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<li id="toc-Contemporaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contemporaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parents_and_siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parents_and_siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parents and siblings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parents_and_siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consort_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consort_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consort and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consort_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Accession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reign duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Building activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Building activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Building_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramid_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pyramid complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Pyramid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortuary_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortuary_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Mortuary temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortuary_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mummy_of_Neferefre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummy_of_Neferefre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Mummy of Neferefre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummy_of_Neferefre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sun_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sun temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_of_Neferirkare_Kakai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_of_Neferirkare_Kakai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_of_Neferirkare_Kakai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerary_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funerary cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerary_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes, references and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neferefre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نفر ف رع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفر ف رع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raneferef" title="Raneferef – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raneferef" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raneferef" title="Raneferef – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raneferef" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefra" title="Neferefra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neferefra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefra-Isi" title="Neferefra-Isi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neferefra-Isi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نفرفرع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفرفرع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ferefr%C3%AA" title="Néferefrê – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néferefrê" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88" title="네페레프레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네페레프레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Նեֆերեֆրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեֆերեֆրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefra" title="Neferefra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neferefra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefra" title="Neferefra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neferefra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ნეფერეფრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეფერეფრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefr%C4%97" title="Neferefrė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neferefrė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noferefr%C3%A9" title="Noferefré – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Noferefré" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9De%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Нeферефре – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нeферефре" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نفر ف رع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نفر ف رع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ネフェルエフラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネフェルエフラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raneferef" title="Raneferef – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Raneferef" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefr%C3%A9" title="Neferefré – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neferefré" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Неферефра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неферефра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Неферефре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неферефре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raneferef" title="Raneferef – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raneferef" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefra" title="Neferefra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neferefra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Неферефра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неферефра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نفرفرع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نفرفرع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Neferefre" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB" title="兰尼弗雷夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兰尼弗雷夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q269271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharaoh of Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the daughter of Pharaoh Hatshepsut, see <a href="/wiki/Neferure" title="Neferure">Neferure</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Neferefre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Raneferef, Neferefra, Noufirre, Noufirefre, Cherês</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neferefre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette of Neferefre, painted limestone[1]"><img alt="Bust of a pharaoh, holding a mace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/220px-Neferefre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/330px-Neferefre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/440px-Neferefre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Statuette_of_Neferefre" title="Statuette of Neferefre">Statuette of Neferefre</a>, painted limestone<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b272–273pl._XLV–XLVIII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b272–273pl._XLV–XLVIII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Probably two years or less<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early to mid <a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th century BC</a> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> (most likely) or <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> (most likely) or <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Neferkhau <br /> <i>Hꜥw-nfr</i><br /><i>Perfect of appearances</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28" alt="N28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Neferemnebti <br /> <i>Nfr-m-nb.tj</i><br /><i>Who is perfect by means of the Two Ladies</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17" alt="G17" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Biknebunefer <br /> <i>Nfr-bjk-nb.w</i><br /><i>The perfect golden falcon</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="26" title="F35" alt="F35" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G7.png?aff71" height="26" title="G7" alt="G7" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S12.png?46f50" height="13" title="S12" alt="S12" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Prenomen  (Praenomen)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Neferefra<br /><i>nfr.f Rˁ</i><br /><i>He is perfect (in the manner of) <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Beautiful is Ra</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199461_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199461-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Ra, he is beautiful</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a284_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a284-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Hieroglyphic variants:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282–283_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282–283-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="31" title="M23" alt="M23" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="31" title="L2" alt="L2" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9" alt="I9" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9" alt="I9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />Nefera or Ranefer<br /><i>nfr-Rˁ</i> or <i>Rˁ-nfr</i><br /><i>The (very) perfection of Ra</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Ra is beautiful</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a284_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a284-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b>Saqqara kinglist:</b><br />Neferkhare<br /><i>Hˁj-nfr-Rˁ</i><br /><i>Ra is perfect in appearance</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28" alt="N28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Isi <br /> <i>Jzj</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34" alt="O34" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">likely <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">uncertain, either <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a><small> ♂</small> or <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a><small> ♂</small><br />Nakhtsare<small> ♂</small><br />Conjectural: Kakaibaef<small> ♂</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Neferirkare Kakai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">aged 20–23<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_&_560_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_&_560-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data">Pyramid <i>Netjeribau Raneferef</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">Sun temple</a> <i>Hotep-Re</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neferefre Isi</b> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25th century BC</span>; also known as <b>Raneferef</b>, <b>Ranefer</b> and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χέρης</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Cherês</i></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> period. He was most likely the eldest son of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> and queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a>. He was known as prince Ranefer before he ascended to the throne. </p><p>Neferefre started <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">a pyramid for himself</a> in the royal necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a> called <i>Netjeribau Raneferef</i>, which means "The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul#Ba_(personality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">bas</a> of Neferefre are divine". The pyramid was never finished, with a mason's inscription showing that works on the stone structure were abandoned during or shortly after the king's second year of reign. Together with the sparsity of attestations contemporaneous with his reign, this is taken by Egyptologists as evidence that Neferefre died unexpectedly after two to three years on the throne. Neferefre was nonetheless buried in his pyramid, hastily completed in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> by his second successor and presumably younger brother, pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a>. Fragments of his mummy were uncovered there, showing that he died in his early twenties. </p><p>Little is known of Neferefre's activities beyond laying the foundations of his pyramid and attempting to finish that of his father. A single text shows that Neferefre had planned or just started to build a sun temple called <i>Hotep-Re</i>, meaning "Ra is content" or "Ra's offering table", which possibly never functioned as such given the brevity of the king's reign. After his death, Neferefre might have been succeeded by an ephemeral and little-known pharaoh, <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a>, whose relation with Neferefre remains highly uncertain and debated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are very few archaeological sources contemporaneous with Neferefre, a fact which is now seen by Egyptologists, including <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Miroslav Verner</a>, to imply a very short reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a401_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a401-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verner knew of only one inscription dated to his rule. It was left by the builders of his pyramid on a corner block at the end of the corridor leading to the pyramid substructures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription was written on the fourth day of the <a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph_and_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhet (hieroglyph and season)">Akhet season</a> in the year of first occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">cattle count</a>, an event consisting of counting the livestock throughout the country to evaluate the amount of taxes to be levied. It is traditionally believed that such counts occurred every two years during the Old Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanawati20011–2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanawati20011–2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although recent reappraisals have led Egyptologists to posit a less regular and somewhat more frequent count.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a414_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a414-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the inscription must refer to Neferefre's first or second year on the throne, and his third year at the very latest.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1999a76fig._6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1999a76fig._6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, a few artefacts dated to Neferefre's rule or shortly after have been uncovered in his mortuary complex and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as clay seals bearing his <a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200291_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200291-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Abusir_Papyri" title="Abusir Papyri">Abusir Papyri</a> discovered in Khentkhaus II's temple and dating to the mid- to late Fifth Dynasty mention the mortuary temple and <a href="/wiki/Funerary_cult" title="Funerary cult">funerary cult</a> of Neferefre. They constitute a written source near-contemporaneous with his reign, which not only confirmed the existence of Neferefre's pyramid complex at a time when it had not yet been identified,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994135_&_166_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994135_&_166-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also gives details regarding the <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> organisation and importance of the funerary cult of the king in Ancient Egyptian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief showing three hieroglyphs in a cartouche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg/170px-Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg/255px-Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Abydos_KL_05-04_n29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Cartouche of Neferefre on the Abydos king list</figcaption></figure> <p>Neferefre is present on several Ancient Egyptian king lists, all dating to the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom period</a>. The earliest such list mentioning Neferefre is the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a>, written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1290–1279 BC), and where his <a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">prenomen</a> occupies the 29th entry, between those of Neferirkare Kakai and Nyuserre Ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000581_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000581-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the subsequent reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> (fl. 1279–1213 BC), Neferefre appears on the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet" title="Saqqara Tablet">Saqqara Tablet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariette18644pl._17_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette18644pl._17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this time after Shepseskare, that is as a second successor to Neferirkare Kakai. Owing to a scribal error, Neferefre's name on this list is given as "Khanefere" or "Neferkhare".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008251_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008251-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neferefre's prenomen was in all probability also given on the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a> (third column, 21st row), which dates to the same period as the Saqqara tablet, but it has since been lost in a large <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacuna</a> affecting the document. Nonetheless, the part of the reign length attributed to Neferefre by the canon is still legible, with a single stroke sign indicating one year of reign to which a decade could in principle be added, as the corresponding sign would be effectively lost in the lacuna of the document.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neferefre was also likely mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptiaca">Aegyptiaca</a></i>, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>. No copies of the <i>Aegyptiaca</i> have survived to this day and it is now known only through later writings by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>. Africanus relates that the <i>Aegyptiaca</i> mentioned the succession "Nefercherês → Sisirês → Cherês" for the mid-Fifth Dynasty. Nefercherês, Sisirês and Cherês are believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenized</a> forms for Neferirkare, Shepseskare and Neferkhare (that is Neferefre), respectively. Thus, Manetho's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty is in good agreement with the Saqqara tablet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000581_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000581-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Africanus' <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of the <i>Aegyptiaca</i>, Cherês is reported to have reigned for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents_and_siblings">Parents and siblings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parents and siblings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statuette of a seated king holding a mace and wearing the long crown of Upper Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg/170px-Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg/255px-Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg/340px-Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Menkauhor Kaiu could be a son of Neferefre and Khentkaus III.</figcaption></figure> <p>Neferefre was, in all likelihood, the eldest son of his predecessor pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> with queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is shown by a relief on a limestone slab discovered in a house in the village near Abusir<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest son Ranefer",<sup id="cite_ref-Ranefer_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranefer-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosener-Kriéger1976vol._II,_p._530_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosener-Kriéger1976vol._II,_p._530-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name identical with some variants of Neferefre's own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1980261_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1980261-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that Ranefer was Neferefre's name when he was still only a <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>, that is, before his accession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a281–284_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a281–284-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neferirkare and Khentkaus had at least another son, the future king <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a>. In addition, since the relation between Shepseskare and Neferefre remains uncertain, it is possible that the two were brothers too, as suggested by the Egyptologist Silke Roth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2001106_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2001106-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other hypotheses on the matter have been proposed: Verner sees Shepseskare as a son of Sahure and hence Neferefre's uncle, while Jaromír Krejčí believes Shepseskare was Neferefre's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, yet another brother,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz197629_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz197629-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly younger<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995171_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995171-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than both Neferefre and Nyuserre has also been proposed: Iryenre, a prince <i><a href="/wiki/Iry-pat" title="Iry-pat">iry-pat</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Filiation" title="Filiation">filiation</a> is suggested by the fact that his funerary cult was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the temple of Khentkaus II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b418see_n._24_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b418see_n._24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi199570_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi199570-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consort_and_children">Consort and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consort and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2014, no consort of Neferefre was known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–69_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–69-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in that year, the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a> was discovered by archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts,_Charles_University_in_Prague#Historical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague">Czech Institute of Egyptology</a> working in Abusir, south east of Neferefre's pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201528–42_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201528–42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Express_Tribune2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Express_Tribune2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location and date of the tomb as well as inscriptions found in it strongly suggest that Khentkaus III was Neferefre's queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201534_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201534-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, not only was Khentkaus III presumably buried during the few decades following Neferefre's reign, but her mastaba is also in close proximity to his pyramid,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she bore the title of "king's wife", proving that she was a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Khentkaus III was also called "king's mother" by inscriptions in her tomb, indicating that her son had become pharaoh. Since Neferefre's second successor Nyuserre Ini is known to have been his brother rather than his son, and since Khentkaus III might have been buried during Nyuserre's reign, as indicated by mud seals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this only leaves either Neferefre's ephemeral successor <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> or Nyuserre's successor <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> as possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an ongoing debate in Egyptology concerning these two alternatives. Verner posits that Shepseskare was an uncle of Neferefre and therefore that Menkauhor Kaiu was Neferefre's son. Meanwhile, Krejčí views the opposite hypothesis, that Shepseskare was Neferefre's son with Khentkaus III, as more probable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two further sons of Neferefre and Khentkaus III have been proposed by Verner: the "king's son" Nakhtsare,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose filiation is supported by the general date and location of his tomb,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kakaibaef, a member of the elite buried in Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krejčí notes the lack of the titular "king's son" in relation to Kakaibaef, thereby emphasizing the conjectural nature of Verner's assertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of columns of hieroglyphs from a cylinder seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png/260px-Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png/390px-Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Shepseskare_Cylinder_Seal.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the impression of a cylinder seal of Shepseskare</figcaption></figure> <p>Two competing hypotheses exist in Egyptology to describe the succession of events running from the death of Neferirkare Kakai, third king of the Fifth Dynasty, to the coronation of Nyuserre Ini, sixth ruler of the dynasty. Relying on historical sources, most notably the Saqqara king list and Manetho's <i>Aegyptiaca</i>, where Neferefre is said to have succeeded Shepseskare,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Egyptologists such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Hartwig Altenmüller</a> have traditionally believed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the following royal succession took place: Neferirkare Kakai → Shepseskare → Neferefre Isi → Nyuserre Ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this scenario, Neferefre would be the father of Nyuserre, who would have become pharaoh after the former's unexpected death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199956–59_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199956–59-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This view was challenged at the turn of the millennium, most notably by Verner,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who has been responsible for the archaeological excavations of the Fifth Dynasty royal necropolis of Abusir since 1976. Firstly, there is the relief, mentioned earlier, showing that Neferefre was in all likelihood Neferirkare's eldest son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a281–284_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a281–284-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a208_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a208-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondly, excavations of Neferefre's pyramid have yielded his mummy, which showed that he was 18 to 20 years of age at the death of Neferirkare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, as the previous king's eldest son, in his late teens to early twenties, Neferefre was in optimal position to ascend the throne. Positing that Shepseskare reigned between Neferefre and his father would thus require an explanation as to why and how Shepseskare's claim to the throne could have been stronger than Neferefre's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abusir_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plan of the necropolis of Abusir showing the alignment of the pyramids of Sahure, Neferirkare Kakai and Neferefre on an axis pointing to Heliopolis. The pyramid attributed to Shepseskare is off this alignment, somewhat to the north." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Abusir_map_2.png/330px-Abusir_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Abusir_map_2.png/495px-Abusir_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Abusir_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Map of the necropolis of Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000602_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000602-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unfinished pyramid is attributed to Shepseskare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008142_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008142-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red line points to <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Thirdly, archaeological evidences indicate that Shepseskare most likely reigned for only a few weeks to a few months at the most rather than seven years as credited to him in the <i>Aegyptiaca</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hypothesis already supported by Nicolas Grimal as early as 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Shepseskare is the least known Fifth Dynasty king, with only two seals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaressy191594_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaressy191594-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000583_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000583-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few seal impressions bearing his name known as of 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a396_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a396-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000582_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000582-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000584–585_&_fig._1_p._599_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000584–585_&_fig._1_p._599-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981A._Text_pp._289–294_and_B._Tafeln,_8lf_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981A._Text_pp._289–294_and_B._Tafeln,_8lf-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a paucity of attestations suggesting a very short reign. This is also supported by the state of Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid, which "was interrupted [and] corresponds to the work of several weeks, perhaps no more than one or two months".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a399_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a399-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fourthly, archaeological evidence also favors dating Shepseskare's reign to after Neferefre's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000585_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000585-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the few seal impressions bearing Shepseskare's name have been discovered in the oldest part of Neferefre's mortuary temple,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199485_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199485-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was not built until Neferefre's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200358_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200358-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems to indicate that Shepseskare made offerings for the funerary cult of Neferefre, who must therefore have reigned before him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200358_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200358-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument concerns the alignment of pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Sahure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Neferirkare Kakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Neferefre</a>: they form a line pointing to <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>, just as the three <a href="/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids of Giza">pyramids of Giza</a> do.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid does not fall on the line to Heliopolis, which strongly suggests that Neferefre's pyramid had already been in place when Shepseskare started to build his.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000587_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000587-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, while Shepseskare is noted as the immediate predecessor of Neferefre in the Saqqara king list, Verner notes that "this slight discrepancy can be attributed to the [political] disorders of the time and its dynastic disputes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verner's arguments have convinced a number of Egyptologists, including Darrell Baker, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Hornung" title="Erik Hornung">Erik Hornung</a> and <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Iorwerth Edwards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_duration">Reign duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reign duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neferefre_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of a standing pharaoh in black stone. He is holding a mace and a rounded crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Neferefre_2.jpg/170px-Neferefre_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Neferefre_2.jpg/255px-Neferefre_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Neferefre_2.jpg/340px-Neferefre_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> statue of Neferefre wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt discovered in his pyramid complex at Abusir, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b274–275pl._XLIX–LI_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b274–275pl._XLIX–LI-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While Neferefre is given a reign of some 20 years in epitomes of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>'s <i>Aegyptiaca</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the current academic view is that this number is an overestimation of his true reign length, which must have been significantly shorter. Before the results of the extensive excavations in Abusir were fully published, Egyptologists following the traditional succession hypothesis credited Neferefre with around a decade of rule, based on the paucity of attestations contemporaneous with his reign. For example, von Beckerath and Winfried Barta gave him 11 and 10 years on the throne, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997155_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997155-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarta198123_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarta198123-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view now has few supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008251_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008251-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, since then, Verner has set forth the hypothesis of a reign of no more than two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His conclusion is based on archaeological evidence: the unfinished state of his intended pyramid, and the general paucity of documents datable to his rule. Verner writes that: </p> <blockquote><p>The shape of the tomb of Neferefra...as well as a number of other archaeological finds clearly indicate that the construction of the king's funerary monument was interrupted, owing to the unexpected early death of the king. The plan of the unfinished building had to be basically changed and a decision was taken to hastily convert the unfinished pyramid, (of which only the incomplete lowest step of the core was built), into a "square-shaped mastaba" or, more precisely, a stylized primeval hill. At the moment of the king's death neither the burial apartment was built, nor was the foundation of the mortuary temple laid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, two historical sources conform with the hypothesis of a short reign: the mason's inscription in Neferefre's pyramid was discovered "at about two thirds of the height of the extant core of the monument"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably refers to Neferefre's first or second year on the throne; and the Turin canon which credits Neferefre with less than two full years of reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of archaeological and historical evidence led to the consensus that Neferefre's reign lasted "not longer than about two years".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_activities">Building activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Building activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_complex">Pyramid complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pyramid complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raneferef-Pyramide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outline of the pyramid of Neferefre. Essentially a square with a hole in the middle for the underground chambers and a passage leading to them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raneferef-Pyramide.png/240px-Raneferef-Pyramide.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raneferef-Pyramide.png/360px-Raneferef-Pyramide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Raneferef-Pyramide.png/480px-Raneferef-Pyramide.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the first step of Neferefre's pyramid. A: External wall, B: Internal wall, C: Stepping fill, D: Pit for the underground chambers, E: Pit for entry.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyramid">Pyramid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pyramid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neferefre started the construction of a pyramid for himself in the royal necropolis of Abusir, where his father and grandfather had built their own pyramids. It was known to the Ancient Egyptians as <i>Netjeribau Raneferef</i> meaning "The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul#Ba_(personality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">bas</a> of Neferefre are divine".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planned with a square base of 108 m (354 ft), the pyramid of Neferefre was to be larger than those of Userkaf and Sahure, but smaller than that of his father Neferirkare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992117_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992117-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the unexpected death of Neferefre, only its lower courses had been completed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek2000a100_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek2000a100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching a height of c. 7 m (23 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Nyuserre hastily completed the monument by filling its central part with poor quality limestone, mortar and sand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1999784_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1999784-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The external walls of the building were given a smooth and nearly vertical covering of gray limestone at an angle of 78° with the ground so as to give it the form of a mastaba, albeit with a square plan rather than with the usual rectangular shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the roof terrace was covered with clay into which local desert gravels were pressed, giving it the appearance of a mound in the surrounding desert,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and indeed it was by the name "the Mound"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the monument was subsequently called by the Ancient Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verner has proposed that the monument was completed this way so as to give it the form of the <a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">primeval mound</a>, the mound that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Primordial_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial water">primordial waters</a> <a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Nu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">creation myth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolitan</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monument was used as a stone quarry from the New Kingdom period onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later preserved from further damages as its appearance of a rough unfinished and abandoned pyramid did not attract the attention of tomb robbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mortuary_temple">Mortuary temple</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mortuary temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Works on the mortuary temple in which the funerary cult of the deceased king was to take place had not even started when Neferefe died. In the short 70-day period allowed between a king's death and his burial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neferefre's successor—possibly the ephemeral Shepseskare<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—built a small limestone chapel. It was located on the pyramid base platform, in the 5 m (16 ft) gap left between the masonry and the platform edge, where the pyramid casing would have been put in the original plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small chapel was completed during Nyuserre's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pharaoh also built a larger mortuary temple for his brother Neferefre, extending over the whole 65 m (213 ft) length of the pyramid side but built of cheaper <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruined wall of bricks and a few stones in the desert." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg/240px-Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg/360px-Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg/480px-Abousir_Neferefre_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the mortuary temple of Neferefre</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple entrance comprised a courtyard adorned with two stone and 24 wooden columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind was the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle hall</a> of Ancient Egypt the remains of which can still be detected, its roof supported by wooden columns in the shape of lotus-clusters resting on limestone bases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hall was possibly inspired by the royal palaces of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201091_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201091-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerBárta2006146–152_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerBárta2006146–152-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure housed a large wooden statue of the king as well as statues of prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storage rooms for the offerings were located to the north of the hall. In these rooms several statues of Neferefre were discovered, including six heads of the kings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Neferefre the Fifth Dynasty king with the most surviving statues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourouzian201082_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourouzian201082-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East of the main hall was the "<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Knife">Sanctuary of the Knife</a>" which served as a slaughterhouse for the rituals. Two narrow rooms on either sides of the central altar in front of the <a href="/wiki/False_door" title="False door">false door</a> in the main hall may have housed 30 m (98 ft) long<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_solar_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian solar ships">solar boats</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant cache of administrative papyri, comparable in size to the Abusir Papyri found in the temples of Neferirkare and Khentkaus II,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was discovered in a storeroom of the mortuary temple of Neferere during a 1982 <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">University of Prague</a> Egyptological Institute excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of this cache is due to the peculiar historical circumstances of the mid-Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As both Neferirkare and Neferefre died before their pyramid complexes could be finished, Nyuserre altered their planned layout, diverting the causeway leading to Neferirkare's pyramid to his own. This meant that Neferefre's and Neferirkare's mortuary complexes became somewhat isolated on the Abusir plateau. Their priests therefore had to live next to the temple premises in makeshift dwellings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_170_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_170-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they stored the administrative records onsite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the records of other temples were kept in the pyramid town close to Sahure's or Nyuserre's pyramid, where the current level of ground water means any papyrus has long since disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_169_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_169-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mummy_of_Neferefre">Mummy of Neferefre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mummy of Neferefre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> wrappings and <a href="/wiki/Cartonnage" title="Cartonnage">cartonnage</a>, as well as scattered pieces of human remains, were discovered on the east side of the burial chamber of the pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains amounted to a left hand, a left <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> still covered with skin, fragments of skin probably from the forehead, upper eyelid and the left foot and a few bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008250_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008250-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These remains were in the same <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">archaeological layer</a> as broken pieces from a red granite <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as what remained of the funerary equipment of the king,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hinting that they could indeed belong to Neferefre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further corroborated by subsequent studies of the embalming techniques used on the mummy, found to be compatible with an Old Kingdom date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of the king was probably dried by means of <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> and then covered with a thin layer of resin, before being given a white <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> coating. There is no evidence of brain removal as expected from post-Old Kingdom mummification techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final confirmation of the identity of the mummy is provided by <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, which yielded a 2628–2393 BC interval for the human remains in close correspondence with estimated dates for the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558–559_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558–559-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Neferefre is, with <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a>, one of the very few Old Kingdom pharaohs whose mummy has been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">bioarchaeological</a> analysis of Neferefre's remains revealed that the king did not partake in strenuous work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died in his early twenties at between 20 and 23 years old and that he may have stood 1.67 to 1.69 m (5 ft 6 in to 5 ft 7 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000555_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000555-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of a second individual were discovered in the burial chamber, but those proved to belong to an individual from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, who likely lived during the 14th century AD. He had simply been laid on rags and covered with sand for his burial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_temple">Sun temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sun temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V_dinastia,_mastaba_di_ti,_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Entrance of a tomb with two columns set between long descending walls of stones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG/240px-V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG/360px-V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG/480px-V_dinastia%2C_mastaba_di_ti%2C_2400_ac_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_of_Ti" title="Mastaba of Ti">Mastaba of Ti</a>, where the only attestations of the <i>Hotep-Re</i> have been found</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a tradition established by <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a>, founder of the Fifth Dynasty, Neferefre planned or built a temple to the sun god Ra. Called <i>Hotep-Re</i><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Ancient Egyptians, meaning "Ra is content"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Ra's offering table",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the temple has not yet been located but is presumably in the vicinity of Neferefre's pyramid in Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known solely<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from inscriptions discovered in the mastaba of Ti in North Saqqara,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÉpronDaumasGoyonWild1939–1966vol._I_pl._37_&_44,_vol._II_pl._183_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉpronDaumasGoyonWild1939–1966vol._I_pl._37_&_44,_vol._II_pl._183-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is mentioned four times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ti served as an administration official in the pyramid and sun temples of Sahure, Neferirkare and Nyuserre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199453_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199453-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given Neferefre's very short reign, the lack of attestations of the <i>Hotep-Re</i> beyond the mastaba of Ti, as well as the lack of priests having served in the temple, Verner proposes that the temple might never have been completed and therefore never functioned as such. Rather it might have been integrated to or its materials reused for the <i>Shesepibre</i>, the sun temple built by Neferefre's probable younger brother, Nyuserre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987296_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987296-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidentally, an earlier discovery by the German archaeological expedition of 1905 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Bissing" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing">Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing</a> may vindicate Verner's theory. This expedition uncovered the ruins of large buildings of mudbricks beneath the sun temple of Nyuserre in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Gorab" title="Abu Gorab">Abu Gorab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that these represent the remains of the sun temple of Neferefre, although in the absence of inscriptions confirming this identification, it remains conjectural.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_of_Neferirkare_Kakai">Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neferirkare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great but ruined pyramid made of bricks and stones in the desert." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/240px-Neferirkare.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/360px-Neferirkare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/480px-Neferirkare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid of Neferirkare in Abusir</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Pyramid of Neferirkare</a></div> <p>When he ascended the throne, Neferefre faced the task of completing the pyramid of his father which, with a square base side of 105 m (344 ft) and a height of 72 m (236 ft), is the largest built during the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116–119Table_3_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116–119Table_3-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although well underway at the death of Neferirkare, the pyramid was lacking its external limestone cladding and the accompanying mortuary temple still had to be built. Neferefre thus started to cover the pyramid surface with limestone and build the foundation of a stone temple on the pyramid's eastern side. His plans were cut short by his death and the duty of finishing the monument fell on Nyuserre's shoulders, who abandoned the task of covering the pyramid face and instead concentrated on building the mortuary temple in bricks and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2015293_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015293-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funerary_cult">Funerary cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Funerary cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other pharaohs of the Old Kingdom period, Neferefre benefited from a <a href="/wiki/Funerary_cult#Egypt" title="Funerary cult">funerary cult</a> established at his death. Some details of this cult as it occurred during the Fifth Dynasty have survived in the Abusir Papyri. A 10-day yearly festival was held in honor of the deceased ruler during which, on at least one occasion, no less than 130 bulls were sacrificed in the slaughter house of his mortuary temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act of mass animal sacrifice testifies to the importance that royal funerary cults had in Ancient Egyptian society, and also shows that vast agricultural resources were devoted to an activity judged unproductive by Verner, something they propose possibly contributed to the decline of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main beneficiaries of these sacrifices were the cult's priests, who consumed the offerings after the required ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994152-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The funerary cult of Neferefre seems to have ceased at the end of the Old Kingdom or during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek2000b245_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek2000b245-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of a possible revival of the cult during the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> are scant and ambiguous. During the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>, a certain Khuyankh was buried in the funerary temple of Neferefre. It remains unclear if this was to associate himself closely with the deceased ruler or because other cultic activities in the area constrained the choice of location for Khuyankh's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006328–329_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006328–329-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_references_and_sources"></span>Notes, references and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proposed dates for Neferefre's reign: 2475–2474 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2460–2455 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider1996261–262_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider1996261–262-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2460–2453 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2448–2445 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek2000a100_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek2000a100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2456–2445 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2431–2420 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999285_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999285-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2404 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2399 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick19853_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick19853-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of a skin fragment from the mummy of Neferefre has yielded the dates 2628–2393 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uncertain translation, might be a diminutive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201339-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheele-Schweitzer200791–94_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheele-Schweitzer200791–94-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription reads <i>rnpt sp tpy, 3bd 4 3ḫt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> of princess <a href="/wiki/Hedjetnebu" title="Hedjetnebu">Hedjetnebu</a>, a daughter of Djedkare Isesi, yielded clay seals of Neferefre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200291_&_95_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200291_&_95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranefer-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranefer_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The transliteration of the inscription is <i>[s3-nswt] smsw Rˁ-nfr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985a282-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is <i>Jrj-pˁt</i>. Often translated as "hereditary prince" or "hereditary noble" and more precisely "concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick200527_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick200527-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miroslav_B%C3%A1rta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miroslav Bárta (page does not exist)">Miroslav Bárta</a>, the head of the team of archeologists who made the discovery states that "The unearthed tomb is a part of a small cemetery to the south east of the pyramid complex of King Neferefre which led the team to think that Queen Khentkaus could be the wife of Neferefre hence she was buried close to his funerary complex".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuxor_Times2015_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuxor_Times2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConservation_and_Archaeology2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConservation_and_Archaeology2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heliopolis housed the main temple of Ra, which was the most important religious center in the country at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was visible from both Abusir and Giza<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was probably located where the lines from the Abusir and Giza necropolises intersected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Egyptian transliteration of the name of the pyramid, <i>Nṯr.j-b3w-Rˁ-nfr f</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original Ancient Egyptian term <i>iat</i>, used to describe the monument in the Abusir papyri, has also been translated by "hill".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is fragments from four <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">canopic jars</a> and pieces from three calcite cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transcription from the Ancient Egyptian <i>Ḥtp-Rˁ</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b272–273pl._XLV–XLVIII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b272–273pl._XLV–XLVIII_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1985b">Verner 1985b</a>, pp. 272–273, pl. XLV–XLVIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2012">Hornung 2012</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001b">Verner 2001b</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawassSenussi2008">Hawass & Senussi 2008</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltenmüller2001">Altenmüller 2001</a>, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-ShahawyAtiya200561–62_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-ShahawyAtiya2005">El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2014">Verner 2014</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, pp. 427–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199956–59-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199956–59_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, pp. 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001a">Verner 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001b">Verner 2001b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a208-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a208_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaud1999a">Baud 1999a</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000559_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouhalVyhnánek2000">Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a397_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001a">Verner 2001a</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000602-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000602_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008142-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008142_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner2008">Lehner 2008</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaressy191594-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaressy191594_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaressy1915">Daressy 1915</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000583-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000583_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a396-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a396_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001a">Verner 2001a</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000582-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000582_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000584–585_&_fig._1_p._599-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000584–585_&_fig._1_p._599_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, pp. 584–585 & fig. 1 p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981A._Text_pp._289–294_and_B._Tafeln,_8lf-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981A._Text_pp._289–294_and_B._Tafeln,_8lf_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplony1981">Kaplony 1981</a>, A. Text pp. 289–294 and B. Tafeln, 8lf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a399-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a399_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001a">Verner 2001a</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000585-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000585_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199485-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199485_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200358-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200358_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200358_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2003">Verner 2003</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2002310_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2002">Verner 2002</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000587-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000587_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2000">Verner 2000</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199998_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1999">Edwards 1999</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b274–275pl._XLIX–LI-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1985b274–275pl._XLIX–LI_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1985b">Verner 1985b</a>, pp. 274–275, pl. XLIX–LI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997155-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997155_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarta198123-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarta198123_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarta1981">Barta 1981</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992117-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992117_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008146–148_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner2008">Lehner 2008</a>, pp. 146–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1999784-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1999784_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner1999">Lehner 1999</a>, p. 784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994138_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1999b331_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1999b">Verner 1999b</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994139_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994140_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2008148_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner2008">Lehner 2008</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, pp. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201091-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201091_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2010">Verner 2010</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerBárta2006146–152-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerBárta2006146–152_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerBárta2006">Verner & Bárta 2006</a>, pp. 146–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESourouzian201082-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourouzian201082_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSourouzian2010">Sourouzian 2010</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994169_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_170-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_170_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 79 & 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_169-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479_&_169_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 79 & 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000552_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouhalVyhnánek2000">Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008250-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008250_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558–559-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000558–559_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouhalVyhnánek2000">Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000</a>, pp. 558–559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000555-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrouhalVyhnánek2000555_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrouhalVyhnánek2000">Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987294_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1987">Verner 1987</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994111_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉpronDaumasGoyonWild1939–1966vol._I_pl._37_&_44,_vol._II_pl._183-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÉpronDaumasGoyonWild1939–1966vol._I_pl._37_&_44,_vol._II_pl._183_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÉpronDaumasGoyonWild1939–1966">Épron et al. 1939–1966</a>, vol. I pl. 37 & 44, vol. II pl. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987293_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1987">Verner 1987</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199453-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199453_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerZemina1994">Verner & Zemina 1994</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1987296-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1987296_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1987">Verner 1987</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905">von Bissing, Borchardt & Kees 1905</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116–119Table_3-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116–119Table_3_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, pp. 116–119, Table 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015293-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner2015293_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner2015">Lehner 2015</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek2000b245-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek2000b245_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMálek2000b">Málek 2000b</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006328–329-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006328–329_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorales2006">Morales 2006</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neferefre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Express_Tribune2015" class="citation web cs1">AFP (4 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/817037/tomb-of-previously-unknown-pharaonic-queen-found-in-egypt/">"Tomb of previously unknown pharaonic queen found in Egypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+previously+unknown+pharaonic+queen+found+in+Egypt&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F817037%2Ftomb-of-previously-unknown-pharaonic-queen-found-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenmüller2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Altenmüller, Hartwig</a> (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 597–601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kingdom%3A+Fifth+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=597-601&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Altenm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Hartwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Darrell (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC</i>. Stacey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9"><bdi>978-1-905299-37-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Pharaohs%3A+Volume+I+%E2%80%93+Predynastic+to+the+Twentieth+Dynasty+3300%E2%80%931069+BC&rft.pub=Stacey+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905299-37-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarta1981" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barta, Winfried (1981). "Die Chronologie der 1. bis 5. Dynastie nach den Angaben des rekonstruierten Annalensteins". <i>Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde</i> (in German). <b>108</b> (1). De Gruyter: 11–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1981.108.1.11">10.1524/zaes.1981.108.1.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193019155">193019155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%A4gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Die+Chronologie+der+1.+bis+5.+Dynastie+nach+den+Angaben+des+rekonstruierten+Annalensteins&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-23&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1981.108.1.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193019155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barta&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaud1999a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Baud" title="Michel Baud">Baud, Michel</a> (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/baud_famille_1.pdf"><i>Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7"><bdi>978-2-7247-0250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famille+Royale+et+pouvoir+sous+l%27Ancien+Empire+%C3%A9gyptien.+Tome+1&rft.place=Cairo&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27%C3%A9tude+126%2F1&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-7247-0250-7&rft.aulast=Baud&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fbaud_famille_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaud1999b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Baud" title="Michel Baud">Baud, Michel</a> (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/baud_famille_2.pdf"><i>Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7"><bdi>978-2-7247-0250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famille+Royale+et+pouvoir+sous+l%27Ancien+Empire+%C3%A9gyptien.+Tome+2&rft.place=Cairo&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27%C3%A9tude+126%2F2&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-7247-0250-7&rft.aulast=Baud&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fbaud_famille_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1994" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay"><i>Chronicle of the Pharaohs</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05074-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05074-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofphara00clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuni.cz/UKEN-332.html">"Czech expedition discovers the tomb of an ancient Egyptian unknown queen"</a>. <i>Charles University website</i>. 21 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bard">Bard, Kathryn</a>; Shubert, Stephen Blake (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00bard"><i>Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00bard/page/n149">97</a>–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98283-9"><bdi>978-0-203-98283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abusir&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+archaeology+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98283-9&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Iorwerth+Eiddon+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaarch00bard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-ShahawyAtiya2005" class="citation book cs1">El-Shahawy, Abeer; Atiya, Farid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAyjwKyoHiEC&q=Neferefre&pg=PA62"><i>The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt</i></a>. 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Le Caire: Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504839326">504839326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Tombeau+de+Ti.+Dessins+et+aquarelles+de+Lucienne+%C3%89pron%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois+Daumas%2C+Georges+Goyon%2C+Henri+Wild&rft.place=Le+Caire&rft.series=t.+65+1%E2%80%933&rft.pub=M%C3%A9moires+publi%C3%A9s+par+les+membres+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale+du+Caire&rft.date=1939%2F1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504839326&rft.aulast=%C3%89pron&rft.aufirst=Lucienne&rft.au=Daumas%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Goyon%2C+Georges&rft.au=Wild%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Grimal, Nicolas</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. 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Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9423">0169-9423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Chronology&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0169-9423&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11385-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanawati2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Kanawati" title="Naguib Kanawati">Kanawati, Naguib</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptology.mq.edu.au/newsletters/75_2002.pdf">"Nikauisesi, A Reconsideration of the Old Kingdom System of Dating"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Rundle Foundation for Egyptian Archaeology, Newsletter</i>. <b>75</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rundle+Foundation+for+Egyptian+Archaeology%2C+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Nikauisesi%2C+A+Reconsideration+of+the+Old+Kingdom+System+of+Dating&rft.volume=75&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kanawati&rft.aufirst=Naguib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptology.mq.edu.au%2Fnewsletters%2F75_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplony1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kaplony" title="Peter Kaplony">Kaplony, Peter</a> (1981). <i>Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reiches. 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Routledge London & New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-44328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-44328-6"><bdi>978-0-203-44328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+who+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge+London+%26+New+York&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-44328-6&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roth, Silke (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QgF_h6oZbgC&q=Niuserre"><i>Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie</i></a>. 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Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 551–560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0"><bdi>978-80-85425-39-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+remains+of+king+Neferefra+found+in+his+pyramid+at+Abusir&rft.btitle=Abusir+and+Saqqara+in+the+Year+2000&rft.place=Prag&rft.pages=551-560&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic+%E2%80%93+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-80-85425-39-0&rft.aulast=Strouhal&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft.au=Vyhn%C3%A1nek%2C+Lubo%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick1985" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Nigel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/static/pdf%20library/strudwick_admininstration.pdf"><i>The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Praha: Academia Škodaexport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4"><bdi>978-80-200-0022-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/Forgotten%20Pharaohs%2C%20Lost%20Pyramids.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+pharaohs%2C+lost+pyramids%3A+Abusir&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Academia+%C5%A0kodaexport&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-80-200-0022-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=Zemina%2C+Milan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FForgotten%2520Pharaohs%252C%2520Lost%2520Pyramids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter (1995). <i>Abusir III : the pyramid complex of Khentkaus</i>. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis: Academia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0535-9"><bdi>978-80-200-0535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir+III+%3A+the+pyramid+complex+of+Khentkaus&rft.series=Excavations+of+the+Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.pub=Praha%3A+Universitas+Carolina+Pragensis%3A+Academia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-80-200-0535-9&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=Posener-Kri%C3%A9ger%2C+Paule&rft.au=J%C3%A1nosi%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1999a" class="citation journal cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1999a). "Excavations at Abusir Preliminary Report 1997/8". <i>Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde</i>. <b>126</b>: 70–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1999.126.1.70">10.1524/zaes.1999.126.1.70</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192824726">192824726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%A4gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Abusir+Preliminary+Report+1997%2F8&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=70-77&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1999.126.1.70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192824726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1999b" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1999b). <i>The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments</i>. Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-219863-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-219863-1"><bdi>978-0-80-219863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyramids%3A+The+Mystery%2C+Culture%2C+and+Science+of+Egypt%27s+Great+Monuments&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-80-219863-1&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2000" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201084444/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf">"Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). <i>Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000</i>. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 581–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0"><bdi>978-80-85425-39-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+was+Shepseskara%2C+and+when+did+he+reign%3F&rft.btitle=Abusir+and+Saqqara+in+the+Year+2000&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=581-602&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic%2C+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-80-85425-39-0&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FAS%25202000_mensi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2001a" class="citation journal cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/verner_archiv_or_69.pdf">"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archiv Orientální</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 363–418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Remarks+on+the+4th+and+5th+Dynasty+Chronology&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-418&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fverner_archiv_or_69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2001b" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kingdom%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=585-591&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernerCallenderStrouhal2002" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Callender, Vivienne; Strouhal, Evžen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407194835/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/ABUSIR%20VI.pdf"><i>Abusir VI: Djedkare's family cemetery</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-22-6"><bdi>978-80-86277-22-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/ABUSIR%20VI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir+VI%3A+Djedkare%27s+family+cemetery&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=Excavations+of+the+Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.pub=Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology%2C+Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Charles+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-80-86277-22-6&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=Callender%2C+Vivienne&rft.au=Strouhal%2C+Ev%C5%BEen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FABUSIR%2520VI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2002" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2002). <i>The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3935-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-3935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyramids%3A+The+Mystery%2C+Culture%2C+and+Science+of+Egypt%27s+Great+Monuments&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3935-1&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2003" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2003). <i>Abusir: The Realm of Osiris</i>. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-723-1"><bdi>978-977-424-723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir%3A+The+Realm+of+Osiris&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-977-424-723-1&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernerBárta2006" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Bárta, Miroslav (2006). <i>Abusir IX: the pyramid complex of Raneferef. The archaeology</i>. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-02-001357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-02-001357-6"><bdi>978-8-02-001357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir+IX%3A+the+pyramid+complex+of+Raneferef.+The+archaeology.&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=Excavations+of+the+Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.pub=Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-02-001357-6&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=B%C3%A1rta%2C+Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puvodni.mzm.cz/Anthropologie/downloads/articles/2010/Verner_2010_p91-96.pdf">"Several considerations concerning the Old Kingdom royal palace (ˁḥ)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropologie, International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution</i>. <b>XLVIII</b> (2): 91–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropologie%2C+International+Journal+of+Human+Diversity+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Several+considerations+concerning+the+Old+Kingdom+royal+palace+%28%CB%81%E1%B8%A5%29&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-96&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpuvodni.mzm.cz%2FAnthropologie%2Fdownloads%2Farticles%2F2010%2FVerner_2010_p91-96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2014" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2014). <i>Sons of the Sun. Rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty</i>. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4"><bdi>978-80-7308-541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+Sun.+Rise+and+decline+of+the+Fifth+Dynasty&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-80-7308-541-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Burkard, Günter; Kessler, Dieter (eds.). <i>Die Zeitbestimmung der Ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr</i> (in German). Vol. 46. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3805323109" title="Special:BookSources/978-3805323109"><bdi>978-3805323109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Zeitbestimmung+der+%C3%84gyptischen+Geschichte+von+der+Vorzeit+bis+332+v.+Chr.&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%84gyptologische+Studien&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3805323109&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i> (in German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2"><bdi>978-3-8053-2591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+K%C3%B6nigsnamen&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%A4gyptologische+Studien%2C+Heft+49%2C+Mainz+%3A+Philip+von+Zabern&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2591-2&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_BissingBorchardtKees1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Bissing" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing">von Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Borchardt" title="Ludwig Borchardt">Borchardt, Ludwig</a>; Kees, Hermann (1905). <i>Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re (Rathures)</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152524509">152524509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Re-Heiligtum+des+K%C3%B6nigs+Ne-Woser-Re+%28Rathures%29&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152524509&rft.aulast=von+Bissing&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Wilhelm&rft.au=Borchardt%2C+Ludwig&rft.au=Kees%2C+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1971" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, William Gillan (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/manethowithengli00maneuoft#page/n85/mode/2up"><i>Manetho</i></a>. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6246102">6246102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manetho&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.series=Loeb+classical+library%2C+350&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%3B+W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6246102&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=William+Gillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmanethowithengli00maneuoft%23page%2Fn85%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxor_Times2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luxortimesmagazine.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/4500-years-old-tomb-of-unknown-ancient.html">"4500 years old tomb of unknown Ancient Egyptian Queen discovered"</a>. <i>Luxor Times</i>. 4 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luxor+Times&rft.atitle=4500+years+old+tomb+of+unknown+Ancient+Egyptian+Queen+discovered&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluxortimesmagazine.blogspot.co.uk%2F2015%2F01%2F4500-years-old-tomb-of-unknown-ancient.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeferefre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> or<br /><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> or<br /><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269271#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269271#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269271#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128492120">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007093640">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007377556&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352128305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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