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</button> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holotype_specimen_of_C._nasicornis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holotype_specimen_of_C._nasicornis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Holotype specimen of <i>C. nasicornis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holotype_specimen_of_C._nasicornis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_finds_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_finds_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Additional finds in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_finds_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finds_outside_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finds_outside_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Finds outside North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finds_outside_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postcranial_skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postcranial_skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Postcranial skeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postcranial_skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecology and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_of_the_nasal_horn_and_osteoderms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_of_the_nasal_horn_and_osteoderms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Function of the nasal horn and osteoderms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_of_the_nasal_horn_and_osteoderms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forelimb_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forelimb_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Forelimb function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forelimb_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_and_senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_and_senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Brain and senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_and_senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusion_of_metatarsals_and_paleopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusion_of_metatarsals_and_paleopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fusion of metatarsals and paleopathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusion_of_metatarsals_and_paleopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoenvironment_and_paleobiogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoenvironment_and_paleobiogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleoenvironment_and_paleobiogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ceratosaurus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سيراتوصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيراتوصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80" title="Цэратазаўр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэратазаўр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaure" title="Ceratosaure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ceratosaure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κερατόσαυρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κερατόσαυρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سراتوسور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سراتوسور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="케라토사우루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케라토사우루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צרטוזאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרטוזאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცერატოზავრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცერატოზავრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Цератозавр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цератозавр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratozauras" title="Ceratozauras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ceratozauras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സെറാറ്റോസോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെറാറ്റോസോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuacuauhcuetzpalin" title="Cuacuauhcuetzpalin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuacuauhcuetzpalin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ケラトサウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケラトサウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8" title="ସେରାଟୋସୌରସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସେରାଟୋସୌରସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratozaur" title="Ceratozaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ceratozaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratossauro" title="Ceratossauro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ceratossauro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Цератозавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цератозавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratozaver" title="Ceratozaver – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ceratozaver" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เซอราโตซอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซอราโตซอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Цератозавр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цератозавр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ceratosaurus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%BC%BB%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="角鼻龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="角鼻龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ceratosaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a>), <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">153–148 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:168.21538461538px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeleton cast at the Natural History Museum of Utah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg/250px-Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg/375px-Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg/500px-Ceratosaurus_mount_utah_museum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5229" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cast of a <i>Ceratosaurus</i> skeleton from the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Lloyd_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Lloyd Quarry">Cleveland Lloyd Quarry</a>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Utah" title="Natural History Museum of Utah">Natural History Museum of Utah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ceratosaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ceratosaurus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/1884_in_paleontology" title="1884 in paleontology">1884</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a><i><b>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Marsh, 1884</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Other species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<i><b>?C. dentisulcatus</b></i> <small><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Madsen_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Madsen Jr.">Madsen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Paul_Welles" title="Samuel Paul Welles">Welles</a>, 2000</small></li> <li>†<i><b>?C. magnicornis</b></i> <small>Madsen & Welles, 2000</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a> nasicornis</i> <small>(Marsh, 1884 [originally <i>Ceratosaurus</i>])</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ceratosaurus</b></i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κέρας/κέρατος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">keras/keratos</i></span> 'horn' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B1%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:σαῦρος">σαῦρος</a></span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sauros</i></span> 'lizard') was a carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">ages</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genus</a> was first described in 1884 by American paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> based on a nearly complete skeleton discovered in <a href="/wiki/Garden_Park,_Colorado" title="Garden Park, Colorado">Garden Park, Colorado</a>, in rocks belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> is <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i>. </p><p>The Garden Park specimen remains the most complete skeleton known from the genus and only a handful of additional specimens have been described since. Two additional species, <i>Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus</i> and <i>Ceratosaurus magnicornis</i>, were described in 2000 from two fragmentary skeletons from the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland-Lloyd_Dinosaur_Quarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry">Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and from the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Fruita,_Colorado" title="Fruita, Colorado">Fruita, Colorado</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">validity</a> of these additional species has been questioned, however, and all three skeletons possibly represent different growth stages of the same species. In 1999, the discovery of the first juvenile specimen was reported. In 2000, a partial specimen was excavated and described from the <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3_Formation" title="Lourinhã Formation">Lourinhã Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, providing evidence for the presence of the genus outside of North America. Fragmentary remains have also been reported from <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, although their assignment to <i>Ceratosaurus</i> is currently not accepted by most <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologists</a>. </p><p><i>Ceratosaurus</i> was a medium-sized theropod. The original specimen is estimated to be 5.3 m (17 ft) or 5.69 m (18.7 ft) long, while the specimen described as <i>C. dentisulcatus</i> was larger, at around 7 m (23 ft) long. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">characterized</a> by deep jaws that supported proportionally very long, blade-like teeth, a prominent, ridge-like horn on the midline of the snout, and a pair of horns over the eyes. The forelimbs were very short, but remained fully functional. The hand had four fingers with claws on the first three. The tail was deep from top to bottom. A row of small <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> (skin bones) was present down the middle of the neck, back, and tail. Additional osteoderms were present at unknown positions on the animal's body. </p><p><i>Ceratosaurus</i> gives its name to <a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of theropod dinosaurs that diverged early on from the evolutionary lineage leading to modern <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. Within Ceratosauria, some paleontologists proposed it to be most closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i> from Argentina, which shares the strongly elongated teeth. The geologically older genus <i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, although originally described as a presumed antecedent of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, was later found to be an early tyrannosauroid. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> shared its habitat with other large theropod genera, including <i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>, and it has been suggested that these theropods occupied different <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> to reduce competition. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> may have preyed upon plant-eating dinosaurs, although some paleontologists suggested that it hunted aquatic prey such as fish. The nasal horn was probably not used as a weapon as was originally suggested by Marsh, but more likely was used solely for display. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holotype_specimen_of_C._nasicornis">Holotype specimen of <i>C. nasicornis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Holotype specimen of C. nasicornis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Original skeletal reconstruction by Othniel Charles Marsh, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg/220px-CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg/330px-CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg/440px-CeratosaurusSkeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><i>C. nasicornis</i> skeleton restoration by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> from 1896, depicted in an erroneous upright position and with excess vertebrae in the spine resulting in an overly elongated trunk</figcaption></figure> <p>The first specimen, holotype USNM 4735, was discovered and excavated by farmer Marshall Parker Felch in 1883 and 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Found in articulation, with the bones still connected to each other, it was nearly complete, including the skull. Significant missing parts include an unknown number of vertebrae, all but the last ribs of the trunk, the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humeri</a> (upper arm bones), the distal finger bones of both hands, most of the right arm, most of the left leg, and most of the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> The specimen was found encased in hard sandstone, leading to the skull and spine being heavily distorted during <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 114">: 2, 114 </span></sup> The site of discovery, located in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Park,_Colorado" title="Garden Park, Colorado">Garden Park</a> area north of <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City,_Colorado" title="Cañon City, Colorado">Cañon City, Colorado</a>, and known as the Felch Quarry 1, is regarded as one of the richest fossil sites of the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>. Numerous dinosaur fossils had been recovered from this quarry even before the discovery of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, most notably a nearly complete specimen of <i>Allosaurus</i> (USNM 4734) in 1883 and 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7, 114">: 7, 114 </span></sup> </p><p>After excavation, the specimen was shipped to the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, where it was studied by Marsh, who described it as the new genus and species <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-84_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> The name <i>Ceratosaurus</i> may be translated as "horn lizard" (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κερας/κερατος</span></span>, <i> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">keras/keratos</i></span></i>—"horn" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαυρος</span></span>/<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sauros</i></span></i>—"lizard")<sup id="cite_ref-glut-97_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut-97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>nasicornis</i> with "nose horn" (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <i>nasus</i>—"nose" and <i>cornu</i>—"horn").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the completeness of the specimen, the newly described genus was, at the time, the best-known theropod discovered in America. In 1898 and 1899, the specimen was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, along with many other fossils originally described by Marsh. Only part of this material was fully prepared when it arrived in Washington. Subsequent preparation lasted from 1911 to the end of 1918. Packaging and shipment from New Haven to Washington caused some damage to the <i>Ceratosaurus</i> specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 114">: 2, 114 </span></sup> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles Gilmore</a> published an extensive redescription of this and the other theropod specimens received from New Haven, including the nearly complete <i>Allosaurus</i> specimen recovered from the same quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal diagram by Charles Gilmore (1920) showing known elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png/220px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png/330px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png/440px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_reconstruction_gilmore_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the holotype specimen of <i>C. nasicornis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles W. Gilmore</a>, 1920, showing known elements</figcaption></figure> <p>In an 1892 paper, Marsh published the first skeletal reconstruction of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, which depicts the animal at 22 ft (6.7 m) in length and 12 ft (3.7 m) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by Gilmore in 1920, the trunk was depicted much too long in this reconstruction, incorporating at least six dorsal vertebrae too many. This error was repeated in several subsequent publications, including the first life reconstruction, which was drawn in 1899 by Frank Bond under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a>, but not published until 1920. A more accurate life reconstruction, published in 1901, was produced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Gleeson" title="Joseph M. Gleeson">Joseph M. Gleeson</a>, again under Knight's supervision. The holotype was mounted by Gilmore in 1910 and 1911. Since then, it was exhibited at the National Museum of Natural History. Most early reconstructions show <i>Ceratosaurus</i> in an upright posture, with the tail dragging on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115–116">: 115–116 </span></sup> Gilmore's mount of the holotype, in contrast, was very ahead of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> Inspired by the upper thigh bones, which were found angled against the lower leg, he depicted the mount as a running animal with a horizontal posture and a tail that did not make contact with the ground. Because of the strong flattening of the fossils, Gilmore mounted the specimen, not as a free-standing skeleton, but as a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">bas-relief</a> within an artificial wall.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> With the bones being partly embedded in a plaque, scientific access was limited. In the course of the renovation of the museum's dinosaur exhibition between 2014 and 2019, the specimen was dismantled and freed from the encasing plaque.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithonian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithonian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the new exhibition, which was set to open in 2019, the mount was planned to be replaced by a free-standing cast and the original bones were to be stored in the museum collection to allow full access for scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-smithonian_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithonian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The first life reconstruction, drawn by Frank Bond in 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623218_edited_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Probably the first life restoration of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, drawn in 1899 by Frank Bond under the guidance of Charles R. Knight, but not published until 1920</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_finds_in_North_America">Additional finds in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Additional finds in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the discovery of the holotype of <i>C. nasicornis</i>, a significant <i>Ceratosaurus</i> find was not made until the early 1960s, when paleontologist <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Madsen" title="James Henry Madsen">James Madsen</a> and his team unearthed a fragmentary, disarticulated skeleton including the skull (UMNH VP 5278) in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry of Utah. This find represents one of the largest-known <i>Ceratosaurus</i> specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> A second, articulated specimen including the skull (MWC 1) was discovered in 1976 by Thor Erikson, the son of paleontologist Lance Erikson, near <a href="/wiki/Fruita,_Colorado" title="Fruita, Colorado">Fruita, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glut-97_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut-97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fairly complete specimen, it lacks lower jaws, forearms, and <a href="/wiki/Gastralium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastralium">gastralia</a>. The skull, although reasonably complete, was found disarticulated and is strongly flattened sideways. Although it was a large individual, it had not yet reached adult size, as indicated by unfused sutures between the skull bones.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup> Scientifically accurate three-dimensional reconstructions of the skull for use in museum exhibits were produced using a complicated process including molding and casting of the individual original bones, correction of deformities, reconstruction of missing parts, assembly of the bone casts into their proper position, and painting to match the original color of the bones.<sup id="cite_ref-tidwell1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tidwell1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Fruita and Cleveland-Lloyd specimens were described by Madsen and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Paul_Welles" title="Samuel Paul Welles">Samuel Paul Welles</a> in a 2000 monograph, with the Utah specimen being assigned to the new species <i>C. dentisulcatus</i> and the Colorado specimen being assigned to the new species <i>C. magnicornis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>dentisulcatus</i> refers to the parallel grooves present on the inner sides of the premaxillary teeth and the first three teeth of the lower jaw in that specimen. <i>Magnicornis</i> points to the larger nasal horn.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 21">: 2, 21 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">validity</a> of both species, however, was questioned in subsequent publications. Brooks Britt and colleagues, in 2000, claimed that the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype was in fact a juvenile individual, with the two larger species representing the adult state of a single species.<sup id="cite_ref-britt2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britt2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliver Rauhut, in 2003, and Matthew Carrano and Scott Sampson, in 2008, considered the anatomical differences cited by Madsen and Welles to support these additional species to represent <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenetic</a> (age-related) or individual variation.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragmentary skeleton of a juvenile at the North American Museum of Ancient Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg/165px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg/248px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg/169px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg/254px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg/338px-Ceratosaurus_juvenile_museum_of_ancient_life_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2766" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Partial juvenile specimen (hind and front parts), <a href="/wiki/North_American_Museum_of_Ancient_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Museum of Ancient Life">North American Museum of Ancient Life</a></div></div></div></div> <p>A further specimen (BYUVP 12893) was discovered in 1992 in the Agate Basin Quarry southeast of <a href="/wiki/Moore,_Utah" title="Moore, Utah">Moore, Utah</a>, but still awaits description. The specimen, considered the largest known from the genus, includes the front half of a skull, seven fragmentary pelvic dorsal vertebrae, and an articulated pelvis and sacrum.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> In 1999, Britt reported the discovery of a <i>Ceratosaurus</i> skeleton belonging to a juvenile individual. Discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bone_Cabin_Quarry" title="Bone Cabin Quarry">Bone Cabin Quarry</a> in Wyoming, it is 34% smaller than the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype and consists of a complete skull as well as 30% of the remainder of the skeleton including a complete pelvis.<sup id="cite_ref-britt1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britt1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these five skeletal finds, fragmentary <i>Ceratosaurus</i> remains have been reported from various localities from stratigraphic zones 2 and 4-6 of the Morrison Formation,<sup id="cite_ref-foster-appendix_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-appendix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including some of the major fossil sites of the formation. <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a>, Utah, yielded an isolated right premaxilla (DNM 972). A large shoulder blade (scapulocoracoid) was reported from <a href="/wiki/Como_Bluff" title="Como Bluff">Como Bluff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Another specimen stems from the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Mesa_Quarry" title="Dry Mesa Quarry">Dry Mesa Quarry</a> of Colorado and includes a left scapulocoracoid, as well as fragments of vertebrae and limb bones. In Mygatt Moore Quarry, Colorado, the genus is known from teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finds_outside_North_America">Finds outside North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finds outside North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1909 to 1913, German expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum für Naturkunde">Museum für Naturkunde</a> uncovered a diverse dinosaur fauna from the <a href="/wiki/Tendaguru_Formation" title="Tendaguru Formation">Tendaguru Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zils1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zils1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although commonly considered the most important African dinosaur locality,<sup id="cite_ref-zils1995_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zils1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large theropod dinosaurs are only known through few and very fragmentary remains.<sup id="cite_ref-janensch1925_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janensch1925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, German paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Janensch" title="Werner Janensch">Werner Janensch</a> assigned several dorsal vertebrae from the quarry "TL" to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, as <i>Ceratosaurus</i> sp. (of uncertain species). In 1925, Janensch named a new species of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, <i>C. roechlingi</i>, based on fragmentary remains from the quarry "Mw" encompassing a quadrate bone, a fibula, fragmentary caudal vertebrae, and other fragments. This specimen stems from an individual substantially larger than the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype.<sup id="cite_ref-janensch1925_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janensch1925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early life reconstruction by Joseph M. Gleeson, 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg/220px-Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg/330px-Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg/440px-Outdated_Ceratosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>C. nasicornis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Gleeson" title="Joseph M. Gleeson">Joseph M. Gleeson</a> from 1901, made under supervision of <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In their 2000 monograph, Madsen and Welles confirmed the assignment of these finds to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. In addition, they ascribed several teeth to the genus, which had originally been described by Janensch as a possible species of <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Labrosaurus</a></i>, <i>Labrosaurus</i> (?) <i>stechowi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors questioned the assignment of any of the Tendaguru finds to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, noting that none of these specimens displays features diagnostic for that genus.<sup id="cite_ref-rowe-gauthier-90_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe-gauthier-90-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Rauhut found both <i>C. roechlingi</i> and <i>Labrosaurus</i> (?) <i>stechowi</i> to be possible ceratosaurids, but found them to be undiagnostic at genus level and designated them as <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomina dubia</a></i> (doubtful names).<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Timothy Rowe and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> mentioned yet another <i>Ceratosaurus</i> species from Tendaguru, <i>Ceratosaurus ingens</i>, which purportedly was erected by Janensch in 1920 and was based on 25 isolated, very large teeth up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-rowe-gauthier-90_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe-gauthier-90-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janensch1925_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janensch1925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Janensch assigned this species to <i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i>, not to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. Therefore, this name might be a simple copying error.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janensch1925_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janensch1925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauhut, in 2011, showed that <i>Megalosaurus ingens</i> was not closely related to either <i>Megalosaurus</i> or <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, but possibly represents a <a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurid">carcharodontosaurid</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2011_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000 and 2006, paleontologists led by <a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Mateus" title="Octávio Mateus">Octávio Mateus</a> described a find from the <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3_Formation" title="Lourinhã Formation">Lourinhã Formation</a> of central-west <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (ML 352) as a new specimen of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, consisting of a right <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> (upper thigh bone), a left <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (shin bone), and several isolated teeth recovered from the cliffs of Valmitão beach, between the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3" title="Lourinhã">Lourinhã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mateus2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mateus2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones were found embedded in yellow to brown, fine-grained sandstones, which were deposited by rivers as floodplain deposits and belong to the lower levels of the Porto Novo Member, which is thought to be late <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a> in age. Additional bones of this individual (SHN (JJS)-65), including a left femur, a right tibia, and a partial left <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> (calf bone), were since exposed due to progressing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">cliff erosion</a>. Although initially part of a private collection, these additional elements became officially curated after the private collection was donated to the Sociedade de História Natural in Torres Vedras and were described in detail in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-malafaia2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malafaia2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen was ascribed to the species <i>Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus</i> by Mateus and colleagues in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-mateus2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 review by Carrano and Sampson confirmed the assignment to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, but concluded that the assignment to any specific species is not possible at present.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> In 2015, Elisabete Malafaia and colleagues, who questioned the validity of <i>C. dentisulcatus</i>, assigned the specimen to <i>Ceratosaurus</i> aff. <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-malafaia2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malafaia2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reports include a single tooth found in <a href="/wiki/Moutier" title="Moutier">Moutier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Originally named by Janensch in 1920 as <i>Labrosaurus meriani</i>, the tooth was later assigned <i>Ceratosaurus</i> sp. (of unknown species) by Madsen and Welles.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> In 2008, Matías Soto and Daniel Perea described teeth from the <a href="/wiki/Tacuaremb%C3%B3_Formation" title="Tacuarembó Formation">Tacuarembó Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, including a presumed premaxillary tooth crown. This shows vertical striations on its inner side and lacks denticles on its front edge. These features are, in this combination, only known from <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. The authors, however, stressed that an assignment to <i>Ceratosaurus</i> is infeasible because the remains are scant and note that the assignment of the European and African material to <i>Ceratosaurus</i> has to be viewed with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-soto2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soto2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Soto and colleagues described additional <i>Ceratosaurus</i> teeth from the same formation that further support their earlier interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scale chart comparing two specimens to a human" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/220px-Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/330px-Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg/440px-Ceratosaurus_Size_Comparison_by_PaleoGeek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Size of two specimens compared to a human, with the holotype of <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i> (USNM 4735) in orange and a larger specimen (UMNH VP 5278) in blue</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ceratosaurus</i> followed the <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> typical for large theropod dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-92_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">biped</a>, it moved on powerful legs, while its arms were reduced in size. Specimen USNM 4735, the first discovered skeleton and <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> of <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i>, was an individual 5.3 m (17 ft) or 5.69 m (18.7 ft) long according to separate sources.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this animal was fully grown is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a>, in 1884, suggested that this specimen weighed about half as much as the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-84_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent accounts, this was revised to 418 kilograms (922 lb), 524 kg (1,155 lb), or 670 kg (1,480 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-therrien2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therrien2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three additional skeletons discovered in the latter half of the 20th century were substantially larger. The first of these, UMNH VP 5278, was estimated by <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Madsen" title="James Henry Madsen">James Madsen</a> to have been around 8.8 m (29 ft) long,<sup id="cite_ref-glut-97_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut-97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later estimated at 7 m (23 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-paul2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its weight was calculated at 980 kg (2,160 lb), 452 kg (996 lb), and 700 kg (1,540 lb) in separate works.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foster-07_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second skeleton, MWC 1, was somewhat smaller than UMNH VP 5278 and might have weighed 275 kg (606 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-foster-07_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third, yet undescribed, specimen BYUVP 12893 was claimed to be the largest yet discovered, although estimates have not been published.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> Another specimen, ML 352, discovered in Portugal in 2000, was estimated at 6 m (20 ft) in length and 600 kg (1,320 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-paul2016_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles Gilmore's reconstruction of the skull in side and top view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg/220px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg/330px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg/440px-Osteology_of_the_carnivorous_Dinosauria_in_the_United_States_National_museum_BHL40623209_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i> holotype skull in top and side view by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles Gilmore</a>, 1920: This reconstruction is now thought to be too wide in top view.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> was quite large in proportion to the rest of its body.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-92_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It measures 55 cm (22 in) in length in the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype, measured from the tip of the snout to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#occipital_condyle" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § occipital condyle" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">occipital condyle</span></a></dfn>, which connects to the first cervical vertebra.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> The width of this skull is difficult to reconstruct, as it is heavily distorted, and Gilmore's 1920 reconstruction was later found to be too wide.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson1998_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fairly complete skull of specimen MWC 1 was estimated to have been 60 cm (24 in) long and 16 cm (6.3 in) wide. This skull was somewhat more elongated than that of the holotype.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> The back of the skull was more lightly built than in some other larger theropods due to extensive skull openings, yet the jaws were deep to support the proportionally large teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal bone</a> formed not only the back margin of the <a href="/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra" title="Antorbital fenestra">antorbital fenestra</a>, a large opening between eye and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#bony_nostril" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § bony nostril" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">bony nostril</span></a></dfn>, but also part of its upper margin, unlike in members of the related <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate bone</a>, which was connected to the lower jaw at its bottom end to form the jaw joint, was inclined so that the jaw joint was displaced backwards in relation to the occipital condyle. This also led to a broadening of the base of the <a href="/wiki/Infratemporal_fenestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Infratemporal fenestra">lateral temporal fenestra</a>, a large opening behind the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>The most distinctive feature was a prominent horn situated on the skull midline behind the bony nostrils, which was formed from fused protuberances of the left and right <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Only the bony horn core is known from fossils. In the living animal, this core would have supported a <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinous</a> sheath. While the base of the horn core was smooth, its upper two-thirds were wrinkled and lined with grooves that would have contained <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> when alive. In the holotype, the horn core is 13 cm (5.1 in) long and 2 cm (0.79 in) wide at its base, but quickly narrows to only 1.2 cm (0.47 in) further up, and is 7 cm (2.8 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> It is longer and lower in the skull of MWC 1.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In the living animal, the horn would likely have been more elongated due to its keratinous sheath.<sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind the nasal horn, the nasal bones formed an ovalur groove. Both this groove and the nasal horn serve as <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">features to distinguish</a> <i>Ceratosaurus</i> from related genera.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> In addition to the large nasal horn, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> possessed smaller, semicircular, bony ridges in front of each eye, similar to those of <i>Allosaurus</i>. These ridges were formed by the lacrimal bones.<sup id="cite_ref-foster-07_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In juveniles, all three horns were smaller than in adults and the two halves of the nasal horn core were not yet fused.<sup id="cite_ref-britt1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britt1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_(cast)_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cast of the skull of the holotype" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG/220px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG/330px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG/440px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_%28cast%29_-_AMNH_-_DSC06292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Cast of the skull of the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype, showing the large nasal horn, <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Premaxillary_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Premaxillary bone">premaxillary bones</a>, which formed the tip of the snout, contained merely three teeth on each side, less than in most other theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#maxillary_bones" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § maxillary bones" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">maxillary bones</span></a></dfn> of the upper jaw were lined with 15 blade-like teeth on each side in the holotype. The first eight of these teeth were very long and robust, but from the ninth tooth onward, they gradually decrease in size. As is typical for theropods, they featured finely <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#serrated" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § serrated" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">serrated</span></a></dfn> edges, which contained some 10 <a href="/wiki/Denticle_(tooth_feature)" title="Denticle (tooth feature)">denticles</a> per 5 mm (0.20 in) in the holotype.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> Specimen MWC 1 merely showed 11 to 12 and specimen UMNH VP 5278 showed 12 teeth in each maxilla. The teeth were more robust and more recurved in the latter specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3, 27">: 3, 27 </span></sup> In all specimens, the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth crown">tooth crowns</a> of the upper jaws were exceptionally long. In specimen UMNH VP 5278, they measured up to 9.3 cm (3.7 in) long, which is equal to the minimum height of the lower jaw. In the holotype, they are 7 cm (2.8 in) in length, which even surpasses the minimum height of the lower jaw. In other theropods, a comparable tooth length is only known from the possibly closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, several members of Abelisauridae feature very short tooth crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> In the holotype, each half of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dentary" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dentary" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dentary</span></a></dfn>, the tooth-bearing bone of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#mandible" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § mandible" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">mandible</span></a></dfn>, was equipped with 15 teeth, which are, however, poorly preserved. Both specimens MWC 1 and UMNH VP 5278 show only 11 teeth in each dentary, which were, as shown by the latter specimen, slightly straighter and less sturdy than those of the upper jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3, 21">: 3, 21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Life reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of <i>C. nasicornis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The exact number of vertebrae is unknown due to several gaps in the spine of the <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i> holotype. At least 20 vertebrae formed the neck and back in front of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>. In the middle portion of the neck, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#centra" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § centra" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">centra</span></a></dfn> (bodies) of the vertebrae were as long as they were tall, while in the front and rear portions of the neck, the centra were shorter than their height. The upwards projecting <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_spines" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § neural spines" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">neural spines</span></a></dfn> were comparatively large and, in the dorsal (back) vertebrae, were as tall as the vertebral centra were long. The sacrum, consisting of six fused <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacral_vertebrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § sacral vertebrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sacral vertebrae</span></a></dfn>, was arched upwards, with its vertebral centra strongly reduced in height in its middle portion, as is the case in some other <a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">ceratosaurians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–58">: 55–58 </span></sup> The tail comprised around 50 <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudal_vertebrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § caudal vertebrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">caudal vertebrae</span></a></dfn> and was about half of the animal's total length. In the holotype, it was estimated at 2.84 m (9.33 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-84_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> The tail was deep from top to bottom due to its high neural spines and elongated <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron (anatomy)">chevrons</a>, bones located below the vertebral centra. As in other dinosaurs, it counterbalanced the body and contained the massive <a href="/wiki/Caudofemoralis" title="Caudofemoralis">caudofemoralis</a> muscle, which was responsible for forward thrust during locomotion, pulling the upper thigh backwards when <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contracted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–58">: 55–58 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two skull bones (nasal and maxilla) on display Dinosaur Jurney Museum in Fruita, Colorado, showing distinctive anatomical features" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg/170px-Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg/255px-Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg/340px-Ceratosaurus_jaw_and_nasale_dinosaur_journey_museum_fruita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="5800" /></a><figcaption>Distinguishing skull features of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>: The fused left and right nasal bones form a prominent nasal horn (top), and the teeth of the upper jaw are exceptionally long (bottom). These fossils are part of specimen MWC 1 from <a href="/wiki/Fruita,_Colorado" title="Fruita, Colorado">Fruita, Colorado</a>, and are on display at the local Dinosaur Journey Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> (shoulder blade) was fused with the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a>, forming a single bone without any visible demarcation between the two original elements.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> The <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype was found with an articulated left arm including an incomplete hand. Although <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#disarticulated" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § disarticulated" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">disarticulated</span></a></dfn> during preparation, a cast had been made of the fossil beforehand to document the original relative positions of the bones. <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a> were not known from any specimen, leading some authors to suggest that they were lost in the genus. In a 2016 paper, Matthew Carrano and Jonah Choiniere suggested that one or more <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> (not bony) carpals were probably present, as indicated by a gap present between the forearm bones and the metacarpals, as well as by the surface texture within this gap seen in the cast.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to most more-<a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">derived</a> theropods, which showed only three digits on each hand (digits I–III), <i>Ceratosaurus</i> retained four digits, with digit IV being reduced in size. The first and fourth <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpals</a> were short, while the second was slightly longer than the third. The metacarpus and especially the first <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanges</a> were proportionally very short, unlike in most other <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> theropods. Only the first phalanges of digits II, III, and IV are preserved in the holotype. The total number of phalanges and <a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">unguals</a> (claw bones) is unknown. The anatomy of metacarpal I indicates that phalanges had originally been present on this digit as well. The <a href="/wiki/Pes_(anatomy)" title="Pes (anatomy)">pes</a> (foot) consisted of three weight-bearing digits, numbered II–IV. Digit I, which in theropods is usually reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaw</a> that does not touch the ground, is not preserved in the holotype. Marsh, in his original 1884 description, assumed that this digit was lost in <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles Gilmore</a>, in his 1920 monograph, noted an attachment area on the second <a href="/wiki/Metatarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsus">metatarsal</a> demonstrating the presence of this digit.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p><p>Uniquely among theropods, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> possessed small, elongated, and irregularly formed <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> (skin bones) along the midline of its body. Such osteoderms have been found above the neural spines of cervical vertebrae 4 and 5, as well as caudal vertebrae 4 to 10, and probably formed a continuous row that might have extended from the base of the skull to most of the tail. As suggested by Gilmore in 1920, their position in the rock matrix likely reflects their exact position in the living animal. The osteoderms above the tail were found separated from the neural spines by 25 mm (0.98 in) to 38 mm (1.5 in), possibly accounting for skin and muscles present in between, while those of the neck were much closer to the neural spines. Apart from the body midline, the skin contained additional osteoderms, as indicated by a 58 mm (2.3 in) by 70 mm (2.8 in) large, roughly quadrangular plate found together with the holotype. The position of this plate on the body, however, is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113–114">: 113–114 </span></sup> Specimen UMNH VP 5278 was also found with a number of osteoderms, which have been described as amorphous in shape. Although most of these <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ossicles" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ossicles" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ossicles</span></a></dfn> were found at most 5 m apart from the skeleton, they were not directly associated with any vertebrae, unlike in the <i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype, so their original position on the body cannot be inferred from this specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Holotype as it was originally mounted by Charles Gilmore in the National Museum of Natural History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><i>C. nasicornis</i> holotype, as mounted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Charles Gilmore</a> in 1910 and 1911, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his original description of the <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i> holotype and subsequent publications, Marsh noted a number of <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">characteristics</a> that were unknown in all other theropods known at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> Two of these features, the fused pelvis and fused metatarsus, were known from modern-day birds and, according to Marsh, clearly demonstrate the close relationship between the latter and dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh1884_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh1884-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To set the genus apart from <i>Allosaurus</i>, <i>Megalosaurus</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">coelurosaurs</a>, Marsh made <i>Ceratosaurus</i> the only member of both a new <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a>, and a new <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">infraorder</a>, Ceratosauria.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> This was questioned in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a>, Marsh's archrival in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Wars" title="Bone Wars">Bone Wars</a>, who argued that distinctive features such as the nasal horn merely showed that <i>C. nasicornis</i> was a distinct species, but were insufficient to justify a distinct genus. Consequently, he assigned <i>C. nasicornis</i> to the genus <i>Megalosaurus</i>, creating the new combination <i>Megalosaurus nasicornis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cope1892_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cope1892-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was retained as a distinct genus in all subsequent analyses,<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> its relationships remained controversial during the following century. Both Ceratosauridae and Ceratosauria were not widely accepted, with only few and poorly known additional members identified. Over the years, separate authors classified <i>Ceratosaurus</i> within <a href="/wiki/Deinodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinodontidae">Deinodontidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deinodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinodontoidea">Deinodontoidea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen2000_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> In his 1920 revision, Gilmore argued that the genus was the most basal theropod known from after the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, being not that closely related to any other contemporary theropod known at that time. It thus warrants its own family: Ceratosauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> It was not until the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic analysis</a> in the 1980s, however, that Marsh's original claim of Ceratosauria as a distinct group gained ground. In 1985, the newly discovered South American genera <i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i> were found to be closely related to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. Gauthier, in 1986, recognized <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a> to be closely related to <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, although this clade falls outside of Ceratosauria in most recent analyses. Many additional members of Ceratosauria have been recognized since then.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> </p><p>Ceratosauria split off early from the evolutionary line leading to modern birds and is considered <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> within theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-theropodphylogeny2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theropodphylogeny2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceratosauria itself contains a group of derived (nonbasal) members of the families <a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a>, which are bracketed within the clade <a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a>, as well as a number of basal members, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>, and <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. The position of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> within basal ceratosaurians is under debate. Some analyses considered <i>Ceratosaurus</i> as the most derived of the basal members, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> of Abelisauroidea.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xu09_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu09-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliver Rauhut, in 2004, proposed <i>Genyodectes</i> as the sister taxon of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, as both genera are characterized by exceptionally long teeth in the upper jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2004_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauhut grouped <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and <i>Genyodectes</i> within the family Ceratosauridae,<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2004_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was followed by several later accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shuo Wang and colleagues, in 2017, concluded that Noasauridae were not nested within Abelisauroidea as was previously assumed, but instead were more basal than <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. Because noasaurids had been used as a fix point to define the clades Abelisauroidea and Abelisauridae, these clades would consequently include many more taxa per definition, including <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. In a subsequent 2018 study, Rafael Delcourt accepted these results, but pointed out that, as a consequence, Abelisauroidea would need to be replaced by the older synonym Ceratosauroidea, which was hitherto rarely used. For Abelisauridae, Delcourt proposed a new definition that excludes <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, allowing for using the name in its traditional sense. Wang and colleagues furthermore found that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and <i>Genyodectes</i> form a clade with the Argentinian genus <i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2017_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delcourt used the name Ceratosauridae to refer to this same clade, and suggested to define Ceratosauridae as containing all taxa that are more closely related to <i>Ceratosaurus</i> than to the abelisaurid <i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-delcourt2018_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delcourt2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cast of a juvenile skeleton at the Dinosaur Discovery Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_mounted_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Mounted cast of a juvenile skeleton, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Discovery_Museum" title="Dinosaur Discovery Museum">Dinosaur Discovery Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> showing the relationships of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> analysis conducted by Diego Pol and Oliver Rauhut in 2012:<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2012_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Berberosaurus" title="Berberosaurus">Berberosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spinostropheus" title="Spinostropheus">Spinostropheus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neoceratosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoceratosauria">Neoceratosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Ceratosaurus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A skull from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> of England apparently displays a nasal horn similar to that of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Huene" title="Friedrich von Huene">Friedrich von Huene</a> described this skull as <i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i> (meaning "before <i>Ceratosaurus</i>"), assuming that it was an antecedent of the Late Jurassic <i>Ceratosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-huene1926_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huene1926-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <i>Proceratosaurus</i> is considered a basal member of <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a>, a much more derived clade of theropod dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nasal horn would have had evolved independently in both genera.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2008_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> Oliver Rauhut and colleagues, in 2010, grouped <i>Proceratosaurus</i> within its own family, <a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a>. These authors also noted that the nasal horn is incompletely preserved, opening the possibility that it represented the foremost portion of a more extensive head crest, as seen in some other proceratosaurids such as <i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rauhut2010_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rauhut2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology_and_feeding">Ecology and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus fighting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG/220px-Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG/330px-Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG/440px-Dry_season_at_the_Mygatt-Moore_Quarry.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Dry season at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry showing <i>Ceratosaurus</i> (center) and <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i> fighting over the desiccated carcass of another theropod</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Morrison and Lourinhã Formation, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> fossils are frequently found in association with those of other large theropods, including the megalosaurid <i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the allosaurid <i>Allosaurus</i>. The Garden Park locality in Colorado contained, besides <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, fossils attributed to <i>Allosaurus</i>. The Dry Mesa Quarry in Colorado, as well as the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry and the Dinosaur National Monument in Utah, feature, respectively, the remains of at least three large theropods: <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, <i>Allosaurus</i>, and <i>Torvosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson1998_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRF03a_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRF03a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Como Bluff and nearby localities in Wyoming contained remains of <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, <i>Allosaurus</i>, and at least one large megalosaurid.<sup id="cite_ref-BB04_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB04-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was a rare element of the theropod fauna, as it is outnumbered by <i>Allosaurus</i> at an average rate of 7.5 to 1 in sites where they co-occur.<sup id="cite_ref-foster2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies attempted to explain how these <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatric</a> species could have reduced direct competition. Donald Henderson, in 1998, argued that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> co-occurred with two separate potential species of <i>Allosaurus</i>, which he denoted as "morphs": a morph with a shortened snout, a high and wide skull, and short, backwards-projecting teeth, and a morph characterized by a longer snout, lower skull, and long, vertical teeth. Generally speaking, the greater the similarity between sympatric species regarding their morphology, physiology, and behavior, the more intense competition between these species will be. Henderson came to the conclusion that the short-snouted <i>Allosaurus</i> morph occupied a different <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> from both the long-snouted morph and <i>Ceratosaurus</i>. The shorter skull in this morph would have reduced bending moments occurring during biting, thus increased bite force, comparable to the condition seen in cats. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and the other <i>Allosaurus</i> morph, though, had long-snouted skulls, which are better compared to those of dogs. The longer teeth would have been used as fangs to deliver quick, slashing bites, with the bite force concentrated at a smaller area due to the narrower skull. According to Henderson, the great similarities in skull shape between <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and the long-snouted <i>Allosaurus</i> morph indicate that these forms engaged in direct competition with each other. Therefore, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> might have been pushed out of habitats dominated by the long-snouted morph. Indeed, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> is very rare in the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry, which contains the long-snouted <i>Allosaurus</i> morph, but appears to be more common in both Garden Park and the Dry Mesa Quarry, in which it co-occurs with the short-snouted morph.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson1998_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletons of Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus mounted in fighting postures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg/220px-Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg/330px-Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg/440px-Allosaurus_fighting_Ceratosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed skeletons of <i>Allosaurus</i> and <i>C. nasicornis</i> in fighting postures, at Dinoworld Expo, Yokohama</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, Henderson suggested that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> could have avoided competition by preferring different prey items. The evolution of its extremely elongated teeth might have been a direct result of the competition with the long-snouted <i>Allosaurus</i> morph. Both species could also have preferred different parts of carcasses when acting as scavengers. The elongated teeth of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> could have served as visual signals facilitating the recognition of members of the same species or for other social functions. In addition, the large size of these theropods would have tended to decrease competition, as the number of possible prey items increases with size.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson1998_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foster and Daniel Chure, in a 2006 study, concurred with Henderson that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and <i>Allosaurus</i> generally shared the same habitats and preyed upon the same types of prey, meaning they likely had different feeding strategies to avoid competition. According to these researchers, this is also evidenced by different proportions of the skull, teeth, and arms.<sup id="cite_ref-foster2006_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between the two <i>Allosaurus</i> morphs, however, was questioned by some later studies. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Carpenter" title="Kenneth Carpenter">Kenneth Carpenter</a>, in a 2010 study, found that short-snouted individuals of <i>Allosaurus</i> from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry represent cases of extreme individual variation rather than a separate taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the skull of USNM 4734 from the Garden Park locality, which formed the basis for Henderson's analysis of the short-snouted morph, was later found to have been reconstructed too short.<sup id="cite_ref-carpenterpaul2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenterpaul2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2004 study, <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker" title="Robert T. Bakker">Robert Bakker</a> and Gary Bir suggested that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was primarily specialized in aquatic prey such as <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, crocodiles, and turtles. As indicated by a statistical analysis of shed teeth from 50 separate localities in and around Como Bluff, teeth of both <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and megalosaurids were most common in habitats in and around water sources such as wet <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>, lake margins, and swamps. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> also occasionally occurred in terrestrial localities. Allosaurids, however, were equally common in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. From these results, Bakker and Bir concluded that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and megalosaurids must have predominantly hunted near and within water bodies, with <i>Ceratosaurus</i> also feeding on carcasses of larger dinosaurs on occasion. The researchers furthermore noted the long, low, and flexible body of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> and megalosaurids. Compared to other Morrison theropods, <i>Ceratosaurus</i> showed taller neural spines on the foremost tail vertebrae, which were vertical rather than inclined towards the back. Together with the deep chevron bones on the underside of the tail, they indicate a deep, "crocodile-like" tail possibly adapted for swimming. On the contrary, allosaurids feature a shorter, taller, and stiffer body with longer legs. They would have been adapted for rapid running in open terrain and for preying upon large <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> dinosaurs such as sauropods and stegosaurs, but as speculated by Bakker and Bir, seasonally switched to aquatic prey items when the large herbivores were absent.<sup id="cite_ref-BB04_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB04-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this theory was challenged by Yun in 2019, suggesting <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was merely more capable of hunting aquatic prey than other theropods of the Morrison Formation as opposed to being fully semiaquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Life reconstruction of a feeding Ceratosaurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of a feeding <i>C. nasicornis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1986 popular book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dinosaur_Heresies" title="The Dinosaur Heresies">The Dinosaur Heresies</a></i>, Bakker argued that the bones of the upper jaw were only loosely attached to the surrounding skull bones, allowing for some degree of movement within the skull, a condition termed <a href="/wiki/Cranial_kinesis" title="Cranial kinesis">cranial kinesis</a>. Likewise, the bones of the lower jaw would have been able to move against each other and the quadrate bone could swing outwards, spreading the lower jaw at the jaw joint. Taken together, these features would have allowed the animal to widen its jaws in order to swallow larger food items.<sup id="cite_ref-bakker1986_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakker1986-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 study, Casey Holliday and Lawrence Witmer re-evaluated similar claims made for other dinosaurs, concluding that the presence of muscle-powered cranial kinesis cannot be proven for any dinosaur species and was likely absent in most.<sup id="cite_ref-holliday2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holliday2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <i>Allosaurus</i> pubic foot shows marks by the teeth of another theropod, probably <i>Ceratosaurus</i> or <i>Torvosaurus</i>. The location of the bone in the body (along the bottom margin of the torso and partially shielded by the legs) and the fact that it was among the most massive in the skeleton indicates that the <i>Allosaurus</i> was being scavenged.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bone assemblage in the Upper Jurassic Mygatt-Moore Quarry preserves an unusually high occurrence of theropod bite marks, most of which can be attributed to <i>Allosaurus</i> and <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, while others could have been made by a large <a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">allosaurid</a> or <i>Torvosaurus</i> given the size of the striations. While the position of the bite marks on the herbivorous dinosaurs is consistent with predation or early access to remains, bite marks found on <i>Allosaurus</i> material suggest scavenging, either from the other theropods or from another <i>Allosaurus</i>. The unusually high concentration of theropod bite marks compared to other assemblages could be explained either by a more complete utilization of resources during a dry season by theropods or by a collecting bias in other localities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_of_the_nasal_horn_and_osteoderms">Function of the nasal horn and osteoderms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Function of the nasal horn and osteoderms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884, Marsh considered the nasal horn of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> to be a "most powerful weapon" for both offensive and defensive purposes and Gilmore, in 1920, concurred with this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-84_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 331">: 331 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> The use of the horn as a weapon is now generally considered unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-glut-97_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut-97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, David Norman believed that the horn was "probably not for protection against other predators," but might instead have been used for intraspecific combat among male ceratosaurs contending for breeding rights.<sup id="cite_ref-norman-85_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman-85-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a>, in 1988, suggested a similar function and illustrated two <i>Ceratosaurus</i> engaged in a nonlethal butting contest.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Rowe and Gauthier went further, suggesting that the nasal horn of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> was "probably used for display purposes alone" and played no role in physical confrontations.<sup id="cite_ref-rowe-gauthier-90_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe-gauthier-90-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If used for display, the horn likely would have been brightly colored.<sup id="cite_ref-foster-07_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A display function was also proposed for the row of osteoderms running down the body midline.<sup id="cite_ref-rowe-gauthier-90_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowe-gauthier-90-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forelimb_function">Forelimb function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forelimb function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cast of the hand of the holotype" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_AMNH_27631_hand_cast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Cast of the hand of <i>C. nasicornis</i> (<a href="/wiki/AMNH" class="mw-redirect" title="AMNH">AMNH</a> 27631): Most <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanges</a> of the fingers are missing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The strongly shortened metacarpals and phalanges of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> raise the question as to whether the hand retained the grasping function assumed for other basal theropods. Within Ceratosauria, an even more extreme hand reduction can be observed in abelisaurids, where the arm <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">lost its original function</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-senter2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senter2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i>Limusaurus</i>. In a 2016 paper on the anatomy of the <i>Ceratosaurus</i> hand, Carrano and Jonah Choiniere stressed the great morphological similarity of the hand with those of other basal theropods, suggesting that it still fulfilled its original grasping function, despite its shortening. Although only the first phalanges are preserved, the second phalanges would have been mobile, as indicated by the well-developed articular surfaces, and the digits would likely have allowed a similar degree of motion as in other basal theropods. As in other theropods other than abelisaurids, the first digit would have been slightly turned in when <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carrano2016_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrano2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_and_senses">Brain and senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brain and senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_skull-multi_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile skull in multiple views</figcaption></figure> <p>A cast of the brain cavity of the holotype was made under Marsh's supervision, probably during preparation of the skull, allowing Marsh to conclude that the brain "was of medium size, but comparatively much larger than in the herbivorous dinosaurs". The skull bones, however, had been cemented together afterwards, so the accuracy of this cast could not be verified by later studies.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh-84_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> </p><p>A second, well preserved braincase had been found with specimen MWC 1 in Fruita, Colorado, and was <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT-scanned</a> by paleontologists Kent Sanders and David Smith, allowing for reconstructions of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>, gross regions of the brain, and <a href="/wiki/Dural_venous_sinuses" title="Dural venous sinuses">cranial sinuses</a> transporting blood away from the brain. In 2005, the researchers concluded that <i>Ceratosaurus</i> possessed a brain cavity typical for basal theropods and similar to that of <i>Allosaurus</i>. The impressions for the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulbs</a>, which house the sense of smell, are well-preserved. While similar to those of <i>Allosaurus</i>, they were smaller than in <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i>, which is thought to have been equipped with a very keen sense of smell. The <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canals" title="Semicircular canals">semicircular canals</a>, which are responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_balance" title="Sense of balance">sense of balance</a> and therefore allow for inferences on habitual head orientation and locomotion, are similar to those found in other theropods. In theropods, these structures are generally conservative, suggesting that functional requirements during locomotion have been similar across species. The foremost of the semicircular canals was enlarged, a feature generally found in bipedal animals. The orientation of the lateral semicircular canal indicates that the head and neck were held horizontally in neutral position.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion_of_metatarsals_and_paleopathology">Fusion of metatarsals and paleopathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fusion of metatarsals and paleopathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The holotype of <i>C. nasicornis</i> was found with its left metatarsals II to IV fused together.<sup id="cite_ref-molnar-pathology_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar-pathology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsh, in 1884, dedicated a short article to this, at the time, unknown feature in dinosaurs, noting the close resemblance to the condition seen in modern birds.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh1884_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh1884-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of this feature in <i>Ceratosaurus</i> became controversial in 1890, when <a href="/wiki/Georg_Baur" title="Georg Baur">Georg Baur</a> speculated that the fusion in the holotype was the result of a healed <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a>. This claim was repeated in 1892 by Cope, while arguing that <i>C. nasicornis</i> should be classified as a species of <i>Megalosaurus</i> due to insufficient anatomical differences between these genera.<sup id="cite_ref-cope1892_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cope1892-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, examples of fused metatarsals in dinosaurs that are not of pathological origin have been described since, including taxa more basal than <i>Ceratosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-molnar-pathology_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar-pathology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osborn, in 1920, explained that no abnormal bone growth is evident and that the fusion is unusual, but likely not pathological.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Ronald Ratkevich, in 1976, argued that this fusion had limited the running ability of the animal, but this claim was rejected by Paul in 1988, who noted that the same feature occurs in many fast-moving animals of today, including ground birds and ungulates.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_1988_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1999 analysis by Darren Tanke and Bruce Rothschild suggested that the fusion was indeed pathological, confirming the earlier claim of Baur.<sup id="cite_ref-molnar-pathology_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar-pathology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports of pathologies include a stress fracture in a foot bone assigned to the genus,<sup id="cite_ref-rothschild-dino_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothschild-dino-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a broken tooth of an unidentified species of <i>Ceratosaurus</i> that shows signs of further <a href="/wiki/Tooth_wear" title="Tooth wear">wear</a> received after the break.<sup id="cite_ref-molnar-pathology_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar-pathology-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoenvironment_and_paleobiogeography">Paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg/220px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg/330px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg/440px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><i>Ceratosaurus</i> in its environment.</figcaption></figure> <p>All North American <i>Ceratosaurus</i> finds come from the Morrison Formation, a sequence of shallow marine and (predominantly) <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> in the western United States and the most fertile source for dinosaur bones of the continent. According to <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>, the age of the formation ranges between 156.3 million <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a> old at its base<sup id="cite_ref-TCR06_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCR06-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 146.8 million years old at the top,<sup id="cite_ref-SAB98_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAB98-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which places it in the late <a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordian stage">Oxfordian</a>, Kimmeridgian, and early <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a> of the Late Jurassic. <i>Ceratosaurus</i> is known from Kimmeridgian and Tithonian strata of the formation.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoski-et-al-04_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoski-et-al-04-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The Morrison Formation is interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid</a> environment with distinct <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>. The Morrison Basin stretched from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan, being formed when the precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Front_Range" title="Front Range">Front Range</a> of the Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. The deposits from their east-facing <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> were carried by streams and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and deposited in <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy</a> lowlands, lakes, river channels, and floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-DAR89_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAR89-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation is similar in age to the Lourinhã Formation in Portugal and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-OM06_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OM06-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-foster2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other dinosaurs known from the Morrison include the theropods <i><a href="/wiki/Koparion" title="Koparion">Koparion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i>, <i>Allosaurus</i>, and <i>Torvosaurus</i>, the sauropods <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a>,</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischians</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dryosaurus" title="Dryosaurus">Dryosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nanosaurus" title="Nanosaurus">Nanosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus" title="Gargoyleosaurus">Gargoyleosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DJCetal06_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJCetal06-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Allosaurus</i>, which accounted for 70 to 75% of all theropod specimens, was at the top <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic level</a> of the Morrison <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JRF03a_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRF03a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vertebrates that shared this paleoenvironment included <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Uluops" title="Uluops">Uluops</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">sphenodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, terrestrial and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">crocodylomorphs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hoplosuchus" title="Hoplosuchus">Hoplosuchus</a></i>, and several species of <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Harpactognathus" title="Harpactognathus">Harpactognathus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesadactylus" title="Mesadactylus">Mesadactylus</a></i>. Shells of <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> are also common. The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgoes</a>, and several families of <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a>. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">gallery forests</a>) to fern <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> with occasional trees such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i>-like conifer <i><a href="/wiki/Brachyphyllum" title="Brachyphyllum">Brachyphyllum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KC06_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KC06-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial <i>Ceratosaurus</i> specimen indicates the presence of the genus in the Portuguese Porto Novo Member of the Lourinhã Formation. Many of the dinosaurs of the Lourinhã Formation are either the same genera as those seen in the Morrison Formation or have a close counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-OM06_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OM06-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides <i>Ceratosaurus</i>, the researchers also noted that the presence of <i>Allosaurus</i> and <i>Torvosaurus</i> in the Portuguese rocks are primarily known from the Morrison, while <i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i> has so far only been reported from Portugal. Herbivorous dinosaurs from the Porto Novo Member include, among others, the sauropods <i><a href="/wiki/Dinheirosaurus" title="Dinheirosaurus">Dinheirosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zby" title="Zby">Zby</a></i>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Stegosauria" title="Stegosauria">stegosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Miragaia_longicollum" title="Miragaia longicollum">Miragaia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mateus2014_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2014-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mateus2000_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mateus2006_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Late Jurassic, Europe had just been separated from North America by the still narrow <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Portugal, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, was still separated from other parts of Europe. According to Mateus and colleagues, the similarity between the Portuguese and North American theropod faunas indicates the presence of a temporary <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a>, allowing for faunal interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-mateus2000_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mateus2006_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malafaia and colleagues, however, argued for a more complex scenario, as other groups, such as sauropods, turtles, and crocodiles, show clearly different species compositions in Portugal and North America. Thus, the incipient separation of these faunas could have led to interchange in some but <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric speciation</a> in other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-malafaia2015_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malafaia2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brinkman2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brinkman2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrinkman2010" class="citation book cs1">Brinkman, P.D. (2010). <i>The Second Jurassic Dinosaur Rush. Museums and Paleontology in America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07472-6"><bdi>978-0-226-07472-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jurassic+Dinosaur+Rush.+Museums+and+Paleontology+in+America+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07472-6&rft.aulast=Brinkman&rft.aufirst=P.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilmore-20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore-20_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore" title="Charles W. Gilmore">Gilmore, C.W.</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/10107/1/USNMB_1101920_unitfo.pdf">"Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera <i>Antrodemus</i> (<i>Allosaurus</i>) and <i>Ceratosaurus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the United States National Museum</i> (110): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.03629236.110.i">10.5479/si.03629236.110.i</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112032536010">2027/uiug.30112032536010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+National+Museum&rft.atitle=Osteology+of+the+carnivorous+Dinosauria+in+the+United+States+National+Museum%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+genera+Antrodemus+%28Allosaurus%29+and+Ceratosaurus&rft.issue=110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiug.30112032536010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.03629236.110.i&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F10107%2F1%2FUSNMB_1101920_unitfo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh-84-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsh-84_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh-84_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh-84_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh-84_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh-84_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1884" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh, O.C.</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsh.dinodb.com/marsh/Marsh%201884%20-%20Principle%20characters%20of%20American%20Jurassic%20dinosaurs,%20Part%20VIII,%20The%20Order%20Theropoda.pdf">"Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part VIII: The order Theropoda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Science" title="American Journal of Science">American Journal of Science</a></i>. <b>27</b> (160): <span class="nowrap">329–</span>340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1884AmJS...27..329M">1884AmJS...27..329M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s3-27.160.329">10.2475/ajs.s3-27.160.329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131076004">131076004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Principal+characters+of+American+Jurassic+dinosaurs%2C+part+VIII%3A+The+order+Theropoda&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=160&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131076004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s3-27.160.329&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1884AmJS...27..329M&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=O.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarsh.dinodb.com%2Fmarsh%2FMarsh%25201884%2520-%2520Principle%2520characters%2520of%2520American%2520Jurassic%2520dinosaurs%2C%2520Part%2520VIII%2C%2520The%2520Order%2520Theropoda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glut-97-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glut-97_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glut-97_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glut-97_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glut-97_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlut1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Glut" title="Donald F. Glut">Glut, D.F.</a> (1997). "Ceratosaurus". <i>Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">266–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-917-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-917-4"><bdi>978-0-89950-917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceratosaurus&rft.btitle=Dinosaurs%3A+The+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89950-917-4&rft.aulast=Glut&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1979" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, D.P. 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Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">331–</span>336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theropod+stress+fractures+and+tendon+avulsions+as+a+clue+to+activity&rft.btitle=Mesozoic+Vertebrate+Life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Tanke%2C+D.H.&rft.au=Ford%2C+T.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCR06-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCR06_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrujilloChamberlain,_K.R.Strickland,_A.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Trujillo, K.C.; Chamberlain, K.R.; Strickland, A. (2006). "Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations". <i>Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs</i>. <b>38</b> (6): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Abstracts+with+Programs&rft.atitle=Oxfordian+U%2FPb+ages+from+SHRIMP+analysis+for+the+Upper+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation+of+southeastern+Wyoming+with+implications+for+biostratigraphic+correlations&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Trujillo&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+K.R.&rft.au=Strickland%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAB98-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAB98_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbey1998" class="citation book cs1">Bilbey, S.A. (1998). "Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry – age, stratigraphy and depositional environments". In Carpenter, K.; Chure, D.; Kirkland, J.I. (eds.). <i>The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study</i>. Modern Geology 22. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7775">0026-7775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland-Lloyd+Dinosaur+Quarry+%E2%80%93+age%2C+stratigraphy+and+depositional+environments&rft.btitle=The+Morrison+Formation%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Study&rft.series=Modern+Geology+22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0026-7775&rft.aulast=Bilbey&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAR89-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAR89_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Russell" title="Dale Russell">Russell, D.A.</a> (1989). <i>An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America</i>. Minocqua, Wisconsin: NorthWord Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55971-038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55971-038-1"><bdi>978-1-55971-038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Odyssey+in+Time%3A+Dinosaurs+of+North+America&rft.place=Minocqua%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=NorthWord+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55971-038-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OM06-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OM06_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OM06_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateus2006" class="citation book cs1">Mateus, O. (2006). "Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): A comparison". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). <i>Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation</i>. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jurassic+dinosaurs+from+the+Morrison+Formation+%28USA%29%2C+the+Lourinh%C3%A3+and+Alcoba%C3%A7a+Formations+%28Portugal%29%2C+and+the+Tendaguru+Beds+%28Tanzania%29%3A+A+comparison&rft.btitle=Paleontology+and+Geology+of+the+Upper+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.series=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foster2007-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foster2007_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DJCetal06-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DJCetal06_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChureLitwin,_R.Hasiotis,_S.T.Evanoff,_E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Chure, D.J.; Litwin, R.; Hasiotis, S.T.; Evanoff, E.; Carpenter, K. (2006). "The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). <i>Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation</i>. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+fauna+and+flora+of+the+Morrison+Formation%3A+2006&rft.btitle=Paleontology+and+Geology+of+the+Upper+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.series=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chure&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Litwin%2C+R.&rft.au=Hasiotis%2C+S.T.&rft.au=Evanoff%2C+E.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KC06-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KC06_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Carpenter" title="Kenneth Carpenter">Carpenter, K.</a> (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod <i>Amphicoelias fragillimus</i>". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). <i>Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation</i>. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biggest+of+the+big%3A+a+critical+re-evaluation+of+the+mega-sauropod+Amphicoelias+fragillimus&rft.btitle=Paleontology+and+Geology+of+the+Upper+Jurassic+Morrison+Formation&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.series=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science+Bulletin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Natural+History+and+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mateus2014-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mateus2014_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusMannionUpchurch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mateus, O.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P. (2014). "<i>Zby atlanticus</i>, a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology" title="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology">Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">618–</span>634. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVPal..34..618M">2014JVPal..34..618M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.822875">10.1080/02724634.2013.822875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59387149">59387149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Zby+atlanticus%2C+a+new+turiasaurian+sauropod+%28Dinosauria%2C+Eusauropoda%29+from+the+Late+Jurassic+of+Portugal&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E634&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59387149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2013.822875&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JVPal..34..618M&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Mannion%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Upchurch%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeratosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theropoda" title="Template talk:Theropoda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theropoda301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrovenator" title="Erythrovenator">Erythrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neotheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotheropoda">Neotheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichosuchus" title="Dolichosuchus">Dolichosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gojirasaurus" title="Gojirasaurus">Gojirasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidus_praecisio" title="Lepidus praecisio">Lepidus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliensternus" title="Liliensternus">Liliensternus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notatesseraeraptor" title="Notatesseraeraptor">Notatesseraeraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcosaurus" title="Sarcosaurus">Sarcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaisaurus" title="Shuangbaisaurus">Shuangbaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachiraptor" title="Tachiraptor">Tachiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocipes" title="Velocipes">Velocipes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zupaysaurus" title="Zupaysaurus">Zupaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracoraptor" title="Dracoraptor">Dracoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pendraig" title="Pendraig">Pendraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus">Podokesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powellvenator" title="Powellvenator">Powellvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysidae">Coelophysidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camposaurus" title="Camposaurus">Camposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucianovenator" title="Lucianovenator">Lucianovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapnosaurus" title="Megapnosaurus">Megapnosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterospondylus" title="Pterospondylus">Pterospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious neotheropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teinurosaurus" title="Teinurosaurus">Teinurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halticosaurus" title="Halticosaurus">Halticosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis bauri"><img alt="Coelophysis bauri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2105" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli"><img alt="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/140px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/210px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/280px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Averostra343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Averostra301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dornraptor" title="Dornraptor">Dornraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berberosaurus" title="Berberosaurus">Berberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fosterovenator" title="Fosterovenator">Fosterovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubbulpuria" title="Jubbulpuria">Jubbulpuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lukousaurus" title="Lukousaurus">Lukousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltriovenator" title="Saltriovenator">Saltriovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betasuchus" title="Betasuchus">Betasuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lametasaurus" title="Lametasaurus">Lametasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimoides" title="Ornithomimoides">Ornithomimoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozraptor" title="Ozraptor">Ozraptor</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afromimus" title="Afromimus">Afromimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocheirus" title="Austrocheirus">Austrocheirus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berthasaura" title="Berthasaura">Berthasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsosuchus" title="Compsosuchus">Compsosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiyacursor" title="Kiyacursor">Kiyacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabueino" title="Ligabueino">Ligabueino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinostropheus" title="Spinostropheus">Spinostropheus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphrosaurinae">Elaphrosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huinculsaurus" title="Huinculsaurus">Huinculsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noasaurinae">Noasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laevisuchus" title="Laevisuchus">Laevisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masiakasaurus" title="Masiakasaurus">Masiakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noasaurus" title="Noasaurus">Noasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocisaurus" title="Velocisaurus">Velocisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chenanisaurus" title="Chenanisaurus">Chenanisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosauroides" title="Dryptosauroides">Dryptosauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosuchus" title="Indosuchus">Indosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kryptops" title="Kryptops">Kryptops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurupi_itaata" title="Kurupi itaata">Kurupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugops" title="Rugops">Rugops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrovenator" title="Spectrovenator">Spectrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarascosaurus" title="Tarascosaurus">Tarascosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tralkasaurus" title="Tralkasaurus">Tralkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenotarsosaurus" title="Xenotarsosaurus">Xenotarsosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcovenator" title="Arcovenator">Arcovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosaurus" title="Indosaurus">Indosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brachyrostra16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guemesia" title="Guemesia">Guemesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llukalkan" title="Llukalkan">Llukalkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_antiqua" title="Niebla antiqua">Niebla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanos_simonattoi" title="Thanos simonattoi">Thanos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caletodraco" title="Caletodraco">Caletodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilmesaurus" title="Quilmesaurus">Quilmesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viavenator" title="Viavenator">Viavenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"><img alt="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/140px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/210px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/280px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limusaurus_runner_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limusaurus inextricabilis"><img alt="Limusaurus inextricabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasaurus narmadensis"><img alt="Rajasaurus narmadensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/140px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/210px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/280px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aucasaurus garridoi"><img alt="Aucasaurus garridoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetanurae343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae301" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamospondylus" title="Calamospondylus">Calamospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chienkosaurus" title="Chienkosaurus">Chienkosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilesaurus" title="Chilesaurus">Chilesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuandongocoelurus" title="Chuandongocoelurus">Chuandongocoelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruxicheiros" title="Cruxicheiros">Cruxicheiros</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijiangosaurus" title="Kaijiangosaurus">Kaijiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentavenator" title="Kayentavenator">Kayentavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravenator" title="Pandoravenator">Pandoravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szechuanosaurus" title="Szechuanosaurus">Szechuanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectaerovenator" title="Vectaerovenator">Vectaerovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Orionides" class="mw-redirect" title="Orionides">Orionides</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megalosauroidea307" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunyangosaurus" title="Yunyangosaurus">Yunyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condorraptor" title="Condorraptor">Condorraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshosaurus" title="Marshosaurus">Marshosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysaurus" title="Piatnitzkysaurus">Piatnitzkysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosauria">Megalosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptospondylus" title="Streptospondylus">Streptospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurinae">Megalosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriavenator" title="Duriavenator">Duriavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiehenvenator" title="Wiehenvenator">Wiehenvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrovenatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrovenatorinae">Afrovenatorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrovenator" title="Afrovenator">Afrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dubreuillosaurus" title="Dubreuillosaurus">Dubreuillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leshansaurus" title="Leshansaurus">Leshansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnosaurus" title="Magnosaurus">Magnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piveteausaurus" title="Piveteausaurus">Piveteausaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poekilopleuron" title="Poekilopleuron">Poekilopleuron</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostafrikasaurus" title="Ostafrikasaurus">Ostafrikasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx">Baryonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protathlitis" title="Protathlitis">Protathlitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojavenatrix" title="Riojavenatrix">Riojavenatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus" title="Suchosaurus">Suchosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxalaia" title="Oxalaia">Oxalaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamosaurus" title="Siamosaurus">Siamosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi"><img alt="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Torvosaurus tanneri"><img alt="Torvosaurus tanneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/210px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/280px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus"><img alt="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/140px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/210px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/280px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Avetheropoda343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda304" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasosaurus" title="Gasosaurus">Gasosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltovenator" title="Asfaltovenator">Asfaltovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erectopus" title="Erectopus">Erectopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosauridae" title="Metriacanthosauridae">Metriacanthosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metriacanthosaurinae">Metriacanthosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpkarakush" title="Alpkarakush">Alpkarakush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurus" title="Metriacanthosaurus">Metriacanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shidaisaurus" title="Shidaisaurus">Shidaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamotyrannus" title="Siamotyrannus">Siamotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinraptor" title="Sinraptor">Sinraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauria">Allosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antrodemus" title="Antrodemus">Antrodemus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epanterias" title="Epanterias">Epanterias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosauria">Carcharodontosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Datanglong" title="Datanglong">Datanglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusovenator" title="Lusovenator">Lusovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamraptor" title="Siamraptor">Siamraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neovenatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neovenatoridae">Neovenatoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">Carcharodontosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocanthosaurus" title="Acrocanthosaurus">Acrocanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator">Concavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocarcharia" title="Eocarcharia">Eocarcharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelmayisaurus" title="Kelmayisaurus">Kelmayisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lajasvenator" title="Lajasvenator">Lajasvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroniops" title="Sauroniops">Sauroniops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaochilong" title="Shaochilong">Shaochilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameryraptor" title="Tameryraptor">Tameryraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurinae">Carcharodontosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giganotosaurini">Giganotosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurus" title="Giganotosaurus">Giganotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapusaurus" title="Mapusaurus">Mapusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meraxes" title="Meraxes">Meraxes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taurovenator" title="Taurovenator">Taurovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannotitan" title="Tyrannotitan">Tyrannotitan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoniraptor" title="Aoniraptor">Aoniraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuiraptor" title="Fukuiraptor">Fukuiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangvenator" title="Phuwiangvenator">Phuwiangvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapator" title="Rapator">Rapator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaraptoridae">Megaraptoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosteon" title="Aerosteon">Aerosteon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maip" title="Maip">Maip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaraptor" title="Megaraptor">Megaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murusraptor" title="Murusraptor">Murusraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkoraptor" title="Orkoraptor">Orkoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tratayenia" title="Tratayenia">Tratayenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis"><img alt="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/140px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/210px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/280px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="5602" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allosaurus fragilis"><img alt="Allosaurus fragilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/140px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/210px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/280px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neovenator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neovenator salerii"><img alt="Neovenator salerii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/140px-Neovenator.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/210px-Neovenator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/280px-Neovenator.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharodontosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus"><img alt="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/140px-Carcharodontosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/210px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/280px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australovenator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australovenator wintonensis"><img alt="Australovenator wintonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/140px-Australovenator.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/210px-Australovenator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/280px-Australovenator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coelurosauria343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurosauria305" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratasaurus" title="Aratasaurus">Aratasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiamericana" title="Asiamericana">Asiamericana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicentenaria" title="Bicentenaria">Bicentenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardoestesia" title="Richardoestesia">Richardoestesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciurumimus" title="Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayuraptor" title="Vayuraptor">Vayuraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangovenator" title="Xinjiangovenator">Xinjiangovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuolong" title="Zuolong">Zuolong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannoraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannoraptora">Tyrannoraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tyrannosauroidea308" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chingkankousaurus" title="Chingkankousaurus">Chingkankousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coeluridae" title="Coeluridae">Coeluridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanycolagreus" title="Tanycolagreus">Tanycolagreus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kileskus" title="Kileskus">Kileskus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinotyrannus" title="Sinotyrannus">Sinotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pantyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyrannosauria">Pantyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectrosaurus" title="Alectrosaurus">Alectrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagaraatan" title="Bagaraatan">Bagaraatan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinbeisaurus" title="Jinbeisaurus">Jinbeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juratyrant" title="Juratyrant">Juratyrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_intrepidus" title="Moros intrepidus">Moros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santanaraptor" title="Santanaraptor">Santanaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suskityrannus" title="Suskityrannus">Suskityrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timimus" title="Timimus">Timimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timurlengia" title="Timurlengia">Timurlengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongguanlong" title="Xiongguanlong">Xiongguanlong</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutyrannosauria">Eutyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachiosaurus" title="Appalachiosaurus">Appalachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurinae" title="Albertosaurinae">Albertosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurinae" title="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatyrannus" title="Asiatyrannus">Asiatyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanuqsaurus" title="Nanuqsaurus">Nanuqsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alioramini" title="Alioramini">Alioramini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alioramus" title="Alioramus">Alioramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianzhousaurus" title="Qianzhousaurus">Qianzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurini" title="Daspletosaurini">Daspletosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurus" title="Daspletosaurus">Daspletosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanatotheristes" title="Thanatotheristes">Thanatotheristes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneini" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratophoneini">Teratophoneini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamoterror" title="Dynamoterror">Dynamoterror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lythronax" title="Lythronax">Lythronax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbosaurus" title="Tarbosaurus">Tarbosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtyrannus" title="Zhuchengtyrannus">Zhuchengtyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_coelurosaurs20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious coelurosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliosuchus" title="Iliosuchus">Iliosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakuru" title="Kakuru">Kakuru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrolosaurus" title="Phaedrolosaurus">Phaedrolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanyangosaurus" title="Shanyangosaurus">Shanyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuolong_salleei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuolong salleei"><img alt="Zuolong salleei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/140px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/210px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/280px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stokesosaurus clevelandi"><img alt="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/140px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/210px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/280px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alioramus remotus"><img alt="Alioramus remotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/140px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/210px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/280px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbosaurus bataar"><img alt="Tarbosaurus bataar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/140px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/210px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/280px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptoromorpha343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha309" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neocoelurosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocoelurosauria">Neocoelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beipiaognathus" title="Beipiaognathus">Beipiaognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiagnathus" title="Huaxiagnathus">Huaxiagnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scipionyx" title="Scipionyx">Scipionyx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunmenglong" title="Xunmenglong">Xunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansaurus" title="Arkansaurus">Arkansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamosaurus" title="Calamosaurus">Calamosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexing" title="Hexing">Hexing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnareemimus" title="Kinnareemimus">Kinnareemimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nedcolbertia" title="Nedcolbertia">Nedcolbertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecocoelurus" title="Thecocoelurus">Thecocoelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdoraptor" title="Valdoraptor">Valdoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrocheiriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocheiriformes">Macrocheiriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecanimimus" title="Pelecanimimus">Pelecanimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhousaurus" title="Shenzhousaurus">Shenzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deinocheiridae" title="Deinocheiridae">Deinocheiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beishanlong" title="Beishanlong">Beishanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinocheirus" title="Deinocheirus">Deinocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garudimimus" title="Garudimimus">Garudimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraxenisaurus" title="Paraxenisaurus">Paraxenisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannomimus" title="Tyrannomimus">Tyrannomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimidae" title="Ornithomimidae">Ornithomimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anserimimus" title="Anserimimus">Anserimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithomimus" title="Archaeornithomimus">Archaeornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Coelosaurus%22_antiquus" title=""Coelosaurus" antiquus">"Coelosaurus"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromiceiomimus" title="Dromiceiomimus">Dromiceiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharacursor" title="Dzharacursor">Dzharacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallimimus" title="Gallimimus">Gallimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexidracon" title="Mexidracon">Mexidracon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiupalong" title="Qiupalong">Qiupalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rativates" title="Rativates">Rativates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinornithomimus" title="Sinornithomimus">Sinornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tototlmimus" title="Tototlmimus">Tototlmimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinosauropteryx_color_(without_scale_bar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinosauropteryx prima"><img alt="Sinosauropteryx prima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/140px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/210px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/280px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinocheirus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deinocheirus mirificus"><img alt="Deinocheirus mirificus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/130px-Deinocheirus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/195px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/260px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiupalong_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qiupalong henanensis"><img alt="Qiupalong henanensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/130px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/195px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/260px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers857" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers857" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ceratosaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130902" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q130902">Q130902</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4531431">4531431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4818607">4818607</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38600">38600</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&oldid=1272685330">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceratosaurus&oldid=1272685330</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ceratosaurs" 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