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href="#Biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operă</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operă-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operă subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matematică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matematică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Matematică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matematică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fizică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Astronomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geodezie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geodezie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Geodezie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geodezie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Friedrich Gauss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 154 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5" title="ጋውስ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋውስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كارل فريدريش غاوس – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل فريدريش غاوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9B" title="কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰিডৰিখ গাউছ – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰিডৰিখ গাউছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fridrix_Qauss" title="Karl Fridrix Qauss – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Fridrix Qauss" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="یوهان فردریک قاوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوهان فردریک قاوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karls_Fr%C4%ABdr%C4%97ks_Gausos" title="Karls Frīdrėks Gausos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karls Frīdrėks Gausos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Карл Фрыдрых Гаус – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Фрыдрых Гаус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81" title="Карл Фрыдрых Гаўс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл Фрыдрых Гаўс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаус – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल फ्रेडरिक गॉस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्ल फ्रेडरिक गॉस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="কার্ল ফ্রিড‌রিশ গাউস – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল ফ্রিড‌রিশ গাউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارڵ فریدریش گاوس – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ فریدریش گاوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A9%DE%8B%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A9%DE%9D%DE%B0_%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކާލް ފްރީދްރީޝް ގައުސް – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާލް ފްރީދްރީޝް ގައުސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Καρλ Φρίντριχ Γκάους – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Φρίντριχ Γκάους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارل فریدریش گاوس – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل فریدریش گاوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussi_Carl_Friedrich" title="Gaussi Carl Friedrich – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gaussi Carl Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="高斯 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="高斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קרל פרידריך גאוס – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל פרידריך גאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल फ्रेडरिक गाउस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल फ्रेडरिक गाउस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Կառլ Գաուս – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ Գաուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="カール・フリードリヒ・ガウス – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・フリードリヒ・ガウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/karl.fridrix.gaus" title="karl.fridrix.gaus – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="karl.fridrix.gaus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ფრიდრიხ გაუსი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ ფრიდრიხ გაუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fridrix_Gauss" title="Karl Fridrix Gauss – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Karl Fridrix Gauss" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೊಹಾನ್ ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಫ್ರೆಡ್ರಿಚ್ ಗಾಸ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೊಹಾನ್ ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಫ್ರೆಡ್ರಿಚ್ ಗಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="카를 프리드리히 가우스 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 프리드리히 가우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Fridericus_Gauss" title="Carolus Fridericus Gauss – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Fridericus Gauss" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Gauss" title="Kārlis Frīdrihs Gauss – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Frīdrihs Gauss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаус – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൾ ഫ്രെഡറിക് ഗോസ്സ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ ഫ്രെഡറിക് ഗോസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल फ्रीदरिश गाउस – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल फ्रीदरिश गाउस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကားလ် ဖရီးဒရစ် ဂေါက် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကားလ် ဖရီးဒရစ် ဂေါက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارل فریدریش گاوس – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل فریدریش گاوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल फ्राइडरिच गस – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्ल फ्राइडरिच गस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarli_Firidiriish_Gaawus" title="Kaarli Firidiriish Gaawus – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarli Firidiriish Gaawus" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਾਰਲ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ ਗੌਸ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਲ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ ਗੌਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="کارل فریڈرک گاؤس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل فریڈرک گاؤس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارل فریدریش ګاوس – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارل فریدریش ګاوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаусс, Карл Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Карл Фрідріх Ґаус – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карл Фрідріх Ґаус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल फ्राइडरिक गास – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्ल फ्राइडरिक गास" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%9Bl_Fridiritc_Guss" title="Kaṛl Fridiritc Guss – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kaṛl Fridiritc Guss" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="කාල් ෆ්‍රෙඩ්රික් ගවුස් – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාල් ෆ්‍රෙඩ්රික් ගවුස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаус – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்ல் பிரீடிரிக் காஸ் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ல் பிரீடிரிக் காஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్ల్ ఫ్రెడెరిక్ గాస్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్ల్ ఫ్రెడెరిక్ గాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์ล ฟรีดริช เกาส์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล ฟรีดริช เกาส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fredrih_Gauss" title="Karl Fredrih Gauss – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Karl Fredrih Gauss" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fridrix_Gauss" title="Karl Fridrix Gauss – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Karl Fridrix Gauss" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B3" title="گائۇس – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گائۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фрідріх Гаусс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Фрідріх Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="کارل فریڈرک گاؤس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارل فریڈرک گاؤس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fridrix_Gauss" title="Karl Fridrix Gauss – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl Fridrix Gauss" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_Karl_Fridrih" title="Gauss Karl Fridrih – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gauss Karl Fridrih" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Карл Фридрих Гаусс" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ფრიდრიხ გაუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ ფრიდრიხ გაუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קארל פרידריך גאוס – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארל פרידריך גאוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="高斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="高斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Carl Friedrich Gauß" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px 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.ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-style ambox-style" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/50px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/75px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/100px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">Deși acest articol conține o listă de referințe bibliografice, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate">sursele</a> sale rămân neclare deoarece îi lipsesc <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor#.E2.80.9ENote.E2.80.9D" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">notele de subsol</a>.<br /> Puteți ajuta introducând <a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Note" title="Ajutor:Note">citări mai precise</a> ale surselor.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Carl Friedrich Gauss</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/220px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/330px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/440px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span><br /><div style="margin-top: 3px"></div><span><i>Carl Friedrich Gauß</i>, pictură de C. A. Jensen</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="de">Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1777-04-30"><a href="/wiki/30_aprilie" title="30 aprilie">30 aprilie</a> <a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a><sup id="cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-c9048697bc3766137c031c4ce71f4317_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c9048697bc3766137c031c4ce71f4317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9b32ff0911a89b03dab0bedbedee345b-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1855-02-23"><a href="/wiki/23_februarie" title="23 februarie">23 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a></time> (77 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83" title="Confederația Germană">Confederația Germană</a><sup id="cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5b39383b980c4385f1794afcf04b21f8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-c2658e111d4e4e21f2eb8afdb7033af5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2658e111d4e4e21f2eb8afdb7033af5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-3ec16f8f2e9d1836e05e226e8d9627da_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3ec16f8f2e9d1836e05e226e8d9627da-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-83b4bbccb96c268bb5271e746056dbed_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83b4bbccb96c268bb5271e746056dbed-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2637231" class="extiw" title="d:Q2637231"><span lang="de">Albani-Friedhof</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Albani-Friedhof</span> (cemetery in Göttingen, Germany)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Părinți</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109240666" class="extiw" title="d:Q109240666"><span lang="en">Gebhard Dietrich Gauss</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Gebhard Dietrich Gauss</span> (3 Feb 1744 - 14 Apr 1808)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-15a9ce51b7f50b2dcbf2a7823d47b1e9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15a9ce51b7f50b2dcbf2a7823d47b1e9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112432187" class="extiw" title="d:Q112432187"><span lang="en">Dorthea Benze</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Dorthea Benze</span> (1743 - 1839)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-15a9ce51b7f50b2dcbf2a7823d47b1e9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15a9ce51b7f50b2dcbf2a7823d47b1e9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P22" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Căsătorit cu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37197676" class="extiw" title="d:Q37197676"><span lang="en">Friederica Wilhelmine Waldeck</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Friederica Wilhelmine Waldeck</span> ((1788-1831))|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37197446" class="extiw" title="d:Q37197446"><span lang="en">Johanna Osthoff</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Johanna Osthoff</span> ((1788-1831))|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P26" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Copii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18911070" class="extiw" title="d:Q18911070"><span lang="en">Eugene Gauss</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Eugene Gauss</span> ((1811-1896))|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20811069" class="extiw" title="d:Q20811069"><span lang="en">Joseph Gauß</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Joseph Gauß</span> ((1806-1873))|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37198651" class="extiw" title="d:Q37198651"><span lang="en">Wilhelmine Gauss</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Wilhelmine Gauss</span> (daughter of Carl Friedrich Gauss)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37199581" class="extiw" title="d:Q37199581"><span lang="en">Therese Gauss</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Therese Gauss</span> (9 Jun 1816 - 11 Feb 1864)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P40" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_Rinului" title="Confederația Rinului">Confederația Rinului</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Hanovra" title="Regatul Hanovra">Regatul Hanovra</a><sup id="cite_ref-2d958af8ca2ec60fcf07e95d00bafdd3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2d958af8ca2ec60fcf07e95d00bafdd3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-10f7db354eeaaeee5e0791b438642cdc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10f7db354eeaaeee5e0791b438642cdc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12094958" class="extiw" title="d:Q12094958">geofizician</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofizician_(person_who_studies_the_Earth%27s_physical_properties_and_the_physical_processes_acting_upon,_above,_and_within_the_Earth)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geofizician (person who studies the Earth's physical properties and the physical processes acting upon, above, and within the Earth) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745071" class="extiw" title="d:Q3745071">scriitor științific</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriitor_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific_(person_who_writes_about_science_and_on_scientific_topics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriitor științific (person who writes about science and on scientific topics) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294126" class="extiw" title="d:Q294126">topograf</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topograf_(profesie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topograf (profesie) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Q1622272">cadru didactic universitar</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadru_didactic_universitar_(persoan%C4%83_care_pred%C4%83_la_o_universitare)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadru didactic universitar (persoană care predă la o universitare) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">limba latină</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a><sup id="cite_ref-7b0f54d5295c51acec426b368149a6a4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b0f54d5295c51acec426b368149a6a4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-8acaf22c0f06126d2fd9bcef6a59822b_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8acaf22c0f06126d2fd9bcef6a59822b-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83" title="Limba franceză">limba franceză</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Rezidență</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Regatul_Hanovra" title="Regatul Hanovra">Regatul Hanovra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P551" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Domeniu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Teoria_numerelor" title="Teoria numerelor">teoria numerelor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algebr%C4%83" title="Algebră">algebră</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Analiza_matematic%C4%83" title="Analiza matematică">analiză matematică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Geometrie_diferen%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Geometrie diferențială">geometrie diferențială</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic%C4%83" title="Electrostatică">electrostatică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică">optică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică">matematică</a><sup id="cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83" title="Mecanică">mecanică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a><sup id="cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">geodezie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizică</a><sup id="cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a><sup id="cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P101" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Instituție</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Georg-August_din_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitatea Georg-August din Göttingen">Universitatea Georg-August din Göttingen</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P108" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Alma Mater</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314466" class="extiw" title="d:Q314466"><span lang="de">Universität Helmstedt</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Universität Helmstedt</span> (university)|]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Georg-August_din_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitatea Georg-August din Göttingen">Universitatea Georg-August din Göttingen</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734324" class="extiw" title="d:Q734324"><span lang="de">Technische Universität Braunschweig</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Technische Universität Braunschweig</span> (university)|]]</span>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Organizații</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societatea Regală din Londra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Academia_Regal%C4%83_Suedez%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Regală Suedeză de Științe">Academia Regală Suedeză de Științe</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414188" class="extiw" title="d:Q414188">Academia de Științe Göttingen</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_G%C3%B6ttingen_(academy_of_sciences_in_G%C3%B6ttingen,_Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Științe Göttingen (academy of sciences in Göttingen, Germany) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4345832" class="extiw" title="d:Q4345832">Academia de Științe din Sankt Petersburg</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_din_Sankt_Petersburg_(historical_academy_(1724%E2%80%931917))&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Științe din Sankt Petersburg (historical academy (1724–1917)) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Academia_Maghiar%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Maghiară de Științe">Academia Maghiară de Științe</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463303" class="extiw" title="d:Q463303">Academia Americană de Arte și Științe</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_American%C4%83_de_Arte_%C8%99i_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_(United_States_honorary_society_and_policy_research_center)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Americană de Arte și Științe (United States honorary society and policy research center) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684415" class="extiw" title="d:Q684415"><span lang="de">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften</span> (academy of sciences)|]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Academia_Rus%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Rusă de Științe">Academia Rusă de Științe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Academia_Regal%C4%83_Prusac%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Regală Prusacă de Științe">Academia de Științe din Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Academia_Regal%C4%83_Neerlandez%C4%83_de_Arte_%C8%99i_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Regală Neerlandeză de Arte și Științe">Academia Regală Neerlandeză de Arte și Științe</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3603946" class="extiw" title="d:Q3603946">Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accademia_Nazionale_delle_Scienze_detta_dei_XL_(Italy%27s_national_academy_of_sciences)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL (Italy's national academy of sciences) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822396" class="extiw" title="d:Q2822396">Academia de Științe din Torino</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_din_Torino_(science_academy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Științe din Torino (science academy) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P463" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Conducător de doctorat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77361" class="extiw" title="d:Q77361"><span lang="de">Johann Friedrich Pfaff</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Johann Friedrich Pfaff</span> (matematician german)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-f79997006af430716ccbb888859004a9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f79997006af430716ccbb888859004a9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P184" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Doctoranzi</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a><sup id="cite_ref-e89e398512fb091bfa0f03c954bd0a84_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e89e398512fb091bfa0f03c954bd0a84-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63140" class="extiw" title="d:Q63140"><span lang="en">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</span> (German-Danish astronomer (1780-1850))|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-130a55715cba5ba7ab36b77edc9d30f1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130a55715cba5ba7ab36b77edc9d30f1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_Gerling" title="Christian Ludwig Gerling">Christian Ludwig Gerling</a><sup id="cite_ref-7ba7d234563bd9cd477ec85d23ad0bd3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7ba7d234563bd9cd477ec85d23ad0bd3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Johann_Benedict_Listing" title="Johann Benedict Listing">Johann Benedict Listing</a><sup id="cite_ref-d91f0ca315a00467e849f8ef518c095b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d91f0ca315a00467e849f8ef518c095b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77502" class="extiw" title="d:Q77502"><span lang="de">Karl von Staudt</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Karl von Staudt</span> (German geometer (1798-1867))|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-61e60328fedb45b7cfa8672d8cb7d990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61e60328fedb45b7cfa8672d8cb7d990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1947994" class="extiw" title="d:Q1947994"><span lang="de">Moritz Ludwig Georg Wichmann</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Moritz Ludwig Georg Wichmann</span> (astronom german)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-e95d468cdc9d38b08fe01163a45a2769_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e95d468cdc9d38b08fe01163a45a2769-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Germain" title="Sophie Germain">Sophie Germain</a><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77510" class="extiw" title="d:Q77510"><span lang="de">Moritz Stern</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Moritz Stern</span> (matematician german)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P185" class="extiw" title="d:Q6722">...<i>încă 4</i></a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P185" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cunoscut pentru</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069090" class="extiw" title="d:Q1069090"><span lang="en">Gauss–Seidel method</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Gauss–Seidel method</span> (iterative method used to solve a linear system of equations)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173356" class="extiw" title="d:Q173356">teorema lui Gauss</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_lui_Gauss_(foundational_law_of_electromagnetism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema lui Gauss (foundational law of electromagnetism) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195250" class="extiw" title="d:Q1195250"><span lang="en">Gauss's law for magnetism</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Gauss's law for magnetism</span> (foundational law of classical magnetism)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3180597" class="extiw" title="d:Q3180597"><span lang="en">Gauss's law for gravity</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Gauss's law for gravity</span> (restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177493" class="extiw" title="d:Q177493"><span lang="en">gauss</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">gauss</span> (cgs unit of magnetic flux density (0.1 millitesla))|]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Distribu%C8%9Bia_Gauss" title="Distribuția Gauss">Distribuția Gauss</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P800" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15056034" class="extiw" title="d:Q15056034">Ordinul pentru Merit în domeniul Științei și Artelor</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinul_pentru_Merit_%C3%AEn_domeniul_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bei_%C8%99i_Artelor_(civil_class_of_the_order)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinul pentru Merit în domeniul Științei și Artelor (civil class of the order) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15631401" class="extiw" title="d:Q15631401">Membru al Societății Regale</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membru_al_Societ%C4%83%C8%9Bii_Regale_(elected_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_in_London,_including_Honorary,_Foreign_and_Royal_Fellows)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membru al Societății Regale (elected Fellow of the Royal Society in London, including Honorary, Foreign and Royal Fellows) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Medalia_Copley" title="Medalia Copley">Medalia Copley</a><small> (<time datetime="1838">1838</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q565030" class="extiw" title="d:Q565030">Ordinul bavarez Maximilian pentru științe și arte</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinul_bavarez_Maximilian_pentru_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be_%C8%99i_arte_(Bavarian_civil_order)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinul bavarez Maximilian pentru științe și arte (Bavarian civil order) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><small> (<time datetime="1853">1853</time>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Premiul_Lalande" title="Premiul Lalande">Premiul Lalande</a><small> (<time datetime="1809">1809</time>)</small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52382875" class="extiw" title="d:Q52382875">Membru al Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membru_al_Academiei_Americane_de_Arte_%C8%99i_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_(honorary_fellowship_from_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membru al Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe (honorary fellowship from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a><small> ()</small>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Semnătură</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg/150px-Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg/225px-Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg/300px-Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6722" class="extiw" title="d:Q6722">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Om_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Karl Friedrich Gauß</b> (transcris în mod tradițional <b>Gauss</b>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latinizat</a> <i>Carolo Friderico Gauss</i>; n. <time datetime="1777-04-30"><a href="/wiki/30_aprilie" title="30 aprilie">30 aprilie</a> <a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a> – d. <time datetime="1855-02-23"><a href="/wiki/23_februarie" title="23 februarie">23 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83" title="Confederația Germană">Confederația Germană</a>) a fost un <a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a> și <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a> <a href="/wiki/German" class="mw-redirect" title="German">german</a>, celebru pentru lucrările despre <a href="/wiki/Integral%C4%83" title="Integrală">integralele</a> multiple, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_CGS" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul CGS">sistemul de unități care îi poartă numele</a>. </p><p>Este considerat unul dintre cei mai mari <a href="/wiki/Om_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Om de știință">oameni de știință</a> <a href="/wiki/Germani" title="Germani">germani</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La vârsta de 7 ani a început școala primară și a fost remarcat foarte repede de Büttner și Martin Bartels, aceștia continuând să îi fie profesori și în gimnaziu. La 10 ani, deja cunoștea probleme de analiză superioară, precum și limbile clasice (<a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Latină">latină</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greac%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Greacă">greacă</a>) și cele moderne (<a href="/wiki/Englez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Engleză">engleză</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Franceză">franceză</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiană">italiană</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniol%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniolă">spaniolă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rus%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusă">rusă</a>). </p><p>După ce a primit o aprobare de la ducele de Braunschweig<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16584850">.mw-parser-output .citationNeeded{background-color:#ffeaea;color:#444444}</style>, Gauss a intrat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colegium_Carolinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colegium Carolinum — pagină inexistentă">Colegium Carolinum</a> în 1792, unde a redescoperit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Bode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Bode — pagină inexistentă">legea lui Bode</a>, teorema binomială și teorema <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_prim" title="Număr prim">numerelor prime</a> și îi studiază aprofundat pe <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euler" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler">Euler</a> și <a href="/wiki/Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrange">Lagrange</a>. </p><p>În 1795 Gauss a părăsit orașul <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> pentru a studia la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Georg-August_din_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitatea Georg-August din Göttingen">Universitatea Göttingen</a>. Profesorul lui Gauss a fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Gotthelf_K%C3%A4stner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Gotthelf Kästner — pagină inexistentă">Abraham Gotthelf Kästner</a>, pe care Gauss l-a provocat de multe ori. Acolo l-a cunoscut în 1799 pe <a href="/wiki/Farkas_Bolyai" title="Farkas Bolyai">Farkas Bolyai</a>, cu care a întreținut o intensă corespondență. </p><p>În 1798 a plecat din <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> fără diplomă, iar în 1799 s-a reîntors în oraș. În acest timp a făcut una dintre cele mai importante descoperiri ale lui, și anume: construcția unui <a href="/wiki/Poligon" title="Poligon">poligon</a> cu 17 laturi <a href="/wiki/Construc%C8%9Bii_geometrice_cu_rigla_%C8%99i_compasul" title="Construcții geometrice cu rigla și compasul">folosind numai rigla și compasul</a>. Acesta era considerat cel mai mare avans în acest domeniu, de la matematicienii <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Greciei antice</a>. </p><p>Ducele de Braunschweig a fost de acord ca Gauss să își continue munca, dar a pus condiția ca acesta să susțină o lucrare de doctorat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Helmstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Helmstedt — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Helmstedt</a>, unde în 1799 obține doctoratul în matematică. Îndrumătorul lui Gauss a fost ales <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Friedrich_Pfaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Friedrich Pfaff — pagină inexistentă">Johann Friedrich Pfaff</a>, la rândul lui, fost elev al lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Gotthelf_K%C3%A4stner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Gotthelf Kästner — pagină inexistentă">Kästner</a>. </p><p>În 1800 devine director al Observatorului Astronomic din <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>. În 1801 publică <i>Disquisitiones Arithmeticae</i>, iar în iunie 1801, astronomul austriac <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Zach" title="Franz Xaver von Zach">Zach</a>, pe care Gauss îl cunoscuse cu doi sau trei ani în urmă, publică poziția orbitală a lui <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a>, o nouă „planetă mică”. Acest <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> fusese descoperit anterior de <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi" title="Giuseppe Piazzi">Piazzi</a>, un astronom italian, pe 1 ianuarie 1801, dar care nu a putut fi observat temeinic. Zach a publicat mai multe predicții, incluzând una a lui Gauss care diferea mult de celelalte. Când <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a> a fost redescoperită de Zach pe 7 decembrie 1801, se află aproape exact unde prevăzuse Gauss. </p><p>În iunie 1802 Gauss îl vizitează pe <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Olbers" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers">Olbers</a> care descoperise asteroidul <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a> în luna martie a aceluiași an și căruia Gauss îi cerceta orbita. Olbers a cerut ca Gauss să devină director al viitorului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observatorul_din_G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatorul din Göttingen — pagină inexistentă">Observator din Göttingen</a>, dar nu a avut succes. Gauss începe să corespondeze cu <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Bessel</a>, pe care nu îl întâlnește până în <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>. </p><p>Pe 9 octombrie 1805 Gauss se căsătorește cu Johanna Ostoff. Binefăcătorul sau, Ducele de Braunschweig, a fost ucis luptând în armata prusacă, iar în 1807 Gauss părăsește Braunschweigul pentru a ocupa postul cerut anterior de Olebers, acela de director al Observatorului din Göttingen. </p><p>Anii 1808-1809 au fost grei pentru Gauss, fiind lovit de trei decese consecutive. În 1808 a murit tatăl său, pentru ca apoi să moară și soția sa Johanna, la nașterea celui de-al doilea copil, care de altfel și-a pierdut și el viața, la puțin timp după mamă. Gauss se însoară pentru a doua oară anul următor cu Minna, prietena cea mai buna a Johannei, cu care a avut trei copii. </p><p>Munca nu a fost foarte afectată de viața personală. El își publică cea de-a doua lucrare <i>Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis Solem ambientium</i>, în 1809, un tratat major de două volume despre mișcarea corpurilor cerești. </p><p>O mare parte din timp Gauss și-a petrecut-o la noul observator, terminat în 1816. Publicațiile sale din această perioadă includ <i>Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam</i>, o tratare riguroasă seriilor, <i>Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi</i>, un eseu practic pentru aproximarea integralelor, <i>Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen</i>, o discuție despre estimatorii statistici și <i>Theoria attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum methodus nova tractata</i>, operă inspirată de metodele geodeziei. În 1818 i se cere un studiu geodezic al ținutului <a href="/wiki/Hanovra" title="Hanovra">Hanovrei</a>, studiu pe care Gauss îl acceptă. Datorită acestui studiu, măsurătorile fiind efectuate de Gauss, inventează <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliotrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliotrop — pagină inexistentă">heliotropul</a> care funcționa reflectând razele solare utilizând un ansamblu de oglinzi și un mic telescop. </p><p>După 1820 Gauss devine din ce în ce mai interesat de <a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">geodezie</a>, astfel încât în 1822 câștigă <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Copenhaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Universității din Copenhaga — pagină inexistentă">Premiul Universității din Copenhaga</a>, pentru studiul asupra problemelor geodeziei. De asemenea este interesat de geometria diferențială și publică <i>Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curva</i>, opera sa cea mai cunoscută în acest domeniu. </p><p>Anii 1817-1832 aveau să fie din nou triști pentru Gauss, pentru că, în 1839, moare mama sa, iar el se ceartă cu soția sa din cauza unui post oferit lui Gauss în <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Lui Gauss însă nu i-a plăcut niciodată să se mute și a decis să rămână în <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, fiind în mai multe rânduri decan al facultății din acel oraș. În 1831 cea de-a doua soție a lui Gauss a murit dupa o boală îndelungată. </p><p>În 1832 el și <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> au început să studieze teoria magnetismului terestru, iar până în 1840 scrie trei articole importante despre acest subiect: <i>Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata</i> (1832), <i>Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus</i> (1839) și <i>Allgemeine Lehrsätze in Beziehung auf die im verkehrten Verhältnisse des Quadrats der Entfernung wirkenden Anziehungs- und Abstossungskräfte</i> (1840). În 1837 Weber a fost forțat să părăsească <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, dar până atunci cei doi au reușit numeroase descoperiri printre care : legile lui <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a>, un telegraf primitiv, ș.a. </p><p>Unul dintre studenții săi valoroși a fost viitorul matematician <a href="/wiki/August_Ferdinand_M%C3%B6bius" title="August Ferdinand Möbius">August Ferdinand Möbius</a>. </p><p>Din 1850, munca lui Gauss a fost aproape în întregime de natură, iar ultimul său schimb de idei cunoscut a fost cu <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_Gerling" title="Christian Ludwig Gerling">Gerling</a>. A fost de asemenea în stare să ia parte la deschiderea liniei ferate care lega <a href="/wiki/Hanovra" title="Hanovra">Hanovra</a> și <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, dar aceasta s-a dovedit a fi și ultima sa ieșire în public. Sănătatea sa s-a deteriorat încet iar Gauss a murit în somn în dimineața zilei de 23 februarie 1855. </p><p>Gauss a fost membru al Societății de Științe (1825) și al <a href="/wiki/Academia_Francez%C4%83_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be" title="Academia Franceză de Științe">Academiei de Științe din Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operă"><span id="Oper.C4.83"></span>Operă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Operă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Operă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scrierile lui Gauss (404 la număr, doar 178 publicate) sunt destinate mai multor domenii, de la discipline ale <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică">matematicii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizicii</a> și până la <a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">geodezie</a>, sau <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>. A fost în general un solitar, lucru deprins din copilărie, reținându-și mare parte din gânduri, temându-se pentru reputația sa, astfel neîmpărtășindu-și ideile comunității științifice decât atunci când era foarte sigur de demonstrația lui. Se apleca asupra unor domenii restrânse, față de restul adoptând o atitudine <i>rece, ca de gheață</i> (așa cum îi arăta <a href="/wiki/Humboldt" class="mw-disambig" title="Humboldt">Humboldt</a> lui Schumacher, într-o scrisoare din 18 octombrie 1828). Nu îi plăceau disputele, nici formalitățile, iar dacă ar fi dorit, ar fi putut fi un excelent profesor iar ideile sale prezente în notițe, însemnări, ar fi grăbit dezvoltarea matematicii. Un conservator și un naționalist, Gauss, își admira înaintașii, așa numiții cercetători-aristocrați, cei care fără griji materiale, se puteau dedica științei având având asigurată securitatea financiară. Geniul său se oprea însă la granița științei, preferând lectura ușoară, fără autori la modă în vremea sa Goethe, Schiller, sau Shakespeare. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a>, unul din studenții săi, l-a caracterizat astfel : </p> <dl><dd><i>„De obicei lua o atitudine confortabilă, privind în jos, puțin încovoiat, cu mâinile încrucișate. Vorbea liber, foarte clar, simplu, dar când voia să accentueze un nou punct de vedere... atunci își ridica capul, se întorcea către unul care ședea alături și se uita la el cu frumoșii și pătrunzătorii săi ochi albaștri în timpul discursului emfatic... Dacă pornea de la explicarea unor principii până la formule matematice, atunci se ridica, și într-o postura dreaptă, maiestuoasă, scria pe o tablă de lângă el cu scrisul său frumos; întotdeauna continua cu economia. Pentru exemplele numerice, pe a căror completare riguroasă el punea mare valoare, el aducea datele necesare pe bilețele.”</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matematică"><span id="Matematic.C4.83"></span>Matematică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Matematică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Matematică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Aritmetika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aritmetika.jpg/150px-Aritmetika.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Aritmetika.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>Disquisitiones Arithmeticae</i>, prima lucrare a lui Gauss</figcaption></figure> <p>Spirit precoce, a debutat de la 10-12 ani prin studiul seriei binomiale. De asemenea, și-a uimit profesorii din școala primară prin găsirea unei metode de calcul a sumei întregilor până la 100 astfel: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, astfel încât e nevoie doar de făcut calculul: 50 × 101 = 5050. </p><p>În liceu<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16584850"> s-a ocupat de teoria <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_complex" title="Număr complex">numerelor complexe</a>, iar în teza sa de doctorat (1795) a introdus reprezentarea geometrică a acestora. </p><p>Între 1834 și 1837, s-a ocupat de resturile pătratice, cu determinarea numărului de clase al formelor pătratice, de numere transcendente. La 17 ani a descoperit <a href="/wiki/Metoda_celor_mai_mici_p%C4%83trate" title="Metoda celor mai mici pătrate">metoda celor mai mici pătrate</a>. </p><p>Opera se axează pe <a href="/wiki/Teoria_numerelor" title="Teoria numerelor">teoria numerelor</a> (fiind considerat creatorul acestui domeniu), <a href="/wiki/Analiz%C4%83_matematic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Analiză matematică">analiză matematică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometrie_diferen%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Geometrie diferențială">geometrie diferențială</a>, sau <a href="/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică">statistică</a>, Gauss publicându-și doar o parte din cercetări, într-un stil spartan, astfel încât erau puțini cititori ai operei sale în acele vremuri. De asemenea, a studiat teoria congruențelor <a href="/wiki/Modulo" title="Modulo">modulo</a>, aproximarea fracțiilor zecimale, a completat tabelul <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_prim" title="Număr prim">numerelor prime</a>. A făcut distincție între congruențele algebrice și cele transcendente și indicat o metodă directă pentru rezolvarea congruențelor binome. </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Teoria_numerelor" title="Teoria numerelor">teoria numerelor</a> a introdus semnul de congruență, de apartenență, cel al <a href="/wiki/Izomorfism" title="Izomorfism">izomorfismului</a>, iar cel mai important, axiomatizarea acestui domeniu, operă desăvârșită de către <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>, cercetările fiind continuate de <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet" title="Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet">Dirichlet</a>. </p><p>În 1825 a redactat prima demonstrație completă și riguroasă a celebrei <i>Theorema aureum</i>, adică legea reciprocității resturilor pătratice, ulterior cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lema_lui_Gauss_(teoria_numerelor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lema lui Gauss (teoria numerelor) — pagină inexistentă">lema lui Gauss</a>. Aceasta este legată de teorema congruențelor și fusese remarcată de <a href="/wiki/Euler" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler">Euler</a> încă din 1772. </p><p>Referitor la <a href="/wiki/Algebr%C4%83" title="Algebră">algebra</a>, în teza sa de doctorat a demonstrat <a href="/wiki/Teorema_fundamental%C4%83_a_algebrei" title="Teorema fundamentală a algebrei">teorema fundamentală a algebrei</a> (1799), enunțată încă din 1629 de <a href="/wiki/Albert_Girard" title="Albert Girard">Albert Girard</a> și demonstrată incomplet de <a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Alembert">D'Alembert</a> și <a href="/wiki/Euler" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler">Euler</a>. În 1801 a creat <a href="/wiki/Determinant_(matematic%C4%83)" title="Determinant (matematică)">determinanții</a>, iar în 1812 a introdus <a href="/wiki/Serie_hipergeometric%C4%83_fundamental%C4%83" title="Serie hipergeometrică fundamentală">seria hipergeometrică</a>. </p><p>În teoria <a href="/wiki/Geometrie_diferen%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Geometrie diferențială">geometriei diferențiale</a>, a obținut formulele fundamentale ale suprafețelor, curbura totală și reprezentarea sferică a acestora. În 1813 a studiat suprafețelor omofocale de ordinul al doilea. De asemenea, s-a ocupat de studiul triunghiurilor areolar-raționale, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_Snellius-Pothenot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema Snellius-Pothenot — pagină inexistentă">problema Snellius-Pothenot</a> și de cea a triunghiului care ulterior va fi numit <a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Pompeiu" title="Teorema lui Pompeiu">triunghiul lui Pompeiu</a>. S-a arătat interesat și de existența unei <a href="/wiki/Geometrii_neeuclidiene" title="Geometrii neeuclidiene">geometrii neeuclidiene</a>, discutând lucrul acesta cu <a href="/wiki/Farkas_Bolyai" title="Farkas Bolyai">Farkas Bolyai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_Gerling" title="Christian Ludwig Gerling">Gerling</a> sau Schumacher. Când fiul lui Farkas Bolyai, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bolyai" title="János Bolyai">János</a>, descoperă geometria neeuclidiană în 1829, Gauss îi scrie lui Farkas Bolyai: <i>„A-i lăuda munca ar însemna să mă laud pe mine, deoarece conținutul lucrării... coincide aproape cu meditațiile mele, gânduri care mi-au ocupat mintea în ultimii 35 de ani”</i>. </p><p>Opere importante: </p> <ul><li><i>Disquisitiones Arithmeticae</i>,(1801) o lucrare în șapte secțiuni dedicată teoriei numerelor, în afară de ultima parte, dedicată celebrului său poligon cu 17 laturi;</li> <li><i>Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam</i>, un tratat riguros asupra seriilor, și o introducere a funcțiilor hipergeometrice;</li> <li><i>Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi</i>, un eseu asupra aproximării integralelor;</li> <li><i>Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen</i> (1816), o analiză asupra eficienței estimatorilor statistici</li> <li><i>Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae</i> (1823), lucrare dedicată <a href="/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică">statisticii</a>, în particular ultimei metode de aproximare a pătratelor perfecte;</li> <li><i>Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curva</i> (1828), dedicată geometriei diferențiale, fiind opera sa cea mai cunoscută în acest domeniu;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizică"><span id="Fizic.C4.83"></span>Fizică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fizică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Fizică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În urma obținerii siguranței financiare după 1820, prin mărirea salariului de la Observator, Gauss are timp să se ocupe mai mult de știință. Gauss vedea în fizică o extensie a matematicii, explicând fenomene prin riguroase demonstrații matematice, combinate cu date luate din experimente desfășurate pe teren sau la Observator. Cel care i-a stârnit interesul pentru fizică a fost <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, printr-o invitație la o convenție a oamenilor de știință, la <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> în 1828, de altfel singura convenție la care a participat Gauss în viața lui și unde Gauss l-a întâlnit pe <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a>. Alături de Weber, după sosirea acestuia ca profesor de fizică la <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, studiază magnetismul, studiu încununat cu trei opere valoroase, publicate în 1832, 1839 și 1840. Studiile sale în domeniul fizicii, se diminuează după plecarea forțată a lui Weber din 1838. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG/150px-Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG/225px-Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG/300px-Goe.Gauss.Weber.Denkmal.Wall.B%C3%BCrgerstr.01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Gauss și Weber, monument din Göttingen</figcaption></figure> <p>Scrieri în domeniul fizicii : </p> <ul><li><i>Uber ein neues allgemeines Grundgesiz der Mechanik</i> (1829), un studiu de mecanică, în care Gauss își prezintă principiul constrângerii minime;</li> <li><i>Principia generalia theoriae figurae fluidorum in statu aequilibrii</i> (1829), un studiu al forțelor de atracție;</li> <li><i>Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata</i> (1832), prezentare a unor metode de calcul al <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2mpul_magnetic_terestru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Câmpul magnetic terestru — pagină inexistentă">câmpului magnetic terestru</a>;</li> <li><i>Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen</i> (1834), o descriere a unui sistem telegrafic, conceput împreună cu Weber.</li> <li><i>Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus</i> (1839), cea mai importantă operă a sa în domeniul fizicii, prezentând teoria potețialului oricărui punct de pe glob;</li> <li><i>Allgemeine Lehrsätze in Beziehung auf die im verkehrten Verhältnisse des Quadrats der Entfernung wirkenden Anziehungs- und Abstossungskräfte</i> (1840), o fundamentare matematică a operei din 1839;</li> <li><i>Dioptrische Untersuchungen </i> (1841), un studiu în domeniul opticii</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:GAUSS_JPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GAUSS_JPG.jpg/150px-GAUSS_JPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/GAUSS_JPG.jpg/225px-GAUSS_JPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/GAUSS_JPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><i>Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis Solem ambientium</i>, principala lucrare a lui Gauss în <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomie">Astronomie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Astronomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Astronomie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interesul lui Gauss față de <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a> a început încă din vremea studenției, iar în <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>, acceptă postul de director al Observatorului din <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, precum și de lector la catedra de Astronomie a <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitatea din Göttingen">Universității din Göttingen</a>. O mare parte din timp Gauss și-o va petrece noul Observator, terminat în 1816. Gauss își câștigă respectul comunității științifice prin estimarea corectă, folosind metoda de aproximare a celor mai mici pătrate, metodă nedezvăluită atunci, a orbitei asteroidului <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">1 Ceres</a>. Deși contribuția în domeniul astronomiei teoretice se oprește după 1817, Gauss continuă să facă observații până la vârsta de 70 de ani. Opere importante: </p> <ul><li><i>Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis Solem ambientium</i>, (1809) este un tratat major în două volume despre mișcarea corpurilor cerești. În primul volum discută despre ecuațiile diferențiale, secțiuni conice și orbite eliptice, în timp ce în al doilea volum, partea principală a operei, arată cum se poate estima și apoi îmbunătăți calculul orbitei unei planete.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geodezie"><a href="/wiki/Geodezie" title="Geodezie">Geodezie</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geodezie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Geodezie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gauss își începe studiile serioase ale geodezie din 1817, deși încă din 1799 publicase un studiu într-o publicație <i>Allegmeine geographische Ephemeriden</i>. Studiul său asupra regiunii Hanovrei a fost aprobat în 1820 deși, din 1818 Gauss începuse studiul pe teren. Ca urmare a acestui studiu, inventează <i>heliotropul</i>, un dispozitiv care reflecta razele soarelui după o anumită direcție, măsurabilă. Lucrul pe teren la acest studiu, i-a fost inspirație pentru numeroase scrieri din geometrie, fizică și statistică. </p><p>Opere inspirate de studiile geodezice: </p> <ul><li><i>Theoria attrationis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum methodus nova tractata</i> (1822) o teorie a potențialului, operă cu care Gauss câștigă Premiul Universității din Copenhaga;</li> <li><i>Untersuchungen über Gegenständ der höhern Geodäsie</i> studiu care a stat la baza proiecției Gauss-Krueger.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0bac42e58080e2442139ff0f9ca58003_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autority.nkp.cz/"><i><span lang="en">Czech National Authority Database</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2022-11-07">7 noiembrie 2022</time></span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22it%22%3Ewww.accademiadellescienze.it%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accademiadellescienze.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f79997006af430716ccbb888859004a9-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f79997006af430716ccbb888859004a9_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=18231"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2016-08-08">8 august 2016</time></span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu%2Fid.php%3Fid%3D18232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130a55715cba5ba7ab36b77edc9d30f1-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130a55715cba5ba7ab36b77edc9d30f1_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=234374"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-08-09">9 august 2018</time></span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu%2Fid.php%3Fid%3D151876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e95d468cdc9d38b08fe01163a45a2769-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e95d468cdc9d38b08fe01163a45a2769_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=166471"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-09-18">18 septembrie 2018</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu%2Fid.php%3Fid%3D166471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathgenealogy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true"><i>Award winners : Copley Medal</i></a> (în engleză), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societatea Regală din Londra</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-12-30">30 decembrie 2018</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Award+winners+%3A+Copley+Medal&rft.pub=Societatea+Regal%C4%83+din+Londra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4%2Fpubhtml%3Fgid%3D1336391689%26single%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-08-22">22 august 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-61072034a4cbd15e407cb556fd83bf35_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/"><i>Karl Friedrich Gauss</i></a>, Find a Grave<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Friedrich+Gauss&rft.pub=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-9af42a5312fe1223095d8f31e9c468df_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rkd.nl/en/explore/artists"><i>Carl Friedrich Gauss</i></a>, <span lang="nl">RKDartists</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Friedrich+Gauss&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22nl%22%3ERKDartists%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rkd.nl%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fartists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ae4f6f9bd6160df0f01160fbe9cfb00d_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Deutsche+Biographie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-5861849352b1fe4b442138511d66d720_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proleksis.lzmk.hr"><i>Carl Friedrich Gauss</i></a>, <span lang="hr">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija</span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22it%22%3Ewww.accademiadellescienze.it%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accademiadellescienze.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c9048697bc3766137c031c4ce71f4317-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c9048697bc3766137c031c4ce71f4317_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i>Гаусс Карл Фридрих</i>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17378135" class="extiw" title="d:Q17378135">Marea Enciclopedie Sovietică (1969–1978)</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Marea_Enciclopedie_Sovietic%C4%83_(1969%E2%80%931978)_(edi%C8%9Bia_a_3-a_a_Enciclopediei_universale_Sovietice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marea Enciclopedie Sovietică (1969–1978) (ediția a 3-a a 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inexistentă"></a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Simmons, John: <i>100 cei mai mari savanți ai lumii</i> (traducere din engleză) Editura Lider, 2008, ISBN 6070</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBühler1987" class="citation book">Bühler, Walter Kaufmann (<time datetime="1987">1987</time>). <i>Gauss: A Biographical Study</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-387-10662-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-387-10662-5">978-0-387-10662-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauss%3A+A+Biographical+Study&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-387-10662-5&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Walter+Kaufmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dunnington, G. Waldo. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-88385-547-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-88385-547-8">978-0-88385-547-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53933110">53933110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Friedrich+Gauss%3A+Titan+of+Science&rft.pub=The+Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53933110&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-547-8&rft.aulast=Dunnington&rft.aufirst=G.+Waldo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gauss, Carl Friedrich (<time datetime="1965">1965</time>). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disquisitiones_Arithmeticae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disquisitiones Arithmeticae — pagină inexistentă">Disquisitiones Arithmeticae</a></i>. tr. Arthur A. Clarke. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-300-09473-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-300-09473-2">978-0-300-09473-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disquisitiones+Arithmeticae&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09473-2&rft.aulast=Gauss&rft.aufirst=Carl+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hall, Tord (<time datetime="1970">1970</time>). <i>Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-262-08040-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-262-08040-8">978-0-262-08040-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185662235">185662235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Friedrich+Gauss%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185662235&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08040-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Tord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kehlmann, Daniel (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measuring_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Measuring the World — pagină inexistentă">Die Vermessung der Welt</a></i>. Rowohlt. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-498-03528-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-498-03528-0">978-3-498-03528-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/144590801">144590801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Vermessung+der+Welt&rft.pub=Rowohlt&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144590801&rft.isbn=978-3-498-03528-0&rft.aulast=Kehlmann&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Sartorius_von_Waltershausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen — pagină inexistentă">Sartorius von Waltershausen, Wolfgang</a> (<time datetime="1856">1856</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog"><i>Gauss: A Memorial</i></a>. S. Hirzel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauss%3A+A+Memorial&rft.pub=S.+Hirzel&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Sartorius+von+Waltershausen&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgauss00waltgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Simmons, J. (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>The Giant Book of Scientists: The 100 Greatest Minds of All Time</i>. Sydney: The Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Book+of+Scientists%3A+The+100+Greatest+Minds+of+All+Time&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=The+Book+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tent, Margaret (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss</i>. A.K. Peters. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-56881-455-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-56881-455-1">978-1-56881-455-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+of+Mathematics%3A+Carl+Friedrich+Gauss&rft.pub=A.K.+Peters&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-455-1&rft.aulast=Tent&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>T. Borec, <i>Bună ziua, domnule Ampère!</i>, Editura Albatros, (Colecția Cristal), 1986, p 97-102</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Gauss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F?uselang=ro">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/ca-la-douazeci-de-ani-plus-1-3059423/">Ca la douăzeci de ani... Plus 1</a>, 23 noiembrie 2007, Marc Ulieriu, <i>Ziarul de Duminică</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Gauss,+Karl+Friedrich">Lucrări de Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> la <a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Gutenberg" title="Proiectul Gutenberg">Proiectul Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gauss%2C%20C%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Friedrich%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauss%2C%20C%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauss%2C%20C%2E%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Gauss%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Gauss%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20F%2E%20Gauss%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%20F%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Gauss%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gauss%2C%20Carl%22%29%20OR%20%28%221777-1855%22%20AND%20Gauss%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Opere de sau despre Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> la <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=18231">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/volumes/id/PPN235957348">Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke</a> – 12 vols., published from 1863–1933</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gausschildren.org">Gauss and his children</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/GaussBio.htm">Gauss biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/06/carl-friedrich-gauss.html">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> – Biography at Fermat's Last Theorem Blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/gauss.html">Gauss: mathematician of the millennium</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber — pagină inexistentă">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gauss00waltgoog">English translation of Waltershausen's 1862 biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040728015519/http://gauss.info/">Gauss</a> general website on Gauss</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0016//0000080.000.html">MNRAS <b>16</b> (1856) 80</a> Obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm">Carl Friedrich Gauss on the 10 Deutsche Mark banknote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-12-13">13 decembrie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician) — pagină inexistentă">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Robertson — pagină inexistentă">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss.html">„Carl Friedrich Gauss”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Friedrich+Gauss&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGauss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss0lf">"Carl Friedrich Gauss"</a> in the series <i>A Brief History of Mathematics</i> on BBC 4</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Grimes, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411122756/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/one_to_million.html">„5050 And a Gauss Trick”</a>. <i>Numberphile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numberphile.com/videos/one_to_million.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-04-11">11 aprilie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Numberphile&rft.atitle=5050+And+a+Gauss+Trick&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numberphile.com%2Fvideos%2Fone_to_million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Friedrich+Gauss" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/62596.html">Carl Friedrich Gauß</a> at the Göttingen University</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1801-1850" title="Format:Copley 1801-1850"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Copley_1801-1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Copley 1801-1850 — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Copley_1801-1850&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Laureați ai <a href="/wiki/Medalia_Copley" title="Medalia Copley">Medaliei Copley</a> între anii <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a> și <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astley_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astley Cooper — pagină inexistentă">Astley Cooper</a> (1801) • <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix" title="Richard Chenevix">Richard Chenevix</a> (1803) • <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1804) • <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1805) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Andrew_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Andrew Knight — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Andrew Knight</a> (1806) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Everard_Home&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Everard Home — pagină inexistentă">Everard Home</a> (1807) • <a href="/wiki/William_Henry" title="William Henry">William Henry</a> (1808) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Troughton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Troughton — pagină inexistentă">Edward Troughton</a> (1809) • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Collins_Brodie_(chirurg)" title="Benjamin Collins Brodie (chirurg)">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1811) • <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a> (1813) • <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> (1814) • <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> (1815) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Kater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Kater — pagină inexistentă">Henry Kater</a> (1817) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Seppings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Seppings — pagină inexistentă">Robert Seppings</a> (1818) • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1820) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Sabine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Sabine — pagină inexistentă">Edward Sabine</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1821) • <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> (1822) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pond — pagină inexistentă">John Pond</a> (1823) • <a href="/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronom)" title="John Brinkley (astronom)">John Brinkley</a> (1824) • <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow" title="Peter Barlow">Peter Barlow</a> (1825) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James South — pagină inexistentă">James South</a> (1826) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Prout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Prout — pagină inexistentă">William Prout</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Foster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Foster — pagină inexistentă">Henry Foster</a> (1827) • <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1831) • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> (1832) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana — pagină inexistentă">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a> (1834) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Snow_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Snow Harris — pagină inexistentă">William Snow Harris</a> (1835) • <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Kiernan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Kiernan — pagină inexistentă">Francis Kiernan</a> (1836) • <a href="/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> (1837) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1838) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist)" title="Robert Brown (botanist)">Robert Brown</a> (1839) • <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm — pagină inexistentă">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> (1840) • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm" title="Georg Simon Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (1841) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_MacCullagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacCullagh — pagină inexistentă">James MacCullagh</a> (1842) • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1843) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Matteucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Matteucci — pagină inexistentă">Carlo Matteucci</a> (1844) • <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> (1845) • <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> (1846) • <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1847) • <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> (1848) • <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> (1849) • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> (1850)</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1731-1750" title="Format:Copley 1731-1750">1731–1750</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1751-1800" title="Format:Copley 1751-1800">1751–1800</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1801-1850" title="Format:Copley 1801-1850">1801–1850</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1851-1900" title="Format:Copley 1851-1900">1851–1900</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1901-1950" title="Format:Copley 1901-1950">1901–1950</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1951-2000" title="Format:Copley 1951-2000">1951–2000</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_2001-prezent" title="Format:Copley 2001-prezent">2001–prezent</a> 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.navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oameni_de_știință_ale_căror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unități_de_măsură" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Oameni_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Oameni de știință ale căror nume sunt folosite ca unități de măsură — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Oameni_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Oameni de știință ale căror nume sunt folosite ca unități de măsură — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Oameni_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oameni_de_știință_ale_căror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unități_de_măsură" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em">Oameni de știință ale căror nume sunt folosite ca unități de măsură</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unități de bază SI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amper" title="Amper">amper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin — pagină inexistentă">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unități derivate din SI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (grad <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Gray (unitate de măsură)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Henry (unitate de măsură)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newton_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newton (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Pascal (unitate de măsură)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Siemens (unitate de măsură)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert — pagină inexistentă">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Tesla (unitate de măsură)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Weber (unitate de măsură)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sistemul de unități în electromagnetism (<a href="/wiki/CGS" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS">CGS</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" class="mw-redirect" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eotvos_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eotvos (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gal (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">gal</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauss_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauss (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gilbert_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Gilbert (physician) — pagină inexistentă">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Kayser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Kayser — pagină inexistentă">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayser_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayser (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Langley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Langley — pagină inexistentă">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Langley_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langley (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oersted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oersted — pagină inexistentă">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille — pagină inexistentă">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poise_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poise (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet — pagină inexistentă">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stokes_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stokes (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh — pagină inexistentă">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayl_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayl (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_imperiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unități imperiale — pagină inexistentă">Unități imperiale</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_cutumiare_ale_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unități cutumiare ale Statelor Unite ale Americii — pagină inexistentă">unități USA<br /> obișnuite</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (grad <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Picior-lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picior-lambert — pagină inexistentă">picior-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankine_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankine scale — pagină inexistentă">grad Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unități nesistematice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bel (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Curie (unitate de măsură)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)" title="Curie (unitate de măsură)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalton_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalton (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Faraday_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faraday (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Mache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Mache — pagină inexistentă">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mache_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mache (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neper_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neper (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur — pagină inexistentă">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9aumur_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réaumur scale — pagină inexistentă">grad Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roentgen_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roentgen (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomson_(unitate_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomson (unitate de măsură) — pagină inexistentă">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_oameni_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_folosite_ca_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Listă de oameni de știință ale căror nume sunt folosite ca unități">Listă de oameni de știință ale căror nume sunt folosite ca unități</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lista_oamenilor_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_utilizate_%C3%AEn_constantele_fizice" title="Lista oamenilor de știință ale căror nume sunt utilizate în constantele fizice">Oamenii de știință ale căror nume sunt utilizate în constante fizice</a> · <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_oameni_ale_c%C4%83ror_nume_sunt_utilizate_%C3%AEn_denumirile_elementelor_chimice" title="Listă de oameni ale căror nume sunt utilizate în denumirile elementelor chimice">Persoane ale căror nume sunt utilizate în denumirile elementelor chimice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iluminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#222c47; color:white;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Iluminism" title="Format:Iluminism"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Iluminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Iluminism — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Iluminism&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iluminism" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism"><span style="color:white;">Iluminism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_englez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul englez — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Anglia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ashley-Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper — pagină inexistentă">Anthony Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Boswell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Boswell — pagină inexistentă">James Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Collins — pagină inexistentă">Anthony Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Harrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Harrington — pagină inexistentă">James Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo — pagină inexistentă">Lord Monboddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Price&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Price — pagină inexistentă">Richard Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algernon_Sidney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algernon Sidney — pagină inexistentă">Algernon Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Tindal — pagină inexistentă">Matthew Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Trenchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Trenchard — pagină inexistentă">John Trenchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/100px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/150px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/200px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Isaac Newton</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae,_1716_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg/100px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg/150px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg/200px-Dimitrie_Cantemir_-_Portrait_from_Descriptio_Moldaviae%2C_1716_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="3505" /></a><figcaption>Dimitrie Cantemir</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/100px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/150px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg/200px-Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>René Descartes</figcaption></figure> <br /> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pierre_Bayle_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pierre_Bayle_2.png/100px-Pierre_Bayle_2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pierre_Bayle_2.png/150px-Pierre_Bayle_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pierre_Bayle_2.png/200px-Pierre_Bayle_2.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Bayle</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Samuil_Micu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Samuil_Micu.jpg/100px-Samuil_Micu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Samuil_Micu.jpg/150px-Samuil_Micu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Samuil_Micu.jpg/200px-Samuil_Micu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Samuil Micu</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg/100px-Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg/150px-Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg/200px-Encyclopedie_frontispice_section_256px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption><i>L’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers</i>, editată de <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> și <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">D’Alembert</a>.</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg/100px-Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg/150px-Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg/200px-Gheorghe_Sincai_-_Foto01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gheorghe Șincai</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Spinoza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/100px-Spinoza.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/150px-Spinoza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/200px-Spinoza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Baruch Spinoza</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PetruMaior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PetruMaior.jpg/100px-PetruMaior.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PetruMaior.jpg/150px-PetruMaior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PetruMaior.jpg/200px-PetruMaior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Petru Maior</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:John_Locke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/100px-John_Locke.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/150px-John_Locke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_Locke.jpg/200px-John_Locke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>John Locke</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg/100px-Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg/150px-Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg/200px-Anton_Pann_rowiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Anton Pann</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/100px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/150px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/200px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Immanuel Kant</figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cesare_Beccaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/100px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/150px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/200px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cesare Beccaria Bonesana</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_austriac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul austriac — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Austria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_al_II-lea,_%C3%8Emp%C4%83rat_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif al II-lea, Împărat Roman">Iosif al II-lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_al_II-lea,_%C3%8Emp%C4%83rat_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold al II-lea, Împărat Roman">Leopold al II-lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Terezia_a_Austriei" title="Maria Terezia a Austriei">Maria Terezia</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_francez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul francez — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Franța</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Louis_d%27Argenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Louis d'Argenson — pagină inexistentă">René Louis d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Baronul de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Nicolas Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac — pagină inexistentă">Étienne Bonnot de Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet" title="Nicolas de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontennelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Thiry_d%27Holbach" title="Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach">Baronul d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Jaucourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Jaucourt — pagină inexistentă">Louis de Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc — pagină inexistentă">Georges-Louis Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably — pagină inexistentă">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Maréchal — pagină inexistentă">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie — pagină inexistentă">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly — pagină inexistentă">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal — pagină inexistentă">Guillaume Thomas François Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchizul_de_Sade" title="Marchizul de Sade">Marchizul de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enciclopedi%C8%99tii_francezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enciclopediștii francezi — pagină inexistentă">Enciclopediștii francezi</a></i></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_de_la_Geneva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala de la Geneva — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Școala de la Geneva</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_Abauzit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin Abauzit — pagină inexistentă">Firmin Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bonnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bonnet — pagină inexistentă">Charles Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui — pagină inexistentă">Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_de_Lolme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis de Lolme — pagină inexistentă">Jean-Louis de Lolme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Prévost — pagină inexistentă">Pierre Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Jacques_Roustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine-Jacques Roustan — pagină inexistentă">Antoine-Jacques Roustan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure — pagină inexistentă">Horace Bénédict de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Vernes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Vernes — pagină inexistentă">Jacob Vernes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Vernet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Vernet — pagină inexistentă">Jacob Vernet</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_german&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul german — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Germania</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abbt" title="Thomas Abbt">Thomas Abbt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Henning_B%C3%B6hmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Henning Böhmer — pagină inexistentă">Justus Henning Böhmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_al_II-lea_al_Prusiei" title="Frederic al II-lea al Prusiei">Frederic al II-lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Gottlieb_von_Hippel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel — pagină inexistentă">Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg — pagină inexistentă">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuel_von_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuel von Pufendorf — pagină inexistentă">amuel von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Christian Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Wagner — pagină inexistentă">Gabriel Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhard_Weigel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erhard Weigel — pagină inexistentă">Erhard Weigel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Felix_Wei%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Felix Weiße — pagină inexistentă">Christian Felix Weiße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wizenmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wizenmann — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Wizenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff" class="mw-disambig" title="Christian Wolff">Christian Wolff</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_irlandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul irlandez — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Irlanda</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Toland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Toland — pagină inexistentă">John Toland</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_italian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul italian — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Italia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria_Bonesana" title="Cesare Beccaria Bonesana">Cesare Beccaria Bonesana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Filangieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaetano Filangieri — pagină inexistentă">Gaetano Filangieri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinando_Galiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinando Galiani — pagină inexistentă">Ferdinando Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Genovesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Genovesi — pagină inexistentă">Antonio Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Francesco Mario Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Salvemini" title="Giovanni Salvemini">Giovanni Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Verri — pagină inexistentă">Pietro Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Polonia" title="Iluminismul în Polonia"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul în Polonia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Czacki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Czacki — pagină inexistentă">Tadeusz Czacki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Kołłątaj — pagină inexistentă">Hugo Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Konarski — pagină inexistentă">Stanisław Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz — pagină inexistentă">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Ignacy_Potocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Ignacy Potocki — pagină inexistentă">Roman Ignacy Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jan Śniadecki">Jan Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki — pagină inexistentă">Jędrzej Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Stanisław Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Józef Wybicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Stanisław Załuski — pagină inexistentă">Andrzej Stanisław Załuski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Za%C5%82uski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Andrzej Załuski — pagină inexistentă">Józef Andrzej Załuski</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Portugalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Portugalia — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul portughez</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo — pagină inexistentă">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iluminismul în România"><span style="color:white;"> Iluminismul românesc <br /> (sincron și târziu), <br /> varii precursori <br /> și diferite scrieri</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_ardelean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul ardelean — pagină inexistentă">Iluminismul ardelean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_basarabean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul basarabean — pagină inexistentă">Iluminismul basarabean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_bucovinean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul bucovinean — pagină inexistentă">Iluminismul bucovinean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_moldovean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul moldovean — pagină inexistentă">Iluminismul moldovean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_muntean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul muntean — pagină inexistentă">Iluminismul muntean</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Aranka" title="György Aranka">György Aranka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Pavel_Aron" title="Petru Pavel Aron">Petru Pavel Aron</a> (precursor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Benk%C5%91" title="József Benkő">József Benkő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ioan Budai-Deleanu">Ioan Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Callimachi" title="Gavriil Callimachi">Gavriil Callimachi</a> (precursor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Gheuc%C4%83" title="Leon Gheucă">Leon Gheucă</a> (precursor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinicu_Golescu" title="Dinicu Golescu">Dinicu Golescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Georg_Neugeboren" title="Daniel Georg Neugeboren">Daniel Georg Neugeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Petru Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu" title="Samuil Micu">Samuil Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Pann" title="Anton Pann">Anton Pann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naum_R%C3%A2mniceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naum Râmniceanu — pagină inexistentă">Naum Râmniceanu</a> (precursor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chesarie_R%C3%A2mniceanul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chesarie Râmniceanul — pagină inexistentă">Chesarie Râmniceanul</a> (precursor)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_Ardelean%C4%83" title="Școala Ardeleană">Școala Ardeleană</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sturdza" title="Mihail Sturdza">Mihail Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Șincai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ien%C4%83chi%C8%9B%C4%83_V%C4%83c%C4%83rescu" title="Ienăchiță Văcărescu">Ienăchiță Văcărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisie_Velicicovschi" title="Paisie Velicicovschi">Paisie Velicicovschi</a> (precursor)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codul_Callimachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codul Callimachi — pagină inexistentă">Codul Callimachi</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republica_aristo-democraticeasc%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republica aristo-democraticească — pagină inexistentă">Republica aristo-democraticească</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Dimitrie Sturdza</a>, <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobornicescul_Hrisov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobornicescul Hrisov — pagină inexistentă">Sobornicescul Hrisov</a></i> (1785)</li></ul> <p><br /> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Descriptio_Moldaviae" title="Descriptio Moldaviae">Descriptio antiqui et hodierni status Moldaviae</a></i> — <i>Descrierea stării de odinioară și de astăzi a Moldovei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, scrisă între 1714 - 1716)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_moldo-vlachica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia moldo-vlachica — pagină inexistentă">Historia moldo-vlachica</a></i> — <i>Istoria moldo-valahă</i>, operă de erudiție despre originile românilor din <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a>, scrisă între 1714 și 1716, de <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Incrementorum_atque_Decrementorum_Aulae_Othomanicae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Incrementorum atque Decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae — pagină inexistentă">Historia Incrementorum atque Decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae</a></i> — <i>Istoria creșterii și descreșterii Imperiului Otoman</i> - (<a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, scrisă între 1714 - 1716, dar publicată prima dată la <a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a>, 1734 - 1735, în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementa_linguae_daco_romanae_sive_valachicae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementa linguae daco romanae sive valachicae — pagină inexistentă">Elementa linguae daco romanae sive valachicae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu" title="Samuil Micu">Samuil Micu-Klein</a> și <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Gheorghe Șincai</a>, <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_pentru_%C3%AEnceputurile_rom%C3%A2nilor_%C3%AEn_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria pentru începuturile românilor în Dacia — pagină inexistentă">Istoria pentru începuturile românilor în Dacia</a></i> — (<a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Petru Maior</a>, <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapesta" title="Budapesta">Budapesta</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aiganiada" title="Țiganiada">Țiganiada</a></i> sau <i>Tabăra țiganilor</i> (ediție definitivă de <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Byck" title="Jacques Byck">Jacques Byck</a>, 1800-1812, prima epopee în limba română, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ioan Budai-Deleanu">Ioan Budai-Deleanu</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_originibus_populorum_Transylvaniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De originibus populorum Transylvaniae — pagină inexistentă">De originibus populorum Transylvaniae</a></i> — <i>Despre originea popoarelor din Transilvania</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ioan_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ioan Budai-Deleanu">Ioan Budai-Deleanu</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_unione_trium_nationum_Transylvaniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De unione trium nationum Transylvaniae — pagină inexistentă">De unione trium nationum Transylvaniae</a></i> — <i>Despre unirea celor trei neamuri ale Transilvaniei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ioan_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ioan Budai-Deleanu">Ioan Budai-Deleanu</a>)<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> </p> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Rusia — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul rus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecaterina_a_II-a_a_Rusiei" title="Ecaterina a II-a a Rusiei">Ecaterina a II-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_I_al_Rusiei" title="Petru I al Rusiei">Petru cel Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecaterina_Romanovna_Voron%C8%9Bova-Da%C8%99kova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecaterina Romanovna Voronțova-Dașkova — pagină inexistentă">Ecaterina Dașkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lomonosov" title="Mihail Lomonosov">Mihail Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Novikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Novikov — pagină inexistentă">Nikolai Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandr_Radi%C8%99cev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandr Radișcev — pagină inexistentă">Alexandr Radișcev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_%C8%98cerbatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Șcerbatov — pagină inexistentă">Mihail Șcerbatov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_%C8%98uvalov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Șuvalov — pagină inexistentă">Ivan Șuvalov</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Serbia — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul <br /> din Serbia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avram Mrazović — pagină inexistentă">Avram Mrazović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Dositej Obradović</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Sco%C8%9Bia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Scoția — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul scoțian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Beattie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Beattie — pagină inexistentă">James Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Blair — pagină inexistentă">Hugh Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Boswell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Boswell — pagină inexistentă">James Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnett — pagină inexistentă">James Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">William Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Ferguson — pagină inexistentă">Adam Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Gordon — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hutcheson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hutcheson — pagină inexistentă">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mill — pagină inexistentă">James Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Millar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Millar — pagină inexistentă">John Millar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ogilvie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ogilvie — pagină inexistentă">William Ogilvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">John Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Reid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Reid — pagină inexistentă">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugald_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugald Stewart — pagină inexistentă">Dugald Stewart</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Spania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Spania — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul spaniol</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos — pagină inexistentă">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul în Statele Unite ale Americii — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul american</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Mason — pagină inexistentă">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Rittenhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Rittenhouse — pagină inexistentă">David Rittenhouse</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iluminismul_neerlandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iluminismul neerlandez — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:white;">Iluminismul din <br />Țările de Jos</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthasar_Bekker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthasar Bekker — pagină inexistentă">Balthasar Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_de_la_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter de la Court — pagină inexistentă">Pieter de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrus_Cunaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrus Cunaeus — pagină inexistentă">Petrus Cunaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemsterhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hemsterhuis — pagină inexistentă">François Hemsterhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriaan_Koerbagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriaan Koerbagh — pagină inexistentă">Adriaan Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederik_van_Leenhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik van Leenhof — pagină inexistentă">Frederik van Leenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Lipsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Lipsius — pagină inexistentă">Justus Lipsius</a> (precursor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Nieuwentyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt — pagină inexistentă">Bernard Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Swammerdam — pagină inexistentă">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Wyermars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Wyermars — pagină inexistentă">Hendrik Wyermars</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism"><span style="color:white;"> Concepte <br /> fundamentale </span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauzalitate" title="Cauzalitate">Cauzalitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bie" title="Constituție">Constituție</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C8%99tien%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Conștiență">Conștiență</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C8%99tiin%C8%9Ba_de_sine" title="Conștiința de sine">Conștiința de sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Conștiință">Conștiință</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egalitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egalitate — pagină inexistentă">Egalitate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurantism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endurantism — pagină inexistentă">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemologie" title="Epistemologie">Epistemologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraternitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraternitate — pagină inexistentă">Fraternitate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guvern_constitu%C8%9Bional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guvern constituțional — pagină inexistentă">Guvern constituțional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identitate_(filozofie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Identitate (filozofie) — pagină inexistentă">Identitate</a> (în <a href="/wiki/Filozofie" class="mw-redirect" title="Filozofie">filozofie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intui%C8%9Bie" title="Intuiție">Intuiție</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metafizic%C4%83" title="Metafizică">Metafizică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie">Ontologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progres" title="Progres">Progres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualia — pagină inexistentă">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executiv" title="Executiv">Putere executivă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciar" title="Judiciar">Putere judiciară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislativ" title="Legislativ">Putere legislativă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C8%9Bionalism" title="Raționalism">Raționalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separa%C8%9Bia_puterilor" title="Separația puterilor">Separarea puterilor în stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleran%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Toleranță">Toleranță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umanism_renascentist" title="Umanism renascentist">Umanism renascentist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism"><span style="color:white;"> Lucrări <br /> fundamentale </span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Constantia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Constantia — pagină inexistentă">De Constantia</a></i> — <i>Despre constanță</i> - (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Lipsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Lipsius — pagină inexistentă">Justus Lipsius</a> - precursor, <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discours_de_la_m%C3%A9thode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discours de la méthode — pagină inexistentă">Discours de la méthode</a></i> — <i>Discursul asupra metodei</i> - (<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> — <i>Principiile matematice ale filosofiei naturale</i> - (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding — pagină inexistentă">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> — <i>Un eseu despre înțelegerea umană</i> - (<a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_treatises_on_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two treatises on government — pagină inexistentă">Two treatises on government</a></i> — <i>Două tratate despre guvernare</i> - (John Locke, <a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_l%27esprit_des_lois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De l'esprit des lois — pagină inexistentă">De l'esprit des lois</a></i> — <i>Despre spiritul legilor</i> - (<a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Baronul de Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a>)</li> <li><i>Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes</i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Discurs_asupra_originii_%C8%99i_fundamentelor_inegalit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_dintre_oameni" title="Discurs asupra originii și fundamentelor inegalității dintre oameni">Discurs asupra originii și fundamentelor inegalității dintre oameni</a></i> - (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beantwortung_der_Frage:_Was_ist_Aufkl%C3%A4rung%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung? — pagină inexistentă">Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?</a></i> — <i>Răspunzând la întrebarea: Ce este Iluminarea?</i> - (eseu al filozofului <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>)</li> <li><i>Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Declara%C8%9Bia_drepturilor_omului_%C8%99i_ale_cet%C4%83%C8%9Beanului" title="Declarația drepturilor omului și ale cetățeanului">Declarația drepturilor omului și ale cetățeanului</a></i> (<i>Adunarea Stărilor Generale</i> din <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>, <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism"><span style="color:white;"> Alte lucrări <br /> reprezentative </span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a> - <i>Bărbierul din Sevilia</i> (<a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> - <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> (<a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> - <i>Tom Jones</i> (<a href="/wiki/1749" title="1749">1749</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> – <i>Gondolierul</i> (<a href="/wiki/1753" title="1753">1753</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Louis de Montesquieu</a> – <i>Scrisori Persane</i> (<a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> – <i>Noua Eloiză</i> (<a href="/wiki/1761" title="1761">1761</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> – <i>Călătoriile lui Gulliver</i> (<a href="/wiki/1726" title="1726">1726</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">François Voltaire</a> - <i>Candid</i> (<a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>)</li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism"><span style="color:white;">Lucrări / Concepte <br /> antagonice </span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocra%C8%9Bie" title="Autocrație">Autocrație</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoritarism" title="Autoritarism">Autoritarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenzur%C4%83" title="Cenzură">Cenzură</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constr%C3%A2ngere_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constrângere economică — pagină inexistentă">Constrângeri economice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constr%C3%A2ngere_social%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constrângere socială — pagină inexistentă">Constrângeri sociale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">Dogmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evul_mediu" class="mw-redirect" title="Evul mediu">Evul mediu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intoleran%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intoleranță — pagină inexistentă">Intoleranță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism">Totalitarism</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#222c47; color:white;;width:1%"><b>Concepte înrudite <br /> sau precursoare</b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutism_luminat" title="Absolutism luminat">Absolutism luminat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstractizare" title="Abstractizare">Abstractizare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelism" title="Aristotelism">Aristotelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">Ateism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clasicism_Weimar-ian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clasicism Weimar-ian — pagină inexistentă">Clasicism Weimar-ian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contra-Iluminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contra-Iluminism — pagină inexistentă">Contra-Iluminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie" title="Democrație">Democrație</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepturile_omului" title="Drepturile omului">Drepturile omului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedism" title="Enciclopedism">Enciclopedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filozofie_natural%C4%83" title="Filozofie naturală">Filozofie naturală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndire_critic%C4%83" title="Gândire critică">Gândire critică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_clasic" title="Liberalism clasic">Liberalism clasic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libert%C4%83%C8%9Bi_civile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertăți civile — pagină inexistentă">Libertăți civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metod%C4%83_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Metodă științifică">Metodă științifică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C8%9Bionalism" title="Naționalism">Naționalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neostoicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neostoicism — pagină inexistentă">Neostoicism</a> (concept precursor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiectivitate" title="Obiectivitate">Obiectivitate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottocento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottocento — pagină inexistentă">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9B%C4%83_liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Piață liberă">Piață liberă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C8%9Bionalism" title="Raționalism">Raționalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C8%9Bionalitate" title="Raționalitate">Raționalitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C8%9Biune" title="Rațiune">Rațiune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_francez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Revoluția franceză">Revoluția franceză</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scepticism_metodic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scepticism metodic — pagină inexistentă">Scepticism metodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seicento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seicento — pagină inexistentă">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settecento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settecento — pagină inexistentă">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Știință">Știință</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umanism" title="Umanism">Umanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universalitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universalitate — pagină inexistentă">Universalitate</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#222c47; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Iluminism" title="Categorie:Iluminism"><span style="color:white;">Iluminism</span></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> •</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90061367">90061367</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1059229">XX1059229</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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