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</button> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assigned_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assigned_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Assigned specimens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assigned_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Possible synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postcranial_skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postcranial_skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postcranial skeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postcranial_skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Palaeobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palaeobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_and_semi-aquatic_habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_and_semi-aquatic_habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Motion and semi-aquatic habits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_and_semi-aquatic_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeoenvironment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeoenvironment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Palaeoenvironment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palaeoenvironment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palaeoenvironment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palaeoenvironment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taphonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taphonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Taphonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taphonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Baryonyx</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="باريونيكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باريونيكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ব্যারিওনিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যারিওনিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri" title="Baryonyx walkeri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baryonyx walkeri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="باریونیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باریونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="바리오닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바리오닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore%C3%B0la" title="Sporeðla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sporeðla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri" title="Baryonyx walkeri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baryonyx walkeri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="בריוניקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריוניקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Барионикс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барионикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri" title="Baryonyx walkeri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baryonyx walkeri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാറിയോനിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാറിയോനിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="バリオニクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バリオニクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barionyks" title="Barionyks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barionyks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Барионикс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барионикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Барионикс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барионикс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แบรีออนิกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบรีออนิกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baryonyx" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Баріонікс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баріонікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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Click to view the published version." rel="nofollow"><img alt="This article has been published in the peer-reviewed journal WikiJournal of Science (2019). Click to view the published version." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/20px-Journal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/30px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/40px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of theropod dinosaurs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Baryonyx</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">130–125 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:176px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg/220px-Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg/330px-Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg/440px-Baryonyx_walkeri_mount_NMNS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4649" data-file-height="2033" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstructed skeletal mount at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="National Museum of Nature and Science">National Museum of Nature and Science</a>, Tokyo </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Baryonyx" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Baryonyx</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Charig" title="Alan J. Charig">Charig</a> & <a href="/wiki/Angela_C._Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela C. Milner">Milner</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_in_paleontology" title="1986 in paleontology">1986</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>B. walkeri</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Baryonyx walkeri</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Charig & Milner, 1986</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Baryonyx</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> which lived in the <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological stage">stage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a>, about 130–125 million years ago. The first skeleton was discovered in 1983 in the <a href="/wiki/Smokejack_Clay_Pit" title="Smokejack Clay Pit">Smokejack Clay Pit</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England, in sediments of the <a href="/wiki/Weald_Clay_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald Clay Formation">Weald Clay Formation</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a> of <i><b>Baryonyx walkeri</b></i>, named by <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologists">palaeontologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Charig" title="Alan J. Charig">Alan J. Charig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_C._Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela C. Milner">Angela C. Milner</a> in <a href="/wiki/1986_in_paleontology" title="1986 in paleontology">1986</a>. The generic name, <i>Baryonyx</i>, means "heavy claw" and alludes to the animal's very large claw on the first finger; the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a>, <i>walkeri</i>, refers to its discoverer, amateur <a href="/wiki/Fossil_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil collector">fossil collector</a> William J. Walker. The holotype specimen is one of the most complete theropod skeletons from the UK (and remains the most complete <a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">spinosaurid</a>), and its discovery attracted media attention. Specimens later discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> have also been assigned to the genus, though many have since been moved to new genera. </p><p>The holotype specimen, which may not have been fully grown, was estimated to have been between 7.5 and 10 metres (25 and 33 feet) long and to have weighed between 1.2 and 2 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (1.3 and 2.2 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>; 1.2 and 2.0 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>). <i>Baryonyx</i> had a long, low, and narrow snout, which has been compared to that of a <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a>. The tip of the snout expanded to the sides in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a>. Behind this, the upper jaw had a notch which fitted into the lower jaw (which curved upwards in the same area). It had a triangular <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">crest</a> on the top of its <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#nasals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">nasal bones</a>. <i>Baryonyx</i> had a large number of finely <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#serrations" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">serrated</a>, conical teeth, with the largest teeth in front. The neck formed an S-shape, and the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_spines" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">neural spines</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">dorsal vertebrae</a> increased in height from front to back. One elongated neural spine indicates it may have had a hump or ridge along the centre of its back. It had robust forelimbs, with the eponymous first-finger claw measuring about 31 centimetres (12 inches) long. </p><p>Now recognised as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Spinosauridae, <i>Baryonyx</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> affinities were obscure when it was discovered. Some researchers have suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus_cultridens" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchosaurus cultridens">Suchosaurus cultridens</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Senior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior synonym">senior synonym</a> (being an older name), and that <i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus_tenerensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchomimus tenerensis">Suchomimus tenerensis</a></i> belongs in the same genus; subsequent authors have kept them separate. <i>Baryonyx</i> was the first theropod dinosaur demonstrated to have been <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivorous</a> (fish-eating), as evidenced by fish scales in the stomach region of the holotype specimen. It may also have been an active predator of larger prey and a <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a>, since it also contained bones of a juvenile <a href="/wiki/Iguanodontidae" title="Iguanodontidae">iguanodontid</a>. The creature would have caught and processed its prey primarily with its forelimbs and large claws. <i>Baryonyx</i> may have had <a href="/wiki/Semi-aquatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-aquatic">semi-aquatic</a> habits, and coexisted with other theropod, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopod">ornithopod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropod</a> dinosaurs, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiles">crocodiles</a>, turtles and fishes, in a <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png/350px-Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png/525px-Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png/700px-Wealden_Supergroup_spinosaurids_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Map showing spinosaurid localities of southeast England; 1 is the <a href="/wiki/Smokejack_Clay_Pit" title="Smokejack Clay Pit">Smokejack Clay Pit</a> where <i>Baryonyx</i> was found</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1983, the plumber and amateur <a href="/wiki/Fossil_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil collector">fossil collector</a> William J. Walker explored the <a href="/wiki/Smokejack_Clay_Pit" title="Smokejack Clay Pit">Smokejack Clay Pit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">clay pit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Weald_Clay_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weald Clay Formation">Weald Clay Formation</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ockley" title="Ockley">Ockley</a> in Surrey, England. He found a rock wherein he discovered a large claw, but after piecing it together at home, he realised the tip of the claw was missing. Walker returned to the same spot in the pit some weeks later, and found the missing part after searching for an hour. He also found a <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#phalanx" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § phalanx" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">phalanx bone</span></a></dfn> and part of a <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#rib" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § rib" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rib</span></a></dfn>. Walker's son-in-law later brought the claw to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History Museum of London">Natural History Museum of London</a>, where it was examined by the <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologists">palaeontologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Charig" title="Alan J. Charig">Alan J. Charig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_C._Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela C. Milner">Angela C. Milner</a>, who identified it as belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palaeontologists found more bone fragments at the site in February, but the entire skeleton could not be collected until May and June due to weather conditions at the pit.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team of eight museum staff members and several volunteers excavated 2 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (2.2 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>; 2.0 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>) of rock <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a> in 54 blocks over a three-week period. Walker donated the claw to the museum, and the Ockley Brick Company (owners of the pit) donated the rest of the skeleton and provided equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science_News_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_News-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area had been explored for 200 years, but no similar remains had been found before.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_obituary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_obituary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the bones collected were encased in <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> surrounded by fine sand and silt, with the rest lying in clay. The bones were <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#disarticulated" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § disarticulated" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">disarticulated</span></a></dfn> and scattered over a 5-by-2-metre (16.4-by-6.6-foot) area, but most were not far from their natural positions. The position of some bones was disturbed by a <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozer</a>, and some were broken by mechanical equipment before they were collected.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charig&milner1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charig&milner1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparing the specimen was difficult, due to the hardness of the siltstone matrix and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">siderite</a>; acid preparation was attempted, but most of the matrix was removed mechanically. It took six years of almost constant preparation to get all the bones out of the rock, and by the end, <a href="/wiki/Dental_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental tools">dental tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_mallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mallet">air mallets</a> had to be used under a microscope. The specimen represents about 65 per cent of the skeleton, and consists of partial skull bones, including <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#premaxillae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">premaxillae</a> (first bones of the upper jaw); the left <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#maxillae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">maxillae</a> (second bone of the upper jaw); both <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#nasals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">nasal</a> bones; the left <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#lacrimal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">lacrimal</a>; the left <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#prefrontal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">prefrontal</a>; the left <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#postorbital" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">postorbital</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#braincase" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">braincase</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#occiput" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">occiput</a>; both <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dentaries" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">dentaries</a> (the front bones of the lower jaw); various bones from the back of the lower jaw; teeth; <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervicals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">cervical</a> (neck), <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">dorsal</a> (back), and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">caudal</a> (tail) <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#vertebrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § vertebrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">vertebrae</span></a></dfn>; ribs; a <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sternum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § sternum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sternum</span></a></dfn>; both <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#scapulae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § scapulae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">scapulae</span></a></dfn> (shoulder blades); both <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#coracoids" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § coracoids" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">coracoids</span></a></dfn>; both <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humeri" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § humeri" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">humeri</span></a></dfn> (upper arm bones); the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#radius" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § radius" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">radius</span></a></dfn> and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ulna" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ulna" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ulna</span></a></dfn> (lower arm bones); finger bones and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#unguals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § unguals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">unguals</span></a></dfn> (claw bones); hip bones; the upper end of the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#femur" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § femur" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">femur</span></a></dfn> (thigh bone) and lower end of the right; right <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fibula" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fibula" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fibula</span></a></dfn> (of the lower leg); and foot bones including an ungual.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milner_2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original specimen number was BMNH R9951, but it was later re-catalogued as NHMUK PV R9951.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuff13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuff13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:64px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg/94px-Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg/141px-Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg/188px-Baryonyx_snout_and_other_skeletal_elements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1422" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:64px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg/95px-Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg/143px-Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg/190px-Baryonyx_fossil_elements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:64px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg/91px-Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg/137px-Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg/182px-Postcranial_skeletal_elements_of_Baryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_NHM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baryonyx_NHM.jpg/288px-Baryonyx_NHM.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baryonyx_NHM.jpg/432px-Baryonyx_NHM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baryonyx_NHM.jpg/576px-Baryonyx_NHM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Skeletal elements of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a> (NHMUK PV R9951) as archived (above), and reconstructed skeleton on exhibit (below), in <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1986_in_paleontology" title="1986 in paleontology">1986</a>, Charig and Milner named a new <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> with the skeleton as <a href="/wiki/Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a>: <i>Baryonyx walkeri</i>. The generic name derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>; βαρύς (<i>barys</i>) means "heavy" or "strong", and ὄνυξ (<i>onyx</i>) means "claw" or "talon". The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> honours Walker, for discovering the specimen. At that time, the authors did not know if the large claw belonged to the hand or the foot (as in <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromaeosaurs">dromaeosaurs</a>, which it was then assumed to be<sup id="cite_ref-DBN85_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBN85-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The dinosaur had been presented earlier the same year during a lecture at a conference about dinosaur systematics in <a href="/wiki/Drumheller" title="Drumheller">Drumheller</a>, Canada. Due to ongoing work on the bones (70 per cent had been prepared at the time), they called their article preliminary and promised a more detailed description at a later date. <i>Baryonyx</i> was the first large <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> theropod found anywhere in the world by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charig&milner1990_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charig&milner1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the discovery of <i>Baryonyx</i> the last significant theropod find in the United Kingdom was <i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i> in 1871, and in a 1986 interview Charig called <i>Baryonyx</i> "the best find of the century" in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science_News_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_News-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Baryonyx</i> was widely featured in international media, and was nicknamed "Claws" by journalists <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">punning</a> on the title of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i>. Its discovery was the subject of a 1987 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary, and a cast of the skeleton is mounted at the Natural History Museum in London. In 1997, Charig and Milner published a <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> describing the holotype skeleton in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charig_obituary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_obituary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cast_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cast-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holotype specimen remains the most completely known <a href="/wiki/Spinosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurid">spinosaurid</a> skeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-Hone2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hone2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assigned_specimens">Assigned specimens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assigned specimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossils from other parts of the UK and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, mostly isolated teeth, have subsequently been attributed to <i>Baryonyx</i> or similar animals.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolated teeth and bones from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, including hand bones reported in 1998 and a vertebra reported by the palaeontologists Steve Hutt and Penny Newbery in 2004, have been attributed to this genus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A maxilla fragment from <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">La Rioja, Spain</a>, was attributed to <i>Baryonyx</i> by the palaeontologists Luis I. Viera and José Angel Torres in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Holtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas R. Holtz">Thomas R. Holtz</a> and colleagues raised the possibility that it could have belonged to <i>Suchomimus</i> in 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-Dinosauria2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinosauria2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, a postorbital, <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#squamosal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § squamosal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">squamosal</span></a></dfn>, tooth, vertebral remains, <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metacarpals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § metacarpals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">metacarpals</span></a></dfn> (hand bones), and a phalanx from the <a href="/wiki/Salas_de_los_Infantes" title="Salas de los Infantes">Salas de los Infantes</a> deposit in <a href="/wiki/Burgos_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgos (province)">Burgos Province</a>, Spain, were attributed to an immature <i>Baryonyx</i> (though some of these elements are unknown in the holotype) by the palaeontologist Carolina Fuentes Vidarte and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernissart_Dinosaurs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernissart_Dinosaurs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaur tracks">Dinosaur tracks</a> near Burgos have also been suggested to belong to <i>Baryonyx</i> or a similar theropod.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberospinus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Iberospinus.png/220px-Iberospinus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Iberospinus.png/330px-Iberospinus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Iberospinus.png/440px-Iberospinus.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal diagram of <i>Baryonyx</i> with the bones of Portuguese specimen ML1190 shown in red; it was originally considered a specimen of <i>Baryonyx</i>, but was since moved to <i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011, a specimen (Catalogued as ML1190 in <a href="/wiki/Museu_da_Lourinh%C3%A3" title="Museu da Lourinhã">Museu da Lourinhã</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Papo_Seco_Formation" title="Papo Seco Formation">Papo Seco Formation</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boca_do_Chapim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boca do Chapim (page does not exist)">Boca do Chapim</a>, Portugal, with a fragmentary dentary, teeth, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, a scapula, and a phalanx bone, was attributed to <i>Baryonyx</i> by the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Mateus" title="Octávio Mateus">Octávio Mateus</a> and colleagues, the most complete Iberian remains of the animal. The skeletal elements of this specimen are also represented in the more complete holotype (which was of similar size), except for the mid-neck vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-Mateus_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mateus_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the palaeontologist Thomas M. S. Arden and colleagues found that the Portuguese skeleton did not belong to <i>Baryonyx</i>, since the front of its dentary bone was not strongly upturned.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardenco2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardenco2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen was made the basis of the new genus <i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i> by Mateus and Darío Estraviz-López in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple studies found that additional spinosaurid remains from Iberia may belong to <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> other than <i>Baryonyx</i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Protathlitis" title="Protathlitis">Protathlitis</a></i>, or may be indeterminate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vallibonavenatrix_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallibonavenatrix-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malafaia2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malafaia2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Protathlitis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protathlitis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 article by the palaeontologist Erik Isasmendi and colleagues reviewed the spinosaurid fossil record of Iberia and concluded that no specimens from there could be assigned to <i>Baryonyx</i>. They moved a specimen formerly assigned to <i>Baryonyx</i> from La Rioja to the new genus <i><a href="/wiki/Riojavenatrix" title="Riojavenatrix">Riojavenatrix</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riojavenatrix_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riojavenatrix-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the palaeontologist Chris T. Barker and colleagues described two new spinosaurid genera from the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Formation" title="Wessex Formation">Wessex Formation</a> of the Isle of Wight, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i> (the latter named <i>R. milnerae</i> honouring Milner for her contributions to spinosaurid research), and stated that spinosaurid material from there that had previously been attributed to the contemporary <i>Baryonyx</i> could have belonged to other taxa instead.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These specimens had previously been assigned to <i>Baryonyx</i> in a 2017 conference abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-Wight_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wight-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker and colleagues stated that the recognition of the Wessex Formation specimens as new genera renders the presence of <i>Baryonyx</i> there ambiguous, and most of the previously assigned isolated material from the <a href="/wiki/Wealden_Supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealden Supergroup">Wealden Supergroup</a> is therefore indeterminate.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 study of an isolated tooth by Barker and colleagues found that it and other teeth from the Wealden Supergroup that have previously been assigned to <i>Baryonyx</i> probably do not belong to the genus, based on their <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> and age.<sup id="cite_ref-IsolatedTooth_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsolatedTooth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_synonyms">Possible synonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Possible synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two drawings (side and back view) of a large dinosaur tooth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Suchosaurus.jpg/122px-Suchosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Suchosaurus.jpg/183px-Suchosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Suchosaurus.jpg/244px-Suchosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a large dinosaur tooth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg/162px-Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg/243px-Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg/324px-Suchosaurus_cultridens_holotype_tooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1878 <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> (left) and modern photo showing the holotype tooth of <i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus_cultridens" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchosaurus cultridens">Suchosaurus cultridens</a></i>, which may represent the same animal as <i>B. walkeri</i></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2003, Milner noted that some teeth at the Natural History Museum previously identified as belonging to the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus" title="Suchosaurus">Suchosaurus</a></i> (the first named spinosaurid) and <i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i> probably belonged to <i>Baryonyx</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of <i>Suchosaurus</i>, <i>S. cultridens</i>, was named by the biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> in 1841, based on teeth discovered by the geologist <a href="/wiki/Gideon_A._Mantell" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon A. Mantell">Gideon A. Mantell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tilgate_Forest" title="Tilgate Forest">Tilgate Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. Owen originally thought the teeth to have belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>; he was yet to name the group Dinosauria, which happened the following year. A second species, <i>S. girardi</i>, was named by the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Henri_%C3%89mile_Sauvage" title="Henri Émile Sauvage">Henri Émile Sauvage</a> in 1897, based on jaw fragments and a tooth from Boca do Chapim, Portugal. In 2007, the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Buffetaut" title="Éric Buffetaut">Éric Buffetaut</a> considered the teeth of <i>S. girardi</i> very similar to those of <i>Baryonyx</i> (and <i>S. cultridens</i>) except for the stronger development of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#crown" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § crown" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">tooth crown</span></a></dfn> flutes (or "ribs"; lengthwise ridges), suggesting that the remains belonged to the same genus. Buffetaut agreed with Milner that the teeth of <i>S. cultridens</i> were almost identical to those of <i>B. walkeri</i>, but with a ribbier surface. The former taxon might be a <a href="/wiki/Senior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior synonym">senior synonym</a> of the latter (since it was published first), depending on whether the differences were within a taxon or between different ones. According to Buffetaut, since the holotype specimen of <i>S. cultridens</i> is a single tooth and that of <i>B. walkeri</i> is a skeleton, it would be more practical to retain the newer name.<sup id="cite_ref-buffetaut2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffetaut2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Terminology_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terminology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spinosauridae_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinosauridae-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Mateus and colleagues agreed that <i>Suchosaurus</i> was closely related to <i>Baryonyx</i>, but considered both species in the former genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_dubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomina dubia">nomina dubia</a></i> (dubious names) since their holotype specimens were not considered diagnostic (lacking distinguishing features) and could not be definitely equated with other taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Mateus_2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mateus_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker and colleagues agreed with this in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-IsolatedTooth_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsolatedTooth-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bones which were found against a background of the animal's body, drawn to scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg/220px-Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg/330px-Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg/440px-Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal diagram of the holotype specimen (below) compared with the related <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997, Charig and Milner noted that two fragmentary spinosaurid snouts from the <a href="/wiki/Elrhaz_Formation" title="Elrhaz Formation">Elrhaz Formation</a> of Niger (reported by the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Taquet" title="Philippe Taquet">Philippe Taquet</a> in 1984) were similar enough to <i>Baryonyx</i> that they considered them to belong to an indeterminate species of the genus (despite their much younger <a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a> geological age).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, these fossils became the basis of the genus and species <i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus_lapparenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristatusaurus lapparenti">Cristatusaurus lapparenti</a></i>, named by Taquet and the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Dale_Russell" title="Dale Russell">Dale Russell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TaquetRussell_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaquetRussell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Paul Sereno</a> and colleagues named the new genus and species <i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus_tenerensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suchomimus tenerensis">Suchomimus tenerensis</a></i> later in 1998, based on more complete fossils from the Elrhaz Formation. In 2002, the German palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dieter_Sues" title="Hans-Dieter Sues">Hans-Dieter Sues</a> and colleagues proposed that <i>Suchomimus tenerensis</i> was similar enough to <i>Baryonyx walkeri</i> to be considered a species within the same genus (as <i>B. tenerensis</i>), and that <i>Suchomimus</i> was identical to <i>Cristatusaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irritator_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irritator-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milner concurred that the material from Niger was indistinguishable from <i>Baryonyx</i> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Conference_abstract" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference abstract">conference abstract</a>, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i>Suchomimus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hutt&newbery2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutt&newbery2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later studies have kept <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i>Suchomimus</i> separate, whereas <i>Cristatusaurus</i> has been proposed to be either a <i>nomen dubium</i> or possibly distinct from both.<sup id="cite_ref-Mateus_2011_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mateus_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AXRK12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AXRK12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bensonetal2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensonetal2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spinosaurtaxonomy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinosaurtaxonomy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Review_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Review paper">review paper</a> by the palaeontologist Carlos Roberto A. Candeiro and colleagues stated that this debate was more in the realm of semantics than science, as it is generally agreed that <i>B. walkeri</i> and <i>S. tenerensis</i> are distinct, related species.<sup id="cite_ref-Biogeography_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biogeography-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker and colleagues found <i>Suchomimus</i> to be closer related to the British genera <i>Riparovenator</i> and <i>Ceratosuchops</i> than to <i>Baryonyx</i> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg/220px-Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg/330px-Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg/440px-Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7625" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Size of various <a href="/wiki/Spinosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurid">spinosaurids</a> (<i>Baryonyx</i> in yellow) compared with a human</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Baryonyx</i> is estimated to have been between 7.5 and 10 m (25 and 33 ft) long, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in hip height, and to have weighed between 1.2 and 2 t (1.3 and 2.2 short tons; 1.2 and 2.0 long tons). The fact that elements of the skull and <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> of the <i>B. walkeri</i> holotype specimen (NHM R9951) do not appear to have <a href="/wiki/Co-ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-ossified">co-ossified</a> (fused) suggests that the individual was not fully grown, and the mature animal may have been much larger (as is the case for some other spinosaurids). On the other hand, the specimen's fused sternum indicates that it may have been mature.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GSP88a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSP88a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two photos of a fossilised skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png/200px-Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png/300px-Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png/400px-Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Snout of the holotype specimen, from the left and below</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_dentary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baryonyx_dentary.jpg/200px-Baryonyx_dentary.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baryonyx_dentary.jpg/300px-Baryonyx_dentary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baryonyx_dentary.jpg/400px-Baryonyx_dentary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Holotype <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dentary" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dentary" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dentary</span></a></dfn> from the left</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The skull of <i>Baryonyx</i> is incompletely known, and much of the middle and hind portions are not preserved. The full length of the skull is estimated to have been 91–95 centimetres (36–37 inches) long, based on comparison with that of the related genus <i>Suchomimus</i> (which was 20% larger).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was elongated, and the front 17 cm (6.7 in) of the premaxillae formed a long, narrow, and low snout (<a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a>) with a smoothly rounded upper surface.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#external_nares" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § external nares" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">external nares</span></a></dfn> (bony nostrils) were long, low, and placed far back from the snout tip. The front 13 cm (5.1 in) of the snout expanded into a spatulate (spoon-like), "terminal <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a>", a shape similar to the rostrum of the modern <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a>. The front 7 cm (2.8 in) of the lower margin of the premaxillae was downturned (or hooked), whereas that of the front portion of the maxillae was upturned. This morphology resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">sigmoid</a> or S-shaped margin of the lower upper tooth row, in which the teeth from the front of the maxilla were projecting forward. The snout was particularly narrow directly behind the rosette; this area received the large teeth of the mandible. The maxilla and premaxilla of <i>Baryonyx</i> fit together in a complex <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">articulation</a>, and the resulting gap between the upper and lower jaw is known as the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#subrostral_notch" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § subrostral notch" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">subrostral notch</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A downturned premaxilla and a sigmoid lower margin of the upper tooth row was also present in distantly related theropods such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i>. The snout had extensive <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#foramina" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § foramina" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">foramina</span></a></dfn> (openings), which would have been exits for blood vessels and nerves,<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the maxilla appears to have housed <a href="/wiki/Sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinuses">sinuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul2010_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal dinosaur head with jaws open" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/220px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/330px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG/440px-Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the holotype skull, <a href="/wiki/Museon" title="Museon">Museon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Baryonyx</i> had a rudimentary <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#secondary_palate" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § secondary palate" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">secondary palate</span></a></dfn>, similar to crocodiles but unlike most theropod dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield_2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rugose (roughly wrinkled) surface suggests the presence of a horny pad in the roof of the mouth. The nasal bones were fused, which distinguished <i>Baryonyx</i> from other spinosaurids, and a <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">sagittal crest</a> was present above the eyes, on the upper mid-line of the nasals. This crest was triangular, narrow, and sharp in its front part, and was distinct from those of other spinosaurids in ending hind wards in a cross-shaped process. The lacrimal bone in front of the eye appears to have formed a horn core similar to those seen, for example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>, and was distinct from other spinosaurids in being solid and almost triangular. The occiput was narrow, with the paroccipital processes pointing outwards horizontally, and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#basipterygoid_processes" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § basipterygoid processes" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">basipterygoid processes</span></a></dfn> were lengthened, descending far below the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#basioccipital" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § basioccipital" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">basioccipital</span></a></dfn> (the lowermost bone of the occiput).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul2010_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sereno and colleagues suggested that some of <i>Baryonyx</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> cranial bones had been misidentified by Charig and Milner, resulting in the occiput being reconstructed as too deep, and that the skull was instead probably as low, long and narrow as that of <i>Suchomimus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front 14 cm (5.5 in) of the dentary in the mandible sloped upwards towards the curve of the snout. The dentary was very long and shallow, with a prominent <a href="/wiki/Meckelian_groove" title="Meckelian groove">Meckelian groove</a> on the inner side. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#mandibular_symphysis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § mandibular symphysis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">mandibular symphysis</span></a></dfn>, where the two halves of the lower jaw connected at the front, was particularly short. The rest of the lower jaw was fragile; the hind third was much thinner than the front, with a blade-like appearance. The front part of the dentary curved outwards to accommodate the large front teeth, and this area formed the mandibular part of the rosette. The dentary–like the snout—had many foramina.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour drawing of a long-tailed dinosaur walking on its hind legs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg/220px-Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg/330px-Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg/440px-Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palaeoart" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoart">Life restoration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the teeth found with the holotype specimen were not in articulation with the skull; a few remained in the upper jaw, and only small replacement teeth were still borne by the lower jaw. The teeth had the shape of recurved cones, where slightly flattened from sideways, and their curvature was almost uniform. The roots were very long, and tapered towards their extremity.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carinae (sharp front and back edges) of the teeth were finely serrated with <a href="/wiki/Denticle_(tooth_feature)" title="Denticle (tooth feature)">denticles</a> on the front and back, and extended all along the crown. There were around six to eight denticles per mm (0.039 in), a much larger number than in large-bodied theropods like <i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i>. Some of the teeth were fluted, with six to eight ridges along the length of their inner sides and fine-grained <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#enamel" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § enamel" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">enamel</span></a></dfn> (outermost layer of teeth), while others bore no flutes; their presence is probably related to position or <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> (development during growth).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner side of each tooth row had a bony wall. The number of teeth was large compared to most other theropods, with six to seven teeth in each premaxilla and thirty-two in each dentary. Based on the closer packing and smaller size of the dentary teeth compared to those in the corresponding length of the premaxilla, the difference between the number of teeth in the upper and lower jaws appears to have been more pronounced than in other theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminal rosette in the upper jaw of the holotype had thirteen <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dental_alveoli" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dental alveoli" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dental alveoli</span></a></dfn> (tooth sockets), six on the left and seven on the right side, showing tooth count asymmetry. The first four upper teeth were large (with the second and third the largest), while the fourth and fifth progressively decreased in size.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diameter of the largest was twice that of the smallest. The first four alveoli of the dentary (corresponding to the tip of the upper jaw) were the largest, with the rest more regular in size. Small subtriangular <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#interdental_plates" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § interdental plates" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">interdental plates</span></a></dfn> were present between the alveoli.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photos of three irregularly shaped bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png/188px-Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png/282px-Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png/376px-Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png/96px-Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png/144px-Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png/192px-Neck_reconstructions_of_Sigilmassasaurus_and_Baryonyx.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervicals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § cervicals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cervical vertebrae</span></a></dfn> from the neck of the holotype in left side view, the third also shown from the front (left), and reconstructed necks of the spinosaurids <i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i> (A) and <i>Baryonyx</i> (B), showing their curvature (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>Initially thought to have lacked the sigmoid curve typical of theropods,<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the neck of <i>Baryonyx</i> does appear to have formed an S shape, though straighter than in other theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cervical vertebrae of the neck tapered towards the head and became progressively longer front to back. Their <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#zygapophyses" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § zygapophyses" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">zygapophyses</span></a></dfn> (the processes that connected the vertebrae) were flat, and their <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#epipophyses" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § epipophyses" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">epipophyses</span></a></dfn> (processes to which neck muscles attached) were well developed. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#axis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § axis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">axis</span></a></dfn> (the second neck vertebra) was small relative to the size of the skull and had a well-developed <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#hyposphene" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § hyposphene" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">hyposphene</span></a></dfn>. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_arch" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § neural arch" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">neural arches</span></a></dfn> of the cervical vertebrae were not always <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">sutured</a> to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#centra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § centra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">centra</span></a></dfn> (the bodies of the vertebrae), and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_spines" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § neural spines" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">neural spines</span></a></dfn> there were low and thin. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervical_ribs" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § cervical ribs" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cervical ribs</span></a></dfn> were short, similar to those of crocodiles, and possibly overlapped each other somewhat. The centra of the dorsal vertebrae of the back were similar in size. Like in other theropods, the skeleton of <i>Baryonyx</i> showed <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">skeletal pneumaticity</a>, reducing its weight through <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fenestrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fenestrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fenestrae</span></a></dfn> (openings) in the neural arches and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pleurocoels" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pleurocoels" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pleurocoels</span></a></dfn> (hollow depressions) in the centra (primarily near the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#transverse_process" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § transverse process" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">transverse processes</span></a></dfn>). From front to back, the neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae changed from short and stout to tall and broad. One isolated dorsal neural spine was moderately elongated and slender, indicating that <i>Baryonyx</i> may have had a hump or ridge along the centre of its back (though incipiently developed compared to those of other spinosaurids). <i>Baryonyx</i> was unique among spinosaurids in having a marked constriction from side to side in a vertebra that either belonged to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacrum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § sacrum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sacrum</span></a></dfn> or front of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charig&milner1990_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charig&milner1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Replica of a large, thick claw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG/220px-Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG/330px-Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG/440px-Moulage_d%27une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Cast of the claw of the first finger which the name <i>Baryonyx</i> was based on, in <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_D%C3%A9couverte" title="Palais de la Découverte">Palais de la Découverte</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The coracoid tapered hind-wards when viewed in profile, and, uniquely among spinosaurids, connected with the scapula in a peg-and-notch articulation. The scapulae were robust and the bones of the forelimb were short in relation to the animal's size, but broad and sturdy. The humerus was short and stout, with its ends broadly expanded and flattened—the upper side for the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#deltopectoral_crest" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § deltopectoral crest" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">deltopectoral crest</span></a></dfn> and muscle attachment and the lower for articulation with the radius and ulna. The radius was short, stout and straight, and less than half the length of the humerus, while the ulna was a little longer. The ulna had a powerful <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#olecranon" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § olecranon" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">olecranon</span></a></dfn> and an expanded lower end. The hands had three fingers; the first finger bore a large claw measuring about 31 cm (12 in) along its curve in the holotype specimen. The claw would have been lengthened by a <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> (horny) sheath in life. Apart from its size, the claw's proportions were fairly typical of a theropod, i.e. it was <a href="/wiki/Bilaterally_symmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterally symmetric">bilaterally symmetric</a>, slightly compressed, smoothly rounded, and sharply pointed. A groove for the sheath ran along the length of the claw. The other claws of the hand were much smaller. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ilium" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ilium" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ilium</span></a></dfn> (main hip bone) of the pelvis had a prominent <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#supracetabular_crest" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § supracetabular crest" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">supracetabular crest</span></a></dfn>, an anterior process that was slender and vertically expanded, and a posterior process that was long and straight. The ilium also had a prominent <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#brevis_shelf" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § brevis shelf" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">brevis shelf</span></a></dfn> and a deep grove that faced downwards. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#acetabulum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § acetabulum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">acetabulum</span></a></dfn> (the socket for the femur) was long from front to back. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ischium" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ischium" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ischium</span></a></dfn> (lower and rearmost hip bone) had a well developed <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#obturator_process" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § obturator process" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">obturator process</span></a></dfn> at the upper part. The margin of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pubis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pubis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pubic</span></a></dfn> blade at the lower end was turned outward, and the pubic foot was not expanded. The femur lacked a groove on the fibular condyle, and, uniquely among spinosaurids, the fibula had a very shallow fibular <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fossa" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fossa" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fossa</span></a></dfn> (depression).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul2010_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charig&milner1990_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charig&milner1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg/220px-Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg/330px-Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg/440px-Premaxillae_of_Baryonychinae_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Snouts of <i>Cristatusaurus</i> (A-C), <i>Suchomimus</i> (D-I), and <i>Baryonyx</i> (J-L)</figcaption></figure> <p>In their original description, Charig and Milner<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found <i>Baryonyx</i> unique enough to warrant a new <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of theropod dinosaurs: Baryonychidae. They found <i>Baryonyx</i> to be unlike any other theropod group, and considered the possibility that it was a <a href="/wiki/Thecodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Thecodont">thecodont</a> (a grouping of early <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">archosaurs</a> now considered <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">unnatural</a>), due to having apparently <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">primitive</a> features,<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but noted that the articulation of the maxilla and premaxilla was similar to that in <i>Dilophosaurus</i>. They also noted that the two snouts from Niger (which later became the basis of <i>Cristatusaurus</i>), assigned to the family Spinosauridae by Taquet in 1984, appeared almost identical to that of <i>Baryonyx</i> and they referred them to Baryonychidae instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a> agreed with Taquet that <i>Spinosaurus</i>, described in 1915 based on fragmentary remains from Egypt that were destroyed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and <i>Baryonyx</i> were similar and (due to their kinked snouts) possibly late-surviving dilophosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-GSP88a_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSP88a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffetaut also supported this relationship in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Charig and Milner dismissed the spinosaurid affinities of <i>Baryonyx</i>, since they did not find their remains similar enough.<sup id="cite_ref-charig&milner1990_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charig&milner1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, they agreed that Baryonychidae and Spinosauridae were related, but disagreed that the former name should become a synonym of the latter, because the completeness of <i>Baryonyx</i> compared to <i>Spinosaurus</i> made it a better <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> for a family, and because they did not find the similarities between the two significant enough.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holtz and colleagues listed Baryonychidae as a synonym of Spinosauridae in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinosauria2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinosauria2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discoveries in the 1990s shed more light on the relationships of <i>Baryonyx</i> and its relatives. In 1996, a snout from Morocco was referred to <i>Spinosaurus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i> and <i>Angaturama</i> from Brazil (the two are possible synonyms) were named.<sup id="cite_ref-DAR96_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAR96-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irritator_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irritator-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cristatusaurus</i> and <i>Suchomimus</i> were named based on fossils from Niger in 1998. In their description of <i>Suchomimus</i>, Sereno and colleagues placed it and <i>Baryonyx</i> in the new <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a> within Spinosauridae; <i>Spinosaurus</i> and <i>Irritator</i> were placed in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a>. Baryonychinae was distinguished by the small size and larger number of teeth in the dentary behind the terminal rosette, the deeply keeled front dorsal vertebrae, and by having serrated teeth. Spinosaurinae was distinguished by their straight tooth crowns without serrations, small first tooth in the premaxilla, increased spacing of teeth in the jaws, and possibly by having their nostrils placed further back and the presence of a deep <a href="/wiki/Neural_spine_sail" title="Neural spine sail">neural spine sail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TaquetRussell_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaquetRussell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also united the spinosaurids and their closest relatives in the superfamily Spinosauroidea, but in 2010, the palaeontologist Roger Benson considered this a junior synonym of <a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a> (an older name).<sup id="cite_ref-benson2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benson2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 conference abstract, the palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler suggested that since <i>Suchosaurus</i> is the first named genus in its group, the clade names Spinosauroidea, Spinosauridae, and Baryonychinae should be replaced by Suchosauroidea, Suchosauridae, and Suchosaurinae, regardless of whether or not the name <i>Baryonyx</i> is retained.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study by the palaeontologists Marcos A. F. Sales and Cesar L. Schultz found that the clade Baryonychinae was not well supported, since serrated teeth may be an <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral trait">ancestral trait</a> among spinosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinosaurtaxonomy_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinosaurtaxonomy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchomimus,_Cristatusaurus,_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png/220px-Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png/330px-Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png/440px-Suchomimus%2C_Cristatusaurus%2C_and_Baryonyx_rostra.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>Comparison between the snouts of <i>Suchomimus</i> (A, B), <i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i> (C, D), and <i>Baryonyx</i> (E)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front of a mounted skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bryonyx.jpg/220px-Bryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bryonyx.jpg/330px-Bryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bryonyx.jpg/440px-Bryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed skeleton in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Barker and colleagues found support for a Baryonychinae-Spinosaurinae split in 2021, and the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> shows the position of <i>Baryonyx</i> within Spinosauridae according to their study:<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 85%; line-height:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a> <span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(Flipped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png/90px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png/135px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png/180px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28Flipped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="942" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png/80px-Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png/120px-Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png/160px-Vallibonavenatrix_cani_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="3969" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> ML1190 (cf. <i><b>Baryonyx</b></i> sp.) <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png/90px-Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png/135px-Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png/180px-Iberospinus_natarioi_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2392" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><b>Baryonyx</b></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png/90px-Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png/135px-Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png/180px-Life_reconstruction_of_Baryonyx_walkeri.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="839" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/90px-Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/135px-Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/180px-Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="5337" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png/80px-Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png/120px-Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png/160px-Riparovenator_milnerae_by_PaleoGeek_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png/80px-Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png/120px-Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png/160px-Life_reconstruction_of_Ceratosuchops_inferodios.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png/80px-Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png/120px-Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png/160px-Life_reconstruction_of_Camarillasaurus_cirugedae.png 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/80px-Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/120px-Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/160px-Ichthyovenator_laosensis_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="2609" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png/80px-Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png/120px-Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png/160px-Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png/80px-Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png/120px-Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png/160px-Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"Spinosaurus B" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> MSNM-V4047 <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png/90px-Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png/135px-Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png/180px-Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="4525" data-file-height="2546" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> FSAC-KK11888 <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png/90px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png/135px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png/180px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png 2x" data-file-width="7066" data-file-height="3975" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i> holotype <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/80px-Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/120px-Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/160px-Life_reconstruction_of_Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe and North Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg/220px-Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg/330px-Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg/440px-Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of spinosaurids in Europe and North Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>; 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 are <i>Baryonyx</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Spinosaurids appear to have been widespread from the <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological stage">stages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a>, about 130 to 95 million years ago, while the oldest known spinosaurid remains date to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JurassicTeeth_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JurassicTeeth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared features such as long, narrow, crocodile-like skulls; sub-circular teeth, with fine to no serrations; the terminal rosette of the snout; and a secondary palate that made them more resistant to torsion. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition for theropods was a tall, narrow snout with blade-like (ziphodont) teeth with serrated carinae.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtz_1998_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtz_1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull adaptations of spinosaurids <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">converged</a> with those of <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>; early members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial prey to fish. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons of baryonychine spinosaurids do not appear to have aquatic adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_et_al_2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_et_al_2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holtz_1998_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtz_1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sereno and colleagues proposed in 1998 that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related to fish-eating, since the former features are shared with their <a href="/wiki/Megalosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurid">megalosaurid</a> relatives. They also suggested that the spinosaurines and baryonychines diverged before the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several theories have been proposed about the <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> of the spinosaurids. Since <i>Suchomimus</i> was more closely related to <i>Baryonyx</i> (from Europe) than to <i>Spinosaurus</i>—although that genus also lived in Africa—the distribution of spinosaurids cannot be explained as <a href="/wiki/Vicariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariance">vicariance</a> resulting from <a href="/wiki/Continental_rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental rifting">continental rifting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sereno and colleagues<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed that spinosaurids were initially distributed across the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>, but split with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a>. Spinosaurines would then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>) and baryonychines in the north (Europe: in <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>), with <i>Suchomimus</i> the result of a single north-to-south <a href="/wiki/Dispersal_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersal event">dispersal event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1998_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffetaut and the Tunisian palaeontologist Mohamed Ouaja also suggested in 2002 that baryonychines could be the ancestors of spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milner suggested in 2003 that spinosaurids originated in Laurasia during the Jurassic, and dispersed via the Iberian <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> into Gondwana, where they <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">radiated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_2003_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Buffetaut pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeogeographical">palaeogeographical</a> studies had demonstrated that Iberia was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous, which he found to confirm Milner's idea that the Iberian region was a <a href="/wiki/Island_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Island hopping">stepping stone</a> between Europe and Africa, which is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia. The direction of the dispersal between Europe and Africa is still unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-buffetaut2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffetaut2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent discoveries of spinosaurid remains in Asia and possibly Australia indicate that it may have been complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Mateus_2011_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mateus_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Candeiro and colleagues suggested in 2017 that spinosaurids of northern Gondwana were replaced by other predators, such as <a href="/wiki/Abelisauroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroids">abelisauroids</a>, since no definite spinosaurid fossils are known from after the Cenomanian anywhere in the world. They attributed the disappearance of spinosaurids and other shifts in the fauna of Gondwana to changes in the environment, perhaps caused by <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgressions in sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biogeography_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biogeography-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malafaia and colleagues stated in 2020 that <i>Baryonyx</i> remains the oldest unquestionable spinosaurid, while acknowledging that older remains had also been tentatively assigned to the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Malafaia2020_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malafaia2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker and colleagues found support for a European origin for spinosaurids in 2021, with an expansion to Asia and Gondwana during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. In contrast to Sereno, these authors suggested there had been at least two dispersal events from Europe to Africa, leading to <i>Suchomimus</i> and the African part of Spinosaurinae.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour drawing of a long-tailed dinosaur walking on its hind legs, with a fish in its mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/220px-Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/330px-Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg/440px-Baryonyx_Andrey_Atuchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4471" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>Baryonyx</i> eating a fish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, Charig and Milner suggested that its elongated snout with many finely serrated teeth indicated that <i>Baryonyx</i> was <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivorous</a> (fish-eating), speculating that it crouched on a riverbank and used its claw to <a href="/wiki/Fishing_gaff" title="Fishing gaff">gaff</a> fish out of the water (similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years earlier, Taquet<sup id="cite_ref-:8_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointed out that the spinosaurid snouts from Niger were similar to those of the modern gharial and suggested a behaviour similar to <a href="/wiki/Herons" class="mw-redirect" title="Herons">herons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Storks" class="mw-redirect" title="Storks">storks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, the biologist Andrew Kitchener disputed the piscivorous behaviour of <i>Baryonyx</i> and suggested that it would have been a <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a>, using its long neck to feed on the ground, its claws to break into a carcass, and its long snout (with nostrils far back for breathing) for investigating the body cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchener1987_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchener1987-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitchener argued that <i>Baryonyx</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> jaws and teeth were too weak to kill other dinosaurs and too heavy to catch fish, with too many adaptations for piscivory.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchener1987_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchener1987-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the palaeontologist Robin E. H. Reid, a scavenged carcass would have been broken up by its predator and large animals capable of doing so—such as grizzly bears—are also capable of catching fish (at least in shallow water).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Partial brown bone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/147px-Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/221px-Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/294px-Distal_Iguanodon_femur_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Long, brown bone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/137px-Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/206px-Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg/274px-Iguanodon_bone_found_with_Baryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Abraded bones of a young <a href="/wiki/Iguanodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanodontid">iguanodontid</a> found within the rib cage of the <i>B. walkeri</i> holotype</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1997, Charig and Milner demonstrated direct dietary evidence in the stomach region of the <i>B. walkeri</i> holotype. It contained the first evidence of piscivory in a theropod dinosaur, acid-etched scales and teeth of the common fish <i><a href="/wiki/Scheenstia_mantelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheenstia mantelli">Scheenstia mantelli</a></i> (then classified in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidotes" title="Lepidotes">Lepidotes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and abraded or etched bones of a young <a href="/wiki/Iguanodontidae" title="Iguanodontidae">iguanodontid</a>. They also presented circumstantial evidence for piscivory, such as crocodile-like adaptations for catching and swallowing prey: long, narrow jaws with their "terminal rosette", similar to those of a gharial, and the downturned tip and notch of the snout. In their view, these adaptations suggested that <i>Baryonyx</i> would have caught small to medium-sized fish in the manner of a crocodilian: gripping them with the notch of the snout (giving the teeth a "stabbing function"), tilting the head backwards, and swallowing them headfirst.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger fish would be broken up with the claws. That the teeth in the lower jaw were smaller, more crowded and numerous than those in the upper jaw may have helped the animal grip food. Charig and Milner maintained that <i>Baryonyx</i> would primarily have eaten fish (although it would also have been an active predator and opportunistic scavenger), but it was not equipped to be a <a href="/wiki/Macro-predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-predator">macro-predator</a> like <i>Allosaurus</i>. They suggested that <i>Baryonyx</i> mainly used its forelimbs and large claws to catch, kill and tear apart larger prey. An apparent <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastrolith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> stone) was also found with the specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German palaeontologist Oliver Wings suggested in 2007 that the low number of stones found in theropods like <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i>Allosaurus</i> could have been ingested by accident.<sup id="cite_ref-gastroliths_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gastroliths-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, a <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> neck vertebra from Brazil with a spinosaurid tooth embedded in it reported by Buffetaut and colleagues confirmed that the latter were not exclusively piscivorous.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/157px--Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="157" height="118" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodilian_skulls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three crocodilian skulls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crocodilian_skulls.png/127px-Crocodilian_skulls.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crocodilian_skulls.png/191px-Crocodilian_skulls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crocodilian_skulls.png/254px-Crocodilian_skulls.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Video showing a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> 3D model of the holotype snout in rotation (left), and three skulls of extant <a href="/wiki/Crocodilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilians">crocodilians</a> that were compared to those of spinosaurs in a 2013 study (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>A 2005 <a href="/wiki/Beam-theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Beam-theory">beam-theory</a> study by the palaeontologist François Therrien and colleagues was unable to reconstruct force profiles of <i>Baryonyx</i>, but found that the related <i>Suchomimus</i> would have used the front part of its jaws to capture prey, and suggested that the jaws of spinosaurids were adapted for hunting smaller terrestrial prey in addition to fish. They envisaged that spinosaurids could have captured smaller prey with the rosette of teeth at the front of the jaws, and finished it by shaking it. Larger prey would instead have been captured and killed with their forelimbs instead of their bite, since their skulls would not be able to resist the bending stress. They also agreed that the conical teeth of spinosaurids were well-developed for impaling and holding prey, with their shape enabling them to withstand bending loads from all directions.<sup id="cite_ref-therrien2005_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therrien2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element analysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/CT_scanned" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scanned">CT scanned</a> snouts by the palaeontologist Emily J. Rayfield and colleagues indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a> of <i>Baryonyx</i> were most similar to those of the gharial and unlike those of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> and more-conventional theropods, supporting a piscivorous diet for spinosaurids. Their secondary palate helped them resist bending and torsion of their tubular snouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield_2007_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Bernoulli_beam_theory" title="Euler–Bernoulli beam theory">beam-theory</a> study by the palaeontologists Andrew R. Cuff and Rayfield compared the biomechanics of CT-scanned spinosaurid snouts with those of extant crocodilians, and found the snouts of <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i>Spinosaurus</i> similar in their resistance to bending and torsion. <i>Baryonyx</i> was found to have relatively high resistance in the snout to dorsoventral bending compared with <i>Spinosaurus</i> and the gharial. The authors concluded (in contrast to the 2007 study) that <i>Baryonyx</i> performed differently than the gharial; spinosaurids were not exclusive piscivores, and their diet was determined by their individual size.<sup id="cite_ref-cuff13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuff13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2014 conference abstract, the palaeontologist Danny Anduza and Fowler pointed out that grizzly bears do not gaff fish out of the water as was suggested for <i>Baryonyx</i>, and also ruled out that the dinosaur would not have darted its head like herons, since the necks of spinosaurids were not strongly S-curved, and their eyes were not well-positioned for <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>. Instead, they suggested the jaws would have made sideways sweeps to catch fish, like the gharial, with the hand claws probably used to stamp down and impale large fish, whereafter they manipulated them with their jaws, in a manner similar to grizzly bears and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing cats">fishing cats</a>. They did not find the teeth of spinosaurids suitable for dismembering prey, due to their lack of serrations, and suggested they would have swallowed prey whole (while noting they could also have used their claws for dismemberment).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 study by the palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues found that adult spinosaurs could displace their mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) sideways when the jaw was depressed, which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> (opening that connects the mouth to the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>) to be widened. This jaw-articulation is similar to that seen in pterosaurs and living <a href="/wiki/Pelicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelicans">pelicans</a>, and would likewise have allowed spinosaurids to swallow large prey such as fish and other animals. They also reported that some possible Portuguese <i>Baryonyx</i> fossils were found associated with isolated <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i> teeth, and listed it along with other such associations as support for opportunistic feeding behaviour in spinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickx_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2016 study by the palaeontologist Romain Vullo and colleagues found that the jaws of spinosaurids were convergent with those of <a href="/wiki/Pike_conger_eel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike conger eel">pike conger eels</a>; these fish also have jaws that are compressed side to side (whereas the jaws of crocodilians are compressed from top to bottom), an elongated snout with a "terminal rosette" that bears enlarged teeth, and a notch behind the rosette with smaller teeth. Such jaws likely evolved for grabbing prey in aquatic environments with low light, and may have helped in prey detection.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grey 3D models of skull bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg/143px-Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg/215px-Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg/286px-Braincases_of_Baryonyx_and_Ceratosuchops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="3677" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue 3D model of a brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg/141px-Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg/212px-Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg/282px-Cranial_endocast_of_Baryonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="3735" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">CT scan 3D models of the <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a> of <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i> (left), and 3D <a href="/wiki/Endocast" title="Endocast">endocast</a> of the brain of <i>Baryonyx</i> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>A 2023 study by Barker and colleagues based on CT scans of the braincases of <i>Baryonyx</i> and <i>Ceratosuchops</i> found that the brain anatomy of these baryonychines was similar to that of other non-<a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriform" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriform">maniraptoriform</a> theropods. Their <a href="/wiki/Neurosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosensory">neurosensory</a> capabilities such as hearing and <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> (sense of smell) were unexceptional, and their gaze stabilisation less developed than those of spinosaurines, so their behavioural adaptations were probably comparable to those of other large-bodied terrestrial theropods. This suggests that their transition from terrestrial hypercarnivores to <a href="/wiki/Semi-aquatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-aquatic">semi-aquatic</a> “generalists” during their evolution did not require substantial modification of their brain and sensory systems. This could mean that spinosaurids were either pre-adapted for detection and capture of aquatic prey, or that their transition to semi-aquatic lifestyles only required modifications to the bones associated with the mouth. Their <a href="/wiki/Reptile_encephalization_quotient" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile encephalization quotient">reptile encephalization quotient</a> values imply that the cognitive capacity and behavioural sophistication of baryonychines did not deviate much from that of other <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Brains_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brains-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_and_semi-aquatic_habits">Motion and semi-aquatic habits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Motion and semi-aquatic habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their original description, Charig and Milner did not consider <i>Baryonyx</i> to be aquatic (due to its nostrils being on the sides of its snout—far from the tip—and the form of the post-cranial skeleton), but thought it was capable of swimming, like most land vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speculated that the elongated skull, long neck, and strong humerus of <i>Baryonyx</i> indicated that the animal was a facultative <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadruped</a>, unique among theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their 1997 article they found no skeletal support for this, but maintained that the forelimbs would have been strong enough for a quadrupedal posture and it would probably have caught aquatic prey while crouching—or on all fours—near (or in) water.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 re-description of <i>Spinosaurus</i> by the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Nizar_Ibrahim" title="Nizar Ibrahim">Nizar Ibrahim</a> and colleagues based on new remains suggested that it was a quadruped, based on its anterior <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_body_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of body mass">centre of body mass</a>. The authors found quadrupedality unlikely for <i>Baryonyx</i>, since the better-known legs of the closely related <i>Suchomimus</i> did not support this posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_et_al_2014_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_et_al_2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the palaeontologists David E. Hone and Holtz hypothesized that the head crests of spinosaurids were probably used for sexual or threat display. The authors also pointed out that (like other theropods) there was no reason to believe that the forelimbs of <i>Baryonyx</i> were able to <a href="/wiki/Pronate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronate">pronate</a> (crossing the radius and ulna bones of the lower arm to turn the hand), and thereby make it able to rest or walk on its palms. Resting on or using the forelimbs for locomotion may have been possible (as indicated by tracks of a resting theropod), but if this was the norm, the forelimbs would probably have showed adaptations for this. Hone and Holtz furthermore suggested that the forelimbs of spinosaurids do not seem optimal for trapping prey, but instead appear similar to the forelimbs of digging animals. They suggested that the ability to dig would have been useful when excavating nests, digging for water, or to reach some kinds of prey. Hone and Holtz also believed that spinosaurids would have waded and dipped in water rather than submerging themselves, due to their sparsity of aquatic adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hone2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hone2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG/204px-Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG" decoding="async" width="204" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG/306px-Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG/408px-Spatial_theropod_ecology.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="997" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae,_Carcharodontosauridae,_and_Spinosauridae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png/80px-Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png/120px-Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png/160px-Global_occurrences_of_Abelisauridae%2C_Carcharodontosauridae%2C_and_Spinosauridae.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="2490" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Spatial distribution of <a href="/wiki/Abelisaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisaurids">abelisaurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurids">carcharodontosaurids</a>, and spinosaurids (the latter strongly associated with coastal environments), and their global occurrences through time (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>A 2010 study by the palaeontologist Romain Amiot and colleagues proposed that spinosaurids were semi-aquatic, based on the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen isotope">oxygen isotope</a> composition of spinosaurid teeth from around the world compared with that of other theropods and extant animals. Spinosaurids probably spent much of the day in water, like crocodiles and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippopotamuses">hippopotamuses</a>, and had a diet similar to the former; both were opportunistic predators. Since most spinosaurids do not appear to have anatomical adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle, the authors proposed that submersion in water was a means of thermoregulation similar to that of crocodiles and hippopotamuses. Spinosaurids may also have turned to aquatic habitats and piscivory to <a href="/wiki/Niche_partitioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche partitioning">avoid competition</a> with large, more-terrestrial theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Sales and colleagues statistically examined the fossil distribution of spinosaurids, <a href="/wiki/Abelisaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisaurids">abelisaurids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurids">carcharodontosaurids</a>, and concluded that spinosaurids had the strongest support for association with coastal palaeoenvironments. Spinosaurids also appear to have inhabited inland environments (with their distribution there being comparable to carcharodontosaurids), which indicates they may have been more generalist than usually thought.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sales and Schultz agreed in 2017 that spinosaurids were semi-aquatic and partially piscivorous, based on skull features such as conical teeth, snouts that were compressed from side to side, and retracted nostrils. They interpreted the fact that <a href="/wiki/Histological" class="mw-redirect" title="Histological">histological</a> data indicates some spinosaurids were more terrestrial than others as reflecting ecological niche partitioning among them. As some spinosaurids have smaller nostrils than others, their <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> abilities were presumably lesser, as in modern piscivorous animals, and they may instead have used other senses (such as vision and <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a>) when hunting fish. Olfaction may have been more useful for spinosaurids that also fed on terrestrial prey, such as baryonychines.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinosaurtaxonomy_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinosaurtaxonomy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study by the palaeontologist Matteo Fabbri and colleagues revealed that <i>Baryonyx</i> possessed dense bones that would have allowed it to dive underwater. This same adaptation was revealed in the related <i>Spinosaurus</i>, and they are believed to have been subaqueous foragers that dived after aquatic prey, while <i>Suchomimus</i> was better adapted to a non-diving lifestyle by comparison according to the provided analysis. This discovery also showcases the unique and ecologically disparate lifestyles spinosaurids had, with more hollow-boned genera preferring to hunt in shallower water.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoenvironment">Palaeoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Palaeoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Various dinosaurs near a water body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg/330px-Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg/440px-Meeting_at_the_river_threshold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>Baryonyx</i> with a fish (left) along contemporary <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Formation" title="Wessex Formation">Wessex Formation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Weald Clay Formation consists of sediments of <a href="/wiki/Hauterivian" title="Hauterivian">Hauterivian</a> (Lower Weald Clay) to Barremian (Upper Weald Clay) <a href="/wiki/Age_geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Age geology">age</a>, about 130–125 million years old. The original <i>Baryonyx</i> specimen was found in the latter, in clay representing non-marine still water, which has been interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflat</a> environment with shallow water, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Early Cretaceous, the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> area of Surrey, Sussex, and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> was partly covered by the large, fresh-to-<a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> <a href="/wiki/Wealden_Lake" title="Wealden Lake">Wealden Lake</a>. Two large rivers drained the northern area (where London now stands), flowing into the lake through a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a>; the Anglo-Paris Basin was in the south. Its climate was <a href="/wiki/Sub-tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-tropical">sub-tropical</a>, similar to the present <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a>. Since the Smokejack Clay Pit consists of different <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratigraphic levels">stratigraphic levels</a>, fossil taxa found there are not necessarily contemporaneous.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dinosaurs from the locality include the <a href="/wiki/Ornithopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopods">ornithopods</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i>, <i>Iguanodon</i>, and small <a href="/wiki/Sauropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropods">sauropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vertebrates from the Weald Clay include crocodiles, pterosaurs, lizards (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dorsetisaurus" title="Dorsetisaurus">Dorsetisaurus</a></i>), amphibians, sharks (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hybodus" title="Hybodus">Hybodus</a></i>), and bony fishes (including <i>Scheenstia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of ten orders of insects have been identified, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valditermes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valditermes (page does not exist)">Valditermes</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archisphex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archisphex (page does not exist)">Archisphex</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterinoblattina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterinoblattina (page does not exist)">Pterinoblattina</a></i>. Other invertebrates include <a href="/wiki/Ostracods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracods">ostracods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopods">isopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conchostracans" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchostracans">conchostracans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants <i><a href="/wiki/Weichselia" title="Weichselia">Weichselia</a></i> and the aquatic, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bevhalstia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bevhalstia (page does not exist)">Bevhalstia</a></i> were common. Other plants found include <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horsetails" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetails">horsetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Club mosses">club mosses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1995_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_1995-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other dinosaurs from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight where <i>Baryonyx</i> may have occurred include the theropods <i>Riparovenator</i>, <i>Ceratosuchops</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thecocoelurus" title="Thecocoelurus">Thecocoelurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calamospondylus" title="Calamospondylus">Calamospondylus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithodesmus" title="Ornithodesmus">Ornithodesmus</a></i>; the ornithopods <i>Iguanodon</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodon" title="Hypsilophodon">Hypsilophodon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Valdosaurus" title="Valdosaurus">Valdosaurus</a></i>; the sauropods <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucamerotus" title="Eucamerotus">Eucamerotus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Chondrosteosaurus" title="Chondrosteosaurus">Chondrosteosaurus</a></i>; and the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaur">ankylosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Polacanthus" title="Polacanthus">Polacanthus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker and colleagues stated in 2021 that the identification of the two additional spinosaurids from the Wealden Supergroup, <i>Riparovenator</i> and <i>Ceratosuchops</i>, has implications for potential ecological separation within Spinosauridae if these and <i>Baryonyx</i> were contemporary and interacted. They cautioned that it is possible the Upper Weald Clay and Wessex Formations and the spinosaurids known from them were separated in time and distance.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp/220px-RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp/330px-RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp/440px-RiparovenatorCeratosuchops.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing known material of <i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i> (front) and <i>Ceratosuchops</i> (rear), spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation which may have lived alongside <i>Baryonyx</i></figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally thought that large predators occur with small taxonomic diversity in any area due to ecological demands, yet many Mesozoic assemblages include two or more <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> theropods that were comparable in size and morphology, and this also appears to have been the case for spinosaurids. Barker and colleagues suggested that high diversity within Spinosauridae in a given area may have been the result of environmental circumstances benefiting their niche. While it has been generally assumed that only identifiable anatomical traits related to resource partitioning allowed for coexistence of large theropods, Barker and colleagues noted that this does not preclude that similar and closely related taxa could coexist and overlap in ecological requirements. Possible niche partitioning could be in time (seasonal or daily), in space (between habitats in the same ecosystems), or depending on conditions, and they could also have been separated by their choice of habitat within their regions (which may have ranged in climate).<sup id="cite_ref-NewSpinosaurids_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSpinosaurids-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Taphonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dead dinosaur lying on its side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg/220px-Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg/330px-Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg/440px-Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Model carcass based on the position of the holotype bones, NHM</figcaption></figure> <p>Charig and Milner presented a possible scenario explaining the <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomy</a> (changes during decay and fossilisation) of the <i>B. walkeri</i> holotype specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fine-grained sediments around the skeleton, and the fact that the bones were found close together (skull and forelimb elements at one end of the excavation area and the pelvis and hind-limb elements at the other), indicates that the environment was quiet at the time of deposition, and water currents did not carry the carcass far—possibly because the water was shallow. The area where the specimen died seems to have been suitable for a piscivorous animal. It may have caught fish and scavenged on the mud plain, becoming mired before it died and was buried. Since the bones are well-preserved and had no gnaw marks, the carcass appears to have been undisturbed by scavengers (suggesting that it was quickly covered by sediment).<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disarticulation of the bones may have been the result of soft-tissue decomposition. Parts of the skeleton seem to have weathered to different degrees, perhaps because water levels changed or the sediments shifted (exposing parts of the skeleton). The girdle and limb bones, the dentary, and a rib were broken before fossilisation, perhaps from trampling by large animals while buried. Most of the tail appears to have been lost before fossilisation, perhaps due to scavenging, or having rotted and floated off. The orientation of the bones indicates that the carcass lay on its back (perhaps tilted slightly to the left, with the right side upwards), which may explain why all the lower teeth had fallen out of their sockets and some upper teeth were still in place.<sup id="cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_Milner_1986_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharigMilner1986" class="citation journal cs1">Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1986). "<i>Baryonyx</i>, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur". <i>Nature</i>. <b>324</b> (6095): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.324..359C">1986Natur.324..359C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F324359a0">10.1038/324359a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3785404">3785404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4343514">4343514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Baryonyx%2C+a+remarkable+new+theropod+dinosaur&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=6095&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F324359a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4343514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3785404&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.324..359C&rft.aulast=Charig&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Milner%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunting-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsihoyosKnoebber1994" class="citation book cs1">Psihoyos, L.; Knoebber, J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/huntingdinosaurs0000psih/page/176"><i>Hunting Dinosaurs</i></a>. London: Cassell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/huntingdinosaurs0000psih/page/176">176–179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679431244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679431244"><bdi>978-0679431244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Dinosaurs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176-179&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0679431244&rft.aulast=Psihoyos&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Knoebber%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhuntingdinosaurs0000psih%2Fpage%2F176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charigmilner1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charigmilner1997_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharigMilner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36949178#page/199/mode/1up">"<i>Baryonyx walkeri</i>, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London</i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Natural+History+Museum+of+London&rft.atitle=Baryonyx+walkeri%2C+a+fish-eating+dinosaur+from+the+Wealden+of+Surrey&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Charig&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Milner%2C+A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F36949178%23page%2F199%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_News-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_News_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_News_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1986" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, D. D. (1986). "Fossil claw unearths a new family tree". <i>Science News</i>. <b>130</b> (23): 356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3970849">10.2307/3970849</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3970849">3970849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Fossil+claw+unearths+a+new+family+tree&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=356&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3970849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3970849%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charig_obituary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_obituary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charig_obituary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodyNaish2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, R. T. J.; Naish, D. (2010). 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"Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of bone-bearing facies from the Clockhouse Rock Store (Weald Clay, late Hauterivian), Capel, Surrey, UK". <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>108</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PrGA..108...49C">1997PrGA..108...49C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2897%2980005-3">10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80005-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=Sedimentology+and+vertebrate+taphonomy+of+bone-bearing+facies+from+the+Clockhouse+Rock+Store+%28Weald+Clay%2C+late+Hauterivian%29%2C+Capel%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2897%2980005-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PrGA..108...49C&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_1995-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_1995_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossCook1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, A. J.; Cook, E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/14446/files/PAL_E1631.pdf">"The stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Upper Weald Clay (Barremian) at Smokejacks Brickworks, Ockley, Surrey, England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cretaceous Research</i>. <b>16</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">705–</span>716. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995CrRes..16..705R">1995CrRes..16..705R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fcres.1995.1044">10.1006/cres.1995.1044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=The+stratigraphy+and+palaeontology+of+the+Upper+Weald+Clay+%28Barremian%29+at+Smokejacks+Brickworks%2C+Ockley%2C+Surrey%2C+England&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E705-%3C%2Fspan%3E716&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fcres.1995.1044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995CrRes..16..705R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Cook%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F14446%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E1631.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatten1998" class="citation journal cs1">Batten, D. J. (1998). "Palaeoenvironmental implications of plant, insect and other organic-walled microfossils in the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of southeast England". <i>Cretaceous Research</i>. <b>19</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>315. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998CrRes..19..279B">1998CrRes..19..279B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fcres.1998.0116">10.1006/cres.1998.0116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=Palaeoenvironmental+implications+of+plant%2C+insect+and+other+organic-walled+microfossils+in+the+Weald+Clay+Formation+%28Lower+Cretaceous%29+of+southeast+England&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fcres.1998.0116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998CrRes..19..279B&rft.aulast=Batten&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartillHutt1996" class="citation journal cs1">Martill, D. M.; Hutt, S. (1996). "Possible baryonychid dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England". <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>107</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PrGA..107...81M">1996PrGA..107...81M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2896%2980001-0">10.1016/S0016-7878(96)80001-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=Possible+baryonychid+dinosaur+teeth+from+the+Wessex+Formation+%28Lower+Cretaceous%2C+Barremian%29+of+the+Isle+of+Wight%2C+England&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2896%2980001-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PrGA..107...81M&rft.aulast=Martill&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Hutt%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94jLUmbqyMQ">Natural History Museum – "<i>Baryonyx</i>: the discovery of an amazing fish-eating dinosaur"</a> – four minute video presented by Angela C. Milner</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theropoda" title="Template talk:Theropoda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theropoda301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrovenator" title="Erythrovenator">Erythrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neotheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotheropoda">Neotheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichosuchus" title="Dolichosuchus">Dolichosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gojirasaurus" title="Gojirasaurus">Gojirasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidus_praecisio" title="Lepidus praecisio">Lepidus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliensternus" title="Liliensternus">Liliensternus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notatesseraeraptor" title="Notatesseraeraptor">Notatesseraeraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcosaurus" title="Sarcosaurus">Sarcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaisaurus" title="Shuangbaisaurus">Shuangbaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachiraptor" title="Tachiraptor">Tachiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocipes" title="Velocipes">Velocipes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zupaysaurus" title="Zupaysaurus">Zupaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracoraptor" title="Dracoraptor">Dracoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pendraig" title="Pendraig">Pendraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus">Podokesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powellvenator" title="Powellvenator">Powellvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysidae">Coelophysidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camposaurus" title="Camposaurus">Camposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucianovenator" title="Lucianovenator">Lucianovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapnosaurus" title="Megapnosaurus">Megapnosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterospondylus" title="Pterospondylus">Pterospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious neotheropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teinurosaurus" title="Teinurosaurus">Teinurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halticosaurus" title="Halticosaurus">Halticosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis bauri"><img alt="Coelophysis bauri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2105" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli"><img alt="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/140px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/210px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/280px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Averostra343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Averostra301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dornraptor" title="Dornraptor">Dornraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berberosaurus" title="Berberosaurus">Berberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fosterovenator" title="Fosterovenator">Fosterovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubbulpuria" title="Jubbulpuria">Jubbulpuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lukousaurus" title="Lukousaurus">Lukousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltriovenator" title="Saltriovenator">Saltriovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betasuchus" title="Betasuchus">Betasuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lametasaurus" title="Lametasaurus">Lametasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimoides" title="Ornithomimoides">Ornithomimoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozraptor" title="Ozraptor">Ozraptor</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afromimus" title="Afromimus">Afromimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocheirus" title="Austrocheirus">Austrocheirus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berthasaura" title="Berthasaura">Berthasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsosuchus" title="Compsosuchus">Compsosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiyacursor" title="Kiyacursor">Kiyacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabueino" title="Ligabueino">Ligabueino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinostropheus" title="Spinostropheus">Spinostropheus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphrosaurinae">Elaphrosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huinculsaurus" title="Huinculsaurus">Huinculsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noasaurinae">Noasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laevisuchus" title="Laevisuchus">Laevisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masiakasaurus" title="Masiakasaurus">Masiakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noasaurus" title="Noasaurus">Noasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocisaurus" title="Velocisaurus">Velocisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chenanisaurus" title="Chenanisaurus">Chenanisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosauroides" title="Dryptosauroides">Dryptosauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosuchus" title="Indosuchus">Indosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kryptops" title="Kryptops">Kryptops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurupi_itaata" title="Kurupi itaata">Kurupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugops" title="Rugops">Rugops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrovenator" title="Spectrovenator">Spectrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarascosaurus" title="Tarascosaurus">Tarascosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tralkasaurus" title="Tralkasaurus">Tralkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenotarsosaurus" title="Xenotarsosaurus">Xenotarsosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcovenator" title="Arcovenator">Arcovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosaurus" title="Indosaurus">Indosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brachyrostra16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guemesia" title="Guemesia">Guemesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llukalkan" title="Llukalkan">Llukalkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_antiqua" title="Niebla antiqua">Niebla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanos_simonattoi" title="Thanos simonattoi">Thanos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caletodraco" title="Caletodraco">Caletodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilmesaurus" title="Quilmesaurus">Quilmesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viavenator" title="Viavenator">Viavenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"><img alt="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/140px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/210px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/280px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limusaurus_runner_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limusaurus inextricabilis"><img alt="Limusaurus inextricabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasaurus narmadensis"><img alt="Rajasaurus narmadensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/140px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/210px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/280px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aucasaurus garridoi"><img alt="Aucasaurus garridoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetanurae343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamospondylus" title="Calamospondylus">Calamospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chienkosaurus" title="Chienkosaurus">Chienkosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilesaurus" title="Chilesaurus">Chilesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuandongocoelurus" title="Chuandongocoelurus">Chuandongocoelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruxicheiros" title="Cruxicheiros">Cruxicheiros</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijiangosaurus" title="Kaijiangosaurus">Kaijiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentavenator" title="Kayentavenator">Kayentavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravenator" title="Pandoravenator">Pandoravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szechuanosaurus" title="Szechuanosaurus">Szechuanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectaerovenator" title="Vectaerovenator">Vectaerovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Orionides" class="mw-redirect" title="Orionides">Orionides</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megalosauroidea307" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunyangosaurus" title="Yunyangosaurus">Yunyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condorraptor" title="Condorraptor">Condorraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshosaurus" title="Marshosaurus">Marshosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysaurus" title="Piatnitzkysaurus">Piatnitzkysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosauria">Megalosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptospondylus" title="Streptospondylus">Streptospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurinae">Megalosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriavenator" title="Duriavenator">Duriavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiehenvenator" title="Wiehenvenator">Wiehenvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrovenatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrovenatorinae">Afrovenatorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrovenator" title="Afrovenator">Afrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dubreuillosaurus" title="Dubreuillosaurus">Dubreuillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leshansaurus" title="Leshansaurus">Leshansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnosaurus" title="Magnosaurus">Magnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piveteausaurus" title="Piveteausaurus">Piveteausaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poekilopleuron" title="Poekilopleuron">Poekilopleuron</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostafrikasaurus" title="Ostafrikasaurus">Ostafrikasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baryonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protathlitis" title="Protathlitis">Protathlitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojavenatrix" title="Riojavenatrix">Riojavenatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus" title="Suchosaurus">Suchosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxalaia" title="Oxalaia">Oxalaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamosaurus" title="Siamosaurus">Siamosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi"><img alt="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Torvosaurus tanneri"><img alt="Torvosaurus tanneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/210px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/280px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus"><img alt="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/140px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/210px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/280px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Avetheropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda304" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasosaurus" title="Gasosaurus">Gasosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltovenator" title="Asfaltovenator">Asfaltovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erectopus" title="Erectopus">Erectopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosauridae" title="Metriacanthosauridae">Metriacanthosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metriacanthosaurinae">Metriacanthosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpkarakush" title="Alpkarakush">Alpkarakush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurus" title="Metriacanthosaurus">Metriacanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shidaisaurus" title="Shidaisaurus">Shidaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamotyrannus" title="Siamotyrannus">Siamotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinraptor" title="Sinraptor">Sinraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauria">Allosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antrodemus" title="Antrodemus">Antrodemus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epanterias" title="Epanterias">Epanterias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosauria">Carcharodontosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Datanglong" title="Datanglong">Datanglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusovenator" title="Lusovenator">Lusovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamraptor" title="Siamraptor">Siamraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neovenatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neovenatoridae">Neovenatoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">Carcharodontosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocanthosaurus" title="Acrocanthosaurus">Acrocanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator">Concavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocarcharia" title="Eocarcharia">Eocarcharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelmayisaurus" title="Kelmayisaurus">Kelmayisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lajasvenator" title="Lajasvenator">Lajasvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroniops" title="Sauroniops">Sauroniops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaochilong" title="Shaochilong">Shaochilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameryraptor" title="Tameryraptor">Tameryraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurinae">Carcharodontosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giganotosaurini">Giganotosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurus" title="Giganotosaurus">Giganotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapusaurus" title="Mapusaurus">Mapusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meraxes" title="Meraxes">Meraxes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taurovenator" title="Taurovenator">Taurovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannotitan" title="Tyrannotitan">Tyrannotitan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoniraptor" title="Aoniraptor">Aoniraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuiraptor" title="Fukuiraptor">Fukuiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangvenator" title="Phuwiangvenator">Phuwiangvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapator" title="Rapator">Rapator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaraptoridae">Megaraptoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosteon" title="Aerosteon">Aerosteon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maip" title="Maip">Maip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaraptor" title="Megaraptor">Megaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murusraptor" title="Murusraptor">Murusraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkoraptor" title="Orkoraptor">Orkoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tratayenia" title="Tratayenia">Tratayenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis"><img alt="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/140px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/210px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/280px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="5602" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allosaurus fragilis"><img alt="Allosaurus fragilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/140px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/210px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/280px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neovenator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neovenator salerii"><img alt="Neovenator salerii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/140px-Neovenator.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/210px-Neovenator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/280px-Neovenator.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharodontosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus"><img alt="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/140px-Carcharodontosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/210px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/280px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australovenator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australovenator wintonensis"><img alt="Australovenator wintonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/140px-Australovenator.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/210px-Australovenator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/280px-Australovenator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coelurosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurosauria305" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratasaurus" title="Aratasaurus">Aratasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiamericana" title="Asiamericana">Asiamericana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicentenaria" title="Bicentenaria">Bicentenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardoestesia" title="Richardoestesia">Richardoestesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciurumimus" title="Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayuraptor" title="Vayuraptor">Vayuraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangovenator" title="Xinjiangovenator">Xinjiangovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuolong" title="Zuolong">Zuolong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannoraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannoraptora">Tyrannoraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tyrannosauroidea308" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chingkankousaurus" title="Chingkankousaurus">Chingkankousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coeluridae" title="Coeluridae">Coeluridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanycolagreus" title="Tanycolagreus">Tanycolagreus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kileskus" title="Kileskus">Kileskus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinotyrannus" title="Sinotyrannus">Sinotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pantyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyrannosauria">Pantyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectrosaurus" title="Alectrosaurus">Alectrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagaraatan" title="Bagaraatan">Bagaraatan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinbeisaurus" title="Jinbeisaurus">Jinbeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juratyrant" title="Juratyrant">Juratyrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_intrepidus" title="Moros intrepidus">Moros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santanaraptor" title="Santanaraptor">Santanaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suskityrannus" title="Suskityrannus">Suskityrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timimus" title="Timimus">Timimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timurlengia" title="Timurlengia">Timurlengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongguanlong" title="Xiongguanlong">Xiongguanlong</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutyrannosauria">Eutyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachiosaurus" title="Appalachiosaurus">Appalachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurinae" title="Albertosaurinae">Albertosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurinae" title="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatyrannus" title="Asiatyrannus">Asiatyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanuqsaurus" title="Nanuqsaurus">Nanuqsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alioramini" title="Alioramini">Alioramini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alioramus" title="Alioramus">Alioramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianzhousaurus" title="Qianzhousaurus">Qianzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurini" title="Daspletosaurini">Daspletosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurus" title="Daspletosaurus">Daspletosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanatotheristes" title="Thanatotheristes">Thanatotheristes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneini" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratophoneini">Teratophoneini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamoterror" title="Dynamoterror">Dynamoterror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lythronax" title="Lythronax">Lythronax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbosaurus" title="Tarbosaurus">Tarbosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtyrannus" title="Zhuchengtyrannus">Zhuchengtyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_coelurosaurs20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious coelurosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliosuchus" title="Iliosuchus">Iliosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakuru" title="Kakuru">Kakuru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrolosaurus" title="Phaedrolosaurus">Phaedrolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanyangosaurus" title="Shanyangosaurus">Shanyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuolong_salleei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuolong salleei"><img alt="Zuolong salleei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/140px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/210px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/280px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stokesosaurus clevelandi"><img alt="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/140px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/210px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/280px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alioramus remotus"><img alt="Alioramus remotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/140px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/210px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/280px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbosaurus bataar"><img alt="Tarbosaurus bataar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/140px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/210px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/280px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptoromorpha343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha309" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neocoelurosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocoelurosauria">Neocoelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beipiaognathus" title="Beipiaognathus">Beipiaognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiagnathus" title="Huaxiagnathus">Huaxiagnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scipionyx" title="Scipionyx">Scipionyx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunmenglong" title="Xunmenglong">Xunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansaurus" title="Arkansaurus">Arkansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamosaurus" title="Calamosaurus">Calamosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexing" title="Hexing">Hexing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnareemimus" title="Kinnareemimus">Kinnareemimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nedcolbertia" title="Nedcolbertia">Nedcolbertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecocoelurus" title="Thecocoelurus">Thecocoelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdoraptor" title="Valdoraptor">Valdoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrocheiriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocheiriformes">Macrocheiriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecanimimus" title="Pelecanimimus">Pelecanimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhousaurus" title="Shenzhousaurus">Shenzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deinocheiridae" title="Deinocheiridae">Deinocheiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beishanlong" title="Beishanlong">Beishanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinocheirus" title="Deinocheirus">Deinocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garudimimus" title="Garudimimus">Garudimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraxenisaurus" title="Paraxenisaurus">Paraxenisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannomimus" title="Tyrannomimus">Tyrannomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimidae" title="Ornithomimidae">Ornithomimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anserimimus" title="Anserimimus">Anserimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithomimus" title="Archaeornithomimus">Archaeornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Coelosaurus%22_antiquus" title=""Coelosaurus" antiquus">"Coelosaurus"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromiceiomimus" title="Dromiceiomimus">Dromiceiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharacursor" title="Dzharacursor">Dzharacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallimimus" title="Gallimimus">Gallimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexidracon" title="Mexidracon">Mexidracon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiupalong" title="Qiupalong">Qiupalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rativates" title="Rativates">Rativates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinornithomimus" title="Sinornithomimus">Sinornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tototlmimus" title="Tototlmimus">Tototlmimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinosauropteryx_color_(without_scale_bar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinosauropteryx prima"><img alt="Sinosauropteryx prima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/140px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/210px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/280px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinocheirus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deinocheirus mirificus"><img alt="Deinocheirus mirificus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/130px-Deinocheirus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/195px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/260px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiupalong_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qiupalong henanensis"><img alt="Qiupalong henanensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/130px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/195px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/260px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2442" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2442" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Baryonyx</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131006" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131006">Q131006</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Baryonyx">Baryonyx</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4531245">4531245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4822930">4822930</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4130093">4130093</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=58891">58891</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=50798">50798</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Baryonyx walkeri</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20717130" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q20717130">Q20717130</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Baryonyx walkeri">Baryonyx walkeri</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4531246">4531246</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4822931">4822931</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10679481">10679481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4130094">4130094</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53370">53370</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=4458454">4458454</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/21px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/42px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li></ul></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> This article was submitted to <i>WikiJournal of Science</i> for external <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">academic peer review</a> in 2018 (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/talk:WikiJournal_of_Science/Baryonyx">reviewer reports</a>). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA-3.0</a> license (<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&action=history&date-range-to=2018-11-20">2018</a></span>). The version of record as reviewed is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Michael Bech; et al. (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/5/54/Baryonyx.pdf">"Baryonyx"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WikiJournal of Science</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2FWJS%2F2019.003">10.15347/WJS/2019.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2470-6345">2470-6345</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63252951" class="extiw" title="d:Q63252951">Q63252951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiJournal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Baryonyx&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15347%2FWJS%2F2019.003&rft.issn=2470-6345&rft.au=Michael+Bech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikiversity%2Fen%2F5%2F54%2FBaryonyx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaryonyx" class="Z3988"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&oldid=1272685342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&oldid=1272685342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_published_in_peer-reviewed_literature" title="Category:Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature">Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_published_in_WikiJournal_of_Science" title="Category:Wikipedia articles published in WikiJournal of Science">Wikipedia articles published in WikiJournal of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Externally_peer_reviewed_articles" title="Category:Externally peer reviewed articles">Externally peer reviewed articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_published_in_peer-reviewed_literature_(W2J)" title="Category:Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J)">Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spinosaurids" title="Category:Spinosaurids">Spinosaurids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monotypic_dinosaur_genera" title="Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera">Monotypic dinosaur genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barremian_life" title="Category:Barremian life">Barremian life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Cretaceous_dinosaurs_of_Europe" title="Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe">Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_England" title="Category:Cretaceous England">Cretaceous England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_England" title="Category:Fossils of England">Fossils of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossil_taxa_described_in_1986" title="Category:Fossil taxa described in 1986">Fossil taxa described in 1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Alan_J._Charig" title="Category:Taxa named by Alan J. 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