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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack (disambiguation)">Barack (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Obama (disambiguation)">Obama (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack Obama (disambiguation)">Barack Obama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Barack Hussein Obama II<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (born August 4, 1961) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 2009 to 2017. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he was the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> president in U.S. history. Obama previously served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and as an <a href="/wiki/Illinois_state_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois state senator">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Barack Obama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obama standing in the Oval Office with his arms folded and smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_Senate_district" title="Illinois's 13th Senate district">13th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Barack Hussein Obama II</div> (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 63) <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1992)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malia_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Malia Obama">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasha Obama">Sasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obama_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama family">Obama family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Politician</li> <li>lawyer</li> <li>author</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barack Obama's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="124"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barackobama.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org">Obama Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov">White House Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" title="File:President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg">Barack Obama's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="568" data-mwtitle="President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Obama on the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> Recorded May 2, 2011</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"> Obama was born in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1983 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in political science and later worked as a <a href="/wiki/Community_organizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Community organizer">community organizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, Obama enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black president of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate</a>, a position he held until 2004, when he <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">successfully ran for the U.S. Senate</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, after <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">a close primary campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his running mate and defeated <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>. Obama was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a>, a decision that drew both criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> and included the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a major stimulus package to guide the economy in recovering from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>; a partial extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reforms_proposed_during_the_Obama_administration" title="Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration">legislation to reform health care</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, a major financial regulation reform bill; and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. Obama also appointed <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> justices <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, the former being the first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American">Hispanic American</a> on the Supreme Court. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</a>, the raid that killed <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Obama downplayed Bush's <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> model, expanding <a href="/wiki/Air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strikes">air strikes</a> and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also ordered the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> to implement <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a>, contributing to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. Obama defeated Republican opponent <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>. In his second term, Obama took steps to <a href="/wiki/Combat_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat climate change">combat climate change</a>, signing the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, a major international climate agreement, and an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emission">carbon emissions</a>. Obama also presided over the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> and other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, a nuclear agreement with Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">normalized relations with Cuba</a>. The number of <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">American soldiers in Afghanistan</a> decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout the remainder of his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people in the United States">LGBT Americans</a>, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>. Obama left office in 2017 with high approval ratings both within the United States and among foreign advisories. He continues to reside in Washington D.C. and remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden's <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">successful presidential bid</a> in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>. Outside of politics, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Obama has published three books</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">His presidential library</a> began construction in the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side of Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a> in 2021. Historians and political scientists rank Obama among the upper tier in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">historical rankings of American presidents</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_career">1 Early life and career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education">1.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Family_and_personal_life">1.2 Family and personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religious_views">1.3 Religious views</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legal_career">2 Legal career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Civil_rights_attorney">2.1 Civil rights attorney</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legislative_career">3 Legislative career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Illinois_Senate_(1997%E2%80%932004)">3.1 Illinois Senate (1997–2004)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois">3.2 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#U.S._Senate_(2005%E2%80%932008)">3.3 U.S. Senate (2005–2008)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Presidential_campaigns">4 Presidential campaigns</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2008">4.1 2008</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#2012">4.2 2012</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Presidency_(2009%E2%80%932017)">5 Presidency (2009–2017)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#First_100_days">5.1 First 100 days</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Domestic_policy">5.2 Domestic policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Racial_issues">5.2.1 Racial issues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#LGBT_rights">5.2.2 LGBT rights</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Same-sex_marriage">5.2.2.1 Same-sex marriage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economic_policy">5.2.3 Economic policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Environmental_policy">5.2.4 Environmental policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Health_care_reform">5.2.5 Health care reform</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Foreign_policy">5.3 Foreign policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#War_in_Iraq">5.3.1 War in Iraq</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Afghanistan_and_Pakistan">5.3.2 Afghanistan and Pakistan</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">5.3.2.1 Death of Osama bin Laden</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Relations_with_Cuba">5.3.3 Relations with Cuba</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Israel">5.3.4 Israel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Libya">5.3.5 Libya</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Syrian_civil_war">5.3.6 Syrian civil war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Iran_nuclear_talks">5.3.7 Iran nuclear talks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Russia">5.3.8 Russia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cultural_and_political_image">6 Cultural and political image</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Job_approval">6.1 Job approval</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Foreign_perceptions">6.2 Foreign perceptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Thanks,_Obama">6.3 Thanks, Obama</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Post-presidency_(2017%E2%80%93present)">7 Post-presidency (2017–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Legacy_and_recognition">8 Legacy and recognition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Presidential_library">8.1 Presidential library</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">8.2 Awards and honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Eponymy">8.3 Eponymy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Books">9.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Audiobooks">9.2 Audiobooks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Articles">9.3 Articles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Politics">10.1 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Other">10.2 Other</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Lists">10.3 Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Bibliography_2">12.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Official">14.1 Official</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Other_2">14.2 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of a young Obama sitting on grass with his grandfather, mother, and half-sister." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="257"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" data-alt="Photo of a young Obama sitting on grass with his grandfather, mother, and half-sister." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/330px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama (right) with grandfather <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a>, mother <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a>, and half-sister <a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, mid-1970s in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></figcaption></figure> Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="#cite_note-biography-3">[2]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" title="Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children">Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-birth-certificate-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-maraniss-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> He is the only president born outside the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous 48 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-8">[7]</a> He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall, Ireland</a> to the U.S. in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a> found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, an enslaved African man who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> during the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-ancestry-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Obama's father, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1934–1982),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> was a married<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo" title="Nyang'oma Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2007-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-21">[20]</a> The couple married in <a href="/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii" title="Wailuku, Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<a href="#cite_note-Ripley_2008-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Obama Sr. returned to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-21">[20]</a> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In 1963, Dunham met <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate student</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a href="/wiki/J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta" title="Tebet, South Jakarta">Tebet</a> district of <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Scan of Obama's elementary school record, where he is wrongly recorded as Indonesian and Muslim." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/220px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/220px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" data-alt="Scan of Obama's elementary school record, where he is wrongly recorded as Indonesian and Muslim." data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/330px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/440px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama's Indonesian school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enrolled as "Barry Soetoro" (no. 1), and was wrongly recorded as an Indonesian citizen (no. 3) and a Muslim (no. 4).<a href="#cite_note-Suhartono_3/19/2010-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as "Barry"<a href="#cite_note-Suhartono_3/19/2010-31">[30]</a> and attended local <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a href="/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" title="State Elementary School Menteng 01">Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01</a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language <a href="/wiki/Calvert_School" title="Calvert School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> As a result of his four years in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a href="#cite_note-in_Jakarta-34">[33]</a> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname "Barry" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the University of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Obama has also written and talked about using <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Obama was also a member of the "Choom Gang" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend <a href="/wiki/Occidental_College" title="Occidental College">Occidental College</a> on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in response to that nation's policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Occidental-45">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> for three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Occidental-45">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he <a href="/wiki/College_transfer" title="College transfer">transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education_year)" title="Junior (education year)">junior</a>, where he majored in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7 <a href="/wiki/Grading_(education)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (education)">GPA</a>. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the <a href="/wiki/Business_International_Corporation" title="Business International Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>, where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="New York Public Interest Research Group">New York Public Interest Research Group</a> on the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> campus for three months in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project" title="Developing Communities Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a href="/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago" title="Roseland, Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago" title="West Pullman, Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago" title="Riverdale, Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a href="/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation" title="Gamaliel Foundation">Gamaliel Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a href="/wiki/Jael_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jael Obama">paternal relatives</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Obama_2012-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">Boston TV Digital Archive</a><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-59">[58]</a> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</td></tr></tbody></table> Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern University School of Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> He was selected as an editor of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> at the end of his first year,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">[60]</a> president of the journal in his second year,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">[61]</a> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> while at Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates" title="Associate attorney">summer associate</a> at the law firms of <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter" title="Hopkins & Sutter">Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Obama's election as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">first black president of the Harvard Law Review</a> gained national media attention<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">[61]</a> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a> Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">magna cum laude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">[60]</a> University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to work on his first book.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fellow-67">[66]</a> He then taught <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote" title="Project Vote">Project Vote</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign" title="Voter registration campaign">voter registration campaign</a> with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a href="/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business" title="Crain's Chicago Business">Crain's Chicago Business</a> to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a href="#cite_note-Forty-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family of Barack Obama</a></div> In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Mac" title="Bernie Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a>, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President of the Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a> while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-78">[77]</a> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-79">[78]</a> The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Picture of Obama, his wife, and their two daughters smiling at the camera. Obama wears a dress shirt and tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" data-alt="Picture of Obama, his wife, and their two daughters smiling at the camera. Obama wears a dress shirt and tie." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama poses in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)">Green Room</a> of the White House with wife <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle</a> and daughters Sasha and Malia, September 2009.</figcaption></figure> In June 1989, Obama met <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was employed at <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> to conceive their children.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a href="/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School" title="Sidwell Friends School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The Obamas had two <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog" title="Portuguese Water Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a href="#cite_note-Feldmann-88">[87]</a> Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Obama is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he threw out the first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2005 American League Championship Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a senator.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a White Sox jacket.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He is also primarily a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was a <a href="/wiki/Steeler_Nation" title="Steeler Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a> and rooted for them ahead of their victory in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days after he took office as president.<a href="#cite_note-Steelers-92">[91]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a href="/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season" title="1985 Chicago Bears season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">Super Bowl win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> He plays <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and he is left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a $1.6 million house (equivalent to $2.5 million in 2023) in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a href="/wiki/Tony_Rezko" title="Tony Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a href="#cite_note-corruption_charges-97">[96]</a> In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Money_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money (magazine)">Money Magazine</a> estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $1.9 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a href="/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation" title="Fisher House Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.<a href="#cite_note-networth12-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> Obama is a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-104">[103]</a> He wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> that he "was not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>." He described his father as a "confirmed <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a href="#cite_note-social_change-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Obama and his wife standing in a crowded Church, looking forward, with their mouths open mid-sentence while reciting a prayer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" data-alt="Obama and his wife standing in a crowded Church, looking forward, with their mouths open mid-sentence while reciting a prayer." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Obamas worship at <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013</figcaption></figure> In January 2008, Obama told <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Jesus Christ">resurrection of Jesus Christ</a>. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APbychoice-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-108">[107]</a></blockquote> Obama met <a href="/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright" title="Jeremiah Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Trinity-109">[108]</a> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">some of Wright's statements were criticized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 2016, Obama said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times." The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, a figurine of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a> from Ethiopia, a small <a href="/wiki/Buddha_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha statue">Buddha statue</a> given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_attorney">Civil rights attorney</h3></div> He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney" title="Associate attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). This <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a>. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago" title="Woods Fund of Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Foundation" title="Joyce Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a> He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge" title="Chicago Annenberg Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a> from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a> Obama's law license became inactive in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavisMiner-117">[116]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legislative_career">Legislative career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)">Illinois Senate (1997–2004)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Photo of Obama and others carrying a streetsign that reads "Honorary: Milton Davis Blvd."' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" data-alt='Photo of Obama and others carrying a streetsign that reads "Honorary: Milton Davis Blvd."' data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a href="/wiki/ShoreBank" title="ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</figcaption></figure> Obama was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_Senate_district" title="Illinois's 13th Senate district">Illinois's 13th District</a>, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to <a href="/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago" title="South Shore, Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago" title="Chicago Lawn, Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-121">[120]</a> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Ryan" title="George Ryan">George Ryan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Payday_loan" title="Payday loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at averting home <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">Democratic primary race</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district">Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by a margin of two to one.<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_primary-126">[125]</a> In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> reforms.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois">2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago,_November_2,_2004_(5471954323).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/220px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/220px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/330px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/440px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama campaign yard sign in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 2004</figcaption></figure> In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">joint resolution</a> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rose_Garden-135">[134]</a> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">anti-Iraq War rally</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-136">[135]</a> and spoke out against the war.<a href="#cite_note-spoke_out-137">[136]</a> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a href="#cite_note-stop_the_war-138">[137]</a> Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a> not to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.<a href="#cite_note-future-140">[139]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">the keynote address</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-status-142">[141]</a> Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)" title="Jack Ryan (politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Six weeks later, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">November 2004 general election</a>, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.<a href="#cite_note-margin-145">[144]</a> He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)">U.S. Senate (2005–2008)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">United States Senate career of Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama smiling with his arms crossed, with the Capitol building and the sky in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/220px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/220px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama smiling with his arms crossed, with the Capitol building and the sky in the background" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/330px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/440px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure> Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a href="/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" title="Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006">Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> He also <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a href="/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act" title="Honest Leadership and Open Government Act">Honest Leadership and Open Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-159">[158]</a> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a> through December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation">European Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met with <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a> and gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<a href="#cite_note-Kenyan-164">[163]</a> Obama <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">resigned his Senate seat</a> on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-transition_period-165">[164]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Presidential_campaigns">Presidential campaigns</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and McCain winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png" data-alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and McCain winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." data-width="290" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 299px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Official portrait, 2009</figcaption></figure> On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC20070210-167">[166]</a> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also where <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-168">[167]</a> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">energy independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care reform in the United States">reforming the health care system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Numerous candidates entered the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. The field narrowed to Obama and Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledged <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a href="#cite_note-allocation-170">[169]</a> On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a href="#cite_note-nagourney-172">[171]</a> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nagourney-172">[171]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention speeches in his support.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Obama delivered his acceptance speech at <a href="/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Invesco Field at Mile High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-npr1409-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-acceptance-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a href="#cite_note-small_donations-178">[177]</a> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns" title="Campaign finance in the United States">public financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-179">[178]</a> John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">presidential debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-presidential_debates-180">[179]</a> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by McCain.<a href="#cite_note-electoral_votes-181">[180]</a> Obama won 52.9 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> He became the first African-American to be elected president.<a href="#cite_note-FirstBlackPrez-183">[182]</a> Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008">his victory speech</a> before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-achangeisgoncome-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent1-185">[184]</a> He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others being <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and Romney winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" data-alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and Romney winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." data-width="290" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.</figcaption></figure> On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-190">[189]</a> and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-191">[190]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,<a href="#cite_note-FEC-196">[195]</a> Obama became the first Democratic president since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">majority of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a> after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-200">[199]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Presidency_(2009–2017)">Presidency (2009–2017)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_100_days">First 100 days</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama raising his left hand for the oath of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama raising his left hand for the oath of office" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama takes <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">the oath of office</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_policy" title="Mexico City policy">Mexico City policy</a> which prohibited federal aid to international <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama giving a speech to Congress, with Pelosi and Biden clapping behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama giving a speech to Congress, with Pelosi and Biden clapping behind him" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama delivers a <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009">speech at a joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</figcaption></figure> Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Obama nominated <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls" title="White House Council on Women and Girls">White House Council on Women and Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a>, having been established by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Advisor to the President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>. Obama also established the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched the <a href="/wiki/Priority_Enforcement_Program" title="Priority Enforcement Program">Priority Enforcement Program</a>, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Communities" title="Secure Communities">Secure Communities</a> fingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">major space policy speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama smiling at a hospital patient while hugging her friend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama smiling at a hospital patient while hugging her friend" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama visits an <a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital" title="University of Colorado Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.</figcaption></figure> On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-218">[217]</a> In a 2016 editorial in The New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013 global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-220">[219]</a> but called for increased restrictions on the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) to address violations of privacy.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a> (FISC).<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_issues">Racial issues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "<a href="/wiki/Post-racial_America" title="Post-racial America">post-racial America</a>".<a href="#cite_note-wrodgers-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-shearalcindor1-228">[227]</a> However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,<a href="#cite_note-wrodgers-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccil2-229">[228]</a> and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.<a href="#cite_note-jblake-230">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_George_Zimmerman" title="Trial of George Zimmerman">acquittal</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Zimmerman" title="George Zimmerman">George Zimmerman</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin" title="Killing of Trayvon Martin">killing of Trayvon Martin</a> sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he said that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago."<a href="#cite_note-ccilliza-231">[230]</a> The shooting of <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson, Missouri</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">sparked a wave of protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-capeheart2-232">[231]</a> These and other events led to the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement, which campaigns against violence and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">systemic racism</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-capeheart2-232">[231]</a> Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-pbacon-233">[232]</a> Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.<a href="#cite_note-bridgethedivide-234">[233]</a> In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4></div> On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">1969 United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred <a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">transgender people from serving openly in the military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h5></div> As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCT0114-241">[240]</a> During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.<a href="#cite_note-WCT0204-242">[241]</a> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-245">[244]</a> During his second <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013,<a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-200">[199]</a> Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a> (regarding same-sex marriage)<a href="#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-248">[247]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a> (regarding the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-amicus-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787 billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023) <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the economy recover from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">deepening worldwide recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-direct_assistance-251">[250]</a> In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis</a>, including introducing the <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.<a href="#cite_note-markets_opened-252">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph showing large deficit increases in 2008 and 2009, followed by a decline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="694"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" data-alt="Graph showing large deficit increases in 2008 and 2009, followed by a decline" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">debt</a> increases, 2001–2016</figcaption></figure> Obama intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">troubled automotive industry</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> in March 2009, renewing loans for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM) and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian automaker <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-256">[255]</a> He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" title="Car Allowance Rebate System">Car Allowance Rebate System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a>. These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Theodossiou-263">[262]</a> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a href="#cite_note-Eddlemon-264">[263]</a> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.<a href="#cite_note-BEA1-268">[267]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-BEA1-268">[267]</a> In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph showing increased unemployment in Obama's first year, followed by consistent jobs growth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/332px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="332" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 332px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/332px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png" data-alt="Graph showing increased unemployment in Obama's first year, followed by consistent jobs growth" data-width="332" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/498px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/664px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">U.S. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly changes in net employment during Obama's tenure as president<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph showing lower jobs growth under Obama was lower than previous presidents, except George W. Bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/352px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" decoding="async" width="352" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 352px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/352px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" data-alt="Graph showing lower jobs growth under Obama was lower than previous presidents, except George W. Bush" data-width="352" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/528px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/704px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-estimated-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-newc-274">[273]</a> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,<a href="#cite_note-newc-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a href="#cite_note-estimated-273">[272]</a> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics" title="National Association for Business Economics">National Association for Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> Within a month of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax rates</a>, a one-year <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax">payroll tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate taxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023) <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a> is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food worker strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and Pope Francis' criticism of inequality and <a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change policy of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama listening to a briefing, surrounded by senior staffers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama listening to a briefing, surrounded by senior staffers" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="/wiki/BP_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="BP oil spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_drilling" title="Deepwater drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> and along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">northern Alaska</a> in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Obama emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his power under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a> during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a href="#cite_note-Monuments-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care_reform">Health care reform</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform in the United States">Healthcare reform in the United States</a></div> Obama called for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation reforming <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">health care in the United States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a href="#cite_note-health_reform-297">[296]</a> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option">public option</a>, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_condition" title="Pre-existing condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph of maximum out-of-pocket premiums by poverty level, showing single-digit premiums for everyone under 400% of the federal poverty level." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" data-alt="Graph of maximum out-of-pocket premiums by poverty level, showing single-digit premiums for everyone under 400% of the federal poverty level." data-width="300" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">CRS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a></figcaption></figure> On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-health_reform-297">[296]</a> After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009">a speech to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-304">[303]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA, colloquially "Obamacare") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> The ACA includes <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">health-related provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-cnn_ref1-307">[306]</a> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Health insurance exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<a href="#cite_note-cbo_est-309">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph showing significant decreases in uninsured rates after the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, and after the creation of Obamacare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png" data-alt="Graph showing significant decreases in uninsured rates after the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, and after the creation of Obamacare" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a></figcaption></figure> The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income <a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a href="/wiki/Indoor_tanning" title="Indoor tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Advantage" title="Medicare Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<a href="#cite_note-WP-uphold-314">[313]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="/wiki/King_v._Burwell" title="King v. Burwell">King v. Burwell</a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti" title="Bambang Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Barnea" title="Nahum Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</figcaption></figure> In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "<a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<a href="#cite_note-preceding_administration-316">[315]</a> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling for "<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a href="#cite_note-middleeast-320">[319]</a> On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killed <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, an American imam suspected of being a leading <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> organizer. al-Awlaki became the first <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">U.S. citizen</a> to be targeted and killed by a <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">U.S. drone strike</a>. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right to <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. The killing led to significant controversy.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Abdulrahman_al-Awlaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulrahman al-Awlaki">teenage son</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nawar_al-Awlaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Nawar al-Awlaki">young daughter</a>, also Americans, were later killed in separate <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yakla" title="Raid on Yakla">US military actions</a>, although they were not targeted specifically.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama, King <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a>, Saudi Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> and other leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> summit in Saudi Arabia, April 2016</figcaption></figure> In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">arms deals with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes <a href="/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> In September 2016 Obama was snubbed by <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> as he descended from <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> to the tarmac of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangzhou International Airport">Hangzhou International Airport</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a> without the usual red carpet welcome.<a href="#cite_note-tgu1-330">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_in_Iraq">War in Iraq</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)</a></div> On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> In June 2014, following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">capture of Mosul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> In August 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered a <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#Airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-def31-10-14-338">[337]</a> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_and_Pakistan">Afghanistan and Pakistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> and <a href="/wiki/AfPak" title="AfPak">AfPak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai,_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama and other heads of state walking along the Colonnade outside the White House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama and other heads of state walking along the Colonnade outside the White House" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama after a trilateral meeting with Afghan President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> (left) and Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> (right), May 2009</figcaption></figure> In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a "dangerous distraction" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="/wiki/David_D._McKiernan" title="David D. McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>, with former <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces</a> commander Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<a href="#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-346">[345]</a> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the "greatest threat" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he "cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary." In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. "cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy."<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune's Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Situation Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See also: <a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a>.</figcaption></figure> Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> CIA head <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-ND-binLaden-354">[353]</a> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a href="#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-355">[354]</a> which was buried at sea several hours later.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-356">[355]</a> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-357">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a> was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-358">[357]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Cuba">Relations with Cuba</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with the Cuban president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with the Cuban president" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in Panama, April 2015</figcaption></figure> Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela memorial service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, with Biden overlooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, with Biden overlooking" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</figcaption></figure> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group" title="Joint Political Military Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> Obama supports the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-373">[372]</a> In 2014, Obama likened the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">2012 Benghazi attack</a></div> In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> In response to the passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> including the use of <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-390">[389]</a> Some members of Congress<a href="#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-391">[390]</a> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In 2016 Obama said "Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind" and that it was "a mess".<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the "worst mistake" of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_civil_war">Syrian civil war</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#United_States" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">President Assad</a> to step aside."<a href="#cite_note-mustgo-396">[395]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> In the wake of a <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013" title="U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013">formally blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<a href="#cite_note-redline-401">[400]</a> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>; however attacks with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran_nuclear_talks">Iran nuclear talks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama talks with Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, March 2013.</figcaption></figure> On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">negotiations</a> with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, which included an <a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7 billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions."<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348 billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama_administration_(2009%E2%80%932017)" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations § Obama administration (2009–2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Vladimir Putin in front of Russian and American flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Vladimir Putin in front of Russian and American flags" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama meets Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September 2015.</figcaption></figure> In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a href="#cite_note-LAT80713-415">[414]</a> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Huffpo80913-416">[415]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's invasion of Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">military intervention in Syria</a> in 2015, and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States election interference by Russia">the interference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ftelect-417">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a href="#cite_note-obexit-418">[417]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Cultural_and_political_image">Cultural and political image</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image of Barack Obama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_media_reaction_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International media reaction to the 2008 United States presidential election">International media reaction to the 2008 United States presidential election</a></div> Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.<a href="#cite_note-exceptional_orator-422">[421]</a> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_approval">Job approval</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to adjacent text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/275px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="349"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/275px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png" data-alt="refer to adjacent text" data-width="275" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/413px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/550px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graph of Obama's approval ratings per Gallup</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval rating</a>,<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a> the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percent<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> before declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a> In polling conducted before the <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_elections" title="2014 United States elections">2014 midterm elections</a>, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowest<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> with his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par with <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_perceptions">Foreign perceptions</h3></div> Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a> for <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples",<a href="#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize2-451">[450]</a> which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> He himself called it a "call to action" and remarked: "I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations".<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thanks,_Obama">Thanks, Obama</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thanks,_Obama" title="Thanks, Obama">Thanks, Obama</a></div> In 2009 the saying "thanks, Obama" first appeared in a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter hashtag</a> "#thanks Obama" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> to express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(2017–present)">Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1351"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" data-alt="refer to caption" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama playing golf with Argentinian president <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a>, October 2017</figcaption></figure> Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a> of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> The family moved to a house they rented in <a href="/wiki/Sheridan-Kalorama_Historic_District" title="Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> On March 2, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> on April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with <a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a> Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas' newly formed production company, <a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a href="/wiki/American_Factory" title="American Factory">American Factory</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had been <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">mailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-469">[468]</a> In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck" title="Wyc Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> On October 29, Obama criticized "<a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">wokeness</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">call-out culture</a> at the Obama Foundation's annual summit.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Democratic presidential primaries">2020 Democratic presidential primaries</a> because he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">the presidential election</a>, stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now."<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> In May, Obama criticized President Trump for <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_communication_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic">his handling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a> have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before."<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir, <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a>, was released.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> In February 2021, Obama and musician <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> started a podcast called <a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'"<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal with <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects.<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220405AS-1082_(52067439422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of Obama standing behind a lectern, giving a speech at the White House, with Biden and Harris smiling in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/220px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/220px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg" data-alt="Photo of Obama standing behind a lectern, giving a speech at the White House, with Biden and Harris smiling in the background" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/330px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/440px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Obama with President Joe Biden and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> in the White House, April 5, 2022</figcaption></figure> On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoir A Promised Land.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal with <a href="/wiki/Audible_(service)" title="Audible (service)">Audible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a> In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.<a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> Around the same time, he won a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> for his narration in the Netflix documentary series <a href="/wiki/Our_Great_National_Parks" title="Our Great National Parks">Our Great National Parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a> In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices.<a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a> In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a> Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches.<a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a> In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> must dismantle <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> Weeks later, Obama warned <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> that its actions could "harden Palestinian attitudes for generations" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs "could ultimately backfire."<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability after his critically maligned <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Biden–Donald Trump 2024 presidential debate">debate performance</a> against former president Trump.<a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> On July 21, Biden <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrew his candidacy</a> and swiftly endorsed Vice President Harris right after to run as the Democratic nominee. Obama endorsed Harris alongside his wife Michelle five days later and delivered a critically acclaimed speech at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 Democratic National Convention</a> formally endorsing her.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> He joined Harris on the campaign trail in October, traveling to various swing states and emphasizing her record as a prosecutor, Senator, and Vice President and advocating for increased voter turnout, and his criticisms of Donald Trump and the Republican Party were widely reported by various media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a> After Trump was declared the winner of the election on November 6, Obama and Michelle congratulated him and Vice President-elect <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> while praising the Harris campaign and calling on liberal voters to continue supporting democracy and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_recognition">Legacy and recognition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Obama has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-503">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-505">[504]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Julian_E._Zelizer" title="Julian E. Zelizer">Julian Zelizer</a> credits Obama with "a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals." Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd-Frank</a> financial and consumer protection reforms, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama "turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder." Zeitzer calls this the "defining paradox of Obama's presidency".<a href="#cite_note-ZelizerObamaBookChap1-506">[505]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> noted that Obama passed "only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions."<a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a> David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short "in areas many Progressives hold dear", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of "a disappointingly conventional president".<a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a> Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-509">[508]</a> However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto-510">[509]</a> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and Medicaid in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Oberlander2010-511">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenEtAl-513">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTsigning-514">[513]</a> Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-509">[508]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.<a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, it brought the most significant changes to <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expanded <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">existing federal hate crime laws in the United States</a>, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a> As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people; the law went into effect the following year.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-240">[239]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office.<a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a> Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strikes">drone strikes</a> against suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Bureau of Justice Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) called Obama's human rights record "mixed", adding that "he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed."<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a> He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.<a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a> In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_library">Presidential library</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Barack Obama Presidential Center</a></div> The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the South Side of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama">List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama</a></div> Obama received the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/USC_Shoah_Foundation" title="USC Shoah Foundation">The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Award</a> in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Profile_in_Courage_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award">John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award</a> in 2017, and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award</a> in 2018. He was named <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME Magazine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a> in 2008 and 2012. He also received two <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Awards for Best Spoken Word Album</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2008) as well as two <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator">Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Our_Great_National_Parks" title="Our Great National Parks">Our Great National Parks</a> (2022), and <a href="/wiki/Working:_What_We_Do_All_Day" title="Working: What We Do All Day">Working: What We Do All Day</a> (2023). He also won two <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards" title="Children's and Family Emmy Awards">Children's and Family Emmy Awards</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponymy">Eponymy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">List of things named after Barack Obama</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography of Barack Obama</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFObama1995" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2343-8"><bdi>978-0-8129-2343-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995-07-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-2343-8&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">——————— (October 17, 2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2010" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 16, 2010). <a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Books_for_Young_Readers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Books for Young Readers">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8"><bdi>978-0-375-83527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Thee+I+Sing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-375-83527-8&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2020" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 17, 2020). <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9"><bdi>978-1-5247-6316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Promised+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-6316-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiobooks">Audiobooks</h3></div> <ul><li>2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7">978-0-7393-6641-7</a></li> <li>2020: A Promised Land (read by the author)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation journal cs1">Obama, Barack (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html">"Why organize? Problems in the inner city"</a>. Illinois Issues. XIV (8 & 9): 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=8+%26+9&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F1988%2Fii880840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1990" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 103 (3): 823–828. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341352">10.2307/1341352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341352">1341352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Tort+Law.+Prenatal+Injuries.+Supreme+Court+of+Illinois+Refuses+to+Recognize+Cause+of+Action+Brought+by+Fetus+Against+Its+Mother+for+Unintentional+Infliction+of+Prenatal+Injuries.+Stallman+v.+Youngquist%2C+125+Ill.+2d+267%2C+531+N.+E.2d+355+%281988%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=823-828&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> Uncredited case comment.<a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2005" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/bound-to-the-word/">"Bound to the Word"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Libraries" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a>. 36 (7): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25649652">25649652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=Bound+to+the+Word&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25649652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2Fbound-to-the-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObamaClinton2006" class="citation journal cs1">———————; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton, Hillary</a> (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>. 354 (21): 2205–2208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp068100">10.1056/NEJMp068100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723612">16723612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Making+Patient+Safety+the+Centerpiece+of+Medical+Liability+Reform&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2205-2208&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp068100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16723612&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Hillary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2007" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-07-01/renewing-american-leadership">"Renewing American Leadership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 86 (4): 2–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20032411">20032411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Renewing+American+Leadership&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20032411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2007-07-01%2Frenewing-american-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2008" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431">"A More Perfect Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Scholar" title="The Black Scholar">The Black Scholar</a>. 38 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.atitle=A+More+Perfect+Union&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219318643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41069296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.org/obama/">"What Science Can Do"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology" title="Issues in Science and Technology">Issues in Science and 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class="citation journal cs1">——————— (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284">"The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 355 (6321): 126–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...355..126O">2017Sci...355..126O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284">10.1126/science.aam6284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069665">28069665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30991274">30991274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Irreversible+Momentum+of+Clean+Energy&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=6321&rft.pages=126-129&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30991274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28069665&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...355..126O&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aam6284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=publichealthresources">"Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_%26_Gynecological_Survey" title="Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey">Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey</a>. 72 (5): 263–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447">10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80088566">80088566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrical+%26+Gynecological+Survey&rft.atitle=Repealing+the+ACA+Without+a+Replacement%E2%80%94the+Risks+to+American+Health+Care&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=263-264&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80088566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1493%26context%3Dpublichealthresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/wiki/Portal:2010s" title="Portal:2010s">2010s portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009">Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_targeting_controversy" title="IRS targeting controversy">IRS targeting controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPEECH_Act" title="SPEECH Act">SPEECH Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_with_It" title="Stay with It">Stay with It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama">Assassination threats against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">List of African-American United States senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandals_during_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scandals during the Obama administration">List of federal political scandals, 2009–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">List of things named after Barack Obama</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg\/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" title="File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bə-RAHK</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">hoo-SAYN</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">oh-BAH-mə</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-biography-3"><a href="#cite_ref-biography_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">the original</a> on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate">"President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate"</a>. whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152530/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Long+Form+Birth+Certificate&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fblog%2F2011%2F04%2F27%2Fpresident-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-certificate-5"><a href="#cite_ref-birth-certificate_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth%3A+Barack+Hussein+Obama+II%2C+August+4%2C+1961%2C+7%3A24+pm%2C+Honolulu&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-long-form.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maraniss-6"><a href="#cite_ref-maraniss_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164728/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Though+Obama+had+to+leave+to+find+himself%2C+it+is+Hawaii+that+made+his+rise+possible&rft.pages=A22&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FAR2008082301620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaso,_Dan2008" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a>. p. B1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129023832/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Twin+sisters%2C+Obama+on+parallel+paths+for+years&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.au=Nakaso%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F22%2Fln%2Fhawaii812220320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarretoO'Bryant2013" class="citation book cs1">Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">"Introduction"</a>. American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9"><bdi>978-1-317-93715-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=American+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93715-9&rft.aulast=Barreto&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%ADlcar+Antonio&rft.au=O%27Bryant%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VQVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor">"On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit"</a>. IrishCentral.com. May 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195827/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+US+President+Barack+Obama+arrives+in+Ireland+for+a+visit&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fgenealogy%2Fobama-irish-ancestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094350/http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">""Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">the original</a> on April 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ancestry.com+Discovers+Ph+Suggests%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.ancestry.com%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2012%2F07%2Fancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/us/obamas-mother-had-african-forebear-study-suggests.html">"Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Has+Ties+to+Slavery+Not+by+His+Father+but+His+Mother%2C+Research+Suggests&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fobamas-mother-had-african-forebear-study-suggests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hennessey, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-jul-30-la-pn-obama-related-to-legendary-virginia-slave-genealogist-says-20120730-story.html">"Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say"</a> , <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. July 30, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Maraniss (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT65">p. 65</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> March 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Liberties (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8d9NAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA202">p. 202</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141817/https://books.google.com/books?id=8d9NAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> March 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: The age of his father is questionable since June 18, 1934, is on most of the documents Obama Sr. filled out for his United States student visa; however, Obama II's book <a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_My_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of My Father">Dreams of My Father</a> states his father's birth date was June 18, 1936. Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">"President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124234/https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Father%3A+A+%27Bold+And+Reckless+Life%27&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F07%2F11%2F137553552%2Fpresident-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaine2011" class="citation news cs1">Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'"</a>. 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Retrieved March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+grad+stirs+up+Illinois+politics&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=Serafin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2004%2F03%2F21%2Fnews%2Fstory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2008" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. The New York Times. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314042735/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+free-spirited+wanderer+who+set+Obama%27s+path&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F14obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li> <li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li> <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2008" class="citation news cs1">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418174557/http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=When+Barry+Became+Barack&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhen-barry-became-barack-84255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 139–157. <ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 157–194. <ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes,_B.J.2007" class="citation news cs1">Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"</a>. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164806/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2007. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+left+lasting+impression+on+Obama&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=Reyes%2C+B.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fnews%2Fstory02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_Philip2007" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the original</a> on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+gets+blunt+with+N.H.+students&rft.pages=8A&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2007-11-21%2Fnews%2F29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2012" class="citation news cs1">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and His Pot-Smoking 'Choom Gang'"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525194225/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+and+His+Pot-Smoking+%27Choom+Gang%27&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</a>. Crown. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5"><bdi>978-0-307-39412-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39412-5&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRCHJp-V0QUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss2012" class="citation book cs1">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom">Barack Obama: The Story</a>. Simon and Schuster. pages with "choom gang". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-6753-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141808/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom#v=snippet&q=choom&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.pages=pages+with+%22choom+gang%22&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6753-3&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnna9CLtblAC%26q%3Dchoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye,_Katharine_Q.2006" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama offers more variations from the norm"</a>. The New York Times. p. A21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044339/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+offers+more+variations+from+the+norm&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano,_Lois2007" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210621/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2008. 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B1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031000738/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+account+of+New+York+often+differs+from+what+others+say&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChassie,_Karen2007" class="citation book cs1">Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. 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Retrieved March 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Obama+stood+out%2C+even+during+brief+1985+NYPIRG+job&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-york%2Fobama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. The New Republic. Vol. 236, no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101112225829/http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+agitator%3A+Barack+Obama%27s+unlikely+political+education&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=22-26%2C+28-29&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecterMcCormick2007" class="citation news cs1">Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait of a pragmatist"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the original</a> on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+pragmatist&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Secter&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchan1990" class="citation news cs1">Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review breakthrough"</a>. The Boston Globe. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122000920/http://boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=A+Law+Review+breakthrough&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1990-02-15&rft.aulast=Matchan&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F1990%2F02%2F15%2Fa_law_review_breakthrough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorr1990" class="citation news cs1">Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date%3AB%2CE&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno">"From mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828224400/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=From+mean+streets+to+hallowed+halls&rft.pages=C01&rft.date=1990-02-27&rft.aulast=Corr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_multi%3DPI%257CDN%257C%26p_product%3DPHNP%26p_theme%3Dphnp%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3DAuthor%2528John%2520Corr%2529%2520AND%2520date%252802%252F27%252F1990%2520to%252002%252F27%252F1990%2529%2520AND%2520date%2528all%2529%26p_field_advanced-0%3DAuthor%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%2528John%2520Corr%2529%26p_bool_advanced-1%3DAND%26p_params_advanced-1%3Ddate%253AB%252CE%26p_field_advanced-1%3DYMD_date%26p_text_advanced-1%3D%252802%252F27%252F1990%2520to%252002%252F27%252F1990%2529%25C3%258Al_numdocs%253D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%253AD%25C3%258Al_useweights%253Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. Vol. 14, no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+and+promise+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988-08%2F1988-09&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoepfle,_Peg1990" class="citation book cs1">Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9620873-3-2</bdi></a>. <q>He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Alinsky%3A+community+organizing+in+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pages=35-40&rft.pub=Sangamon+State+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9620873-3-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obama_2012-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Obama_2012_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2012" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Auma (2012). 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Retrieved September 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WGBH%2C+American+Archive+of+Public+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Ten+O%27Clock+News%3B+Derrick+Bell+threatens+to+leave+Harvard&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonlocaltv.org%2Fcatalog%2FV_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoey_Del_PonteSomerville_Scout_Staff" class="citation news cs1">Joey Del Ponte; Somerville Scout Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163528/https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the Water"</a>. Somerville Scout. No. January/February 2014. p. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">the original</a> on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2020. <q>Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somerville+Scout&rft.atitle=Something+in+the+Water&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2014&rft.pages=26&rft.au=Joey+Del+Ponte&rft.au=Somerville+Scout+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoutsomerville.com%2Ffeature-something-in-the-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevensonSaltzman2007" class="citation news cs1">Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard Law, a unifying voice"</a>. Boston Globe. p. 1A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803042245/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=At+Harvard+Law%2C+a+unifying+voice&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fat_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor,_Jodi2007" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found political voice"</a>. The New York Times. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091848/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+law+school%2C+Obama+found+political+voice&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.au=Kantor%2C+Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundy,_Liza2007" class="citation news cs1">Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A series of fortunate events"</a>. The Washington Post. p. W10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814185300/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+series+of+fortunate+events&rft.pages=W10&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Liza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F08%2FAR2007080802038_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_Fox1990" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. The New York Times. p. A20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410210514/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+black+elected+to+head+Harvard%27s+Law+Review&rft.pages=A20&rft.date=1990-02-06&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F06%2Fus%2Ffirst-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYbarra,_Michael_J1990" class="citation news cs1">Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">"Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232657/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+White+Sox+%27serious%27+ball&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2008%2F08%2Fbarack_obama_white_sox_serious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html">"Obama throws ceremonial first pitch at All-Star game"</a>. CNN Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030149/https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2022. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181455/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017. <q>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Steelers+Win+Obama%27s+Approval&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Branigin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F29%2FAR2009012903196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">"1985 Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Place+Where+Obama+Goes+Elbow+to+Elbow&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F01hoops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html">"The Love of the Game"</a> (video). 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Retrieved September 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+First+Day%2C+Obama+Quickly+Sets+a+New+Tone&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2005" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story">"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 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Retrieved January 20, 2009. <q>The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized%3B+D.C.+churches+have+started+extending+invitations+to+Obama+and+his+family&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F27775757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html">"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"</a>. 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Retrieved November 10, 2012. <q>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+talks+to+Major+Garrett+on+%27Hannity+%26+Colmes%27&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Major&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2Fobama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2012. <q>I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. 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Retrieved November 10, 2012. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ffinding-his-faith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation book cs1">Remnick, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</a>. New York: Alfred A. 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(December 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=As+lawyer%2C+Obama+was+strong%2C+silent+type%3B+He+was+%27smart%2C+innovative%2C+relentless%2C%27+and+he+mostly+let+other+lawyers+do+the+talking&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.aulast=Pallasch&rft.aufirst=Abdon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28Pallasch%29_AND_date%2812%2F17%2F2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3DDecember_17%2C_2007_to_12%2F17%2F2007%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Pallasch%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorain2008" class="citation news cs1">Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-06-na-obamalegal6-story.html">"Obama's law days effective but brief"</a>. Los Angeles Times. p. A14. Retrieved February 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+law+days+effective+but+brief&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft.aulast=Morain&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-apr-06-na-obamalegal6-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc=">"Document"</a>. Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on December 4, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Document&rft.pages=9+%28Business%29&rft.date=1993-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F24302659.html%3Fdids%3D24302659%3A24302659%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"Business appointments"</a>. 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Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+ascent&rft.date=2004-11-03&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C750742%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711">"About us"</a>. Miner, Barnhill & Galland—Chicago, Illinois. 2008. 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Retrieved February 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Chicago&rft.pages=1+%28Tempo%29&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Patrick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Ftravel%2Fchi-obama-chicago-htmlstory%2C0%2C506256.htmlstory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.</li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonLong2007" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, David; Long, Ray (April 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story">"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story">the original</a> on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+Knows+His+Way+Around+a+Ballot&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Long%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)" title="Jesse White (politician)">White, Jesse</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"</a> (PDF). Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State">Illinois Secretary of State</a>. p. 65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legislative+Districts+of+Cook+County%2C+1991+Reapportionment&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fpublications%2F02bluebook%2Flegislative_branch%2Flegdistrictmaps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2007" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html">"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055720/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Forged+Political+Mettle+in+Illinois+Capitol&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelman2007" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+dealt+with+Lobbyists&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fin_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml">"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"</a>. CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+Record+May+Be+Gold+Mine+for+Critics&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F01%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fmain2369157.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott20070730-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott20070730_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott20070730_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+Proved+Pragmatic+and+Shrewd&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2000" class="citation news cs1">Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"</a> (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+takes+on+predatory+lending%3B+Rules+would+halt+single-premium+life+insurance+financing&rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&rft.date=2000-12-15&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F65214450.html%3Fdids%3D65214450%3A65214450%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongAllison2001" class="citation news cs1">Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011718/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> (paid archive) on December 18, 2008. 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Retrieved February 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Opposition+to+war+mounts&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Strausberg&rft.aufirst=Chinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220062931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose_Garden-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_Garden_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2002" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html">"President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. Retrieved February 18, 2008 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President%2C+House+leadership+agree+on+Iraq+resolution&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2002%2F10%2F20021002-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett2002" class="citation news cs1">Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726235124/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on July 26, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bush%2C+House+OK+Iraq+deal%3B+Congress+marches+with+Bush&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569641.html%3Fdids%3D203569641%3A203569641%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Plaza-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlauber2003" class="citation news cs1">Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150444/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"War protesters gentler, but passion still burns"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on June 17, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=War+protesters+gentler%2C+but+passion+still+burns&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft.aulast=Glauber&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F203569621.html%3Fdids%3D203569621%3A203569621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausberg2002" class="citation news cs1">Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014211715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html">"War with Iraq undermines U.N"</a>. Chicago Defender. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2008. <q>Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=War+with+Iraq+undermines+U.N&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Strausberg&rft.aufirst=Chinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220379051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2007" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">"Five years since our first action"</a>. Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">the original</a> on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+years+since+our+first+action&rft.pub=Chicagoans+Against+War+%26+Injustice&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noiraqwar-chicago.org%2F%3Fp%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantVaughn2002" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"300 attend rally against Iraq war"</a>. Daily Herald. p. 8. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=300+attend+rally+against+Iraq+war&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Jane+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DADHB%26p_theme%3Dadhb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_text_search-0%3D300%2520AND%2520attend%2520AND%2520rally%2520AND%2520against%2520AND%2520Iraq%2520AND%2520war%26s_dispstring%3D300%2520attend%2520rally%2520against%2520Iraq%2520war%2520AND%2520date%2810%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%26p_field_date-0%3DYMD_date%26p_params_date-0%3Ddate%3AB%2CE%26p_text_date-0%3D10%2F3%2F2002%2520to%252010%2F3%2F2002%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-spoke_out-137"><a href="#cite_ref-spoke_out_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2002" class="citation web cs1">Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php">"Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq"</a>. Barack Obama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php">the original</a> on January 30, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Illinois+State+Sen.+Barack+Obama+against+going+to+war+with+Iraq&rft.pub=Barack+Obama&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barackobama.com%2F2002%2F10%2F02%2Fremarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2007" class="citation news cs1">McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2008. <q>The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+marks+%2702+war+speech%3B+Contender+highlights+his+early+opposition+in+an+effort+to+distinguish+him+from+his+rivals&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1351610621.html%3Fdids%3D1351610621%3A1351610621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallasch2007" class="citation news cs1">Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. p. 26. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Obama+touts+anti-war+cred%3B+Kicks+off+tour+5+years+after+speech+critical+of+going+to+Iraq&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=Pallasch&rft.aufirst=Abdon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Obama%2520touts%2520anti-war%2520cred%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-stop_the_war-138"><a href="#cite_ref-stop_the_war_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2003" class="citation news cs1">Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"Anti-war rally here draws thousands"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Anti-war+rally+here+draws+thousands&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2003-03-17&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dheadline%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3Dtitle%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28Anti-war%2520rally%2520here%2520draws%2520thousands%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2003" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html">"President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved April 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Closely+watched+Illinois+Senate+race+attracts+7+candidates+in+millionaire+range&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaign%2F07ILLI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-140"><a href="#cite_ref-future_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendell2004" class="citation news cs1">Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites">"Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state"</a>. 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Retrieved April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+on+the+Issues%3A+What+Would+Be+Your+Top+Three+Overall+Priorities+If+Elected%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.washingtonpost.com%2F2008-presidential-candidates%2Fissues%2Fcandidates%2Fbarack-obama%2F%23top-priorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom">A Long Time Coming</a>. 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Retrieved April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+%27One+Thing%27&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Falcone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Fobamas-one-thing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-allocation-170"><a href="#cite_ref-allocation_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumulty,_Karen2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tumulty" title="Karen Tumulty">Tumulty, Karen</a> (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html">"The Five Mistakes Clinton Made"</a>. Time. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2008. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316164750/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+To+Accept+Nomination+at+Mile+High+Stadium&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.aulast=Liasson&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft.au=Norris%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92301409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acceptance-176"><a href="#cite_ref-acceptance_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm">"Obama accepts Democrat nomination"</a>. BBC News. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics">the original</a> on March 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Soaring+speech+from+Obama%2C+plus+some+specifics&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.au=Marks%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2008%2F0829%2Fsoaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2008" class="citation news cs1">Lloyd, Robert (August 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story">"Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906195440/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2008. 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Washington Monthly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Great+Black+Hope%3A+What%27s+Riding+on+Barack+Obama%3F&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F0411.wallace-wells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">"A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line"</a>. International Herald Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">the original</a> on January 17, 2008. 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Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=In+One+Country%2C+a+Dual+Audience&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Faccess%2F1322008241.html%3Fdids%3D1322008241%3A1322008241%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorning2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning">"Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK"</a>. 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(2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-793-5&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Maraniss" title="David Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-6040-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6040-4&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendell,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mendell" title="David Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a>. New York: Amistad/<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9"><bdi>978-0-06-085820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+From+Promise+to+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amistad%2FHarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085820-9&rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-8277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8277-3&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope%3A+Thoughts+on+Reclaiming+the+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Janny (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother">A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2"><bdi>978-1-59448-797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Singular+Woman%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Mother&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59448-797-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Zutter1995" class="citation news cs1">De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama Run?"</a>. Chicago Reader. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Obama+Run%3F&rft.date=1995-12-08&rft.aulast=De+Zutter&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fwhat-makes-obama-run%2FContent%3Foid%3D889221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Garrett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2Farticles%2Fmediapolitics%2F1836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoltun2005" class="citation book cs1">Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political 'Star'". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). The Road to Congress 2004. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9"><bdi>978-1-59454-360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+2004+Illinois+Senate+Race%3A+Obama+Wins+Open+Seat+and+Becomes+National+Political+%27Star%27&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Congress+2004&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-360-9&rft.aulast=Koltun&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the Fray"</a>. GQ. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Above+the+Fray&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fnewsmakers%2F200708%2Fobama-barack-election-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Larissa</a> (May 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Conciliator%3A+Where+is+Barack+Obama+Coming+From%3F&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2F070507fa_fact_macfarquhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Edward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl">Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7"><bdi>978-1-60819-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mr.+Obama%3A+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+a+Black+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-060-7&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungmrobamachic0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/">"...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy"</a>. International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373–388.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Barack Obama <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Barack Obama <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Barack Obama at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="c:Barack Obama">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Barack Obama">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="q:Barack Obama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Barack Hussein Obama">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76" class="extiw" title="d:Q76">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organizing_for_Action" title="Organizing for Action">Organizing for Action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/">White House biography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BarackObama">Barack Obama</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressO000167" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama (id: O000167)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+O000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?55625">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/">Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/barack_obama/index.html">Barack Obama</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32943">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Barack Obama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/845">Barack Obama</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%A3%E1%88%9B" title="ባራክ ኦባማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባራክ ኦባማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك أوباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܒܪܐܩ ܐܘܒܐܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܐܩ ܐܘܒܐܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պարաք Օպամա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պարաք Օպամա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বাৰাক অ'বামা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাৰাক অ'বামা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বারাক ওবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারাক ওবামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барак Абама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барак Абама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BE%B0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བ་རག་ཨོ་པྰ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བ་རག་ཨོ་པྰ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Hussein_Obama" title="Barack Hussein Obama – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Barack Hussein Obama" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك أوباما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ބަރަކް އޮބާމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަރަކް އޮބާމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastiin_al%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85j%C4%AF%CA%BC_dahsid%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_Barack_Obama" title="Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Barack Obama – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μπαράκ Ομπάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαράκ Ομπάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обамань Барак – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Обамань Барак" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="奧巴馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="奧巴馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_Obama" title="Barrack Obama – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Barrack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="બરાક ઓબામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બરાક ઓબામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%9D%BD_%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%A7%88" title="버락 오바마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버락 오바마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Բարաք Օբամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարաք Օբամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%95%8C%E1%92%83_%E1%90%85%E1%90%B9%E1%92%AA" title="ᐸᕌᒃ ᐅᐹᒪ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐸᕌᒃ ᐅᐹᒪ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ברק אובמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברק אובמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬರಾಕ್ ಒಬಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರಾಕ್ ಒಬಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარაკ ობამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="بَراک اؤبامہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَراک اؤبامہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81_%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ບາຣັກ ໂອບາມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບາຣັກ ໂອບາມາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baracus_Obama" title="Baracus Obama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baracus Obama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/byRAK.obamas" title="byRAK.obamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="byRAK.obamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ബറാക്ക് ഒബാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബറാക്ക് ഒബാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბარაკ ობამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك اوباما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باراك اوباما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာရက် အိုဘားမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာရက် အိုဘားမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E" title="バラク・オバマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラク・オバマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%9E_%DF%8F%DF%93%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߓߙߊߞ ߏߓߡߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߙߊߞ ߏߓߡߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਾਕ ਓਬਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਾਕ ਓਬਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارک اوباما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بارک اوباما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک حسين اوباما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باراک حسين اوباما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="បារ៉ាក់ អូបាម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារ៉ាក់ អូបាម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक् ओबामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बराक् ओबामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱵᱟᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱵᱟᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="බරාක් ඔබාමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බරාක් ඔබාමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارڪ اوباما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بارڪ اوباما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Баракъ Обама – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Баракъ Обама" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraak_Obama" title="Baraak Obama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baraak Obama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک ئۆباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باراک ئۆباما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பராக் ஒபாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பராக் ஒபாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Ubama" title="Barak Ubama – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Barak Ubama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="బరాక్ ఒబామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బరాక్ ఒబామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="บารัก โอบามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บารัก โอบามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Hussein_Obama" title="Barack Hussein Obama – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Barack Hussein Obama" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B9" title="ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netse_%C3%94hmo%27%C3%B4ht%C3%A1vaestse" title="Netse Ôhmo'ôhtávaestse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Netse Ôhmo'ôhtávaestse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارک اوباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارک اوباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك ئوباما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باراك ئوباما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubahmaj" title="Aubahmaj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aubahmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Barak" title="Obama Barak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Obama Barak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拉克·奥巴马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴拉克·奥巴马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="באראק אבאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באראק אבאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拉克·奧巴馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴拉克·奧巴馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="贝拉克·奥巴马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝拉克·奥巴马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD_%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 12:04 (UTC).</li> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-bh2px","wgBackendResponseTime":485,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"8.529","walltime":"9.344","ppvisitednodes":{"value":59976,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1821219,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":60217,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":75,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2529068,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 7845.836 1 -total"," 57.13% 4482.567 2 Template:Reflist"," 38.76% 3041.234 489 Template:Cite_news"," 8.04% 630.684 107 Template:Cite_web"," 7.88% 618.306 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 3.59% 281.854 28 Template:Cite_book"," 2.36% 185.121 1 Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election"," 2.16% 169.705 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"," 2.15% 168.433 33 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