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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">.nu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89" title=".এনইউ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title=".এনইউ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu" title=".nu – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title=".nu" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internet country code top-level domain for the island state of Niue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">.nu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nudomain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nudomain.png/220px-Nudomain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nudomain.png/330px-Nudomain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nudomain.png/440px-Nudomain.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Registry</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Foundation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Foundation in Sweden">The Internet Foundation in Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sponsor</th><td class="infobox-data">Internet Users Society - Niue</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intended use</th><td class="infobox-data">Entities connected with <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Actual use</th><td class="infobox-data">Used for a multitude of sites, few with any connection to Niue; especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> as the word <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">nu</i></span> in Swedish, Danish and Dutch means "now"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registered domains</th><td class="infobox-data">227,485 (31 March 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data">Registrations permitted at second level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internetstiftelsen.se/en/domains/how-to-register-a-domain-name/terms-and-conditions-for-se-and-nu-domains/">Terms and conditions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dispute policies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">UDRP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registry website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internetstiftelsen.se/">internetstiftelsen<wbr />.se</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>.nu</b> is the Internet <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a> (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLDs</a> <a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">.net</a>, and <a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a>. </p><p>Playing on the phonetic similarity between <i>nu</i> and <i>new</i> in English, and the fact that <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">nu</i></span> means "now" in several northern European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Foundation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Foundation in Sweden">Internet Foundation in Sweden</a> amid opposition from the government of Niue. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> treats .nu as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domain</a> (gTLD) because "users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most ccTLDs, .nu is not administered by a representative of its country. </p><p>In 1997, IANA awarded administration of .nu to The IUSN Foundation (formerly 'Internet Users Society - Niue'), a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>-based non-profit organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_history_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUSN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUSN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Internet_Niue_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internet_Niue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to <a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Foundation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Foundation in Sweden">The Internet Foundation in Sweden</a> (IIS) in September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_history_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IIS said that 66.7 percent of "active" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_history_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Niue has been trying to administer the .nu ccTLD since at least 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_document_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU_document-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geneva_statement_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geneva_statement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_District_Court" title="Stockholm District Court">Stockholm District Court</a> to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had "taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a "national asset of Niue" and had been taken over "unfairly", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_history_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$150,000,000</span> (equivalent to $182,248,939 in 2024) during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS.<sup id="cite_ref-RNZ_case_closed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNZ_case_closed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IIS responded by saying that "It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way", and that it had "done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_history_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits.<sup id="cite_ref-ci_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ci-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toke_Talagi" title="Toke Talagi">Toke Talagi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Niue">Premier of Niue</a> from 2008 to 2020, called it a form of <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>. </p><p>While Niue lost its case in the lower court of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%B6rn_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Södertörn District Court">Södertörns Tingsrätt</a>, they appealed, and the court date for the appeal has been set to 19 and 20 May 2025 in <a href="/wiki/Svea_Hovr%C3%A4tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Svea Hovrätt">Svea Hovrätt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_of_.nu">Usage of .nu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage of .nu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The .nu domain is particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> region, as <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">nu</i></span> is the word for "now" in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an example of a <a href="/wiki/Domain_hack" title="Domain hack">domain hack</a>. Although <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">nu</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> is an archaic word for "now", with <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">nå</i></span> being used instead,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partially owing to restrictive domain rules for the <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> assigned to Sweden, <a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a>, .nu was used for creative marketing of websites such as <i>www.tv.nu</i> to show what is currently showing on TV, and in the Netherlands for websites like <i>waarbenjij.nu</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">whereareyou.now</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>A former political party in Israel, <a href="/wiki/Kulanu" title="Kulanu">Kulanu</a>, used the domain <i>www.koola.nu</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until its dissolution in 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internationalised_domains">Internationalised domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internationalised domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2000, .NU Domain Ltd became the first TLD to offer registration of <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Internationalized domain names</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting the full <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character set.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other TLDs, no browser plugin or <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">punycode</a> capable browser was required on the client side for use of these names, as .NU Domain's web servers converted and redirected any web queries issued in a variety of international character encodings. However, in March 2010, .NU Domain announced at ICANN that they had recently disabled their general wildcard domain name resolution technology, and thus were implementing IDNs only by the now standard punycode implementation, and were reducing the accepted set of IDN characters for .NU Domain names to a subset of the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a> western European characters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domain_revocation_policy">Domain revocation policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domain revocation policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>.NU domain names are revoked without refund for displaying images of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, being involved with <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spamming</a>, email theft, search engine abuse, or any unlawful purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Library.nu" title="Library.nu">library.nu</a>, a site listing links to scanned books, a substantial number of which are claimed to be pirated copyrighted material, went offline after a coalition of the world's largest book publishers obtained an injunction against the site. A few days later the site also had its domain name revoked by domain registrar Nunames. The domain revocation was recorded in screenshots taken at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litigation">Litigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2005 <a href="/wiki/UDRP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDRP">UDRP</a> case regarding <b>nudomain.com</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made the assertion under "Factual background" that "The Complainants [WorldNames, Inc. and NU Domain Ltd] own and operate the .NU ccTLD". The companies in question are operating the registry for <b>.nu</b> on behalf of the Internet Users Society, but it is incorrect to state that they "own" the TLD, as TLDs in general are delegated and managed rather than "owned".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RNZI_36393_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNZI_36393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case does, however, point out that these companies own a registered trademark to ".nudomain" in several countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internetstiftelsen.se/domaner/domannamnsbranschen/domanstatistik/tillvaxt-se/">"Growth .nu"</a>. <i>Internetstiftelsen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internetstiftelsen&rft.atitle=Growth+.nu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternetstiftelsen.se%2Fdomaner%2Fdomannamnsbranschen%2Fdomanstatistik%2Ftillvaxt-se%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/182192">"Managing multi-regional and multilingual sites"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005224021/https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/182192">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 Oct</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+multi-regional+and+multilingual+sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fwebmasters%2Fanswer%2F182192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_history-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_history_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_history_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_history_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_history_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_history_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray-Atfield" class="citation news cs1">Murray-Atfield, Yara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-10/tiny-nation-of-niue-wants-to-sue-giant-swedish-foundation/10585120">"Niue is suing a giant Swedish foundation over a domain name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Niue+is+suing+a+giant+Swedish+foundation+over+a+domain+name&rft.aulast=Murray-Atfield&rft.aufirst=Yara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-12-10%2Ftiny-nation-of-niue-wants-to-sue-giant-swedish-foundation%2F10585120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUSN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUSN_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iusn.org/about/">"About"</a>. <i>IUSN Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUSN+Foundation&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iusn.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Internet_Niue-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Internet_Niue_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119195842/http://internetniue.nu/about/the-iusn-foundation/">"The IUSN Foundation"</a>. <i>Internet Niue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetniue.nu/about/the-iusn-foundation/">the original</a> on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Niue&rft.atitle=The+IUSN+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternetniue.nu%2Fabout%2Fthe-iusn-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iusn.org/history/">"History - IUSN"</a>. <i>IUSN Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Telecommunication Union. 4 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Telecommunication Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niue+loses+fight+for+internet+domain&rft.pub=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F415055%2Fniue-loses-fight-for-internet-domain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ci-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ci_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circleid.com/posts/20201216-government-of-niue-launches-proceedings-to-reclaim-its-domain">"The Government of Niue Launches Proceedings With ICANN to Reclaim Its .nu Top-Level Domain"</a>. <i>CircleID</i>. 2020-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koola.nu/">the original</a> on 2016-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koola.nu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koola.nu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520141613/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/.NU+Domain+Ltd+Challenges+.Com+With+Announcment+of+First+Non-English...-a059999488">"NU Domain Ltd Challenges .Com With Announcement of First Non-English Internet Addresses; Microsoft endorses NUBIND as compatible with Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0, and Windows 2000"</a>. Thefreelibrary.com. 2000-03-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/.NU+Domain+Ltd+Challenges+.Com+With+Announcment+of+First+Non-English...-a059999488">the original</a> on 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NU+Domain+Ltd+Challenges+.Com+With+Announcement+of+First+Non-English+Internet+Addresses%3B+Microsoft+endorses+NUBIND+as+compatible+with+Microsoft+Internet+Explorer+5.0%2C+and+Windows+2000&rft.pub=Thefreelibrary.com&rft.date=2000-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2F.NU%2BDomain%2BLtd%2BChallenges%2B.Com%2BWith%2BAnnouncment%2Bof%2BFirst%2BNon-English...-a059999488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209080140/http://www.nunames.nu/Local-Language.cfm">"IDN details"</a>. Nunames.nu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nunames.nu/Local-Language.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDN+details&rft.pub=Nunames.nu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nunames.nu%2FLocal-Language.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=560219">"Mozilla - add .nu to IDN whitelist"</a>. Mozilla. 2010-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozilla+-+add+.nu+to+IDN+whitelist&rft.pub=Mozilla&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugzilla.mozilla.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D560219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209065647/http://www.nunames.nu/about/terms.cfm">"NU Domain Terms and Conditions, section 12, "Acceptable Use"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Nunames.nu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nunames.nu/about/terms.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NU+Domain+Terms+and+Conditions%2C+section+12%2C+%22Acceptable+Use%22&rft.pub=Nunames.nu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnunames.nu%2Fabout%2Fterms.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torrentfreak.com/domain-registrar-profits-from-revoked-library-nu-domain-120224/">"Domain Registrar Profits From Revoked Library.nu Domain"</a>. torrentfreak.com. 2012-02-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227052658/http://torrentfreak.com/domain-registrar-profits-from-revoked-library-nu-domain-120224/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domain+Registrar+Profits+From+Revoked+Library.nu+Domain&rft.pub=torrentfreak.com&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fdomain-registrar-profits-from-revoked-library-nu-domain-120224%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/decisions/html/2005/d2005-0480.html">WIPO Administrative Panel Decision</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/6834B3C37BAF205FCC2572A7000ECB00">Computerworld NZ: Niue struggles against ‘digital colonialism’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911170139/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/6834B3C37BAF205FCC2572A7000ECB00">Archived</a> 2007-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 27 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_36393-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_36393_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=36393">"Niue government criticised over internet stance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a></i>. 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Niue+government+criticised+over+internet+stance&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D36393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinbergMcdowell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg, Philip E.; Mcdowell, Stephen D. (1 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444803005001907">"Mutiny on the bandwidth: the semiotics of statehood in the internet domain name registries of Pitcairn Island and Niue"</a>. <i>New Media & Society</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444803005001907">10.1177/1461444803005001907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206725973">206725973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Mutiny+on+the+bandwidth%3A+the+semiotics+of+statehood+in+the+internet+domain+name+registries+of+Pitcairn+Island+and+Niue&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461444803005001907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206725973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.&rft.au=Mcdowell%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F1461444803005001907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.nu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.nu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/root-whois/nu.htm">IANA WHOIS record for .nu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.se/">.nu Domain Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iusn.org/">IUSN Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wifination.nu/">IUSN's WiFi Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetniue.nu/">Internet Niue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926211201/http://internetniue.nu/">Archived</a> 2014-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/15/niue_is_dead_long_live/">Niue is dead. Long live .nu!</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.nu">Official website of the government of Niue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Country_code_top-level_domains194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domains</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ISO_3166-1194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><b>A</b> <a href="/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a> <a href="/wiki/.ad" title=".ad">.ad</a> <a href="/wiki/.ae" title=".ae">.ae</a> <a href="/wiki/.af" title=".af">.af</a> <a href="/wiki/.ag" title=".ag">.ag</a> <a href="/wiki/.ai" title=".ai">.ai</a> <a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a> <a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a> <a href="/wiki/.ao" title=".ao">.ao</a> <a href="/wiki/.aq" title=".aq">.aq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ar" title=".ar">.ar</a> <a href="/wiki/.as" title=".as">.as</a> <a href="/wiki/.at" title=".at">.at</a> <a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">.au</a> <a href="/wiki/.aw" title=".aw">.aw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ax" title=".ax">.ax</a> <a href="/wiki/.az" title=".az">.az</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>B</b> <a href="/wiki/.ba" title=".ba">.ba</a> <a href="/wiki/.bb" title=".bb">.bb</a> <a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a> <a href="/wiki/.be" title=".be">.be</a> <a href="/wiki/.bf" title=".bf">.bf</a> <a href="/wiki/.bg" title=".bg">.bg</a> <a href="/wiki/.bh" title=".bh">.bh</a> <a href="/wiki/.bi" title=".bi">.bi</a> <a href="/wiki/.bj" title=".bj">.bj</a> <a href="/wiki/.bm" title=".bm">.bm</a> <a href="/wiki/.bn" title=".bn">.bn</a> <a href="/wiki/.bo" title=".bo">.bo</a> <a href="/wiki/.br" title=".br">.br</a> <a href="/wiki/.bs" title=".bs">.bs</a> <a href="/wiki/.bt" title=".bt">.bt</a> <a href="/wiki/.bw" title=".bw">.bw</a> <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a> <a href="/wiki/.bz" title=".bz">.bz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>C</b> <a href="/wiki/.ca" title=".ca">.ca</a> <a href="/wiki/.cc" title=".cc">.cc</a> <a href="/wiki/.cd" title=".cd">.cd</a> <a href="/wiki/.cf" title=".cf">.cf</a> <a href="/wiki/.cg" title=".cg">.cg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ch" title=".ch">.ch</a> <a href="/wiki/.ci" title=".ci">.ci</a> <a href="/wiki/.ck" title=".ck">.ck</a> <a href="/wiki/.cl" title=".cl">.cl</a> <a href="/wiki/.cm" title=".cm">.cm</a> <a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a> <a href="/wiki/.co" title=".co">.co</a> <a href="/wiki/.cr" title=".cr">.cr</a> <a href="/wiki/.cu" title=".cu">.cu</a> <a href="/wiki/.cv" title=".cv">.cv</a> <a href="/wiki/.cw" title=".cw">.cw</a> <a href="/wiki/.cx" title=".cx">.cx</a> <a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.cy</a> <a href="/wiki/.cz" title=".cz">.cz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>D</b> <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> <a href="/wiki/.dj" title=".dj">.dj</a> <a href="/wiki/.dk" title=".dk">.dk</a> <a href="/wiki/.dm" title=".dm">.dm</a> <a href="/wiki/.do" title=".do">.do</a> <a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">.dz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>E</b> <a href="/wiki/.ec" title=".ec">.ec</a> <a href="/wiki/.ee" title=".ee">.ee</a> <a href="/wiki/.eg" title=".eg">.eg</a> <a href="/wiki/.er" title=".er">.er</a> <a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a> <a href="/wiki/.et" title=".et">.et</a> <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>F</b> <a href="/wiki/.fi" title=".fi">.fi</a> <a href="/wiki/.fj" title=".fj">.fj</a> <a href="/wiki/.fk" title=".fk">.fk</a> <a href="/wiki/.fm" title=".fm">.fm</a> <a href="/wiki/.fo" title=".fo">.fo</a> <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>G</b> <a href="/wiki/.ga" title=".ga">.ga</a> <a href="/wiki/.gd" title=".gd">.gd</a> <a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.ge</a> <a href="/wiki/.gf" title=".gf">.gf</a> <a href="/wiki/.gg" title=".gg">.gg</a> <a href="/wiki/.gh" title=".gh">.gh</a> <a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi</a> <a href="/wiki/.gl" title=".gl">.gl</a> <a href="/wiki/.gm" title=".gm">.gm</a> <a href="/wiki/.gn" title=".gn">.gn</a> <a href="/wiki/.gp" title=".gp">.gp</a> <a href="/wiki/.gq" title=".gq">.gq</a> <a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.gr</a> <a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a> <a href="/wiki/.gt" title=".gt">.gt</a> <a href="/wiki/.gu" title=".gu">.gu</a> <a href="/wiki/.gw" title=".gw">.gw</a> <a href="/wiki/.gy" title=".gy">.gy</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>H</b> <a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.hk</a> <a href="/wiki/.hm" title=".hm">.hm</a> <a href="/wiki/.hn" title=".hn">.hn</a> <a href="/wiki/.hr" title=".hr">.hr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ht" title=".ht">.ht</a> <a href="/wiki/.hu" title=".hu">.hu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>I</b> <a href="/wiki/.id" title=".id">.id</a> <a href="/wiki/.ie" title=".ie">.ie</a> <a href="/wiki/.il" title=".il">.il</a> <a href="/wiki/.im" title=".im">.im</a> <a href="/wiki/.in" title=".in">.in</a> <a href="/wiki/.io" title=".io">.io</a> <a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a> <a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a> <a href="/wiki/.it" title=".it">.it</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>J</b> <a href="/wiki/.je" title=".je">.je</a> <a href="/wiki/.jm" title=".jm">.jm</a> <a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">.jo</a> <a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.jp</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>K</b> <a href="/wiki/.ke" title=".ke">.ke</a> <a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a> <a href="/wiki/.kh" title=".kh">.kh</a> <a href="/wiki/.ki" title=".ki">.ki</a> <a href="/wiki/.km" title=".km">.km</a> <a href="/wiki/.kn" title=".kn">.kn</a> <a href="/wiki/.kp" title=".kp">.kp</a> <a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.kr</a> <a href="/wiki/.kw" title=".kw">.kw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ky" title=".ky">.ky</a> <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>L</b> <a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a> <a href="/wiki/.lb" title=".lb">.lb</a> <a href="/wiki/.lc" title=".lc">.lc</a> <a href="/wiki/.li" title=".li">.li</a> <a href="/wiki/.lk" title=".lk">.lk</a> <a href="/wiki/.lr" title=".lr">.lr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ls" title=".ls">.ls</a> <a href="/wiki/.lt" title=".lt">.lt</a> <a href="/wiki/.lu" title=".lu">.lu</a> <a href="/wiki/.lv" title=".lv">.lv</a> <a href="/wiki/.ly" title=".ly">.ly</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>M</b> <a href="/wiki/.ma" title=".ma">.ma</a> <a href="/wiki/.mc" title=".mc">.mc</a> <a href="/wiki/.md" title=".md">.md</a> <a href="/wiki/.me" title=".me">.me</a> <a href="/wiki/.mg" title=".mg">.mg</a> <a href="/wiki/.mh" title=".mh">.mh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mk" title=".mk">.mk</a> <a href="/wiki/.ml" title=".ml">.ml</a> <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.mm</a> <a href="/wiki/.mn" title=".mn">.mn</a> <a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.mo</a> <a href="/wiki/.mp" title=".mp">.mp</a> <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a> <a href="/wiki/.mr" title=".mr">.mr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ms" title=".ms">.ms</a> <a href="/wiki/.mt" title=".mt">.mt</a> <a href="/wiki/.mu" title=".mu">.mu</a> <a href="/wiki/.mv" title=".mv">.mv</a> <a href="/wiki/.mw" title=".mw">.mw</a> <a href="/wiki/.mx" title=".mx">.mx</a> <a href="/wiki/.my" title=".my">.my</a> <a href="/wiki/.mz" title=".mz">.mz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>N</b> <a href="/wiki/.na" title=".na">.na</a> <a href="/wiki/.nc" title=".nc">.nc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ne" title=".ne">.ne</a> <a href="/wiki/.nf" title=".nf">.nf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ng" title=".ng">.ng</a> <a href="/wiki/.ni" title=".ni">.ni</a> <a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a> <a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a> <a href="/wiki/.np" title=".np">.np</a> <a href="/wiki/.nr" title=".nr">.nr</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">.nu</a> <a href="/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>O</b> <a href="/wiki/.om" title=".om">.om</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>P</b> <a href="/wiki/.pa" title=".pa">.pa</a> <a href="/wiki/.pe" title=".pe">.pe</a> <a href="/wiki/.pf" title=".pf">.pf</a> <a href="/wiki/.pg" title=".pg">.pg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a> <a href="/wiki/.pk" title=".pk">.pk</a> <a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> <a href="/wiki/.pm" title=".pm">.pm</a> <a href="/wiki/.pn" title=".pn">.pn</a> <a href="/wiki/.pr" title=".pr">.pr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">.ps</a> <a href="/wiki/.pt" title=".pt">.pt</a> <a href="/wiki/.pw" title=".pw">.pw</a> <a href="/wiki/.py" title=".py">.py</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Q</b> <a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">.qa</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>R</b> <a href="/wiki/.re" title=".re">.re</a> <a href="/wiki/.ro" title=".ro">.ro</a> <a href="/wiki/.rs" title=".rs">.rs</a> <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> <a href="/wiki/.rw" title=".rw">.rw</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>S</b> <a href="/wiki/.sa" title=".sa">.sa</a> <a href="/wiki/.sb" title=".sb">.sb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sc" title=".sc">.sc</a> <a href="/wiki/.sd" title=".sd">.sd</a> <a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a> <a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a> <a href="/wiki/.sh" title=".sh">.sh</a> <a href="/wiki/.si" title=".si">.si</a> <a href="/wiki/.sk" title=".sk">.sk</a> <a href="/wiki/.sl" title=".sl">.sl</a> <a href="/wiki/.sm" title=".sm">.sm</a> <a href="/wiki/.sn" title=".sn">.sn</a> <a href="/wiki/.so" title=".so">.so</a> <a href="/wiki/.sr" title=".sr">.sr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ss" title=".ss">.ss</a> <a href="/wiki/.st" title=".st">.st</a> <a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a> <a href="/wiki/.sv" title=".sv">.sv</a> <a href="/wiki/.sx" title=".sx">.sx</a> <a href="/wiki/.sy" title=".sy">.sy</a> <a href="/wiki/.sz" title=".sz">.sz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>T</b> <a href="/wiki/.tc" title=".tc">.tc</a> <a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a> <a href="/wiki/.tf" title=".tf">.tf</a> <a href="/wiki/.tg" title=".tg">.tg</a> <a href="/wiki/.th" title=".th">.th</a> <a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a> <a href="/wiki/.tk" title=".tk">.tk</a> <a href="/wiki/.tl" title=".tl">.tl</a> <a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a> <a href="/wiki/.tn" title=".tn">.tn</a> <a href="/wiki/.to" title=".to">.to</a> <a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a> <a href="/wiki/.tt" title=".tt">.tt</a> <a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a> <a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.tw</a> <a href="/wiki/.tz" title=".tz">.tz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>U</b> <a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a> <a href="/wiki/.ug" title=".ug">.ug</a> <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> <a href="/wiki/.us" title=".us">.us</a> <a href="/wiki/.uy" title=".uy">.uy</a> <a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>V</b> <a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va</a> <a href="/wiki/.vc" title=".vc">.vc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ve" title=".ve">.ve</a> <a href="/wiki/.vg" title=".vg">.vg</a> <a href="/wiki/.vi" title=".vi">.vi</a> <a href="/wiki/.vn" title=".vn">.vn</a> <a href="/wiki/.vu" title=".vu">.vu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>W</b> <a href="/wiki/.wf" title=".wf">.wf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Y</b> <a href="/wiki/.ye" title=".ye">.ye</a> <a href="/wiki/.yt" title=".yt">.yt</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Z</b> <a href="/wiki/.za" title=".za">.za</a> <a href="/wiki/.zm" title=".zm">.zm</a> <a href="/wiki/.zw" title=".zw">.zw</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Internationalized_(IDN)_ccTLD194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">Internationalized (IDN) ccTLD</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Other scripts</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B3" title=".бг">.бг</a> (<i>bg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title=".бел">.бел</a> (<i>bieł</i>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B5%D1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title=".ею">.ею</a> (<i>eyu</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7" title=".қаз">.қаз</a> (<i>qaz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=".мон">.мон</a> (<i>mon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B4" title=".мкд">.мкд</a> (<i>mkd</i>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a> (<i>rf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1" title=".срб">.срб</a> (<i>srb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80" title=".укр">.укр</a> (<i>ukr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">الجزائر.</a> (<i>al-Jazā’ir</i>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_(domain_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Misr (domain name)">مصر.</a> (<i>Miṣr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">بھارت.</a> (<span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Urdu language) transliteration"><i lang="ur-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ir#Persian_domains" title=".ir">ایران.</a> (<i>Irân</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">الاردن.</a> (<i>al-Urdun</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">فلسطين.</a> (<i>Filasṭin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.pk#Internationalized_county_codes" title=".pk">پاکستان.</a> (<i>Pākistān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">قطر.</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaṭar">Qaṭar</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlSaudiah" title="AlSaudiah">السعودية.</a> (<i>al-Saudiah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">سوريا.</a> (<i>Sūryā</i>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">تونس.</a> (<i>Tunis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarat" title="Emarat">امارات.</a> (<i>Emarat</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="عمان.">عمان.</a> (<i>ʻUmān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7." class="mw-redirect" title="مليسيا.">مليسيا.</a> (<i>Maleesya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8." class="mw-redirect" title="المغرب.">المغرب.</a> (<i>al-Maġrib</i>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="سودان.">سودان.</a> (<i>Sūdān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="اليمن.">اليمن.</a> (<i>al-Yaman</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" class="mw-redirect" title=".বাংলা">.বাংলা</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bāṅla</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভাৰত</a> (<span title="ISO transliteration"><i lang="as-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভারত</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.भारत</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.భారత్</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Telugu language) transliteration"><i lang="te-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ભારત</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Gujarati language) transliteration"><i lang="gu-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ਭਾਰਤ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Punjabi language) transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ଭାରତ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Odia language) transliteration"><i lang="or-Latn">Bhārata</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.இந்தியா</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Indiyā</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.ລາວ</a> (<i>Lao</i>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.சிங்கப்பூர்</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Cinkappūr</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.ලංකා</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Laṅkā</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.இலங்கை</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ilaṅkai</i></span>, Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.th#Second_top_domain" title=".th">.ไทย</a> (<i>Thai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中国</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中國</a></span></span> (China, in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">traditional Chinese</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.香港</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳門</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, trad.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳门</a></span></span> (Macau, simp.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.新加坡</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台灣</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, trad.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台湾</a></span></span> (Taiwan, simp.)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5" title=".հայ">.հայ</a> (<i>hay</i>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%CE%B5%CF%85" class="mw-redirect" title=".ευ">.ευ</a> (<i>ey</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.გე</a> (<i>ge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.ελ</a> (<i>el</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.한국</a> (<i>Han-guk</i>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C." class="mw-redirect" title="ישראל.">ישראל.</a> (<i>Yisrael</i>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align:center;">Proposed IDN ccTLDs</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.κπ</a> (<i>kp</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.日本</a></span></span> (<i>Nippon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Reserved / unassigned</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Allocated / unused</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Phased out / deleted</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bl" title=".bl">.bl</a> <a href="/wiki/.bq" title=".bq">.bq</a> <a href="/wiki/.eh" title=".eh">.eh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mf" title=".mf">.mf</a> <a href="/wiki/.xk" title=".xk">.xk</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a> <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sj" title=".sj">.sj</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px 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