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Secret Service Code Names of 11 U.S. Presidents | Britannica
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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link font-12 "> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div></div> </div> <article class="topic-content content"><div class="topic-paragraph font-serif md-list-intro pt-15 pb-20"><!--[BEFORE-INTRODUCTION]--><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*0"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg?w=1000" alt="Secret Service Agent Listens To Earpiece" data-width="900" data-height="675" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">©David Stuart/Fotolia</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP]--><p class="topic-paragraph">There are definite perks to being president of the United States. You’re the leader of the free world, you get to live in the White House, and you fly around in a tricked-out airplane. You also get a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/US-Secret-Service" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Secret Service</a> code name. And so do your family members. Below is a list of several presidential code names. What name would you want if you were president?</p><!--[P]--><!--[MOD]--><span class="MOD"></span><!--[AFTER-INTRODUCTION]--></div><ul class="list-unstyled md-mendel-list"><li><h2>Lancer</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/119139-050-474A7A5D/John-F-Kennedy-space-program-Rice-University-September-12-1962.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*119453"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/119139-050-474A7A5D/John-F-Kennedy-space-program-Rice-University-September-12-1962.jpg?w=1000" alt="John F. Kennedy at sports stadium, speech" data-width="1600" data-height="1088" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/119139-050-474A7A5D/John-F-Kennedy-space-program-Rice-University-September-12-1962.jpg" data-href="*119453">John F. Kennedy</a><span>U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy speaking about the U.S. space program at Rice University, Houston, September 12, 1962.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP1]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John F. Kennedy</a>’s code name was apt, given that his administration was often compared to Camelot, the magical court of Arthurian legend of which Lancelot was a legendary knight. First Lady <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacqueline-Kennedy-Onassis" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jackie Kennedy</a> was known as Lace. </p><!--[P1]--><!--[MOD1]--><span class="MOD1"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-1]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-1"></span></li><li><h2>Searchlight</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-050-8ECB9024/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*188201"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-050-8ECB9024/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg?w=1000" alt="Richard M. Nixon. Richard Nixon during a 1968 campaign stop. President Nixon" data-width="1600" data-height="1077" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-050-8ECB9024/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg" data-href="*188201">Richard Nixon</a><span>Richard Nixon during a campaign stop in 1968, saluting the crowd with his iconic “V-is-for-Victory” gesture.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Oliver F. Atkins—White House Photo/Nixon Presidential Library and Museum/NARA</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP2]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Nixon" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Richard Nixon</a> had one of the more ironic code names in light of his attempts to cover up what became the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Watergate scandal</a>.</p><!--[P2]--><!--[MOD2]--><span class="MOD2"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-2]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-2"></span></li><li><h2>Passkey</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/666-050-4373B776/Gerald-R-Ford.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*10740"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/666-050-4373B776/Gerald-R-Ford.jpg?w=1000" alt="U.S. President Gerald R. Ford (Gerald Ford)." data-width="1025" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/666-050-4373B776/Gerald-R-Ford.jpg" data-href="*10740">Gerald Ford</a><span>U.S. Pres. Gerald R. Ford.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP3]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gerald-Ford" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gerald Ford</a>’s moniker also held a certain irony, as he locked the door on any possibility of criminal prosecution against his predecessor, Nixon, by granting him “a full, free, and absolute pardon.”</p><!--[P3]--><!--[MOD3]--><span class="MOD3"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-3]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-3"></span></li><li><h2>Deacon</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/7113-050-C4EB1345/Jimmy-Carter.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*9202"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/7113-050-C4EB1345/Jimmy-Carter.jpg?w=1000" alt="Jimmy Carter." data-width="1600" data-height="1267" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/7113-050-C4EB1345/Jimmy-Carter.jpg" data-href="*9202">Jimmy Carter</a><span>U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Courtesy: Jimmy Carter Library</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP4]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jimmy-Carter" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jimmy Carter</a>’s name reflected his deeply religious faith. Long active in the Baptist church, he continued to teach Sunday school after becoming president.</p><!--[P4]--><!--[MOD4]--><span class="MOD4"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-4]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-4"></span></li><li><h2>Rawhide</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/3712-050-88AAD2A8/Ronald-Reagan.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*13684"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/3712-050-88AAD2A8/Ronald-Reagan.jpg?w=1000" alt="Ronald Reagan." data-width="777" data-height="940" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/3712-050-88AAD2A8/Ronald-Reagan.jpg" data-href="*13684">Ronald Reagan</a></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Courtesy, The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP5]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ronald-Reagan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Ronald Reagan</a>’s code name was possibly a reference to the numerous westerns he had appeared in before becoming a politician.</p><!--[P5]--><!--[MOD5]--><span class="MOD5"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-5]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-5"></span></li><li><h2>Timberwolf</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/72/71272-050-67C2747F/George-Bush-oath-office-president-January-20-1989.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*61074"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/72/71272-050-67C2747F/George-Bush-oath-office-president-January-20-1989.jpg?w=1000" alt="Chief Justice William Rehnquist administering the oath of office to George Bush on the west front of the U.S. Capitol, with Dan Quayle and Barbara Bush (to the right of Rehnquist) looking on, January 20, 1989." data-width="1600" data-height="1091" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/72/71272-050-67C2747F/George-Bush-oath-office-president-January-20-1989.jpg" data-href="*61074">Bush, George</a><span><p>George Bush takes the oath of office as U.S. president, January 20, 1989.</p></span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Architect of the Capitol photo courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Prints & Photographs Division (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-12345)</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP6]--><p class="topic-paragraph">Alas, it is unknown why <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-H-W-Bush" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">George H.W. Bush</a> was named for the largest member of the dog family.</p><!--[P6]--><!--[MOD6]--><span class="MOD6"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-6]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-6"></span></li><li><h2>Eagle</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/81/126181-050-BE31D257/Bill-Clinton.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*236322"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/81/126181-050-BE31D257/Bill-Clinton.jpg?w=1000" alt="Portrait of Bill Clinton" data-width="1226" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/81/126181-050-BE31D257/Bill-Clinton.jpg" data-href="*236322">Bill Clinton</a></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">U.S. Department of Defense</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP7]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bill-Clinton" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Bill Clinton</a> also had an unexplained animal moniker. Some have speculated that the code name concerned his association with the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boy-Scouts" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Boy Scouts</a>. Eagle Scout is the organization’s top rank, a fitting name for someone holding the highest office in the land.</p><!--[P7]--><!--[MOD7]--><span class="MOD7"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-7]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-7"></span></li><li><h2>Trailblazer</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/127912-004-E9166F44/Pres-George-W-Bush-Farewell-Address-East-Jan-15-2009.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*125128"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/127912-004-E9166F44/Pres-George-W-Bush-Farewell-Address-East-Jan-15-2009.jpg?w=1000" alt="President George W. Bush delivers his farewell address to the nation Thursday evening, Jan. 15, 2009, from the East Room of the White House, thanking the American people for their support and trust. White" data-width="550" data-height="367" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/12/127912-004-E9166F44/Pres-George-W-Bush-Farewell-Address-East-Jan-15-2009.jpg" data-href="*125128">George W. Bush: Farewell Address</a><span>Pres. George W. Bush delivering his Farewell Address from the East Room of the White House, Washington, D.C., January 15, 2009.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Chris Greenberg/The White House</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP8]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-W-Bush" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">George W. Bush</a>’s presidential code name was complimentary, but his name while his father was president was less flattering: Tumbler. According to some reports, it was based on his alleged propensity to party.</p><!--[P8]--><!--[MOD8]--><span class="MOD8"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-8]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-8"></span></li><li><h2>Renegade</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/89/164789-050-D6B5E2C7/Barack-Obama-2012.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*235570"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/89/164789-050-D6B5E2C7/Barack-Obama-2012.jpg?w=1000" alt="United States Presidential Election of 2012. Mitt Romney. Official portrait of President Barack Obama in the Oval Office, Dec. 6, 2012 after his reelection Nov. 6, 2012. Official portrait Obama" data-width="1281" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/89/164789-050-D6B5E2C7/Barack-Obama-2012.jpg" data-href="*235570">Barack Obama</a><span>Barack Obama, 2012.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">Pete Souza—Official White House Photo</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP9]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barack-Obama" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Barack Obama</a> reportedly picked this moniker from a list of code names that started with <em>R</em>. No word on what the other choices were.</p><!--[P9]--><!--[MOD9]--><span class="MOD9"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-9]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-9"></span></li><li><h2> Mogul</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/21/197021-050-D0AC3E38/portrait-Donald-Trump.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*236654"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/21/197021-050-D0AC3E38/portrait-Donald-Trump.jpg?w=1000" alt="Portrait of president-elect Donald J. Trump, 45th president of the United States, 2016. (Donald Trump, U.S. Presidents, Presidency)" data-width="1276" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/21/197021-050-D0AC3E38/portrait-Donald-Trump.jpg" data-href="*236654">Donald Trump</a><span>The official presidential portrait of Donald Trump.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">White House Photo</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP10]--><p class="topic-paragraph">While <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Trump" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Donald Trump</a> once stated that he would select “Humble” as his code name, the Secret Service opted for something that was…well, a little less humble.</p><!--[P10]--><!--[MOD10]--><span class="MOD10"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-10]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-10"></span></li><li><h2>Celtic</h2><div><figure class="md-assembly md-feature-assembly print-false" data-type="1" data-descid="1"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/26/166326-050-803EC739/Joe-Biden-2012.jpg" target="_blank" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center " data-href="*217289"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/26/166326-050-803EC739/Joe-Biden-2012.jpg?w=1000" alt="Joe Biden. United States Presidential Election of 2012. Official portrait of Vice President Joe Biden in his West Wing Office at White House, Jan. 10, 2013 after reelection of Pres. Obama Nov. 6, 2012. Second term official portrait Obama" data-width="1280" data-height="1600" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class=""><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif "><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" target="_blank" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/26/166326-050-803EC739/Joe-Biden-2012.jpg" data-href="*217289">Joe Biden</a><span>Joe Biden, 2012.</span></span></div><cite class="credit d-block mt-5">David Lienemann—Official White House Photo</cite></figcaption></figure><!--[BP11]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joe-Biden" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Joe Biden</a>’s code name—which was the same one used when he was vice president—is a reference to his Irish heritage.</p><!--[P11]--><!--[MOD11]--><span class="MOD11"></span><!--[BP12]--><p class="topic-paragraph"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/quiz/us-presidential-code-names-quiz" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true"><strong><em>[Find out how much you’ve discovered about presidential code names by taking this quiz.]</em></strong></a></p><!--[P12]--><!--[MOD12]--><span class="MOD12"></span></div><!--[LIST-ITEM-11]--><span class="LIST-ITEM-11"></span></li></ul><span class="AM-END-OF-ARTICLE am-inline"></span></article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="cm-rightrail d-none d-md-block ad-rail"></aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid gx-0"> <div class="col"> <div class="md-loading hidden display-4 font-weight-normal"></div> <div class="text-center my-20 mb-100"> <button class="md-infinite-load-next btn btn-blue" data-value="next-page">Load More</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-da-320 hidden-xs"> </div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script> <!-- Ortto ebmwprod capture code --> <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"List","templateName":null,"pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":10,"pageId":5546,"pageLength":null,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/list-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"C","adLeg":"C","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"List","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":null,"gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>