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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Polvera" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Polvera" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. 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id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descubèrta_e_difusion_de_la_pouvera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descubèrta_e_difusion_de_la_pouvera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Descubèrta e difusion de la pouvera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descubèrta_e_difusion_de_la_pouvera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_generalizacion_deis_armas_de_fuòc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_generalizacion_deis_armas_de_fuòc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>La generalizacion deis armas de fuòc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_generalizacion_deis_armas_de_fuòc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invencion_de_la_pouvera_sensa_fumada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invencion_de_la_pouvera_sensa_fumada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Invencion de la pouvera sensa fumada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invencion_de_la_pouvera_sensa_fumada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lei_trabalhs_de_Paul_Vieille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_trabalhs_de_Paul_Vieille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Lei trabalhs de Paul Vieille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_trabalhs_de_Paul_Vieille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vèrs_lei_pouveras_modèrnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vèrs_lei_pouveras_modèrnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Vèrs lei pouveras modèrnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vèrs_lei_pouveras_modèrnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_pouveras_compositas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_pouveras_compositas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Lei pouveras compositas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_pouveras_compositas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietats_fisicoquimicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietats_fisicoquimicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proprietats fisicoquimicas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietats_fisicoquimicas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Proprietats fisicoquimicas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietats_fisicoquimicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generalitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Generalitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balistica_interiora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balistica_interiora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Balistica interiora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balistica_interiora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procès_de_fabricacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procès_de_fabricacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procès de fabricacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procès_de_fabricacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Procès de fabricacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procès_de_fabricacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fabricacion_de_pouvera_negra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricacion_de_pouvera_negra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fabricacion de pouvera negra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabricacion_de_pouvera_negra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabricacion_de_pouvera_sensa_fumada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricacion_de_pouvera_sensa_fumada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fabricacion de pouvera sensa fumada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabricacion_de_pouvera_sensa_fumada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aplicacions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polvera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 121 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buskruit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzpulver" title="Schwarzpulver - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzpulver" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvora" title="Polvora - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polvora" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6" title="বাৰুদ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাৰুদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1t" title="Barıt - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barıt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82" title="زارنیق - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زارنیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дары - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraks" title="Paraks - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дымны порах - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дымны порах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дымны порах - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дымны порах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat_bedil" title="Obat bedil - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Obat bedil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6" title="বারুদ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারুদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultr_du" title="Poultr du - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poultr du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barut" title="Barut - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barut" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باڕووت - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڕووت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvera_negra" title="Polvera negra - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polvera negra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99eln%C3%BD_prach" title="Střelný prach - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střelný prach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdwr_gwn" title="Powdwr gwn - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Powdwr gwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krudt" title="Krudt - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krudt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzpulver" title="Schwarzpulver - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzpulver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πυρίτιδα - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gunpowder" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvo" title="Pulvo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCssirohi" title="Püssirohi - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püssirohi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbora" title="Bolbora - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bolbora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باروت - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باروت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaruuti" title="Mustaruuti - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustaruuti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCss%C3%A4ruuh" title="Püssäruuh - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Püssäruuh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poudre_noire" title="Poudre noire - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poudre noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suartpolwer" title="Suartpolwer - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suartpolwer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAdar_gunna" title="Púdar gunna - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Púdar gunna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapoud_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapoud nwè - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapoud nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אבק שרפה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבק שרפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruud" title="Baruud - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Baruud" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barut" title="Barut - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%91por" title="Lőpor - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lőpor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Սև վառոդ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև վառոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiu" title="Mesiu - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polbora" title="Polbora - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polbora" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssup%C3%BA%C3%B0ur" title="Byssupúður - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Byssupúður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvere_nera" title="Polvere nera - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polvere nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E8%89%B2%E7%81%AB%E8%96%AC" title="黒色火薬 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒色火薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonpouda" title="Gonpouda - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gonpouda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="დენთი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დენთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agari" title="Agari - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agari" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94z%CA%8B%CA%8B_m%CA%8Bl%CA%8Bm_n%CC%84%C9%A9%C5%8Bg%CA%8B_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9B%C9%9Bd%CA%8B_(Poudre_noire)" title="Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire) - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%9B%E2%80%93%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96" title="Оқ–дәрі - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оқ–дәрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೋವಿಮದ್ದು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋವಿಮದ್ದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%83%89%ED%99%94%EC%95%BD" title="흑색화약 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑색화약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%BBd" title="Barûd - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barûd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polter_gonn" title="Polter gonn - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Polter gonn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кара дары - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кара дары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvis_pyrius" title="Pulvis pyrius - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pulvis pyrius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polfer" title="Polfer - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polfer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polver_negra" title="Polver negra - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polver negra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakas" title="Parakas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ABmu_pulveris" title="Dūmu pulveris - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dūmu pulveris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanja" title="Vanja - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanja" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubuak_mansiu" title="Bubuak mansiu - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bubuak mansiu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D" title="വെടിമരുന്ന് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെടിമരുന്ന്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Дарь - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дарь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiu" title="Mesiu - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ယမ်း - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCssenkruud" title="Büssenkruud - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Büssenkruud" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="गनपाउडर - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गनपाउडर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buskruit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krut" title="Krut - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutt" title="Krutt - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krutt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਾਰੂਦ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰੂਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat" title="Ubat - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proch_czarny" title="Proch czarny - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proch czarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3ver_da_spar%C3%A9" title="Póver da sparé - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Póver da sparé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%88%D8%B1" title="گن پاؤڈر - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گن پاؤڈر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باروت - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باروت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratata_allpa" title="Ratata allpa - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratata allpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praf_de_pu%C8%99c%C4%83" title="Praf de pușcă - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Praf de pușcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Дымный порох - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дымный порох" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Буорах - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буорах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B9vuli_(di_sparu)" title="Prùvuli (di sparu) - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prùvuli (di sparu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpouder" title="Gunpouder - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gunpouder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barut" title="Barut - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gunpowder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1n%C3%BD_prach" title="Pušný prach - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pušný prach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smodnik" title="Smodnik - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smodnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unga" title="Unga - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Unga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruti" title="Baruti - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baruti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartkrut" title="Svartkrut - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svartkrut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruti" title="Baruti - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baruti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="வெடிமருந்து - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிமருந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="గన్ పౌడర్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గన్ పౌడర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99" title="ดินปืน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินปืน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulbura" title="Pulbura - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulbura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabarut" title="Karabarut - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karabarut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дары - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Димний порох - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Димний порох" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porox" title="Porox - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Porox" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_s%C3%BAng" title="Thuốc súng - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc súng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulbura" title="Pulbura - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pulbura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80" title="Дәр - kalmoc" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Дәр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmoc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ფინდიხი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინდიხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שיספולווער - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שיספולווער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%81%AB%E8%8D%AF" title="黑火药 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑火药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5" title="黑火藥 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑火藥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12861#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polvera" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Polvera&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polvera"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un molon de pouvera.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>pouvera</b> (var. <b>polvera</b>, <b>polsa</b>, <b>poussa</b> ; gasc. <b>prova</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) es una <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">substància quimica</a> <a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosiva</a> que permet de lançar un projectil per mejan d'una <a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">arma de fuòc</a>. Inventada en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> vèrs lo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VII" title="Sègle VII">sègle VII</a>, èra inicialament compausada de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a>. Se difusant lòng de la <a href="/wiki/Rota_de_la_Seda" title="Rota de la Seda">Rota de la Seda</a>, arribèt dins lo mond arab vèrs lo sègle VIII e en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> vèrs lo sègle <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XII" title="Sègle XII">sègle XII</a> ò <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIII" title="Sègle XIII">XIII</a>. Eissida dei recèrcas <a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimicas</a>, la pouvera negra foguèt inicialament utilizada per fabricar de <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%B2c_d%27artifici" title="Fuòc d'artifici">fuòcs d'artifici</a> ò per cremar de bastiments enemics. Pasmens, son caractèr explosiu trobèt pauc a pauc un interès sus lo prat batalhier. A partir dau sègle XIV, entraïnèt una revolucion dins lo domeni militar amb la generalizacion progressiva deis <a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fusiu" title="Fusiu">fusius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon" title="Canon">canons</a>...). </p><p>Lei progrès <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientifics</a> dau sègle XIX veguèron plusors <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimistas</a> s'interessar a sa fabricacion. Aquò permetèt de desvolopar lei pouveras sensa fumada que remplacèron rapidament la pouvera negra a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1880" title="Ans 1880">ans 1880</a>. De colors variadas (<a href="/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc">blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaune" title="Jaune">jaune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negre" title="Negre">negre</a>...), aquelei pouveras an l'avantatge de cremar sensa produrre de quantitats importantas de particulas solidas e an una poissança pus importanta. Uei, fòrman la màger part de la produccion mondiala de pouvera. La pouvera negra tradicionala a pasmens pas totalament disparegut car es encara una matèria premiera indispensabla per la fabricacion <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%B2c_d%27artifici" title="Fuòc d'artifici">fuòcs d'artifici</a> ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petard (la pagina existís pas)">petards</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descubèrta_e_difusion_de_la_pouvera"><span id="Descub.C3.A8rta_e_difusion_de_la_pouvera"></span>Descubèrta e difusion de la pouvera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Descubèrta e difusion de la pouvera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Descubèrta e difusion de la pouvera"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/220px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/330px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/440px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Formula de la pouvera escricha dins lo <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La pouvera foguèt inventada en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> mai seis originas son mau conegudas. Sembla de datar dau <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VII" title="Sègle VII">sègle VII</a> e foguèt probablament descubèrta dins lo quadre de recèrcas farmaceuticas sus l'<a href="/wiki/Immortalitat" title="Immortalitat">immortalitat</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efiech, l'<a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimista</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Simiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Simiao (la pagina existís pas)">Sun Simiao</a> (<a href="/wiki/581" class="mw-redirect" title="581">581</a>-<a href="/wiki/682" class="mw-redirect" title="682">682</a>) depinta dins lo <i>Danjing nei fu liuhang fa</i> leis efiechs explosius d'una mescla de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a> e ne'n desconselha la fabricacion. Vèrs <a href="/wiki/1044" class="mw-redirect" title="1044">1044</a>, la recèpta es tornarmai mencionada dins lo <i>Zhen yuan miao dao yaolu</i> e sa fabricacion es totjorn desconselhada. Dins aquò, lo <i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i> (« Principis generaus dau classic de la guèrra » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>), que data egalament de <a href="/wiki/1044" class="mw-redirect" title="1044">1044</a>, presenta un metòde per produrre de <a href="/wiki/Granada_(arma)" title="Granada (arma)">granadas</a> de pouvera probablament utilizadas per espaurir l'enemic gràcias au <a href="/wiki/Bruch" title="Bruch">bruch</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'aparicion dei premiereis aplicacions <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militaras</a> data probablament dei sègles XI ò XII. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/1132" class="mw-redirect" title="1132">1132</a>, de tubes de <a href="/wiki/Bamb%C3%B3" title="Bambó">bambó</a> emplits de pouvera foguèron utilizats coma una sòrta de <a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a-flamas" title="Lança-flamas">lança-flamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, de <a href="/wiki/Sageta" title="Sageta">sagetas</a> portant una mescla de pouvera foguèron utilizadas coma <a href="/wiki/Arma_(gu%C3%A8rra)" title="Arma (guèrra)">arma</a> incendiària. Aquò marquèt probablament una etapa vèrs l'aparicion deis <a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a>. D'efiech, de <a href="/wiki/Granada_(arma)" title="Granada (arma)">granadas</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallicas</a> <a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosivas</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Canon" title="Canon">canons</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> apareguèron respectivament au sègle XIII e au sègle XIV. </p><p>La difusion vèrs l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a> de la pouvera comencèt benlèu vèrs lo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VIII" title="Sègle VIII">sègle VIII</a> siá durant lei conflictes militars entre Arabs, Turcs e Chinés siá gràcias a de cambis entre <a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquistas</a> arabs, persans e chinés. Son introduccion en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> se debanèt vèrs lo sègle XII ò lo sègle XIII car una recèpta de la pouvera es descricha dins lo <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_ignium" title="Liber ignium">Liber ignium</a></i>. Tradicionalement, es atribuïda ais Arabs mai un ròtle dei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Mongòls</a> es probable. Tre la premiera mitat dau sègle XIV, leis Europèus desvolopèron d'<a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_generalizacion_deis_armas_de_fuòc"><span id="La_generalizacion_deis_armas_de_fu.C3.B2c"></span>La generalizacion deis armas de fuòc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La generalizacion deis armas de fuòc" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La generalizacion deis armas de fuòc"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir de la segonda mitat dau sègle XV, leis <a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a> venguèron pus frequentas sus lei prats batalhiers. S'impausèron lentament coma l'<a href="/wiki/Arma_(gu%C3%A8rra)" title="Arma (guèrra)">arma</a> de basa dau <a href="/wiki/Infantari%C3%A1" title="Infantariá">fantassin</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Artilhari%C3%A1" title="Artilhariá">artilhariá</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a>. Conoguèron una difusion pus limitada en <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia</a>, en <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Asia_Orientala" title="Asia Orientala">Asia Orientala</a> onte d'armaments tradicionaus demorèron d'usatge frequent fins au periòde <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniau</a>. En parallèl, la pouvera trobèt tanben d'aplicacions dins lo domeni minier. </p><p>Aquò entraïnèt l'aparicion d'una <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> de produccion e un melhorament dei metòdes de fabricacion. L'objectiu èra de contentar una demanda en aumentacion que presentavan de besonhs mai e mai especifics. La preparacion dau <a href="/wiki/Carbon_de_lenha" title="Carbon de lenha">carbon de lenha</a> foguèt ansin l'objècte d'observacions importantas que permetèron de desgatjar de proprietats importantas coma la necessitat caufar mai la <a href="/wiki/Lenha" title="Lenha">lenha</a> durant la preparacion per produrre una pouvera de guèrra de bòna <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a>. De mai, i aguèt de reflexions sus lei proporcions de carbon, de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a> (per exemple, 40/30/30 per una pouvera miniera e 75/12,5/12,5 per una pouvera militara). </p><p>Leis obradors de fabricacion èran generalament installats lòng dei <a href="/wiki/Riu" title="Riu">rius</a> per utilizar l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_idraulica" title="Energia idraulica">energia idraulica</a> per mòure de trissons. Lei diferents compausants èran trissats separadament avans d'èsser mesclats segon lei proporcions desiradas. D'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> èra sovent utilizada per securizar aquela etapa. Lo resultat dau procès èra un produch pulverulent que donèt son nom a la « pouvera ». Dins aquò, lei produchs fabricats mancavan d'omogeneïtat e èran sensibles a l'umiditat. Ansin, a partir dau sègle XVIII, de recèrcas foguèron entrepresas per lei melhorar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invencion_de_la_pouvera_sensa_fumada">Invencion de la pouvera sensa fumada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Invencion de la pouvera sensa fumada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Invencion de la pouvera sensa fumada"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_trabalhs_de_Paul_Vieille">Lei trabalhs de Paul Vieille</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei trabalhs de Paul Vieille" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei trabalhs de Paul Vieille"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Nitrocellulose_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/220px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/330px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nitrocellulose_01.JPG/440px-Nitrocellulose_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una mòstra de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vieille" title="Paul Vieille">Paul Vieille</a>.</div> <p>Lei recèrcas sus la pouvera iniciadas au començament dau sègle XIX s'orientèron dins plusors direccions coma l'aumentacion de la resisténcia a l'umiditat ò lo melhorament de la <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. Aqueu darrier problema èra fòrça important car la mitat dei produchs formats durant la deflagracion èra de particulas <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solidas</a>, çò qu'engendrava d'inconvenients nombrós (encrassatge rapid de l'<a href="/wiki/Arma_(gu%C3%A8rra)" title="Arma (guèrra)">arma</a>, formacion de fumadas sornas...)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per o resòuvre, de <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimistas</a> estudièron lei proprietats dau <a href="/wiki/Fulmicoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulmicoton">fulmicoton</a> (ò <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>), un <a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosiu</a> descubèrt en <a href="/wiki/1838" class="mw-redirect" title="1838">1838</a> que produsiá de quantitats importantas de <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>. </p><p>Après divèrseis assais sensa resultat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lo <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">Francés</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vieille" title="Paul Vieille">Paul Vieille</a> (<a href="/wiki/1854" class="mw-redirect" title="1854">1854</a>-<a href="/wiki/1934" class="mw-redirect" title="1934">1934</a>) capitèt de desvolopar en <a href="/wiki/1884" class="mw-redirect" title="1884">1884</a> una pouvera constituïda de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>. Per aquò, trabalhèt sus de mesclas de <a href="/wiki/Fulmicoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulmicoton">fulmicoton</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collodion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collodion (la pagina existís pas)">collodion</a>, una forma de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> dissòuta dins una solucion d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Et%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etèr (la pagina existís pas)">etèr</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">etanòl</a>. L'interès d'aquela preparacion èra de permetre lo compactatge de la <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>. Òr, a respècte de la forma pulverulenta qu'entraïnava de detonacions violentas, sa formula compactada permetiá de produrre d'<a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> pus lentas e pus regularas. </p><p>Dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pouvera_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pouvera B (la pagina existís pas)">pouvera B</a>, aquela preparacion èra pus poderosa que la pouvera tradicionala. Ansin, amb una <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosiu</a> pus febla, permetiá de comunicar una <a href="/wiki/Velocitat" title="Velocitat">velocitat</a> pus importanta a un projectil e laissava ges de residü. Aquò menèt a l'aparicion d'una generacion novèla d'<a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">armas de fuòc</a> pus poderosas maugrat una reduccion generala dei <a href="/wiki/Calibre" title="Calibre">calibres</a>. Per exemple, dins l'armada francesa, lei <a href="/wiki/Chassepot_mod%C3%A8l_1866" title="Chassepot modèl 1866">fusius Chassepot</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusiu_Gras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusiu Gras (la pagina existís pas)">Gras</a>, d'un calibre de 11 mm e d'una portada eficaça de 200 m, foguèron remplaçats per lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebel_mod%C3%A8l_1886&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebel modèl 1886 (la pagina existís pas)">fusiu Lebel</a> de 8 mm qu'èra capable de tuar un adversari a 250 m. Pasmens, la fabricacion de la pouvera B èra malaisada car necessitava un mestritge precís dau procès. Ansin, de pouveras instablas, contenent de traças d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric">acid nitric</a>, foguèron a l'origina d'accidents grèvas coma leis explosions dei <a href="/wiki/Cuirassat" title="Cuirassat">cuirassats</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%A9na_(cuirassat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iéna (cuirassat) (la pagina existís pas)">Iéna</a></i> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libert%C3%A9_(cuirassat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberté (cuirassat) (la pagina existís pas)">Liberté</a><i> en <a href="/wiki/1907" class="mw-redirect" title="1907">1907</a> e <a href="/wiki/1911" class="mw-redirect" title="1911">1911</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vèrs_lei_pouveras_modèrnas"><span id="V.C3.A8rs_lei_pouveras_mod.C3.A8rnas"></span>Vèrs lei pouveras modèrnas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Vèrs lei pouveras modèrnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Vèrs lei pouveras modèrnas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG/220px-Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG/330px-Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG/440px-Cordite_Filled_Cartridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de còrdas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordita (la pagina existís pas)">cordita</a> dins una <a href="/wiki/Municion" title="Municion">municion</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=.303_British&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".303 British (la pagina existís pas)">.303 British</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:N110_ruuti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N110_ruuti.jpg/220px-N110_ruuti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N110_ruuti.jpg/330px-N110_ruuti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N110_ruuti.jpg/440px-N110_ruuti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una pouvera modèrna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quauqueis ans après la concepcion de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pouvera_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pouvera B (la pagina existís pas)">pouvera B</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimista</a> <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia">suedés</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Nobel (la pagina existís pas)">Alfred Nobel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1833" class="mw-redirect" title="1833">1833</a>-<a href="/wiki/1896" class="mw-redirect" title="1896">1896</a>) prepausèt divèrsei melhoraments per gelificar la <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a>. Aquò li permetèt de produrre un explosiu liquid compausat de 45% de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>, de 45% de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a> e de 10% de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camfre (la pagina existís pas)">camfre</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballistita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballistita (la pagina existís pas)">ballistita</a>, foguèt adoptat per <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> per fabricar de municions per lo fusiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=M1890_Vetterli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M1890 Vetterli (la pagina existís pas)">M1890 Vetterli</a>. Pasmens, aviá tanben de problemas d'instabilitat après evaporacion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camfre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camfre (la pagina existís pas)">camfre</a>. </p><p>La formula de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballistita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballistita (la pagina existís pas)">ballistita</a> inspirèt rapidament lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_Abel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Augustus Abel (la pagina existís pas)">Frederick Augustus Abel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1827" class="mw-redirect" title="1827">1827</a>-<a href="/wiki/1902" class="mw-redirect" title="1902">1902</a>) que desvolopèt un explosiu novèu, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordita (la pagina existís pas)">cordita</a>, en utilizant l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetona (la pagina existís pas)">acetona</a> coma produch de gelificacion de la <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a>. Lo produch obtengut aviá l'aspècte de còrdas jaunas. En mai de produrre pauc de fumadas, sa <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> aviá egalament l'avantatge de produrre pauc de lutz, çò que permetiá au tiraire de demorar escondut. Pauc a pauc, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordita (la pagina existís pas)">cordita</a> s'impausèt dins la màger part deis armadas modèrnas, especialament après son adopcion per <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>. </p><p>Uei, la generalizacion dei pouveras sensa fumada entraïnèt l'aparicion de divèrsei categorias de pouvera : </p> <ul><li>lei pouveras de basa simpla son fachas de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>, d'estabilizants e de traças de <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> de fabricacion.</li> <li>lei pouveras de basa dobla son fachas a partir d'una mescla de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a> (ò de còps, un autre estèr nitric oliós), de substàncias gelatinosas non volatilas e, de còps, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroguanidina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroguanidina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroguanidina</a>. Important per leis aplicacions militaras, aqueu darrier produch permet de limitar la produccion de <a href="/wiki/Calor" title="Calor">calor</a> durant lo tir, çò qu'empacha l'inflamacion dei <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>lei pouveras piroxiladas, principalament destinadas ais <a href="/wiki/Fusiu_de_ca%C3%A7a" title="Fusiu de caça">armas de caça</a>, son generalament fabricadas a partir de la gelificacion d'una basa de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> e l'apondon de <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Quimia_inorganica" title="Quimia inorganica">inorganics</a> solubles dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> que permèton d'obtenir una pouvera pulverulenta. Son relativament pròchas dei pouveras de basa simpla.</li></ul> <p>Lei pouveras modèrnas son totjorn inspiradas per aqueu modèl. Aparegudas au començament dau sègle XX, s'impausèron après la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a>. Son generalament dichas « pouveras IMR » en causa de l'apellacion comerciala <i>Improved Military Rifle</i> qu'es utilizada per la companhiá <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DuPont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DuPont (la pagina existís pas)">DuPont</a>. Totjorn a basa de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a>, contènon de produchs permetent de mestrejar mai la <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2,4-dinitrotolu%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,4-dinitrotoluèn (la pagina existís pas)">dinitrotoluèn</a>) e de dissipar lei cargas electrostaticas (<a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_pouveras_compositas">Lei pouveras compositas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei pouveras compositas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei pouveras compositas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei pouveras compositas son un ensemble de substàncias explosivas adaptadas per d'usatges dins de condicions de <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">pression</a> particularas coma, per exemple, lo foratge <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petrolier</a>. D'efiech, a de prefondors importantas, es impossibla d'utilizar de pouveras classicas car lo ponch de fusion de la <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> se situa entre 160 e 180 °C. Per faciar aquela dificultat, foguèron donc desvolopadas de composicions especialas contenent un combustible e un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comburant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comburant (la pagina existís pas)">comburant</a> (generalament un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_perclorat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion perclorat (la pagina existís pas)">ion perclorat</a>) susceptiblas de resistir a de temperaturas de l'òrdre de 300 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietats_fisicoquimicas">Proprietats fisicoquimicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Proprietats fisicoquimicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Proprietats fisicoquimicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalitats">Generalitats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Generalitats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Generalitats"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pouvera es una substància <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosiva</a> capabla de produrre de quantitats importantas de <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>. Lei reaccions <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimicas</a> implicadas dins aqueu procès son fòrça variadas. Pasmens, se pòdon presentar lei reaccions de combustion complèta per : </p> <ul><li>la pouvera medievala a basa de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> :</li></ul> <center>10 KNO<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4 S(s) + 2 C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O(s) → 5 K<sub>2</sub>O(s) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + 4 SO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 12 CO(s) + 2 CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 5 N<sub>2</sub>(g)</center> <ul><li>la <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> :</li></ul> <center>2 C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>11</sub>(s) + 9/2 O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 12 CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 3 N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 7 H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</center> <ul><li>la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a> :</li></ul> <center>2 C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>(l) → 6 CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 3 N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 5 H<sub>2</sub>O(g) + 12 O<sub>2</sub>(g)</center> <p>Aquelei <a href="/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica">reaccions</a> permèton d'observar lo fenomèn de produccion de particulas solidas caracteristic dei pouveras ancianas. </p><p>Au nivèu quimic, la combustion de la pouvera es una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deflagracion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deflagracion (la pagina existís pas)">deflagracion</a>, es a dire que l'onda de <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> avança mens rapidament que lei <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> produchs. Aqueu fenomèn es caracterizat per l'abséncia d'onda de tuert. Pasmens, es possible d'obtenir una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detonacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detonacion (la pagina existís pas)">detonacion</a> se la pouvera es plaçada dins un endrech confinat. La <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de la reaccion es generalament situada entre 2 000 e 3 000 K<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pus febla que per mai d'un explosiu modèrne (<a href="/wiki/TNT" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT">TNT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroglicerina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroglicerina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroglicerina</a>...), permet de limitar lo risc de cremadura per l'utilizaire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balistica_interiora">Balistica interiora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Balistica interiora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Balistica interiora"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balistica_interiora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balistica interiora (la pagina existís pas)">Balistica interiora</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balistica_interiora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balistica interiora (la pagina existís pas)">balistica interiora</a> es la disciplina qu'estudia lo movement d'un objècte propulsat per una carga de pouvera. Apareguda dins lo corrent dau sègle XVIII, es basada sus tres <a href="/wiki/Equacion" title="Equacion">equacions</a> fondamentalas que son : </p> <ul><li>l'equacion d'inercia que depinta la mesa en movement dau projectil per l'accion dei gas sus son culòt maugrat la resisténcia dei fòrças de fretament dau <a href="/wiki/Canon" title="Canon">canon</a>.</li> <li>l'equacion d'energia que permet d'establir un liame entre l'energia eissida de la combustion de la pouvera, l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_potenciala" title="Energia potenciala">energia potenciala</a> dei gas e l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_cinetica" title="Energia cinetica">energia cinetica</a> dau projectil.</li> <li>l'equacion de combustion dei gas que permet d'establir un liame entre la quantitat de gas produchs, lei caracteristicas de la carga de pouvera (<a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometria</a>, compacitat...) e la <a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">pression</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procès_de_fabricacion"><span id="Proc.C3.A8s_de_fabricacion"></span>Procès de fabricacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Procès de fabricacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Procès de fabricacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabricacion_de_pouvera_negra">Fabricacion de pouvera negra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Fabricacion de pouvera negra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fabricacion de pouvera negra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg/220px-Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg/330px-Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg/440px-Hagley_Mill_Equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de mòlas utilizadas durant lo sègle XIX.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei pouveras negras son compausadas de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> de lenha, de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a>. Èran generalament fabricadas dins d'obradors utilizant de trissons ò de mòlas mogut per l'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> d'un riu ò, pus tard, d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_electric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor electric (la pagina existís pas)">motor electric</a>. Leis ingredients èran trissats separadament. Lo <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> èran generalament extrachs dins de <a href="/wiki/Mina" class="mw-disambig" title="Mina">minas</a> e lo carbon de lenha èra produch localament. Segon lei besonhs, la destillacion de la lenha èra realizada a una temperatura compresa entre 300 e 500 °C. </p><p>Après aquelei preliminars, la premiera etapa de fabricacion consistiá en mesclar lo carbon e lo <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a>. L'apondon de <a href="/wiki/Saunitre" title="Saunitre">saunitre</a> èra l'etapa seguenta. Per de rasons de seguretat, èra generalament realizada en preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. Aquela mescla èra esquichada per de mòlas per formar de « galetas » qu'èran dirigidas vèrs una sòrta de bota trelissada. En rotacion, permetiá de rompre lei galetas per formar de grans<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tam%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamís (la pagina existís pas)">tamís</a> lei recuperavan e lo produch finau èra obtengut après una etapa de secatge<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabricacion_de_pouvera_sensa_fumada">Fabricacion de pouvera sensa fumada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Fabricacion de pouvera sensa fumada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fabricacion de pouvera sensa fumada"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La fabricacion de pouvera sensa fumada es generalament un procès necessitant un mestritge important dei <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnicas</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Eng%C3%A8ni_quimic" title="Engèni quimic">engèni quimic</a>. Per exemple, la fabricacion de la pouvera B necessita de fabricar dos tipes de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellul%C3%B2sa" title="Nitrocellulòsa">nitrocellulòsa</a> : </p> <ul><li>un premier (CP1), amb un taus de nitracion important, pauc soluble dins una mescla d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Et%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etèr (la pagina existís pas)">etèr</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%B2l" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcòl">alcòl</a>.</li> <li>un segond (CP2), amb un taus de nitracion mejan, soluble dins aquela mescla.</li></ul> <p>La premiera etapa consistiá en la desidratacion dei dos cotons pouvera (CP) per d'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcòl</a>. Puei, lei dos cotons èra mesclats en preséncia d'una solucion d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Et%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etèr (la pagina existís pas)">etèr</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%B2l" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcòl">alcòl</a> e d'un produch estabilizant. Aquò permetiá d'obtenir una pasta formada per lo CP1 recubèrt per lo CP2. </p><p>Aquela pasta èra tractada amb de pressas idraulicas formar de placas qu'èran retalhadas dins lo sens de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longor (la pagina existís pas)">longor</a>. Lei correjas èran alora eissaurada per eliminar lo <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> avans d'èsser decopadas. Lei tròç èran alora plaçats dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> per eliminar lo rèsta de <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. Puei, èran secats e mesclats per formar lo produch finau qu'avián la forma de rectangle d'una longor de 12 a 30 cm e d'una largor de 2 a 5 cm. L'espessor variava de 0,3 mm per lei pouveras rapidas destinadas ai <a href="/wiki/Fusiu" title="Fusiu">fusiu</a> a 3 cm per lei composicions pus lentas utilizadas per l'<a href="/wiki/Artilhari%C3%A1_navala" title="Artilhariá navala">artilhariá navala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicacions">Aplicacions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Aplicacions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Aplicacions"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pouvera a principalament d'aplicacions dins lo domeni de la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Municion" title="Municion">municions</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">explosius</a> per d'utilizacions <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militaras</a> ò civilas (<a href="/wiki/Ob%C3%BAs" title="Obús">obús</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartocha" title="Cartocha">cartochas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça">caça</a>, explosius miniers...). Es tanben totjorn utilizada per la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Fu%C3%B2c_d%27artifici" title="Fuòc d'artifici">fuòcs d'artifici</a> ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petard (la pagina existís pas)">petards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fu%C3%B2c" title="Arma de fuòc">Arma de fuòc</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu">Explosiu</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polvera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana, <i>Dicod'Òc</i>, cèrca « poudre », consultat lo 22 de novembre de <a href="/wiki/2020" class="mw-redirect" title="2020">2020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303144754/https://www.locongres.org/fr/applications/dicodoc-fr/dicodoc-recherche?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=683&type=fr-oc&q=poudre">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Rival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Rival (la pagina existís pas)">Michel Rival</a>, <i>Grandes Inventions de l'humanité</i>, 2005, Larousse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Patricia Buckley Ebrey, <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Joseph Needham, <i>Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovic_Lalanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovic Lalanne (la pagina existís pas)">Ludovic Lalanne</a>, <i>Recherches sur le feu grégeois et sur l'introduction de la poudre à canon en Europe</i>, J. Corréard, <a href="/wiki/1845" class="mw-redirect" title="1845">1845</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Julian S. Hatcher e Al Barr, <i>Handloading</i>, Hennage Lithograph Company, 1951, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Un problema major dau <a href="/wiki/Fulmicoton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulmicoton">fulmicoton</a> èra sa poissança tròp importanta per leis <a href="/wiki/Arma_(gu%C3%A8rra)" title="Arma (guèrra)">armas</a> dau periòde.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> H. Schűck e R. Sohlman, <i>The Life of Alfred Nobel</i>, William Heinemann Ltd, 1929, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per aquela rason, lei pouveras contenent de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroguanidina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroguanidina (la pagina existís pas)">nitroguanidina</a> son dichas « pouveras frejas ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei « pouveras frejas » produson de gas amb una temperatura inferiora a 2 400 K.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei grans permèton un transpòrt e un estocatge pus aisat qu'una forma pus pulverulenta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dins lei procès pus modèrnes, una etapa suplementari a luòc après la recuperacion dei grans amb l'apondon de <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> que permet de protegir la pouvera còntra l'umiditat e còntra lo risc d'una accumulacion de cargas electrostaticas.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polvera&oldid=2434714">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polvera&oldid=2434714</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Arma" title="Categoria:Arma">Arma</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 13 abril de 2024 a 15.08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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