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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Curiosity is a car-sized <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">exploring</a> <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale crater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL) mission.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-Curiosity-2">[2]</a> Curiosity was launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> (CCAFS) on November 26, 2011, at 15:02:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> and landed on <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> inside Gale crater on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17:57 UTC.<a href="#cite_note-Abilleira2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc20120808-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube1-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> site was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a 560 million km (350 million mi) journey.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120822-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Curiosity</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #ddf;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/260px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/390px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/520px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="6180"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Self-portrait</a> by Curiosity at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a> in October 2015</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2.9 m × 2.7 m × 2.2 m (9 ft 6 in × 8 ft 10 in × 7 ft 3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">899 kilograms (1,982 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Communication</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>: ~400 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">Mbit/s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a>: 7–8 GHz, 800 bit/s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a>: ~100 W (0.13 hp)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V 541</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">APXS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_and_Camera_complex" title="Chemistry and Camera complex">ChemCam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">DAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcam</a> × 8</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">MAHLI</a></li><li>MARDI</li><li>MastCam</li><li><a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">Navcam</a> × 4</li><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">REMS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">SAM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>November 26, 2011, 15:02 UTC (2011-11-26UTC15:02)</li><li>from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_41" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41">SLC-41</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deployed</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC; 12 years ago (August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC)</li><li>from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL EDLS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traveled</th><td class="infobox-data">32.39 km (20.13 mi) on Mars as of 19 September 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-where-is-curiosity?-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Mars rovers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mission <a href="#Goals_and_objectives">goals</a> include an investigation of the Martian <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geology</a>, assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental conditions</a> favorable for <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">microbial life</a> (including investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">role of water</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">planetary habitability</a> studies in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-overview-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-goals-9">[9]</a> In December 2012, Curiosity's two-year mission was extended indefinitely,<a href="#cite_note-3news.nz-10">[10]</a> and on August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover landing.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20170802-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP-20170805-12">[12]</a> On August 6, 2022, a detailed overview of accomplishments by the Curiosity rover for the last ten years was reported.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-20220806-13">[13]</a> The rover is still operational, and as of 28 November 2024, Curiosity has been active on Mars for 4377 <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sols</a> (4497 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">total days</a>; 12 years, 114 days) since its landing (see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">current status</a>). The NASA/JPL Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Project Team was awarded the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Collier_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Collier Trophy">Robert J. Collier Trophy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautic_Association" title="National Aeronautic Association">National Aeronautic Association</a> "In recognition of the extraordinary achievements of successfully landing Curiosity on Mars, advancing the nation's technological and engineering capabilities, and significantly improving humanity's understanding of ancient Martian habitable environments."<a href="#cite_note-NAA-20130312-14">[14]</a> Curiosity's rover design serves as the basis for NASA's 2021 <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance mission</a>, which carries different scientific instruments. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Mission">1 Mission</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Goals_and_objectives">1.1 Goals and objectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Name">1.2 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cost">1.3 Cost</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rover_and_lander_specifications">2 Rover and lander specifications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Communications">2.1 Communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Mobility_systems">2.2 Mobility systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Landing">2.3 Landing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Rover's_landing_system">2.4 Rover's landing system</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Travel_status">2.4.1 Travel status</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Duplicate_testing_rovers">2.5 Duplicate testing rovers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Scientific_instruments">3 Scientific instruments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mast_Camera_(Mastcam)">3.1 Mast Camera (Mastcam)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chemistry_and_Camera_complex_(ChemCam)">3.2 Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Navigation_cameras_(Navcams)">3.3 Navigation cameras (Navcams)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_(REMS)">3.4 Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hazard_avoidance_cameras_(Hazcams)">3.5 Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager_(MAHLI)">3.6 Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_(APXS)">3.7 Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Chemistry_and_Mineralogy_(CheMin)">3.8 Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sample_Analysis_at_Mars_(SAM)">3.9 Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Dust_Removal_Tool_(DRT)">3.10 Dust Removal Tool (DRT)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Radiation_assessment_detector_(RAD)">3.11 Radiation assessment detector (RAD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_(DAN)">3.12 Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)">3.13 Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Robotic_arm">3.14 Robotic arm</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Media,_cultural_impact_and_legacy">4 Media, cultural impact and legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Images">5 Images</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Components_of_Curiosity">5.1 Components of Curiosity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Example_rover_images">5.2 Example rover images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals_and_objectives">Goals and objectives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Goals and objectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/260px--Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="680" data-mwtitle="Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm/Mars_Science_Laboratory_Curiosity_Rover_Animation.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Animation of the Curiosity rover, showing its capabilities</figcaption></figure> As established by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a>, the main scientific goals of the MSL mission are to help determine whether Mars could ever have supported <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life</a>, as well as determining the <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">role of water</a>, and to study the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geology of Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-overview-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-goals-9">[9]</a> The mission results will also help prepare for human exploration.<a href="#cite_note-goals-9">[9]</a> To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific objectives:<a href="#cite_note-nasa.obj-15">[15]</a> <dl><dt>Biological</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol type="1" start="1"> <li>Determine the nature and inventory of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic carbon compounds</a></li> <li>Investigate the chemical <a href="/wiki/CHON" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">building blocks of life</a> (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>)</li> <li>Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (<a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>)</li> </ol> <dl><dt>Geological and geochemical</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol type="1" start="4"> <li>Investigate the chemical, <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a>, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geological materials</li> <li>Interpret the processes that have formed and <a href="/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedology (soil study)">modified rocks and soils</a></li> </ol> <dl><dt>Planetary process</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol type="1" start="6"> <li>Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmospheric</a> evolution processes</li> <li>Determine present state, distribution, and <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">cycling of water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li> </ol> <dl><dt>Surface radiation</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol type="1" start="8"> <li>Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">galactic and cosmic radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_particle_event" title="Solar particle event">solar proton events</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron#High-energy_neutrons" title="Neutron">secondary neutrons</a>. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">crewed mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-double-16">[16]</a> </li> </ol> About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomolecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomolecules">biomolecules</a>; a branch of paleontology called <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Science_01-24-2014-17">[17]</a> The region it is set to explore has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">North American west</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.pia16068-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> panel selected the name Curiosity following a nationwide student contest that attracted more than 9,000 proposals via the Internet and mail. A sixth-grade student from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, 12-year-old Clara Ma from Sunflower Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Lenexa,_Kansas" title="Lenexa, Kansas">Lenexa, Kansas</a>, submitted the winning entry. As her prize, Ma won a trip to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, where she signed her name directly onto the rover as it was being assembled.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-19">[19]</a> Ma wrote in her winning essay: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Curiosity is an everlasting flame that burns in everyone's mind. It makes me get out of bed in the morning and wonder what surprises life will throw at me that day. Curiosity is such a powerful force. Without it, we wouldn't be who we are today. Curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives. We have become explorers and scientists with our need to ask questions and to wonder.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-19">[19]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cost" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Adjusted for inflation, Curiosity has a life-cycle cost of US$3.2 billion in 2020 dollars. By comparison, the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover has a life-cycle cost of US$2.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Rover_and_lander_specifications">Rover and lander specifications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rover and lander specifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/240px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5723" data-file-height="2889"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/240px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/360px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/480px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> engineers stand with three vehicles, providing a size comparison of three generations of Mars rovers. Front and center left is the flight spare for the first Mars rover, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a>, which landed on Mars in 1997 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder Project</a>. On the left is a <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> (MER) test vehicle that is a working sibling to <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a>, which landed on Mars in 2004. On the right is a test rover for the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>, which landed as Curiosity on Mars in 2012.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Sojourner is 65 cm (26 in) long. The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) are 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long. Curiosity on the right is 3 m (9.8 ft) long.</figcaption></figure> Curiosity is 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) long by 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) wide by 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) high,<a href="#cite_note-cnes-21">[21]</a> larger than Mars Exploration Rovers, which are 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long and have a mass of 174 kg (384 lb) including 6.8 kg (15 lb) of scientific instruments.<a href="#cite_note-MSLUSAToday-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Rovers:_Pathfinder,_MER_(Spirit_and_Opportunity),_and_MSL-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Exploration_Rover_Launches-24">[24]</a> In comparison to <a href="/wiki/Pancam" title="Pancam">Pancam</a> on the Mars Exploration Rovers, the MastCam-34 has 1.25× higher <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">spatial resolution</a> and the MastCam-100 has 3.67× higher spatial resolution.<a href="#cite_note-MastCamDescription-25">[25]</a> Curiosity has an advanced <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payload</a> of scientific equipment on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-facts-26">[26]</a> It is the fourth NASA robotic rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> mission (1997), and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a> (2004–2010) and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a> (2004–2018) rovers from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> mission. Curiosity comprised 23% of the mass of the 3,893 kg (8,583 lb) spacecraft at launch. The remaining mass was discarded in the process of transport and landing. <ul><li>Dimensions: Curiosity has a mass of 899 kg (1,982 lb) including 80 kg (180 lb) of scientific instruments.<a href="#cite_note-MSLUSAToday-22">[22]</a> The rover is 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) long by 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) wide by 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) in height.<a href="#cite_note-cnes-21">[21]</a></li></ul> The main box-like chassis forms the Warm Electronics Box (WEB).<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a>: 52 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg/340px-Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 340px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg/340px-Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="340" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg/510px-Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg/680px-Fueling_of_the_MSL_MMRTG_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Radioisotope pellet within a graphite shell that fuels the generator</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg/340px-MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 340px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg/340px-MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="340" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg/510px-MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg/680px-MMRTG_after_fit_check_with_Curiosity_from_angular_above.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Radioisotope Power System for Curiosity at Kennedy Space Center</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>Power source: Curiosity is powered by a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG), like the successful <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a> Mars landers in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-MMRTG-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarsExplorationMMRTG-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) are generators that produce electricity from the decay of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotopes">radioactive isotopes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a>, which is a non-<a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> isotope of plutonium. Heat given off by the decay of this isotope generates electrical power using <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a>, providing consistent power during all seasons and through the day and night. <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Waste heat</a> is also used via pipes to warm systems, freeing electrical power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments.<a href="#cite_note-MMRTG-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarsExplorationMMRTG-29">[29]</a> Curiosity's RTG is fueled by 4.8 kg (11 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">plutonium-238 dioxide</a> supplied by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sfnow20111117-30">[30]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Curiosity's RTG is the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator">Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator</a> (MMRTG), designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies" title="Teledyne Technologies">Teledyne Energy Systems</a> under contract to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ritz2004-31">[31]</a> and fueled and tested by the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Idaho2011-32">[32]</a> Based on legacy RTG technology, it represents a more flexible and compact development step,<a href="#cite_note-MSLPower-33">[33]</a> and is designed to produce 110 watts of electrical power and about 2,000 watts of thermal power at the start of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-MMRTG-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarsExplorationMMRTG-29">[29]</a> The MMRTG produces less power over time as its plutonium fuel decays: at its minimum lifetime of 14 years, electrical power output is down to 100 watts.<a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_%E2%80%93_Technologies_of_Broad_Benefit:_Power-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_NASA_Program_on_Development_of_Radioisotope_Power_Systems_with_High_Specific_Power-35">[35]</a> The power source generates 9 MJ (2.5 kWh) of electrical energy each day, much more than the solar panels of the now retired <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, which generated about 2.1 MJ (0.58 kWh) each day. The electrical output from the MMRTG charges two rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>. This enables the power subsystem to meet peak power demands of rover activities when the demand temporarily exceeds the generator's steady output level. Each battery has a capacity of about 42 <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">ampere hours</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Heat rejection system: The temperatures at the landing site vary seasonally and the thermal system warms the rover as needed. The thermal system does so in several ways: passively, through the dissipation to internal components; by electrical heaters strategically placed on key components; and by using the rover heat rejection system (HRS).<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> It uses fluid pumped through 60 m (200 ft) of tubing in the rover body so that sensitive components are kept at optimal temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-HRS-36">[36]</a> The fluid loop serves the additional purpose of rejecting heat when the rover has become too warm, and it can also gather waste heat from the power source by pumping fluid through two heat exchangers that are mounted alongside the RTG. The HRS also has the ability to cool components if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-HRS-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Computers: The two identical on-board rover computers, called Rover Compute Element (RCE) contain <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">radiation hardened</a> memory to tolerate the extreme radiation from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles. The computers run the <a href="/wiki/VxWorks" title="VxWorks">VxWorks</a> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> (RTOS). Each computer's memory includes 256 <a href="/wiki/Kilobytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobytes">kilobytes</a> (kB) of <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, 256 <a href="/wiki/Megabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabytes">megabytes</a> (MB) of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM), and 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabytes">gigabytes</a> (GB) of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brains-37">[37]</a> For comparison, the Mars Exploration Rovers used 3 MB of EEPROM, 128 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of flash memory.<a href="#cite_note-ieeecomputer-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The RCE computers use the <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU), which is a successor to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_RAD6000" title="IBM RAD6000">RAD6000</a> CPU of the Mars Exploration Rovers.<a href="#cite_note-BAE_Systems_Computers-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-E&ISNow_%E2%80%94_Media_gets_closer_look_at_Manassas-40">[40]</a> The IBM RAD750 CPU, a radiation-hardened version of the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_750" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC 750">PowerPC 750</a>, can execute up to 400 <a href="/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Million instructions per second">Million instructions per second</a> (MIPS), while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to only 35 MIPS.<a href="#cite_note-RAD750brochure-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAD6000brochure-42">[42]</a> Of the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup and will take over in the event of problems with the main computer.<a href="#cite_note-Brains-37">[37]</a> On February 28, 2013, NASA was forced to switch to the backup computer due to a problem with the active computer's flash memory, which resulted in the computer continuously rebooting in a loop. The backup computer was turned on in <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode" title="Safe mode">safe mode</a> and subsequently returned to active status on March 4, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130304-43">[43]</a> The same problem happened in late March, resuming full operations on March 25, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130325-44">[44]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The rover has an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement unit</a> (IMU) that provides 3-axis information on its position, which is used in rover navigation.<a href="#cite_note-Brains-37">[37]</a> The rover's computers are constantly self-monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the rover's temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Brains-37">[37]</a> Activities such as taking pictures, driving, and operating the instruments are performed in a command sequence that is sent from the flight team to the rover.<a href="#cite_note-Brains-37">[37]</a> The rover installed its full surface operations software after the landing because its computers did not have sufficient main memory available during flight. The new software essentially replaced the flight software.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7">[7]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The rover has four processors. One of them is a <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processor</a> that runs the rover's thrusters and descent-stage motors as it descended through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a>. Two others are <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> processors: the main processor, which handles nearly all of the rover's ground functions, and that processor's backup. The fourth one, another <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> processor, commands the rover's movement and is part of its <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">motor controller</a> box. All four processors are <a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">single core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gaudin-45">[45]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg/220px-PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg/220px-PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg/330px-PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg/440px-PIA16106_-_Curiosity_speaks_and_orbiters_listen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Curiosity transmits to Earth directly or via three relay satellites in Mars orbit.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Communications: Curiosity is equipped with significant telecommunication redundancy by several means: an <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transmitter and receiver</a> that can communicate directly with Earth, and an <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">Ultra high frequency</a> (UHF) <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra-Lite</a> <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">software-defined radio</a> for communicating with Mars orbiters.<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> Communication with orbiters is the main path for data return to Earth, since the orbiters have both more power and larger antennas than the lander, allowing for faster transmission speeds.<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> Telecommunication included a small deep space transponder on the descent stage and a solid-state power amplifier on the rover for <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X-band</a>. The rover also has two UHF radios,<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> the signals of which orbiting relay satellites are capable of relaying back to Earth. Signals between Earth and Mars take an average of 14 minutes, 6 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Mars-Earth_distance_in_light_minutes-46">[46]</a> Curiosity can communicate with Earth directly at speeds up to 32 kbit/s, but the bulk of the data transfer is being relayed through the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Odyssey orbiter</a>. Data transfer speeds between Curiosity and each orbiter may reach 2000 kbit/s and 256 kbit/s, respectively, but each orbiter is able to communicate with Curiosity for only about eight minutes per day (0.56% of the time).<a href="#cite_note-Curiosity's_data_communication_with_Earth-47">[47]</a> Communication from and to Curiosity relies on internationally agreed space data <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocols</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCSDS-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) is the central data distribution hub where selected data products are provided to remote science operations sites as needed. JPL is also the central hub for the uplink process, though participants are distributed at their respective home institutions.<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> At landing, telemetry was monitored by three orbiters, depending on their dynamic location: the <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and ESA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> satellite.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_spacecraft_records_crucial_NASA_signals_from_Mars-49">[49]</a> As of February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> orbiter is being positioned to serve as a relay orbiter while continuing its science mission.<a href="#cite_note-relay_orbit-50">[50]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility_systems">Mobility systems</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobility systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg/220px-MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg/220px-MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg/330px-MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg/440px-MarsCuriosityRover-WornWheel-20140218.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Close-up view of a well-worn wheel on the surface, which also shows the Morse code pattern for JPL.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mobility systems: Curiosity is equipped with six 50 cm (20 in) diameter wheels in a <a href="/wiki/Rocker-bogie" title="Rocker-bogie">rocker-bogie</a> suspension. These are scaled versions of those used on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> (MER).<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> The suspension system also served as landing gear for the vehicle, unlike its smaller predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-new_wheels-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa.build-52">[52]</a> Each wheel has cleats and is independently actuated and geared, providing for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks. Each front and rear wheel can be independently steered, allowing the vehicle to turn in place as well as execute arcing turns.<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> Each wheel has a pattern that helps it maintain traction but also leaves patterned tracks in the sandy surface of Mars. That pattern is used by on-board cameras to estimate the distance traveled. The pattern itself is <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> for "JPL" (·--- ·--· ·-··).<a href="#cite_note-aarlmorse-53">[53]</a> The rover is capable of climbing sand dunes with slopes up to 12.5°.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.249-54">[54]</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>, the vehicle can withstand a tilt of at least 50° in any direction without overturning, but automatic sensors limit the rover from exceeding 30° tilts.<a href="#cite_note-DESCANSO-27">[27]</a> After six years of use, the wheels are visibly worn with punctures and tears.<a href="#cite_note-planetary20140819-55">[55]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Curiosity can roll over obstacles approaching 65 cm (26 in) in height,<a href="#cite_note-facts-26">[26]</a> and it has a ground clearance of 60 cm (24 in).<a href="#cite_note-first_drive-56">[56]</a> Based on variables including power levels, terrain difficulty, slippage and visibility, the maximum terrain-traverse speed is estimated to be 200 m (660 ft) per day by automatic navigation.<a href="#cite_note-facts-26">[26]</a> The rover landed about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the base of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stuff-7437621-57">[57]</a> (officially named <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a>) and it is expected to traverse a minimum of 19 km (12 mi) during its primary two-year mission.<a href="#cite_note-home-58">[58]</a> It can travel up to 90 m (300 ft) per hour but average speed is about 30 m (98 ft) per hour.<a href="#cite_note-home-58">[58]</a> The vehicle is 'driven' by several operators led by <a href="/wiki/Vandi_Verma" title="Vandi Verma">Vandi Verma</a>, group leader of Autonomous Systems, Mobility and Robotic Systems at JPL,<a href="#cite_note-rg2019-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-jpl2019-60">[60]</a> who also cowrote the <a href="/wiki/PLEXIL" title="PLEXIL">PLEXIL</a> language used to operate the rover.<a href="#cite_note-ntrs2019-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-plex2019-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaapps-63">[63]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing">Landing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/300px--The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="218" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="660" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="988" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1484" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="1648" data-height="1200"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="330" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="494" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv/The_Descent_of_the_Curiosity_Rover_HD.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="494" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Descent of Curiosity (video-02:26; August 6, 2012)</figcaption></figure> Curiosity landed in Quad 51 (nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> in the crater Gale.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120810-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120809-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20120809-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA-20120809-67">[67]</a> The landing site coordinates are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Curiosity_(rover)&params=4.5895_S_137.4417_E_globe:Mars">4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E / 4.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20120806-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-S&T-20120807-69">[69]</a> The location was named <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> on August 22, 2012, in honor of science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120822-6">[6]</a> Gale, an estimated 3.5 to 3.8 billion-year-old impact crater, is hypothesized to have first been gradually filled in by <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>; first water-deposited, and then wind-deposited, possibly until it was completely covered. Wind <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> then scoured out the sediments, leaving an isolated 5.5 km (3.4 mi) mountain, <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a> ("Mount Sharp"), at the center of the 154 km (96 mi) wide crater. Thus, it is believed that the rover may have the opportunity to study two billion years of Martian history in the sediments exposed in the mountain. Additionally, its landing site is near an <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fan</a>, which is hypothesized to be the result of a flow of ground water, either before the deposition of the eroded sediments or else in relatively recent geologic history.<a href="#cite_note-Crater_mound_a_prize_and_puzzle_for_Mars_rover-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-themis-71">[71]</a> According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial spores">bacterial spores</a> were on Curiosity at launch, and as many as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151005-kc-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rover's_landing_system">Rover's landing system</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rover's landing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Entry,_descent_and_landing_(EDL)" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory–Landing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/200px--Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="307" data-mwtitle="Curiosity's_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv/Curiosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACuriosity%27s_Seven_Minutes_of_Terror.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>NASA video describing the landing procedure. NASA dubbed the landing as "Seven Minutes of Terror"</figcaption></figure> Previous NASA <a href="/wiki/Mars_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars rovers">Mars rovers</a> became active only after the successful entry, descent and landing on the Martian surface. Curiosity, on the other hand, was active when it touched down on the surface of Mars, employing the rover suspension system for the final set-down.<a href="#cite_note-cnes3-73">[73]</a> Curiosity transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while the MSL spacecraft simultaneously lowered it beneath the spacecraft descent stage with a 20 m (66 ft) tether from the "<a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">sky crane</a>" system to a soft landing – wheels down – on the surface of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-EntryDescentLanding-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sky_Crane_%E2%80%93_how_to_land_Curiosity_on_the_surface_of_Mars-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mars_rover_lands_on_Xbox_Live-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory:_Entry,_Descent,_and_Landing_System_Performance-77">[77]</a> After the rover touched down it waited 2 seconds to confirm that it was on solid ground then fired several <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener" title="Pyrotechnic fastener">pyrotechnic fasteners</a> activating cable cutters on the bridle to free itself from the spacecraft descent stage. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing, and the rover prepared itself to begin the science portion of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-ellipse-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Travel_status">Travel status</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Travel status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of August 16, 2024, the rover has driven 32.12 km (19.96 mi) from its landing site over 4255 <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sols</a> (Martian days).<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplicate_testing_rovers">Duplicate testing rovers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Duplicate testing rovers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_(VSTB)_Rover_(PIA15876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg/177px-Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 177px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg/177px-Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="177" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg/266px-Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg/354px-Curiosity%27s_Vehicle_System_Test_Bed_%28VSTB%29_Rover_%28PIA15876%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">MAGGIE Rover</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg/157px-648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg/157px-648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg/236px-648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg/314px-648873main_pia15682-43_full.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scarecrow rover</div></div></div></div></div> Curiosity has two full sized, vehicle system test beds (VSTB), a twin rover used for testing and problem solving, MAGGIE rover (Mars Automated Giant Gizmo for Integrated Engineering) with a computer brain and a Scarecrow rover without a computer brain. They are housed at the JPL Mars Yard for problem solving on simulated Mars terrain.<a href="#cite_note-CNET-20200905-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Mars-20200904-80">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/200px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/200px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" data-width="200" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/300px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/400px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Instrument location diagram</figcaption></figure> The general sample analysis strategy begins with high-resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest, Curiosity can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature is intriguing, the rover uses its long arm to swing over a <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">microscope</a> and an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectrometer</a> to take a closer look. If the specimen warrants further analysis, Curiosity can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the <a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">Sample Analysis at Mars</a> (SAM) or the <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a> analytical laboratories inside the rover.<a href="#cite_note-Gale_Crater:_Geological_'sweet_shop'_awaits_Mars_rover-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa2-83">[83]</a> The MastCam, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI), and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) cameras were developed by <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> and they all share common design components, such as on-board <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> boxes, 1600 × 1200 <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCDs), and an <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">RGB Bayer pattern filter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LPSCMast-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-MastCam-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAHLI-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-MARDI-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-MastCamDescription-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NovEmail-88">[88]</a> In total, the rover carries 17 cameras: HazCams (8), NavCams (4), MastCams (2), MAHLI (1), MARDI (1), and ChemCam (1).<a href="#cite_note-wired20120807-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mast_Camera_(Mastcam)">Mast Camera (Mastcam)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mast Camera (Mastcam)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msl-arm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msl-arm.jpg/150px-Msl-arm.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3938" data-file-height="3952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msl-arm.jpg/150px-Msl-arm.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msl-arm.jpg/225px-Msl-arm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msl-arm.jpg/300px-Msl-arm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The turret at the end of the robotic arm holds five devices.</figcaption></figure> The Mastcam system provides multiple spectra and <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">true-color</a> imaging with two cameras.<a href="#cite_note-MastCam-85">[85]</a> The cameras can take true-color images at 1600×1200 <a href="/wiki/Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a> and up to 10 <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> hardware-compressed video at <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> (1280×720).<a href="#cite_note-arstech20120807-90">[90]</a> One Mastcam camera is the Medium Angle Camera (MAC; also referred to as Mastcam-34 and Mastcam-Left), which has a 34 mm (1.3 in) <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>, a 15° <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>, and can yield 22 cm/pixel (8.7 in/pixel) scale at 1 km (0.62 mi). The other camera in the Mastcam is the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC; also Mastcam-100 and Mastcam-Right), which has a 100 mm (3.9 in) focal length, a 5.1° field of view, and can yield 7.4 cm/pixel (2.9 in/pixel) scale at 1 km (0.62 mi).<a href="#cite_note-MastCam-85">[85]</a> Malin also developed a pair of Mastcams with zoom lenses,<a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory_(MSL)_Mast_Camera_(MastCam)-91">[91]</a> but these were not included in the rover because of the time required to test the new hardware and the looming November 2011 launch date.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Nixes_3-D_Camera_for_Next_Mars_Rover-92">[92]</a> However, the improved zoom version was selected to be incorporated on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> mission as <a href="/wiki/Mastcam-Z" title="Mastcam-Z">Mastcam-Z</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bell2014a-93">[93]</a> Each camera has eight gigabytes of flash memory, which is capable of storing over 5,500 raw images, and can apply real time <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MastCam-85">[85]</a> The cameras have an autofocus capability that allows them to focus on objects from 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) to infinity.<a href="#cite_note-MastCamDescription-25">[25]</a> In addition to the fixed <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">RGBG</a> Bayer pattern filter, each camera has an eight-position filter wheel. While the Bayer filter reduces visible light throughput, all three colors are mostly transparent at wavelengths longer than 700 nm, and have minimal effect on such <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> observations.<a href="#cite_note-MastCam-85">[85]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry_and_Camera_complex_(ChemCam)">Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_and_Camera_complex" title="Chemistry and Camera complex">Chemistry and Camera complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg/200px-483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg/200px-483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg/300px-483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg/400px-483646main_pia13398-4x3_1600-1200.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The internal spectrometer (left) and the laser telescope (right) for the mast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16089.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA16089.jpg/200px-PIA16089.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA16089.jpg/200px-PIA16089.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA16089.jpg/300px-PIA16089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA16089.jpg/400px-PIA16089.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First <a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> from ChemCam on Curiosity (<a href="/wiki/N165" title="N165">"Coronation" rock</a>, August 19, 2012)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_and_Camera_complex" title="Chemistry and Camera complex">ChemCam</a> is a suite of two remote sensing instruments combined as one: a <a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a> (LIBS) and a Remote Micro Imager (RMI) telescope. The ChemCam instrument suite was developed by the French <a href="/wiki/L%27Institut_de_Recherche_en_Astrophysique_et_Plan%C3%A9tologie" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie">CESR</a> laboratory and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSLChemCam-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comparative_study_of_different_methodologies_for_quantitative_rock_analysis_by_Laser-Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy_in_a_simulated_Martian_atmosphere-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corrections_and_Clarifications,_News_of_the_Week-96">[96]</a> The flight model of the mast unit was delivered from the French <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> to <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lanl-97">[97]</a> The purpose of the LIBS instrument is to provide elemental compositions of rock and regolith, while the RMI gives ChemCam scientists high-resolution images of the sampling areas of the rocks and regolith that LIBS targets.<a href="#cite_note-MSLChemCam-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spacecraft:_Surface_Operations_Configuration:_Science_Instruments:_ChemCam-98">[98]</a> The LIBS instrument can target a rock or regolith sample up to 7 m (23 ft) away, vaporizing a small amount of it with about 50 to 75 5-nanosecond pulses from a 1067 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> laser and then observes the spectrum of the light emitted by the vaporized rock.<a href="#cite_note-softpedia20131206-99">[99]</a> ChemCam has the ability to record up to 6,144 different wavelengths of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.1315-100">[100]</a> Detection of the ball of luminous plasma is done in the visible, near-UV and near-infrared ranges, between 240 nm and 800 nm.<a href="#cite_note-MSLChemCam-94">[94]</a> The first initial <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> testing of the ChemCam by Curiosity on Mars was performed on a rock, <a href="/wiki/N165" title="N165">N165 ("Coronation" rock)</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Landing" title="Bradbury Landing">Bradbury Landing</a> on August 19, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120819a-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120819-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20120817-103">[103]</a> The ChemCam team expects to take approximately one dozen compositional measurements of rocks per day.<a href="#cite_note-chemcam-104">[104]</a> Using the same collection optics, the RMI provides context images of the LIBS analysis spots. The RMI resolves 1 mm (0.039 in) objects at 10 m (33 ft) distance, and has a field of view covering 20 cm (7.9 in) at that distance.<a href="#cite_note-MSLChemCam-94">[94]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_cameras_(Navcams)">Navigation cameras (Navcams)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Navigation cameras (Navcams)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">Navcam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg/200px-First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="983"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg/200px-First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg/300px-First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg/400px-First_two_full-resolution_images_from_the_Curosity_rover.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First full-resolution Navcam images</figcaption></figure> The rover has two pairs of black and white <a href="/wiki/Navcam" title="Navcam">navigation cameras</a> mounted on the mast to support ground navigation.<a href="#cite_note-MSLPhotosynth-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NavCameras-106">[106]</a> The cameras have a 45° <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> and use visible light to capture <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic 3-D imagery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NavCameras-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary.2012-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_(REMS)">Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station" title="Rover Environmental Monitoring Station">Rover Environmental Monitoring Station</a></div> REMS comprises instruments to measure the Mars environment: humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station_for_MSL_mission-108">[108]</a> It is a meteorological package that includes an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> sensor provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Education (Spain)">Spanish Ministry of Education and Science</a>. The investigative team is led by Javier Gómez-Elvira of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center</a> and includes the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">Finnish Meteorological Institute</a> as a partner.<a href="#cite_note-MSLREMS-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSLREMS-pdf-110">[110]</a> All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover's mast, the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover body. REMS provides new clues about the Martian general circulation, micro scale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction.<a href="#cite_note-MSLREMS-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazard_avoidance_cameras_(Hazcams)">Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">Hazcam</a></div> The rover has four pairs of black and white navigation cameras called <a href="/wiki/Hazcam" title="Hazcam">hazcams</a>, two pairs in the front and two pairs in the back.<a href="#cite_note-MSLPhotosynth-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-HazardAvoidanceCameras-111">[111]</a> They are used for autonomous hazard avoidance during rover drives and for safe positioning of the robotic arm on rocks and regolith.<a href="#cite_note-HazardAvoidanceCameras-111">[111]</a> Each camera in a pair is hardlinked to one of two identical main computers for redundancy; only four out of the eight cameras are in use at any one time. The cameras use visible light to capture <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> three-dimensional (3-D) imagery.<a href="#cite_note-HazardAvoidanceCameras-111">[111]</a> The cameras have a 120° <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> and map the terrain at up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in front of the rover.<a href="#cite_note-HazardAvoidanceCameras-111">[111]</a> This imagery safeguards against the rover crashing into unexpected obstacles, and works in tandem with software that allows the rover to make its own safety choices.<a href="#cite_note-HazardAvoidanceCameras-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager_(MAHLI)">Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg/251px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg/334px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-MAHLI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="#Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager_(MAHLI)">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg/167px-PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="738"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg/167px-PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg/251px-PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg/334px-PIA16160-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-APXS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="#Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_(APXS)">Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer</a> (APXS)</div></div></div></div></div> MAHLI is a camera on the rover's robotic arm, and acquires microscopic images of rock and regolith. MAHLI can take <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">true-color</a> images at 1600×1200 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> with a resolution as high as 14.5 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">µm</a> per pixel. MAHLI has an 18.3 to 21.3 mm (0.72 to 0.84 in) focal length and a 33.8–38.5° field of view.<a href="#cite_note-MAHLI-86">[86]</a> MAHLI has both white and ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED) illumination for imaging in darkness or <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> imaging. MAHLI also has mechanical focusing in a range from infinite to millimeter distances.<a href="#cite_note-MAHLI-86">[86]</a> This system can make some images with <a href="/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking">focus stacking</a> processing.<a href="#cite_note-Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager_(MAHLI)-112">[112]</a> MAHLI can store either the raw images or do real time lossless predictive or JPEG compression. The calibration target for MAHLI includes color references, a metric bar graphic, a 1909 VDB Lincoln penny, and a stair-step pattern for depth calibration.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20120913-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_(APXS)">Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer" title="Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer">Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer</a></div> The APXS instrument irradiates samples with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> and maps the spectra of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.<a href="#cite_note-MSLAPXS-114">[114]</a> Curiosity's APXS was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA).<a href="#cite_note-MSLAPXS-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/MDA_(company)" title="MDA (company)">MacDonald Dettwiler (MDA)</a>, the Canadian aerospace company that built the <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> and <a href="/wiki/RADARSAT" title="RADARSAT">RADARSAT</a>, were responsible for the engineering design and building of the APXS. The APXS science team includes members from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usra-115">[115]</a> The APXS instrument takes advantage of <a href="/wiki/Particle-induced_X-ray_emission" title="Particle-induced X-ray emission">particle-induced X-ray emission</a> (PIXE) and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a>, previously exploited by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSLAPXS-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_new_Athena_alpha_particle_X-ray_spectrometer_for_the_Mars_Exploration_Rovers-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry_and_Mineralogy_(CheMin)">Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1181"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg/251px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg/334px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1181"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg/167px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="167" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg/251px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg/334px-PIA16161-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Curiosity's <a href="#Chemistry_and_Mineralogy_(CheMin)">CheMin Spectrometer</a> on Mars (September 11, 2012), with sample inlet seen closed and open</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/220px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/220px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/330px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/440px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Mineralogy_and_metallurgy" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a> view of <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Martian regolith</a> (Curiosity at <a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>, October 17, 2012)<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121030-117">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a> is the Chemistry and Mineralogy <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Powder_diffraction" title="Powder diffraction">powder diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">fluorescence</a> instrument.<a href="#cite_note-MSLCheMin-118">[118]</a> CheMin is one of four <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometers</a>. It can identify and quantify the abundance of the minerals on Mars. It was developed by David Blake at NASA <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fluorescence-119">[119]</a> and won the 2013 NASA Government Invention of the year award.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20140624-120">[120]</a> The rover can drill samples from rocks and the resulting fine powder is poured into the instrument via a sample inlet tube on the top of the vehicle. A beam of X-rays is then directed at the powder and the crystal structure of the minerals deflects it at characteristic angles, allowing scientists to identify the minerals being analyzed.<a href="#cite_note-SciPackage-121">[121]</a> On October 17, 2012, at "<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>", the first <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Mineralogy_and_metallurgy" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction analysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Martian regolith</a> was performed. The results revealed the presence of several minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, and suggested that the Martian regolith in the sample was similar to the "weathered <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic soils</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiian volcanoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121030-117">[117]</a> The paragonetic <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> from a Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cone</a> has been mined to create <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant" title="Martian regolith simulant">Martian regolith simulant</a> for researchers to use since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Beegle2007-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen1997-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_Analysis_at_Mars_(SAM)">Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">Sample Analysis at Mars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg/142px-PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg/142px-PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg/213px-PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg/284px-PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg/142px-PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg/142px-PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg/213px-PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg/284px-PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">First night-time pictures on Mars (white-light left/<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> right) (Curiosity viewing <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity" title="List of rocks on Mars">Sayunei</a> rock, January 22, 2013)</div></div></div></div> The SAM instrument suite analyzes <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organics</a> and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. It consists of instruments developed by the NASA <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, the NASA <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> the <a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_atmosph%C3%A8res,_milieux,_observations_spatiales" title="Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales">Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales</a> (LATMOS), the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques</a> (LISA) (jointly operated by France's <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a> and Parisian universities), and <a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a>, along with many additional external partners.<a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-search-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAM-125">[125]</a> The three main instruments are a <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_Mass_Spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer">Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer</a> (QMS), a <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas chromatograph">gas chromatograph</a> (GC) and a <a href="/wiki/Resonance_Raman_spectroscopy#Instrumentation" title="Resonance Raman spectroscopy">tunable laser spectrometer (TLS)</a>. These instruments perform precision measurements of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> ratios in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Carbon_dioxide" title="Atmosphere of Mars">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane" title="Atmosphere of Mars">methane</a> (CH4) in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a> in order to distinguish between their <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-MSLSAM-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAM-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-optics.6923-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mah2012-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_Removal_Tool_(DRT)">Dust Removal Tool (DRT)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dust Removal Tool (DRT)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif/142px-PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif/142px-PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif/213px-PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif/284px-PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg/142px-MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg/142px-MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg/213px-MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg/284px-MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">First use of Curiosity's <a href="#Dust_Removal_Tool_(DRT)">Dust Removal Tool</a> (DRT) (January 6, 2013); <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity" title="List of rocks on Mars">Ekwir_1</a> rock before/after cleaning (left) and closeup (right)</div></div></div></div> The Dust Removal Tool (DRT) is a motorized, wire-bristle brush on the turret at the end of Curiosity's arm. The DRT was first used on a rock target named <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity" title="List of rocks on Mars">Ekwir_1</a> on January 6, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a> built the DRT.<a href="#cite_note-space20130107-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_assessment_detector_(RAD)">Radiation assessment detector (RAD)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Radiation assessment detector (RAD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">Radiation assessment detector</a></div> The role of the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">Radiation assessment detector</a> (RAD) instrument is to characterize the broad spectrum of radiation environment found inside the spacecraft during the cruise phase and while on Mars. These measurements have never been done before from the inside of a spacecraft in interplanetary space. Its primary purpose is to determine the viability and shielding needs for potential human explorers, as well as to characterize the radiation environment on the surface of Mars, which it started doing immediately after MSL landed in August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-MSLRAD-129">[129]</a> Funded by the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at <a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a> and Germany's Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>), RAD was developed by <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a> (SwRI) and the extraterrestrial physics group at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kiel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kiel">Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-MSLRAD-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-rad-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_(DAN)">Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons" title="Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons">Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons</a></div> The DAN instrument employs a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron source</a> and detector for measuring the quantity and depth of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or ice and water at or near the Martian surface.<a href="#cite_note-IKI-131">[131]</a> The instrument consists of the detector element (DE) and a 14.1 MeV pulsing neutron generator (PNG). The die-away time of neutrons is measured by the DE after each neutron pulse from the PNG. DAN was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-MSLDAN-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_(DAN)_Experiment_for_NASA's_2009_Mars_Science_Laboratory-133">[133]</a> and funded by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Mars_Science_Laboratory:_Mission-134">[134]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)">Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg/200px-MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg/200px-MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg/300px-MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg/400px-MARDI-MSL-camera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>MARDI camera</figcaption></figure> MARDI is fixed to the lower front left corner of the body of Curiosity. During the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI took color images at 1600×1200 pixels with a 1.3-millisecond exposure time starting at distances of about 3.7 km (2.3 mi) to near 5 m (16 ft) from the ground, at a rate of four <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> for about two minutes.<a href="#cite_note-MARDI-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)_Update-135">[135]</a> MARDI has a pixel scale of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at 2 km (1.2 mi) to 1.5 mm (0.059 in) at 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and has a 90° circular field of view. MARDI has eight gigabytes of internal buffer memory that is capable of storing over 4,000 raw images. MARDI imaging allowed the mapping of surrounding terrain and the location of landing.<a href="#cite_note-MARDI-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/JunoCam" title="JunoCam">JunoCam</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno spacecraft</a>, is based on MARDI.<a href="#cite_note-Junocam,_Juno_Jupiter_Orbiter-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotic_arm">Robotic arm</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Robotic arm" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/288px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/288px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/432px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/576px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/288px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/288px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/432px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/576px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">First use of Curiosity's <a href="#Robotic_arm">scooper</a> as it sifts a load of <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">sand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a> (October 7, 2012)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg/180px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg/180px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg/270px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg/360px-MarsCuriosityRover-Drilling-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Images" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">First drill tests</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity" title="List of rocks on Mars">John Klein rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife_Bay,_Mars" title="Yellowknife Bay, Mars">Yellowknife Bay</a>, February 2, 2013).<a href="#cite_note-TMJ-20130203-137">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> The rover has a 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) long <a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic arm</a> with a cross-shaped turret holding five devices that can spin through a 350° turning range.<a href="#cite_note-rover_arm-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Test_challenges-139">[139]</a> The arm makes use of three joints to extend it forward and to stow it again while driving. It has a mass of 30 kg (66 lb) and its diameter, including the tools mounted on it, is about 60 cm (24 in).<a href="#cite_note-stretches_arm-140">[140]</a> It was designed, built, and tested by <a href="/wiki/MacDonald,_Dettwiler_and_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates">MDA US Systems</a>, building upon their prior robotic arm work on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a> lander, and the two <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, Spirit and Opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-mdacorp-141">[141]</a> Two of the five devices are in-situ or contact instruments known as the <a href="#Alpha_Particle_X-ray_Spectrometer_(APXS)">X-ray spectrometer</a> (APXS), and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI camera). The remaining three are associated with sample acquisition and sample preparation functions: a <a href="/wiki/Percussion_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion drill">percussion drill</a>; a brush; and mechanisms for scooping, sieving, and portioning samples of powdered rock and regolith.<a href="#cite_note-rover_arm-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-stretches_arm-140">[140]</a> The diameter of the hole in a rock after drilling is 1.6 cm (0.63 in) and up to 5 cm (2.0 in) deep.<a href="#cite_note-Test_challenges-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_U-142">[142]</a> The drill carries two spare bits.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_U-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-esmats.2011-143">[143]</a> The rover's arm and turret system can place the APXS and MAHLI on their respective targets, and also obtain powdered sample from rock interiors, and deliver them to the <a href="/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars" title="Sample Analysis at Mars">SAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin</a> analyzers inside the rover.<a href="#cite_note-Test_challenges-139">[139]</a> Since early 2015 the percussive mechanism in the drill that helps chisel into rock has had an intermittent electrical short.<a href="#cite_note-drill-fault-144">[144]</a> On December 1, 2016, the motor inside the drill caused a malfunction that prevented the rover from moving its robotic arm and driving to another location.<a href="#cite_note-popmech20161213-145">[145]</a> The fault was isolated to the drill feed brake,<a href="#cite_note-spacecom20161215-146">[146]</a> and internal debris is suspected of causing the problem.<a href="#cite_note-drill-fault-144">[144]</a> By December 9, 2016, driving and robotic arm operations were cleared to continue, but drilling remained suspended indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20161209-147">[147]</a> The Curiosity team continued to perform diagnostics and testing on the drill mechanism throughout 2017,<a href="#cite_note-planetary20170906-148">[148]</a> and resumed drilling operations on May 22, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-drillingagain-149">[149]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Media,_cultural_impact_and_legacy">Media, cultural impact and legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media, cultural impact and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Current_status" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory § Current status</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheering-full-br2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheering-full-br2.jpg/220px-Cheering-full-br2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="570"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheering-full-br2.jpg/220px-Cheering-full-br2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheering-full-br2.jpg/330px-Cheering-full-br2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheering-full-br2.jpg/440px-Cheering-full-br2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Celebration erupts at NASA with the rover's successful landing on Mars (August 6, 2012).</figcaption></figure> Live video showing the first footage from the surface of Mars was available at <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a>, during the late hours of August 6, 2012, PDT, including interviews with the mission team. The NASA website momentarily became unavailable from the overwhelming number of people visiting it,<a href="#cite_note-Lands-150">[150]</a> and a 13-minute NASA excerpt of the landings on its YouTube channel was halted an hour after the landing by an automated <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">copyright</a> takedown notice from <a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company" title="E. W. Scripps Company">Scripps Local News</a>, which prevented access for several hours.<a href="#cite_note-vice-151">[151]</a> Around 1,000 people gathered in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, to watch NASA's live broadcast of Curiosity's landing, as footage was being shown on the giant screen.<a href="#cite_note-TimeSquare-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobak_Ferdowsi" title="Bobak Ferdowsi">Bobak Ferdowsi</a>, Flight Director for the landing, became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a> and attained Twitter celebrity status, with 45,000 new followers subscribing to his Twitter account, due to his <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle" title="Mohawk hairstyle">Mohawk hairstyle</a> with yellow stars that he wore during the televised broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-space-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-venturebeat-154">[154]</a> On August 13, 2012, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, calling from aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> to congratulate the Curiosity team, said, "You guys are examples of American know-how and ingenuity. It's really an amazing accomplishment".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20120813-155">[155]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/msl20120813_obamacall/msl20120813_obamacall-320.mov">Video (07:20)</a>) Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute" title="Getty Conservation Institute">Getty Conservation Institute</a> in Los Angeles, California, viewed the CheMin instrument aboard Curiosity as a potentially valuable means to examine ancient works of art without damaging them. Until recently, only a few instruments were available to determine the composition without cutting out physical samples large enough to potentially damage the artifacts. CheMin directs a beam of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> at particles as small as 400 μm (0.016 in)<a href="#cite_note-inxitu-156">[156]</a> and reads the <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattered</a> back to determine the composition of the artifact in minutes. Engineers created a smaller, portable version named the X-Duetto. Fitting into a few <a href="/wiki/Briefcase" title="Briefcase">briefcase</a>-sized boxes, it can examine objects on site, while preserving their physical integrity. It is now being used by Getty scientists to analyze a large collection of museum <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antiques</a> and the Roman ruins of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Italy.<a href="#cite_note-NS-201208-157">[157]</a> Prior to the landing, NASA and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> released Mars Rover Landing, a free downloadable game on <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a> to capture body motions, which allows users to simulate the landing sequence.<a href="#cite_note-newsday-158">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg/183px-PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 183px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg/183px-PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="183" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg/275px-PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg/366px-PIA15882-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-USA-Flag.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">U.S. flag medallion</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg/151px-PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 151px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg/151px-PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="151" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg/227px-PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg/302px-PIA15883-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-President_Obama_Signature_on_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Plaque</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>'s signatures</div></div></div></div></div> NASA gave the general public the opportunity from 2009 until 2011 to submit their names to be sent to Mars. More than 1.2 million people from the international community participated, and their names were etched into <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> using an electron-beam machine used for fabricating micro devices at <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>, and this plaque is now installed on the deck of Curiosity.<a href="#cite_note-Send_Your_Name_to_Mars-159">[159]</a> In keeping with a 40-year tradition, a plaque with the signatures of President Barack Obama and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Vice President Joe Biden</a> was also installed. Elsewhere on the rover is the <a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autograph</a> of Clara Ma, the 12-year-old girl from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> who gave Curiosity its name in an essay contest, writing in part that "curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives".<a href="#cite_note-collect-160">[160]</a> On August 6, 2013, Curiosity audibly played "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_to_You" title="Happy Birthday to You">Happy Birthday to You</a>" in honor of the one Earth year mark of its Martian landing, the first time for a song to be played on another planet. This was also the first time music was transmitted between two planets.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20130806-161">[161]</a> On June 24, 2014, Curiosity completed a <a href="/wiki/Martian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian year">Martian year</a> – 687 Earth days – after finding that Mars once had <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory#Evidence_for_ancient_habitability" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">environmental conditions favorable for microbial life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140623-162">[162]</a> Curiosity served as the basis for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020_rover_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 2020 rover mission">Mars 2020 rover mission</a>. Some spare parts from the build and ground test of Curiosity are being used in the new vehicle, but it will carry a different instrument payload.<a href="#cite_note-CNET_Harwood_first-163">[163]</a> In 2014, project chief engineer wrote a book detailing the development of the Curiosity rover. "Mars Rover Curiosity: An Inside Account from Curiosity's Chief Engineer," is a firsthand account of the development and landing of the Curiosity Rover.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> On August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover mission landing, and related exploratory accomplishments, on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20170802-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP-20170805-12">[12]</a> (Videos: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxvODcuFb1s">Curiosity's First Five Years (02:07)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0nPFaBU98k">Curiosity's POV: Five Years Driving (05:49)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-uAz82sH-E">Curiosity's Discoveries About Gale Crater (02:54)</a>) As reported in 2018, drill samples taken in 2015 uncovered organic molecules of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> in 3 billion year old rock samples in Gale.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180607-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180608a-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180608c-167">[167]</a> In popular culture, the launch of Curiosity is referenced in the music video for <a href="/wiki/Harry_Styles" title="Harry Styles">Harry Styles</a>' 2023 song, "<a href="/wiki/Satellite_(Harry_Styles_song)" title="Satellite (Harry Styles song)">Satellite</a>".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Images">Images</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curiosity_rover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Curiosity rover">Curiosity rover</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components_of_Curiosity">Components of Curiosity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Components of Curiosity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mast head with ChemCam, MastCam-34, MastCam-100, NavCam"><noscript><img alt="Mast head with ChemCam, MastCam-34, MastCam-100, NavCam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg/98px-20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1571"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg/98px-20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg" data-alt="Mast head with ChemCam, MastCam-34, MastCam-100, NavCam" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg/148px-20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg/197px-20110406_PIA13809_D2011_0404_D036_cropped-full.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mast head with ChemCam, MastCam-34, MastCam-100, NavCam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the six wheels on Curiosity"><noscript><img alt="One of the six wheels on Curiosity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png/120px-Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3115" data-file-height="1988"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png/120px-Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png" data-alt="One of the six wheels on Curiosity" data-width="120" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png/180px-Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png/240px-Curiosity_wheel_pattern_morse_code.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the six wheels on Curiosity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-gain (right) and low-gain (left) antennas"><noscript><img alt="High-gain (right) and low-gain (left) antennas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg/120px-Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 59px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg/120px-Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg" data-alt="High-gain (right) and low-gain (left) antennas" data-width="120" data-height="59" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg/180px-Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg/240px-Curiosity%27s_high_gain_antenna_and_low_gain_antenna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-gain (right) and low-gain (left) antennas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UV sensor"><noscript><img alt="UV sensor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg/120px-The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 76px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg/120px-The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg" data-alt="UV sensor" data-width="120" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg/180px-The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg/240px-The_UV_sensor_on_the_Curiosity_rover_deck.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">UV sensor</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_rover_images">Example rover images</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Example rover images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Curiosity,_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's first image after landing (without clear dust cover, 6 August 2012)"><noscript><img alt="Curiosity's first image after landing (without clear dust cover, 6 August 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg/120px-NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg/120px-NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg" data-alt="Curiosity's first image after landing (without clear dust cover, 6 August 2012)" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg/180px-NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg/240px-NASA_Curiosity%2C_first_image_without_dust_cover.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Curiosity's first image after landing (without clear dust cover, 6 August 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's self-portrait (7 September 2012; color-corrected)"><noscript><img alt="Curiosity's self-portrait (7 September 2012; color-corrected)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg/120px-PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg/120px-PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg" data-alt="Curiosity's self-portrait (7 September 2012; color-corrected)" data-width="120" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg/180px-PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg/240px-PIA16149_MSL_Curiosity_Rover_Self_Portrait_colour_correction.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Curiosity's self-portrait (7 September 2012; color-corrected)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of Aeolis Mons on Mars (23 August 2012)"><noscript><img alt="Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of Aeolis Mons on Mars (23 August 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/120px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 69px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/120px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg" data-alt="Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of Aeolis Mons on Mars (23 August 2012)" data-width="120" data-height="69" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/180px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg/240px-PIA16800-MarsCuriosityRover-MtSharp-ColorVersions-20120823.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">color versions</a> (raw, natural, white balance) of <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a> on Mars (23 August 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers at the base of Aeolis Mons. The dark rock in inset is the same size as Curiosity."><noscript><img alt="Layers at the base of Aeolis Mons. The dark rock in inset is the same size as Curiosity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg/120px-PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg/120px-PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg" data-alt="Layers at the base of Aeolis Mons. The dark rock in inset is the same size as Curiosity." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg/180px-PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg/240px-PIA16105_malin04ano-br2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers at the base of <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Aeolis Mons</a>. The dark rock in inset is the same size as Curiosity.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity's view from Rocknest looking east toward Point Lake (center) on the way to Glenelg (November 26, 2012; white balanced; raw color version)"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/800px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13726" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/800px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/1200px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg/1600px-PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg" title="File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg"> </a></div>Curiosity's view from <a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a> looking east toward Point Lake (center) on the way to <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars" title="Glenelg, Mars">Glenelg</a> (November 26, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">white balanced</a>; <a href="/wiki/File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-Raw-20121126.jpg" title="File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-Raw-20121126.jpg">raw color version</a>)</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_Curiosity" title="Experience Curiosity">Experience Curiosity</a> – Interactive web application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> – NASA Mars lander (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a> – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> – Pair of NASA landers and orbiters sent to Mars in 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory</a> – Event timeline of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> – Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-where-is-curiosity?-1"><a href="#cite_ref-where-is-curiosity?_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...360.1096E">2018Sci...360.1096E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aas9185">10.1126/science.aas9185</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F60810">10044/1/60810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880683">29880683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46983230">46983230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Organic+matter+preserved+in+3-billion-year-old+mudstones+at+Gale+crater%2C+Mars&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6393&rft.pages=1096-1101&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F60810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46983230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...360.1096E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29880683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aas9185&rft.aulast=Eigenbrode&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Summons%2C+Roger+E.&rft.au=Steele%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Freissinet%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Millan%2C+Ma%C3%ABva&rft.au=Navarro-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Brad&rft.au=McAdam%2C+Amy+C.&rft.au=Franz%2C+Heather+B.&rft.au=Glavin%2C+Daniel+P.&rft.au=Archer%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=Mahaffy%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Pamela+G.&rft.au=Hurowitz%2C+Joel+A.&rft.au=Grotzinger%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Sanjeev&rft.au=Ming%2C+Doug+W.&rft.au=Sumner%2C+Dawn+Y.&rft.au=Szopa%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Malespin%2C+Charles&rft.au=Buch%2C+Arnaud&rft.au=Coll%2C+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F86910%2F2%2Faas9185-Eigenbrode-SM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuriosity+%28rover%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/music/harry-styles-satellite-music-video-wall-e-love-story/">"Harry Styles crafts Wall-E worthy love story in 'Satellite' music video"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+Styles+crafts+Wall-E+worthy+love+story+in+%27Satellite%27+music+video&rft.pub=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fmusic%2Fharry-styles-satellite-music-video-wall-e-love-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuriosity+%28rover%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Curiosity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Curiosity">Curiosity</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Curiosity_rover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Curiosity rover">Curiosity rover</a> and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_by_the_Curiosity_rover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos by the Curiosity rover">Photos by the Curiosity rover</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/">Curiosity – NASA's Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slideslive.com/38890315/the-search-for-life-on-mars-elsewhere-in-the-solar-system-curiosity-update">The search for life on Mars and elsewhere in the Solar System: Curiosity update – Video lecture by Christopher P. McKay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/ultimate-mars-challenge.html">MSL – Curiosity Design and Mars Landing – PBS Nova (14 November 2012) – Video (53:06)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=731">MSL – "Curiosity 'StreetView'" (Sol 2 – 8 August 2012) – NASA/JPL – 360° Panorama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109015701/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/interactives/learncuriosity/index-2.html">MSL – Curiosity Rover – Learn About Curiosity – NASA/JPL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215005525/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/interactives/photosynth/">MSL – Curiosity Rover – Virtual Tour – NASA/JPL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/gallery-indexEvents.html">MSL – NASA 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style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&oldid=1258705335">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&oldid=1258705335</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 03:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity-verkenningstuig" title="Curiosity-verkenningstuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Curiosity-verkenningstuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="كيوريوسيتي روفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيوريوسيتي روفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কিউরিওসিটি (মঙ্গলগ্রহ বিচরণ যান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিউরিওসিটি (মঙ্গলগ্রহ বিচরণ যান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(Rover)" title="Curiosity (Rover) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Curiosity (Rover)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="کنجکاوی (مریخ‌نورد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنجکاوی (مریخ‌نورد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(astromobile)" title="Curiosity (astromobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Curiosity (astromobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B0_(%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%B0%A8)" title="큐리오시티 (탐사차) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="큐리오시티 (탐사차)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)" title="क्यूरोसिटी (रोवर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्यूरोसिटी (रोवर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಕ್ಯೂರಿಯಾಸಿಟಿ (ರೋವರ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯೂರಿಯಾಸಿಟಿ (ರೋವರ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_rover" title="Curiosity rover – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Curiosity rover" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(am%C3%BBra_kef%C5%9F%C3%AA)" title="Curiosity (amûra kefşê) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Curiosity (amûra kefşê)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ക്യൂരിയോസിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂരിയോസിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="क्युरिऑसिटी (रोव्हर) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्युरिऑसिटी (रोव्हर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ကျူရီအောစီတီး အင်္ဂါဂြိုဟ် လေ့လာရေးယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူရီအောစီတီး အင်္ဂါဂြိုဟ် လေ့လာရေးယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0" title="क्युरिओसिटी रोभर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्युरिओसिटी रोभर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(marsyurar)" title="Curiosity (marsyurar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Curiosity (marsyurar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਿਊਰੀਆਸਿਟੀ ਰੋਵਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਊਰੀਆਸਿਟੀ ਰੋਵਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%88%DB%8C" title="کیوریوسٹی گڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوریوسٹی گڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_Rover" title="Curiosity Rover – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Curiosity Rover" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(astrom%C3%B3vel)" title="Curiosity (astromóvel) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curiosity (astromóvel)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curiosity (rover)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кьюриосити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кьюриосити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92" title="කියුරියෝසිටි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කියුරියෝසිටි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_rover" title="Curiosity rover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Curiosity rover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کیوریاستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیوریاستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Curiosity" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="கியூரியோசிட்டி தரையுளவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கியூரியோசிட்டி தரையுளவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="క్యూరియాసిటీ రోవర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్యూరియాసిటీ రోవర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="คิวริออซิตี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คิวริออซิตี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(ke%C5%9Fif_arac%C4%B1)" title="Curiosity (keşif aracı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Curiosity (keşif aracı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%27%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="К'юріосіті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="К'юріосіті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیوروسٹی روبالا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوروسٹی روبالا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(xe_t%E1%BB%B1_h%C3%A0nh)" title="Curiosity (xe tự hành) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Curiosity (xe tự hành)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87%E5%8F%B7" title="好奇号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="好奇号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87%E8%99%9F" title="好奇號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="好奇號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87%E8%99%9F" title="好奇號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="好奇號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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