sister of a woman he has had sexual relations with while the first sister is still alive. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> allows marriages up to and including first cousins.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> regards incest as a sin against the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Sacrament of Matrimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> For the Catholic Church, at the heart of the immorality of incest is the corruption and disordering of proper family relations. These disordered relationships take on a particularly grave and immoral character when it becomes <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> says: <blockquote>2388 Incest designates intimate relations between relatives or in-laws within a degree that prohibits marriage between them. St. Paul stigmatizes this especially grave offense: 'It is actually reported that there is immorality among you...for a man is living with his father's wife...In the name of the Lord Jesus...you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh....' Incest corrupts family relationships and marks a regression toward animality. 2389 Connected to incest is any sexual abuse perpetrated by adults on children or adolescents entrusted to their care. The offense is compounded by the scandalous harm done to the physical and moral integrity of the young, who will remain scarred by it all their lives; and the violation of responsibility for their upbringing.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Islamic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with: <ul><li>his father's wife<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> (his mother,<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a> or stepmother,<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a> his mother-in-law, a woman from whom he has nursed, even the children of this woman);<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a></li> <li>either parent's sister (aunt);<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a></li> <li>his sister, his half-sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as him, and his sister-in-law (wife's sister) while still married. Half relations are as sacred as full relations;<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a></li> <li>his niece (child of sibling);<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a></li> <li>his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother was <a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">consummated</a>), his daughter-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-qref_4:23-173">[173]</a></li></ul> Cousin marriage finds support in Islamic scriptures and is <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">widespread in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Although Islam allows cousin marriage, there are <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> attributed to Muhammad calling for distance from the marriage of relatives. However, Muslim scholars generally consider these hadiths unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zoroastrian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xwedodah" title="Xwedodah">Xwedodah</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>, incest between cousins is a blessed virtue, although, in some sources, incest is believed to be related to that of parent–child or brother–sister.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[177]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, royalty, clergy, and commoners practiced incest, though the extent in the lattermost class was unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Skjaervo_2013-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[177]</a> This tradition was called <a href="/wiki/Xwedodah" title="Xwedodah">Xwedodah</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: Xᵛaētuuadaθa, romanized: Xvaetvadatha).<a href="#cite_note-Skjaervo_2013-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The tradition was considered so sacred that the bodily fluids produced by an incestuous couple were thought to have curative powers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[177]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a> advised corpse-bearers to purify themselves with a mixture of the urine of a married incestuous couple.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a>, cited that among Zoroastrians, a wise priest is born only by Xvaetvadatha.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> To what extent Xvaetvadatha was practiced in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> Iran and before – especially outside the royal and noble families ("dynastic incest") and, perhaps, the clergy – and whether practices ascribed to them can be assumed to be characteristic of the general population is not clear. There is a lack of genealogies and census material on the frequency of Xvaetvadatha.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2007-185">[185]</a> Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>, however, combined with that of the Jewish and Christian sources citing actual cases under the Sasanians, strengthens the evidence of the Zoroastrian texts. In the post-Sasanian Zoroastrian literature, Xvaetvadatha is said to refer to marriages between cousins instead, which have always been relatively common.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> It has been observed that such incestuous acts received a great deal of glorification as a religious practice and, in addition to being condemned by foreigners (though the reliability of these accusations is questionable since accusations of incest were a common way of denigrating other groups),<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> were considered a great challenge by their own proponents, with accounts suggesting that four copulations was deemed a rare achievement worthy of eternal salvation. It has been suggested that because taking up incestuous relations was a great personal challenge, seemingly repugnant even to Zoroastrians of the time, it served as an <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honest signal</a> of commitment and devotion to religious ideals.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2007-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu">Hindu</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hindu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> regards incest to be "evil".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> speaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus believe there are both <a href="/wiki/Karmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmic">karmic</a> and practical bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of both <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a> in relation to the family tree (<a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a>) or bloodline (<a href="/wiki/Pravaras" title="Pravaras">Pravara</a>). Marriage within the gotra (swagotra marriage) is banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> People within the gotra are regarded as kin, and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. Marriage with paternal cousins (a form of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">parallel-cousin</a> relationship) is strictly prohibited. Traditional Hindu laws of marriage suggest that, between a man and a woman who are about to marry, there should be no common ancestor (gotra) between the groom and the bride for up to 6 generations on the father's side of the groom and bride and up to 4 generations on the mothers' side of the groom and bride. Some orthodox Hindus might extend this limit to up to 8 generations on the father's side and six generations on the mother's side (for both the bride and groom). Although generally marriages between persons having the same gotra are frowned upon,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> how this is defined may vary regionally. Depending on the culture and <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">caste</a> of the population in the region, marriage may be restricted up to seven generations of gotra of father, mother, and grandmother. Marriage is banned within the same local community in a few rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoicism">Stoicism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stoicism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The founder of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, stated that incest was permissible in <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Zeno)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Zeno)">Republic</a>, as did the later prominent Stoic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>. However, Zeno only advocates for incest under unique circumstances, such as procreating with one's ailing mother to beget "glorious" children, thus comforting her. Otherwise, incest is condemned as being contrary to Nature. Zeno further condemns incest from a moral and psychological perspective, considering it to be a sign of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s tyrannical soul, defined as a soul that is governed by illimitable desire. He uses <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> as a tragic example.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Nonetheless, later Stoic disciples by the 1st century BC downplayed the pro-incest advocacy, accusing Zeno of being "young and thoughtless" when he wrote Republic.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behavior#Inbreeding_avoidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal sexual behavior">Animal sexual behavior § Inbreeding avoidance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_flies_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fruit_flies_mating.jpg/220px-Fruit_flies_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="691"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fruit_flies_mating.jpg/220px-Fruit_flies_mating.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fruit_flies_mating.jpg/330px-Fruit_flies_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fruit_flies_mating.jpg/440px-Fruit_flies_mating.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Common fruit fly</a> females prefer to mate with their own brothers over unrelated males.<a href="#cite_note-fruit-flies-195">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> Inbreeding avoidance is rare in non-human animals.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> found that <a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">bed bugs</a>, in contrast to most other insects, tolerate incest and are able to genetically withstand the effects of inbreeding quite well.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Many species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including humanity's closest <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> relatives, tend to avoid mating with close relatives, especially if there are alternative partners available.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> However, some chimpanzees have been recorded attempting to mate with their mothers.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Male rats have been recorded engaging in mating with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related females over their sisters.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> breeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a> of what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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which prevents most incest</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626012345/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/incest">"Incest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/incest">the original</a> on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incest&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fincest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault/incest">"Incest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rape,_Abuse_%26_Incest_National_Network" title="Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network">Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network</a> (RAINN). 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incest&rft.pub=Rape%2C+Abuse+%26+Incest+National+Network+%28RAINN%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainn.org%2Fget-information%2Ftypes-of-sexual-assault%2Fincest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bittles-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bittles_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bittles_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittles2012" class="citation book cs1">Bittles, Alan Holland (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CsCXXE8skC&pg=PA178">Consanguinity in Context</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 178–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521781862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521781862"><bdi>978-0521781862</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consanguinity+in+Context&rft.pages=178-187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521781862&rft.aulast=Bittles&rft.aufirst=Alan+Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6CsCXXE8skC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipp2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Hipp, Dietmar (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540831,00.html">"German High Court Takes a Look at Incest"</a>. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=German+High+Court+Takes+a+Look+at+Incest&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Hipp&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C540831%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf169-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf169_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfDurham2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Arthur P.; <a href="/wiki/William_H._Durham" title="William H. Durham">Durham, William H.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1nuQxcIQgC&pg=PA169">Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-5141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inbreeding%2C+Incest%2C+and+the+Incest+Taboo%3A+The+State+of+Knowledge+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5141-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft.au=Durham%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOW1nuQxcIQgC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions – Volume 1 – Page 321, Yudit Kornberg Greenberg – 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Language and Social Relations – Page 379, Asif Agha – 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects – Page 101, James Wynbrandt, Mark D. Ludman – 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-WolfDurham2005-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WolfDurham2005_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolfDurham2005_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolfDurham2005_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolfDurham2005_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfDurham2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Arthur P.; Durham, William H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1nuQxcIQgC&pg=PA3">Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-5141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inbreeding%2C+Incest%2C+and+the+Incest+Taboo%3A+The+State+of+Knowledge+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5141-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft.au=Durham%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOW1nuQxcIQgC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afzal-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Afzal_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFareedAfzal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fareed, M; Afzal, M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196914">"Estimating the inbreeding depression on cognitive behavior: A population based study of child cohort"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109585. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j9585F">2014PLoSO...9j9585F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109585">10.1371/journal.pone.0109585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196914">4196914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25313490">25313490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+inbreeding+depression+on+cognitive+behavior%3A+A+population+based+study+of+child+cohort&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e109585&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4196914%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j9585F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25313490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109585&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Fareed&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Afzal%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4196914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1976" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, D. M. (1976). "The meaning of incest". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 85 (2): 149–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+incest&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-169&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1948" class="citation journal cs1">White, L. A. (1948). "The definition and prohibition of incest". 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Psychoanalytic Review. 58 (4): 563–72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4948055">4948055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Review&rft.atitle=Incest+and+culture%3A+A+reflection+on+Claude+L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-72&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4948055&rft.aulast=Schechner&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a>, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592">"New Left Review – Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship"</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Left+Review+%E2%80%93+Jack+Goody%3A+The+Labyrinth+of+Kinship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2F%3Fview%3D2592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechte2003" class="citation book cs1">Lechte, John (24 February 2003). Key Contemporary Concepts From Abjection to Zeno's Paradox. SAGE Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761965343" title="Special:BookSources/9780761965343"><bdi>9780761965343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Contemporary+Concepts+From+Abjection+to+Zeno%27s+Paradox&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.isbn=9780761965343&rft.aulast=Lechte&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Tapestry of Culture: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, Ninth Ed., Abraham Rosman, Paula G. Rubel, Maxine Weisgrau, 2009, AltaMira Press, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Riwle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancrene Riwle">Ancrene Riwle</a> (c. 1225) has Incest‥is bituȝe sibbe fleschliche, where either the generic or the narrow sense may be intended. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=incest&searchmode=none">inetymonline.comest</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Oxford Concise Dictionary of Etymology, T. F. Hoad (ed.) (1996), p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollert2001" class="citation book cs1">Wollert, R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwollert.com/BSLarticle.html">An analysis of the argument that clinicians under-predict sexual violence in civil commitment cases</a>. pp. 171–184. <q>His first criterion was that follow-up research on rapists and extrafamilial molesters should be studied while research on incesters and intrafamilial molesters should be screened out.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+analysis+of+the+argument+that+clinicians+under-predict+sexual+violence+in+civil+commitment+cases&rft.pages=171-184&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wollert&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardwollert.com%2FBSLarticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley, Sue (2002). "Exploring the multiplicity of childhood sexual abuse with a focus on polyincestuous contexts of abuse". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 10 (4). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 91–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ070v10n04_07">10.1300/J070v10n04_07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16221629">16221629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10707236">10707236</a>. <q>They also suggested that researchers have created "a false dichotomy" (p. 33) by studying extrafamilial child molesters (eg, those who abuse other families' children) as though they were distinct from intrafamilial child incesters (eg, those who molest children within their own family)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+multiplicity+of+childhood+sexual+abuse+with+a+focus+on+polyincestuous+contexts+of+abuse&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=91-110&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10707236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16221629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ070v10n04_07&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaputi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Caputi, Jane (2009). "Unthinkable fathering: connecting incest and nuclearism". <a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a>. 9 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Online_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Online Library">Wiley Online Library</a>: 102–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1994.tb00435.x">10.1111/j.1527-2001.1994.tb00435.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810172">3810172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145443764">145443764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=Unthinkable+fathering%3A+connecting+incest+and+nuclearism&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-122&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145443764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3810172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1994.tb00435.x&rft.aulast=Caputi&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL_Conyers2002" class="citation book cs1">L Conyers, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_dukyNja_YC&q=%22%22&pg=PA115">Black Cultures and Race Relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830415748" title="Special:BookSources/9780830415748"><bdi>9780830415748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Cultures+and+Race+Relations&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780830415748&rft.aulast=L+Conyers&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_dukyNja_YC%26q%3D%2522%2522%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_California1945" class="citation book cs1">University of California (1945). American Journal of Psychiatry (Volume 101 ed.). p. 425. <q>Psychoanalytic interpretations of some of the elements of incestuous reactions and a classification of incestuals are proposed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.pages=425&rft.edition=Volume+101&rft.date=1945&rft.au=University+of+California&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, Deborah (2009). Introduction to Plant Population Biology. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Plant+Population+Biology&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulik1974" class="citation book cs1">Gulik, Robert Hans van (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9MUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">Sexual Life in Ancient China: a Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D.</a> Leiden: Brill. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03917-9"><bdi>978-90-04-03917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Life+in+Ancient+China%3A+a+Preliminary+Survey+of+Chinese+Sex+and+Society+from+ca.+1500+B.C.+till+1644+A.D.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03917-9&rft.aulast=Gulik&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hans+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9MUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_27-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2000">Brosius 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726%E2%80%93729_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1990">Dandamayev 1990</a>, pp. 726–729. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1983" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, N. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinegyptunder0000lewi">Life in Egypt under Roman Rule</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814848-7"><bdi>978-0-19-814848-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Egypt+under+Roman+Rule&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814848-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeinegyptunder0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrierBagnall1994" class="citation book cs1">Frier, Bruce W.; <a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a> (1994). The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46123-8"><bdi>978-0-521-46123-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demography+of+Roman+Egypt&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46123-8&rft.aulast=Frier&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft.au=Bagnall%2C+Roger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1992" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, B. D. (1992). "Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt". Man. New Series. 27 (2): 267–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2804054">10.2307/2804054</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804054">2804054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Explaining+Incest%3A+Brother-Sister+Marriage+in+Graeco-Roman+Egypt&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-299&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2804054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2804054%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hopkins" title="Keith Hopkins">Hopkins, Keith</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180202/http://humweb.ucsc.edu/jklynn/ancientwomen/HopkinsBrotherSisterMarriage.pdf">"Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt"</a> (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 22 (3): 303–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500009385">10.1017/S0010417500009385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143698328">143698328</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humweb.ucsc.edu/jklynn/ancientwomen/HopkinsBrotherSisterMarriage.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Brother-Sister+Marriage+in+Roman+Egypt&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-354&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500009385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143698328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumweb.ucsc.edu%2Fjklynn%2Fancientwomen%2FHopkinsBrotherSisterMarriage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Walter Scheidel. 2004. "Ancient Egyptian Sibling Marriage and the Westermarck Effect", in Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: the state of knowledge at the turn of the century Arthur Wolf and William Durham (eds) Stanford University Press. pp. 93–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebner2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. Huebner">Huebner, Sabine R</a> (2007). "'Brother-Sister' Marriage in Roman Egypt: a Curiosity of Humankind or a Widespread Family Strategy?". 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89N78kYLFNQC">Ency. Of Health Nutrition And Family Wel.(3 Vol)</a>. Sarup & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89N78kYLFNQC&pg=PA166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-171-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-171-6"><bdi>978-81-7625-171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ency.+Of+Health+Nutrition+And+Family+Wel.%283+Vol%29&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-171-6&rft.aulast=Wal&rft.aufirst=Ruchi+Mishra+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89N78kYLFNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Publications2002" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Publications (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zseZeGgQlDwC">Asia-Pacific Population Journal</a>. United Nations Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zseZeGgQlDwC&pg=PA23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-120340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-120340-0"><bdi>978-92-1-120340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia-Pacific+Population+Journal&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-1-120340-0&rft.au=United+Nations+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzseZeGgQlDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundsDundes1995" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, Lowell; Dundes, Alan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-3Hyd4ms_YC&q=Kalangs+incest&pg=PA32">Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook</a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14853-9"><bdi>978-0-299-14853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oedipus%3A+A+Folklore+Casebook&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14853-9&rft.aulast=Edmunds&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft.au=Dundes%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-3Hyd4ms_YC%26q%3DKalangs%2Bincest%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeusen2011" class="citation book cs1">Deusen, Kira (2 February 2011). Flying Tiger: Women Shamans and Storytellers of the Amur. McGill Queen's Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773521551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773521551"><bdi>978-0773521551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Tiger%3A+Women+Shamans+and+Storytellers+of+the+Amur&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=McGill+Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0773521551&rft.aulast=Deusen&rft.aufirst=Kira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaller1993" class="citation book cs1">Faller, Kathleen C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-SEwHNu_NcC&pg=PA64">Child Sexual Abuse: Intervention and Treatment Issues</a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-1669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-1669-8"><bdi>978-0-7881-1669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Sexual+Abuse%3A+Intervention+and+Treatment+Issues&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-1669-8&rft.aulast=Faller&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-SEwHNu_NcC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchetkyGreen1988" class="citation book cs1">Schetky, Diane H.; Green, Arthur H. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA128">Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals</a>. Psychology Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87630-495-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87630-495-2"><bdi>978-0-87630-495-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Handbook+for+Health+Care+and+Legal+Professionals&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87630-495-2&rft.aulast=Schetky&rft.aufirst=Diane+H.&rft.au=Green%2C+Arthur+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYyzGgZbllYC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtois-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois1988" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31356-7"><bdi>978-0-393-31356-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+Incest+Wound%3A+Adult+Survivors+in+Therapy&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31356-7&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemeroffCraighead2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nemeroff" title="Charles Nemeroff">Nemeroff, Charles B.</a>; Craighead, W. Edward (2001). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24096-9"><bdi>978-0-471-24096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corsini+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Behavioral+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24096-9&rft.aulast=Nemeroff&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft.au=Craighead%2C+W.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, Book VI: "hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos;" = "this [man being punished in <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>] invaded a daughter's private room and a forbidden marital relationship." </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Herman_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Lewis_Herman" title="Judith Lewis Herman">Herman, Judith</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282">Father-Daughter Incest</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282">282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29506-3"><bdi>978-0-674-29506-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father-Daughter+Incest&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-29506-3&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatherdaughterin00herm_0%2Fpage%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Catanzarite, Valerian A., and Sam Edward Combs. "Mother-son incest." JAMA 243.18 (1980): 1807-1808. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Etherington, Kim. Maternal sexual abuse of males. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect 6.2 (1997): 107-117. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Olson, P. E. (1990). The sexual abuse of boys: A study of the long-term psychological effects. In M. Hunter (Ed.), The sexually abused male: Vol. 1. Prevalence, impact, and treatment (pp. 137 - 152 ) . Lexington, MA: Lexington. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Kelly, Robert J., et al. "Effects of mother-son incest and positive perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on the psychosocial adjustment of clinic-referred men." Child abuse & neglect 26.4 (2002): 425-441. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanGoldman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman, R.; Goldman, J. (1988). "The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Australia". Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family. 9 (2): 94–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01591487.1988.11004405">10.1080/01591487.1988.11004405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Sex%2C+Marriage+and+Family&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+and+nature+of+child+sexual+abuse+in+Australia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-106&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01591487.1988.11004405&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Wiehe, Vernon (1997). Sibling Abuse: Hidden Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Trauma. Sage Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-1009-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-1009-3">0-7619-1009-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Rayment-McHugh, Sue; Ian Nesbit (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902110255/http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/2003-abuse/nisbet.pdf">Sibling Incest Offenders As A Subset of Adolescent Sex Offenders</a>." Paper presented at the Child Sexual Abuse: Justice Response or Alternative Resolution Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and held in Adelaide, 1–2 May 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanavanMeyerHiggs1992" class="citation journal cs1">Canavan, M. C.; Meyer, W. J.; Higgs, D. C. (1992). "The female experience of sibling incest". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 18 (2): 129–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-0606.1992.tb00924.x">10.1111/j.1752-0606.1992.tb00924.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marital+and+Family+Therapy&rft.atitle=The+female+experience+of+sibling+incest&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-0606.1992.tb00924.x&rft.aulast=Canavan&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Higgs%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithIsrael1987" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H.; Israel, E. (1987). "Sibling incest: A study of the dynamics of 25 cases". Child Abuse and Neglect. 11 (1): 101–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0145-2134%2887%2990038-X">10.1016/0145-2134(87)90038-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3828862">3828862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect&rft.atitle=Sibling+incest%3A+A+study+of+the+dynamics+of+25+cases&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-108&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0145-2134%2887%2990038-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3828862&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Israel%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1982" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, E (1982). "Sibling incest: The myth of benign sibling incest". Women & Therapy. 1 (3): 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ015V01N03_10">10.1300/J015V01N03_10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%26+Therapy&rft.atitle=Sibling+incest%3A+The+myth+of+benign+sibling+incest&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ015V01N03_10&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Cawson, P., Wattam, C., Brooker, S., & Kelly, G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/research/findings/childmaltreatmentintheunitedkingdom_wda48252.html">Child maltreatment in the United Kingdom: A study of the prevalence of child abuse and neglect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103111326/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/childmaltreatmentintheunitedkingdom_wda48252.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84228-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84228-006-6">1-84228-006-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Sibling incest is roughly five times as common as other forms of incest according to Gebhard, P., Gagnon, J., Pomeroy, W., & Christenson, C. (1965). Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types. New York: Harper & Row. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelhor1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">Finkelhor, David</a> (1981). Sexually Victimized Children. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-910400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-910400-2"><bdi>978-0-02-910400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Victimized+Children&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-02-910400-2&rft.aulast=Finkelhor&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> A large-scale study of (n = 3,000) by the UK's National Council for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children found that fathers committed about 1% of child sex abuse, while siblings committed 14%. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1026797.stm">BBC News Online: Health, Child Abuse Myths Shattered, November, 20, 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> O'Brien, M. J. (1991). "Taking sibling incest seriously." In M. Patton (ed.), Family Sexual Abuse: Frontline Research and Evaluation, pp. 75–92. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaviola1992" class="citation journal cs1">Laviola, M. (1992). "Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: A study of the dynamics of 17 cases". 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American Psychiatric Pub, Inc. pp. 83, 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-160-1"><bdi>978-0-88048-160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incest-Related+Syndromes+of+Adult+Psychopathology&rft.pages=83%2C+89&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Pub%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88048-160-1&rft.aulast=Kluft&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cruise-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruiseGriffiths1998" class="citation book cs1">Cruise, David; Griffiths, Alison (1998). On South Mountain: The Dark Secrets of the Goler Clan. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87388-3"><bdi>978-0-670-87388-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+South+Mountain%3A+The+Dark+Secrets+of+the+Goler+Clan&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-670-87388-3&rft.aulast=Cruise&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccnsw-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ccnsw_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217044158/http://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/action/PJUDG?jgmtid=167373">"DFaCS (NSW) and the Colt Children [2013] NSWChC 5"</a>. Children's Court, New South Wales. 13 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/action/PJUDG?jgmtid=167373">the original</a> on 17 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DFaCS+%28NSW%29+and+the+Colt+Children+%5B2013%5D+NSWChC+5&rft.pub=Children%27s+Court%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caselaw.nsw.gov.au%2Faction%2FPJUDG%3Fjgmtid%3D167373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nca131210-107"><a href="#cite_ref-nca131210_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2013" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Candace (10 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108041054/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/the-case-of-incest-and-depravity-which-came-to-rest-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town/story-fnixwvgh-1226780575248">"The case of incest and depravity which came to rest in the hills of a quiet country town"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_Corp_Australia" title="News Corp Australia">News Corp Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/the-case-of-incest-and-depravity-which-came-to-rest-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town/story-fnixwvgh-1226780575248">the original</a> on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Corp+Australia&rft.atitle=The+case+of+incest+and+depravity+which+came+to+rest+in+the+hills+of+a+quiet+country+town&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Freal-life%2Fthe-case-of-incest-and-depravity-which-came-to-rest-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town%2Fstory-fnixwvgh-1226780575248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nca131212-108"><a href="#cite_ref-nca131212_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2013" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Candace (12 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925061616/http://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/the-family-tree-of-the-depraved-family-who-live-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town/story-fnii5s3x-1226781805877">"The family tree of the depraved family who live in the hills of a quiet country town"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_Corp_Australia" title="News Corp Australia">News Corp Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/the-family-tree-of-the-depraved-family-who-live-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town/story-fnii5s3x-1226781805877">the original</a> on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Corp+Australia&rft.atitle=The+family+tree+of+the+depraved+family+who+live+in+the+hills+of+a+quiet+country+town&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw-act%2Fthe-family-tree-of-the-depraved-family-who-live-in-the-hills-of-a-quiet-country-town%2Fstory-fnii5s3x-1226781805877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokuokaCohen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Tokuoka, Hideo; Cohen, Albert K. (1987). "Japanese Society and Delinquency". 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Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 15 (4): 19–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ070v15n04_02">10.1300/J070v15n04_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200052">17200052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20799279">20799279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse&rft.atitle=Sibling+Incest%3A+Reports+from+Forty-One+Survivors&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19-34&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20799279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17200052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ070v15n04_02&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+E.&rft.au=MacIol%2C+K&rft.au=Schneider%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leder-115"><a href="#cite_ref-leder_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeder" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Leder, Jane Mersky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/199301/adult-sibling-rivalry">"Adult Sibling Rivalry: Sibling rivalry often lingers through adulthood"</a>. Psychology Today. Vol. January/February 93. Sussex Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Adult+Sibling+Rivalry%3A+Sibling+rivalry+often+lingers+through+adulthood&rft.volume=January%2FFebruary+93&rft.aulast=Leder&rft.aufirst=Jane+Mersky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Farticles%2F199301%2Fadult-sibling-rivalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudd-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudd_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudd_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddHerzberger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rudd, Jane M.; Herzberger, Sharon D. (September 1999). "Brother-sister incest—father-daughter incest: a comparison of characteristics and consequences". 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Paediatrics and Child Health. 18 (5): 244–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paed.2008.02.008">10.1016/j.paed.2008.02.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatrics+and+Child+Health&rft.atitle=Consanguinity+and+child+health&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=244-249&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paed.2008.02.008&rft.aulast=Saggar&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bittles%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fmicrosites%2FD%2FDispatches%2Fwhen_cousins_marry%2Fcousins_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephNajmabadi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suad_Joseph" title="Suad Joseph">Joseph, Suad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afsaneh_Najmabadi" title="Afsaneh Najmabadi">Najmabadi, Afsaneh</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzXzWgVajnQC">Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Family, Body, Sexuality and Health</a>. Brill. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12819-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12819-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12819-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+%26+Islamic+Cultures%3A+Family%2C+Body%2C+Sexuality+and+Health&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12819-4&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Suad&rft.au=Najmabadi%2C+Afsaneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbzXzWgVajnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVang2016" class="citation book cs1">Vang, Christopher Thao (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgaGCwAAQBAJ&q=Hmong+culture+prohibits+the+marriage+of+anyone+with+the+same+last+name&pg=PA192">Hmong Refugees in the New World: Culture, Community and Opportunity</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476622620" title="Special:BookSources/9781476622620"><bdi>9781476622620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hmong+Refugees+in+the+New+World%3A+Culture%2C+Community+and+Opportunity&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.isbn=9781476622620&rft.aulast=Vang&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Thao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgaGCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHmong%2Bculture%2Bprohibits%2Bthe%2Bmarriage%2Bof%2Banyone%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Blast%2Bname%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowie2008" class="citation news cs1">Towie, Narelle (31 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202060753/http://www.perthnow.com.au/kissing-cousins-ok/story-fna7dq6e-1111116504749">"Most babies born to first-cousins are healthy"</a>. Perth Now. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/kissing-cousins-ok/story-fna7dq6e-1111116504749">the original</a> on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perth+Now&rft.atitle=Most+babies+born+to+first-cousins+are+healthy&rft.date=2008-05-31&rft.aulast=Towie&rft.aufirst=Narelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthnow.com.au%2Fkissing-cousins-ok%2Fstory-fna7dq6e-1111116504749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2003" class="citation book cs1">Pollak, Ellen (2003). Incest and the English Novel, 1684–1814. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7204-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-7204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incest+and+the+English+Novel%2C+1684%E2%80%931814&rft.place=Baltimore+MD&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7204-4&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTann2007" class="citation book cs1">Tann, Jennifer (May 2007). "Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809)". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boulton%2C+Matthew+%281728%E2%80%931809%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Tann&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b310-148"><a href="#cite_ref-b310_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraroPedersen2021" class="citation book cs1">Ferraro, J.M.; Pedersen, F. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqVQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">A Cultural History of Marriage in the Medieval Age</a>. The Cultural Histories Series. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-17971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-17971-4"><bdi>978-1-350-17971-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Marriage+in+the+Medieval+Age&rft.series=The+Cultural+Histories+Series&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-350-17971-4&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqVQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Hebrew-English Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0525.htm#5">Deuteronomy 25:5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1969" class="citation journal cs1">Livingstone, F. B. (1969). "Genetics, Ecology, and the Origins of Incest and Exogamy". Current Anthropology. 10: 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201009">10.1086/201009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84009643">84009643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetics%2C+Ecology%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Incest+and+Exogamy&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84009643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornhill1993" class="citation book cs1">Thornhill, Nancy Wilmsen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFXYeHxwD10C">The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79854-7"><bdi>978-0-226-79854-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Inbreeding+and+Outbreeding%3A+Theoretical+and+Empirical+Perspectives&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79854-7&rft.aulast=Thornhill&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Wilmsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFXYeHxwD10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntfolkLiebermanSanttila2012" class="citation journal cs1">Antfolk, Jan; Lieberman, Debra; Santtila, Pekka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509093">"Fitness Costs Predict Inbreeding Aversion Irrespective of Self-Involvement: Support for Hypotheses Derived from Evolutionary Theory"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...750613A">2012PLoSO...750613A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0050613">10.1371/journal.pone.0050613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509093">3509093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209792">23209792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Fitness+Costs+Predict+Inbreeding+Aversion+Irrespective+of+Self-Involvement%3A+Support+for+Hypotheses+Derived+from+Evolutionary+Theory&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e50613&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23209792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0050613&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...750613A&rft.aulast=Antfolk&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Debra&rft.au=Santtila%2C+Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moral-153"><a href="#cite_ref-moral_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebermanToobyCosmides2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lieberman, D.; Tooby, J.; Cosmides, L. 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Science. 319 (5864): 813–816. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319..813H">2008Sci...319..813H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1150232">10.1126/science.1150232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258915">18258915</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17831162">17831162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=An+Association+Between+the+Kinship+and+Fertility+of+Human+Couples&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5864&rft.pages=813-816&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17831162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319..813H&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1150232&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18258915&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=Agnar&rft.au=P%C3%A1lsson%2C+Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Gu%C3%B0bjartsson%2C+Dan%C3%ADel+F.&rft.au=Kristj%C3%A1nsson%2C+%C3%BE%C3%B3r%C3%B0ur&rft.au=Stef%C3%A1nsson%2C+K%C3%A1ri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1150232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarniKurian1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, M L; Kurian, M (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1017129">"Consanguinity and its effect on fetal growth and development: a south Indian study"</a>. Journal of Medical Genetics. 27 (6): 348–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.27.6.348">10.1136/jmg.27.6.348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2593">0022-2593</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1017129">1017129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2359095">2359095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Consanguinity+and+its+effect+on+fetal+growth+and+development%3A+a+south+Indian+study.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=348-352&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1017129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-2593&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2359095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.27.6.348&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=M+L&rft.au=Kurian%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1017129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baird-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Baird_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairdMcGillivray1982" class="citation journal cs1">Baird, P. A.; McGillivray, B. (1982). "Children of incest". The Journal of Pediatrics. 101 (5): 854–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2882%2980347-8">10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80347-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7131177">7131177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Children+of+incest&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=854-7&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2882%2980347-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7131177&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.au=McGillivray%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6424337.stm">Incest: an age-old taboo</a>. BBC. 12 March 2007. retrieved 22 January 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> See Articles 218–221 of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Romania#The_Penal_Code_of_2014" title="Penal Code of Romania">Romanian Penal Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517054948/http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Hebrew-English Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0318.htm#1">Leviticus 18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Also see the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccarnet.org/responsa/142-marriage-mothers-sister-or-half-sister-aunt-or/">Responsum 142</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925053705/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0436.htm">"Numbers 36 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. www.mechon-mamre.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0436.htm">the original</a> on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Numbers+36+%2F+Hebrew+Bible+in+English+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fe%2Fet%2Fet0436.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Hebrew-English Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0318.htm#12">Leviticus 18:12–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-TosYeb23-164"><a href="#cite_ref-TosYeb23_164-0">^</a> Yebamot (<a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>) 2:3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeb21a-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Yeb21a_165-0">^</a> Yebamot 21a </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncInce-166"><a href="#cite_ref-JewEncInce_166-0">^</a> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=126&letter=I">"incest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=incest&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D126%26letter%3DI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EbenezerSA-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EbenezerSA_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EbenezerSA_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EbenezerSA_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EbenezerSA_167-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan 'Aruk</a>, Eben ha-'Ezer, 16, 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Yebamot 94b </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129094409/http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/">"A Table of Kindred and Affinity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/">Book of Common Prayer</a>. Canada. 1962. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/kindred-and-affinity/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Table+of+Kindred+and+Affinity&rft.btitle=Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.place=Canada&rft.date=1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprayerbook.ca%2Fresources%2Fbcponline%2Fkindred-and-affinity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church 2388"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+2388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp3s2c2a6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a6.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church 2388–2389"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+2388%E2%80%932389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp3s2c2a6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=22">4:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref_4:23-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref_4:23_173-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=23">4:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInhornChavkinNavarro2014" class="citation book cs1">Inhorn, Marcia C.; Chavkin, Wendy; Navarro, José-Alberto (2014). 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Retrieved 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SeekersHub+Answers&rft.atitle=Did+the+Prophet+%28Peace+Be+Upon+Him%29+Discourage+Marrying+Cousins%3F+%E2%80%93+SeekersHub+Answers&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.au=Shaykh+Faraz+A.+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2011%2F10%2F07%2Fdid-the-prophet-peace-be-upon-him-discourage-marrying-cousins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaleem_Ahmed,_Ph.D" class="citation web cs1">Saleem Ahmed, Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812173119/http://muslimcouncilofamerica.org/cousin-marriage-among-muslims/">"Cousin Marriage Among Muslims"</a>. Muslim Council of America Foundation. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2011/12/insect-incest-produces-healthy-offspring">the original</a> on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insect+Incest+Produces+Healthy+Offspring&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laboratoryequipment.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2Finsect-incest-produces-healthy-offspring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfWilliam_H._Durham2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Arthur P.; William H. Durham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1nuQxcIQgC&pg=PA6">Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5141-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-5141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inbreeding%2C+Incest%2C+and+the+Incest+Taboo%3A+The+State+of+Knowledge+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5141-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft.au=William+H.+Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOW1nuQxcIQgC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/2226-incest-taboo-nature.html">Incest not so taboo in nature</a> Livescience, retrieved 29 January 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsCiWUiPY5UC&pg=PA293">Sexual Behaviour In Animals</a> A. Sarkar; retrieved 29 January 2012 </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brosius, Maria (2000). 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(1990) "Sociobiological explanations of incest avoidance: A critical claim of evidential claims", American Anthropologist, 92: 971–993. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/644006">644006</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2007" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Morris (2007). Emperors of Rome. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. 351 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9300-1">978-0-8018-9300-1</a></li> <li>Indrajit Bandyopadhyay (29 October 2008). "A Study In Folk "Mahabharata": How Balarama Became Abhimanyu's Father-in-law". Epic India: A New Arts & Culture Magazine</li> <li>Đõ, Quý Toàn; Iyer, Sriya; Joshi, Shareen (2006). The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages. World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2009" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&pg=PA260">The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions</a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 30–31, 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149905-0"><bdi>978-3-16-149905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exegesis+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Exegetical+Studies+and+Basic+Questions&rft.pages=30-31%2C+260&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149905-0&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7g4yqsv0S0cC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&q=%22Abraham+cycle%22+Isaac+inheritance&pg=PA30">link pp. 30–31</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC">Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-122-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-122-1&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incest&oldid=1257706060">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incest&oldid=1257706060</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 07:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedskande" title="Bloedskande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedskande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzest" title="Inzest – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Inzest" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا المحارم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنا المحارم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incestu" title="Incestu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Incestu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsest" title="İnsest – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsest" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অজাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অজাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%81n-l%C3%BBn" title="Loān-lûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Loān-lûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Інцэст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інцэст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кровазьмяшэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кровазьмяшэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesto" title="Insesto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Insesto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кръвосмешение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръвосмешение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="གཉེན་ཚན་བར་ཆགས་སྦྱོར་བྱེད་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཉེན་ཚན་བར་ཆགས་སྦྱོར་བྱེད་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadorged" title="Gwadorged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwadorged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makunakuna" title="Makunakuna – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Makunakuna" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgach" title="Llosgach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzest" title="Inzest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inzest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intsest" title="Intsest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intsest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιμομιξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιμομιξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intzestu" title="Intzestu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intzestu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا با محارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنا با محارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inceste" title="Inceste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inceste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynsest" title="Ynsest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynsest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croiaght" title="Croiaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Croiaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%B9%9C%EC%83%81%EA%B0%84" title="근친상간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근친상간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ինցեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինցեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="अगम्यगमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अगम्यगमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inses" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifjaspell" title="Sifjaspell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sifjaspell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גילוי עריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גילוי עריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინცესტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინცესტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ensest" title="Însest – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Însest" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinsgr%C4%93ks" title="Asinsgrēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asinsgrēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujomai%C5%A1a" title="Kraujomaiša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujomaiša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rfert%C5%91z%C3%A9s" title="Vérfertőzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérfertőzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا المحارم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنا المحارم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbang_mahram" title="Sumbang mahram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumbang mahram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="हाडनाता करणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाडनाता करणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%AA%E7%9B%B8%E5%A7%A6" title="近親相姦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近親相姦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazirodztwo" title="Kazirodztwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazirodztwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muquy" title="Muquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesti" title="Incesti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Incesti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ව්‍යාභිචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාභිචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%B5_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زینا لەگەڵ مەحاریم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زینا لەگەڵ مەحاریم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Родоскврнављење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Родоскврнављење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesti" title="Insesti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insesti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesto" title="Insesto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Insesto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தகாப் பாலுறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகாப் பாலுறவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="అగమ్యాగమనము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగమ్యాగమనము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97" title="การร่วมประเวณีกับญาติสนิท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การร่วมประเวณีกับญาติสนิท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensest" title="Ensest – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ensest" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Інцест – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інцест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنائے محرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زنائے محرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%E1%BA%A1n_lu%C3%A2n" title="Loạn luân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loạn luân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BA%B2%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4" title="近亲性交 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="近亲性交" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גילוי עריות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גילוי עריות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E5%80%AB" title="亂倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亂倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensest" title="Ensest – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ensest" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%AA%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4" title="近親性交 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="近親性交" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 07:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-779sj","wgBackendResponseTime":282,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.734","walltime":"2.024","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11553,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":366992,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5054,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":591714,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1745.081 1 -total"," 47.73% 833.009 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.81% 223.530 55 Template:Cite_book"," 12.19% 212.654 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.35% 180.655 25 Template:Cite_web"," 6.61% 115.336 1 Template:Langx"," 5.72% 99.819 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.01% 87.477 1 Template:Family_law"," 4.89% 85.302 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.83% 84.251 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.094","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18650785,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAggrawal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntfolkLiebermanSanttila2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsogawa_Shizuo_麻生川静男2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBairdMcGillivray1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkowitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigwood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBittles2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBittles2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBittlesBlack2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBittlesNeel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodissey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoseley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrosius2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanavanMeyerHiggs1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaputi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlsonMacIolSchneider2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtois1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCourtois2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruiseGriffiths1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrWrightMcDuffPerron2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrWrightaMcDuffaPerron2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamayev1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeusen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonArnoldCalestro1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorais2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmundsDundes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFareedAfzal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraroPedersen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelhor1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFridell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrierBagnall1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivensHirschman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldmanGoldman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGough1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowDesjardinsPageau2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubbs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulik1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelgasonPálssonGuðbjartssonKristjánsson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHipp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuebner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInhornChavkinNavarro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnKingdon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJong1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephNajmabadi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalogerakisAmerican_Psychiatric_Association._Workgroup_on_Psychiatric_Practice_in_the_Juvenile_Court1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluft1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarniKurian1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL_Conyers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahanas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaviola1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLechte2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebermanToobyCosmides2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingstone1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoyauCornuauClobertDanchin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemeroffCraighead2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flaherty\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffee,_J.A.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffee,_James2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddHerzberger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaggarBittles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaleem_Ahmed,_Ph.D\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechner1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchetkyGreen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaykh_Faraz_A._Khan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSka2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSka2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjaervo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithIsrael1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornhill1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokuokaCohen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrepperBarrett1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrusiani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Publications2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_California1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfDurham2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWolfWilliam_H._Durham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWollert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_BoerVega-TrejoKotrschalFitzpatrick2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 6,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"Family law\"] = 1,\n [\"Human sexuality\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Incest\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"Jewish Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 10,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 30,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sex\"] = 1,\n [\"Sexual ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Where\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","23.1"],["?","140","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.9"],["[others]","240","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-r95xb","timestamp":"20241125095354","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Incest","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incest","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127683","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127683","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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