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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nordic Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-Roman Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Roman Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Germanic Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sami_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sami_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sami peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sami_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viking Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viking Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_of_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Age of settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relation_with_the_Baltic_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_the_Baltic_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Relation with the Baltic Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_the_Baltic_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalmar_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalmar_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kalmar Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kalmar Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thirty_Years_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirty_Years_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Thirty Years War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirty_Years_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Sweden_and_the_Swedish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Sweden_and_the_Swedish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rise of Sweden and the Swedish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Sweden_and_the_Swedish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Great Northern War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Finnish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sweden and Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Scandinavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Monetary Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_welfare_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_welfare_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Development of the welfare state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_welfare_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>European integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Scandinavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ إسكندنافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ إسكندنافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_d%27Escandinavia" title="Historia d'Escandinavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia d'Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ক্যান্ডিনেভিয়ার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_d%27Escandin%C3%A0via" title="Història d'Escandinàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història d'Escandinàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviens_historie" title="Skandinaviens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skandinaviens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Skandinaviens" title="Geschichte Skandinaviens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Skandinaviens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Σκανδιναβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Σκανδιναβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Escandinavia" title="Historia de Escandinavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Escandinavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/330px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/495px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/660px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4285" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Sea Region">Baltic Sea Region</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">Johann Homann</a>, c. 1730)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/375px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>History by country</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chronological history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Scandinavia</b> is the history of the geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">its peoples</a>. The region is located in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, and consists of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> are at times, especially in English-speaking contexts, considered part of Scandinavia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_age">Prehistoric age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_Baltic_shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Overview_Baltic_shield.png/320px-Overview_Baltic_shield.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Overview_Baltic_shield.png/480px-Overview_Baltic_shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Overview_Baltic_shield.png/640px-Overview_Baltic_shield.png 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Geological map of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #808b96 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belomorian_Province" title="Belomorian Province">Belomorian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kola_Province" title="Kola Province">Kola</a> domains</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ba4a00 ; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> rocks of the Karelia and Kola domains</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #f9e79f ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Svecofennian_orogeny" title="Svecofennian orogeny">Svecofennian Domain</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #3339ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Transscandinavian_Igneous_Belt" title="Transscandinavian Igneous Belt">Transscandinavian Igneous Belt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #bc2dff ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Timanide_Orogen" title="Timanide Orogen">Timanide Orogen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #edbb99 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sveconorwegian_orogeny" title="Sveconorwegian orogeny">Sveconorwegian Orogen</a> <small>(including the <a href="/wiki/Western_Gneiss_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Gneiss Region">Western Gneiss Region</a>)</small></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #28af21 ; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Caledonides" title="Scandinavian Caledonides">Caledonian nappes</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Little evidence remains in Scandinavia of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> except limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze, and iron, some jewelry and ornaments, and stone <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">burial cairns</a>. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stone Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian glaciation</a>, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">B.P.</a> and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P.<sup id="cite_ref-JanMengerud1991_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanMengerud1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the climate slowly warmed up at the end of the ice age and deglaciation took place, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region, but it was not until around 12,000 BCE before permanent, but nomadic, habitation took root.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upper Paleolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></div> <p>As the ice receded, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> grazed on the flat lands of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. This was the land of the <a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg culture</a>, tribes who hunted over vast territories and lived in <a href="/wiki/Lavvu" title="Lavvu">lavvus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. There was little forest in this region except for <a href="/wiki/White_birch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="White birch (disambiguation)">arctic white birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">rowan</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> slowly appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mesolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></div> <p>From c. 9,000 to 6,000 B.P. (Middle to Late Mesolithic), Scandinavia was populated by mobile or semi-sedentary groups about whom little is known. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-GummessonHallgren2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GummessonHallgren2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. The <a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian culture</a> lived in Denmark and southern Sweden. To the north, in Norway and most of southern Sweden, lived the <a href="/wiki/Fosna-Hensbacka_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosna-Hensbacka culture">Fosna-Hensbacka culture</a>, who lived mostly along the edge of the forest. The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practised throughout other regions in the far north – areas including modern Finland, Russia, and across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> into the northernmost strip of North America. </p><p>During the 6th millennium BC, southern Scandinavia was covered in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a>. Fauna included <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kongemose_culture" title="Kongemose culture">Kongemose culture</a> was dominant in this time period. They hunted seals and fished in the rich waters. North of the Kongemose people lived other <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> in most of southern Norway and Sweden called the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8stvet_and_Lihult_cultures" title="Nøstvet and Lihult cultures">Nøstvet and Lihult cultures</a>, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. Near the end of the 6th millennium BC, the Kongemose culture was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle culture</a> in the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></div> <p>During the 5th millennium BC, the Ertebølle people learned pottery from neighbouring tribes in the south, who had begun to cultivate the land and keep animals. They too started to cultivate the land, and by 3000 BC they became part of the <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a>. During the 4th millennium BC, these Funnelbeaker tribes expanded into Sweden up to <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>. The Nøstvet and Lihult tribes learnt new technology from the advancing farmers (but not agriculture) and became the <a href="/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture" title="Pitted Ware culture">Pitted Ware cultures</a> towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into southwestern Sweden, but some say that the farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. At least one settlement appears to be mixed, the <a href="/wiki/Alvastra_pile-dwelling" title="Alvastra pile-dwelling">Alvastra pile-dwelling</a>. </p><p>It is not known what language these early Scandinavians spoke, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars think spoke <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle-Axe_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle-Axe culture">Battle-Axe culture</a>. This new people advanced up to Uppland and the <a href="/wiki/Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjord</a>, and they probably provided the language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages. They were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. The transmission of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> to southern Scandinavia coincided with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aisled_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisled houses">two-aisled houses</a>, and certain types of artefacts, and seems to have enabled the establishment of a fully Neolithic society.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_Bronze_Age">Nordic Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nordic Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haljesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haljesta.jpg/220px-Haljesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haljesta.jpg/330px-Haljesta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haljesta.jpg/440px-Haljesta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyphs from Scandinavia (Häljesta, Västmanland in Sweden). Composite image. Nordic Bronze Age. The glyphs are painted to make them more visible. It is unknown whether they were painted originally.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though Scandinavians joined the European <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. During this period Scandinavia gave rise to the first known advanced civilization in this area following the Nordic Stone Age. The Scandinavians adopted many central European and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> symbols at the same time that they created new styles and objects. <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanovan Culture">Villanovan Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. The foreign influence is believed to originate with <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> trade, and amber found in Mycenaean graves from this period originates from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Several petroglyphs depict ships, and the large stone formations known as <a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">stone ships</a> indicate that shipping played an important role in the culture. Several petroglyphs depict ships which could possibly be Mediterranean. </p><p>From this period there are many mounds and fields of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a>, but their signification is long since lost. There are also numerous artifacts of bronze and gold. The rather crude appearance of the petroglyphs compared to the bronze works have given rise to the theory that they were produced by different cultures or different social groups. No written language existed in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age. </p><p>The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate comparable to that of the Mediterranean which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate which is sometimes believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have given rise to the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a>. It seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. During this time there was Scandinavian influence in Eastern Europe. A thousand years later, the numerous <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">East Germanic tribes</a> that claimed Scandinavian origins (<a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heruls" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruls">Heruls</a>), as did the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, rendered Scandinavia (<a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a>) the name "womb of nations" in <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman_Iron_Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></div> <p>The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. This period is known for being poor in archaeological finds. </p><p>This is also the period when the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> became known to the Mediterranean world and the Romans. In 113–101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland,<sup id="cite_ref-celtshistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtshistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day Denmark, attacked the Roman Republic in what is today known as the <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>. These two tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a>, initially inflicted the heaviest losses that Rome had suffered since the Second Punic War. The Cimbri and the Teutons were eventually defeated by the Roman legions. </p><p>Initially iron was valuable and was used for decoration. The oldest objects were needles, but swords and sickles are found as well. Bronze continued to be used during the whole period but was mostly used for decoration. The traditions were a continuity from the Nordic Bronze Age, but there were strong influences from the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> in Central Europe. They continued with the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield</a> culture tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in urns. During the last centuries, influences from the Central European <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> spread to Scandinavia from northwestern Germany, and there are finds from this period from all the provinces of southern Scandinavia. From this time <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> have found swords, shieldbosses, spearheads, scissors, sickles, pincers, knives, needles, buckles, kettles, etc. Bronze continued to be used for <a href="/wiki/Torque_(jewellery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque (jewellery)">torques</a> and kettles, the style of which were a continuity from the Bronze Age. One of the most prominent finds is the Dejbjerg wagon from <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, a four-wheeled wagon of wood with bronze parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Iron_Age">Roman Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></div> <p>While many <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes sustained continued contact with the culture and military presence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, much of Scandinavia existed on the most extreme periphery of the Latin world. With the exception of the passing references to the Swedes (<a href="/wiki/Suiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiones">Suiones</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> (Gautoi), much of Scandinavia remained unrecorded by Roman authors. </p><p>In Scandinavia, there was a great import of goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> (more than 7,000), <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labelling">vessels</a>, bronze images, glass beakers, enameled buckles, weapons, etc. Moreover, the style of metal objects and clay vessels was markedly Roman. Some objects appeared for the first time, such as shears and pawns. </p><p>There are also many <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bog bodies</a> from this time in Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and southern Sweden. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of wool. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nydam_mosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nydam mosse (page does not exist)">Nydam mosse</a> in Schleswig. Many were buried without burning, but the burning tradition later regained its popularity. </p><p>Through the 5th century and 6th century, gold and silver became more common. Much of this can be attributed to the ransacking of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_Iron_Age">Germanic Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germanic Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a>, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel Age">Vendel Age</a>, with rich burials in the basin of Lake <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a>. The early Germanic Iron Age is the period when the <a href="/wiki/Daner" class="mw-redirect" title="Daner">Danes</a> appear in history, and according to <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, they were of the same stock as the Swedes (<i>suehans</i>, <i>suetidi</i>) and had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Heruls" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruls">Heruls</a>. </p><p>During the fall of the Roman empire, there was an abundance of gold that flowed into Scandinavia, and there are excellent works in gold from this period. Gold was used to make <a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">scabbard</a> mountings and <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>; notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Golden_horns_of_Gallehus" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden horns of Gallehus">Golden horns of Gallehus</a>. </p><p>After the Roman Empire had disappeared, gold became scarce and Scandinavians began to make objects of gilded bronze, with decorations of interlacing animals in Scandinavian style. The early Germanic Iron Age decorations show animals that are rather faithful anatomically, but in the late Germanic Iron Age they evolve into intricate shapes with interlacing and interwoven limbs that are well known from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. </p><p>In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> caused by the climate change in the <a href="/wiki/Jotunheimen" title="Jotunheimen">Jotunheimen</a> Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sami_peoples">Sami peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sami peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg/150px-Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg/225px-Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg/300px-Sj%C3%B8samisk_Mann_Finnmark_Norge_Ivar_Samuelsen_1884_av_Bonaparte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Ivar Samuelsen, Sea Saami (Sami, Sapmi). Man from <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> in Norwegian Lapland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_S%C3%A1mi" title="Origins of the Sámi">Origins of the Sámi</a> developed during prehistoric times,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korpijaakko-Mikkel_22_March_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpijaakko-Mikkel_22_March_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Sámi people">Sami people</a> of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. The Sami are counted among the Arctic peoples and are members of circumpolar groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sámi have a complex relationship with the Scandinavians (known as Norse people in the medieval era), the dominant peoples of Scandinavia, who speak <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a> and who founded and thus dominated the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden in which most Sámi people live. While the Sámi have lived in <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> for around 3,500 years, Sámi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed due to the different definitions of the term "indigenous," which can refer to original inhabitants or in this case, culture that differs from the dominant one.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of Germanic-speaking peoples to Southern Scandinavia happened independently and separate from the later Sámi migrations into the northern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000 B.C. can be found in the traditional lands of the Sami.<sup id="cite_ref-http_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hunters and gatherers of the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic were named <a href="/wiki/Komsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Komsa">Komsa</a>, who predated the Sami, and are thought to have mixed with other populations that would later become part of Sami culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sami have been recognized as an indigenous people in Norway since 1990 according to ILO convention 169, and hence, according to international law, the Sami people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_Age">Viking Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Viking Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikingship.jpg/220px-Vikingship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikingship.jpg/330px-Vikingship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikingship.jpg/440px-Vikingship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed Viking ship</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Viking Age, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> (Scandinavian warriors and traders) raided, colonized and explored large parts of Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, as far west as <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. </p><p>The beginning of the Viking Age is commonly given as 793, when Vikings pillaged the important British island monastery of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, and its end is marked by the unsuccessful invasion of England attempted by <a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%A5rdr%C3%A5de" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald Hårdråde">Harald Hårdråde</a> in 1066 and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_settlement">Age of settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Age of settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings-Voyages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/310px-Vikings-Voyages.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/465px-Vikings-Voyages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vikings-Voyages.png/620px-Vikings-Voyages.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Scandinavian settlements and voyages</figcaption></figure> <p>The age of settlement began around 800 AD. The Vikings invaded and eventually settled in Scotland, England, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetlands">Shetland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, on what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Island of Newfoundland</a>. Swedish settlers were mostly present in Rus, Livonia, and other eastern regions while the Norwegians and the Danish were primarily concentrated in western and northern Europe. These eastern-traveling Scandinavian migrants were eventually known as <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> (<i>væringjar</i>, meaning "sworn men"), and according to the oldest Slavic sources, these varangians founded <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>, the major East European state prior to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invasions. The western-led warriors, eventually known as Vikings, left great cultural marks on regions such as French <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, England, and Ireland, where the city of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> was founded by Viking invaders. Iceland first became colonized in the late 9th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relation_with_the_Baltic_Slavs">Relation with the Baltic Slavs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relation with the Baltic Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before and during this age, the Norsemen significantly intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. The Slavic and Viking cultures influenced each other: Slavic and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading".<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Nottingham_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Nottingham-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages, a significant amount of ware was transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark was "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements".<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Slavs in Scandinavia is "more significant than previously thought"<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although "the Slavs and their interaction with Scandinavia have not been adequately investigated".<sup id="cite_ref-Roslund_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roslund-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grave of a warrior-woman dating to the 10th century in Denmark was long thought to belong to a Viking. However, new analyses revealed that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first king of the Swedes, <a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden" title="Gunhild of Wenden">Gunhild</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Piast">House of Piast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olaf_Britannica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olaf_Britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, his son, <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof</a>, fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Edla" title="Edla">Edla</a>, a Slavic woman, and took her as his <i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frilla" class="extiw" title="sv:Frilla">frilla</a></i> (concubine).<sup id="cite_ref-Lindqvist_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She bore him a son and a daughter: <a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a>, King of Sweden, and <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Olofsdotter_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrid Olofsdotter of Sweden">Astrid</a>, Queen of Norway. <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cnut_Britannica_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cnut_Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianization">Christianization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejdmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sejdmen.jpg/220px-Sejdmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sejdmen.jpg/330px-Sejdmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sejdmen.jpg/440px-Sejdmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>During the Christianization of Norway, King Olaf ordered (<a href="/wiki/Seidmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Seidmen">seidmen</a>) tied and left on a skerry at ebb, resulting in a protracted death by drowning and the securing of Christian hegemony in the Norwegian kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viking religious beliefs were heavily connected to <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>. Vikings placed heavy emphasis on battle, honor and focused on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, a mythical home with the gods for fallen warriors. Another Norse tradition was that of <a href="/wiki/Blood_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood feud">blood feuds</a>, which particularly had devastated Iceland. </p><p>Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. In Denmark <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a> Christianized the country around 965.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Museum_of_Denmark_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Museum_of_Denmark-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of Christianization began in Norway during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a> (r. 995 AD – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 AD</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_Haraldsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II Haraldsson">Olaf II Haraldsson</a> (reigned 1015 AD–1030 AD). Olaf and Olaf II had been baptized voluntarily outside of Norway. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. Norway's conversion from the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse religion</a> to Christianity was mostly the result of English missionaries. As a result of the adoption of Christianity by the monarchy and eventually the entirety of the country, traditional <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamanistic</a> practices were marginalized and eventually persecuted. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völvas</a>, practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seid</a>, a Scandinavian pre-Christian tradition, were executed or exiled under newly Christianized governments in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a> adopted Christianity in 1000 AD, after pressure from Norway. The <i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">Goði</a></i>-chieftain <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorgeirr_Lj%C3%B3svetningago%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Þorgeirr Ljósvetningagoði">Þorgeirr Ljósvetningagoði</a> was instrumental in bringing this about. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding a religiously motivated civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden required a little more time to transition to Christianity, with indigenous religious practices commonly held in localized communities well until the end of the eleventh century. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Archbishop">Swedish Archbishop</a> in 1164. The Christianization of Scandinavia occurred nearly simultaneously with the end of the Viking era. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kalmar_Union">Kalmar Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kalmar Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmarunionen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalmarunionen.png/220px-Kalmarunionen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalmarunionen.png/330px-Kalmarunionen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalmarunionen.png/440px-Kalmarunionen.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>The Kalmar Union in 1397</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: <i>Kalmarunionen</i>) was a series of <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal unions</a> (1397–1520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holsteinish</a> dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> in 1611–1613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (<a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a>) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Denmark">Reformation in Denmark</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and Scandinavia soon became one of the heartlands of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirty_Years_War">Thirty Years War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Thirty Years War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> but also involving most of the major continental powers. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and Catholics, the self-preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg dynasty">Habsburg dynasty</a> was also a central motive. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chr4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chr4.jpg/220px-Chr4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Chr4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Christian IV</figcaption></figure> <p>The Danish intervention began when <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> (1577–1648) the King of <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>, himself a Lutheran, helped the German Protestants by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened. The period began in 1625 and lasted until 1629. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty in 1621, and in 1623 the Danish heir apparent was made Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verden" title="Prince-Bishopric of Verden">Prince-Bishopric of Verden</a>. In 1635 he became Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bremen">Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen</a> too.) As an administrator, Christian IV had done remarkably well, obtaining for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe, paid for by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> toll and extensive war reparations from Sweden. It also helped that the French regent <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> was willing to pay for a Danish incursion into Germany. Christian IV invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men, but the Danish forces were severely beaten, and Christian IV had to sign an ignominious defeat, the first in a series of military setbacks to weaken his kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(Carl_Wahlbom)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5779" data-file-height="3923" /></a><figcaption>The death of King Gustavus Adolphus on 16 November 1632 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish intervention began in 1630 and lasted until 1635. Some within <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a>'s court believed that <a href="/wiki/Wallenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallenstein">Wallenstein</a> wanted to take control of the German princes and thus gain influence over the emperor. Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. He later recalled him after <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> attacked the empire and prevailed in a number of significant battles. </p><p>Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German Lutherans to forestall Catholic aggression against their homeland and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Also like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus was subsidized by Richelieu, the Chief Minister of <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIII">King Louis XIII</a> of France, and by the Dutch. From 1630 to 1634, they drove the Catholic forces back and regained much of the occupied Protestant lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Sweden_and_the_Swedish_Empire">Rise of Sweden and the Swedish Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rise of Sweden and the Swedish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Sweden_as_a_Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Sweden as a Great Power">Rise of Sweden as a Great Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Sweden at the height of its territorial expansion, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a> in 1658. The dark green area shows the extent of the Swedish motherland, as seen in the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish rise to power began under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a> Sweden expanded its territories eastward. Several other wars with Poland, Denmark-Norway, and German countries enabled further Swedish expansion, although there were some setbacks such as the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a>. Sweden began consolidating its empire. Several other wars followed soon after including the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">Northern Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>. Denmark suffered many defeats during this period. Finally under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a> the empire was consolidated under a semi-absolute monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narva_(Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Narva_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18638.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish victory at Narva, 1700, by Gustaf Cederström, painted in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> was fought between a coalition of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>-Poland (from 1715 also <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. It started by a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700 and ended 1721 with the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm treaties</a>. As a result of the war, Russia supplanted Sweden as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Power_(international)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (international)">power</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and became a major player in European politics. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian colonialism">Scandinavian colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian colonization of the Americas">Norwegian colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish colonization of the Americas">Swedish colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian colonial empire">Norwegian colonial empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish colonial empire">Danish colonial empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish colonial empire">Swedish colonial empire</a></div> <p>Both Sweden and Denmark-Norway maintained a number of colonies outside Scandinavia starting in the 17th century lasting until the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Faroe Islands">The Faroe Islands</a> in the North Atlantic were Norwegian dependencies that were incorporated into the united kingdom of Denmark-Norway. In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Denmark started a colony on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands">St Thomas</a> in 1671, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John, United States Virgin Islands">St John</a> in 1718, and purchased <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> from France in 1733. Denmark also maintained colonies in India, <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederiksnagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederiksnagore">Frederiksnagore</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a> operated out of <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a>. Sweden also chartered a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a>. During its heyday, the Danish and Swedish East India Companies imported more tea than the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> – and smuggled 90% of it into Britain where it could be sold at a huge profit. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Sweden had the short lived colony <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> in North America during the 1630s and later acquired the islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Barthélemy">Saint-Barthélemy</a> (1785–1878) and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> in the Caribbean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg/290px-Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg/435px-Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Slaget_p%C3%A5_reden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>First Battle of Copenhagen, 1801</figcaption></figure> <p>Scandinavia was divided during the Napoleonic Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark-Norway tried to remain neutral but became involved in the conflict after British demands to turn over the navy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain thereafter attacked the Danish fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">battle of Copenhagen (1801)</a> and bombarded the city during the second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">battle of Copenhagen (1807)</a>. Most of the Danish fleet was captured following the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. The bombardment of Copenhagen led to an alliance with France and outright war with Britain, whose navy blockaded Denmark-Norway and severely impeded communication between the two kingdoms and caused a famine in Norway. Sweden, allied with Britain at the time, seized the opportunity to invade Norway in 1807 but was beaten back. The war with Britain was fought at sea in a series of battles, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zealand_Point" title="Battle of Zealand Point">Battle of Zealand Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyng%C3%B8r" title="Battle of Lyngør">Battle of Lyngør</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anholt" title="Battle of Anholt">Battle of Anholt</a>, by the remnants of the Danish fleet in the ensuing years, as the Danes tried to break the British blockade, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a>. After the war, Denmark was forced to cede <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> to Britain. </p><p>Sweden joined the Third Coalition against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1805, but the coalition fell apart after the peace at <a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a> in 1807, forcing Russia to become the ally of France. Russia invaded Finland in 1808 and forced Sweden to cede that province at the peace of <a href="/wiki/Fredrikshamn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrikshamn">Fredrikshamn</a> in 1809. The inept government of King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf</a> led to his deposition and banishment. A new constitution was introduced, and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII</a> was enthroned. Since he was childless, Sweden chose as his successor the commander in chief of the Norwegian army, Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_August_of_Augustenborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian August of Augustenborg (page does not exist)">Christian August of Augustenborg</a>. However, his sudden death in 1810 forced the Swedes to look for another candidate, and once more they chose an enemy officer. <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>, would be named the next king. Baron <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_M%C3%B6rner" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Otto Mörner">Karl Otto Mörner</a>, an obscure member of the Diet, was the one who initially extended the offer of the Swedish crown to the young soldier. Bernadotte was originally one of Napoleon's eighteen Marshals. </p><p>Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. After the battle of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> on 14 January 1814. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, but Denmark retained the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, Iceland, and Greenland. However, the treaty of Kiel never came into force. Norway declared its independence, adopted a liberal constitution, and elected Prince <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederik</a> as king. After a short war with Sweden, Norway had to concede to a personal union with Sweden at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>. King Christian Frederik abdicated and left for Denmark in October, and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> (parliament) elected the Swedish king as King of Norway, after having enacted such amendments to the constitution as were necessary to allow for the union with Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_War">Finnish War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finnish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. As a result of the war, Finland which formed the eastern third of <a href="/wiki/Sweden_proper" title="Sweden proper">Sweden proper</a> became the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> within <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. Another notable effect was the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and a new royal house, that of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_and_Norway">Sweden and Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sweden and Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a></div> <p>On 14 January 1814, at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>, the king of Denmark-Norway ceded Norway to the king of Sweden. The terms of the treaty provoked widespread opposition in Norway. The Norwegian vice-roy and heir to the throne of Denmark-Norway, <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederik</a> took the lead in a national uprising, assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, and convened a <a href="/wiki/Norway_in_1814" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway in 1814">constitutional assembly</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a>. On 17 May 1814 the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> was signed by the assembly, and Christian Frederik was elected as king of independent Norway. </p><p>The Swedish king rejected the premise of an independent Norway and launched a military campaign on 27 July 1814, with an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Hvaler" title="Hvaler">Hvaler</a> islands and the city of <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a>. The Swedish army was superior in numbers, was better equipped and trained, and was led by one of Napoleon's foremost generals, the newly elected Swedish crown prince, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV of Sweden">Jean Baptiste Bernadotte</a>. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. Armistice negotiations concluded on 14 August 1814. </p><p>In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> Norwegian constitution and a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">loose personal union</a>. On 4 November 1814, the Norwegian Parliament adopted the constitutional amendments required to enter a union with Sweden, and elected king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a> as king of Norway. </p><p>Following growing dissatisfaction with the union in Norway, the parliament unanimously declared its dissolution on 7 June 1905. This unilateral action met with Swedish threats of war. A <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on 13 August confirmed the parliamentary decision. Negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a> led to agreement with Sweden on 23 September and mutual demobilization. Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union 16 October, and the deposed king <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II of Sweden</a> renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to Prince Carl of Denmark, who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a> began in the mid 19th century in Scandinavia. In Denmark industrialization began in, and was confined to, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> until the 1890s, after which smaller towns began to grow rapidly. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization of Sweden</a> experienced a boom during the First World War. The construction of a railway connecting southern Sweden and the northern mines was of primary importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Scandinavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern use of the term Scandinavia rises from the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavist">Scandinavist</a> political movement, which was active in the middle of the 19th century, chiefly between the <a href="/wiki/First_war_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="First war of Schleswig">First war of Schleswig</a> (1848–1850), in which Sweden and Norway contributed with considerable military force, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_war_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second war of Schleswig">Second war of Schleswig</a> (1864) when the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> denounced the King's promises of military support for Denmark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Scandinavians emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand during the later nineteenth century. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. The vast majority of emigrants left from the countryside in search of better farming and economic opportunities. Together with Finland and Iceland, almost a third of the population left in the eighty years after 1850. Part of the reason for the large exodus was the increasing population caused by falling death rates, which increased unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway had the largest percentage of emigrants and Denmark the least. </p><p>Between 1820 and 1920 just over two million Scandinavians settled in the United States. One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/USAEdenmark.htm">[1]</a> The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. The most popular destinations in North America were Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Canadian prairies and Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monetary_Union">Monetary Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Monetary Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skandinavism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/220px-Skandinavism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/330px-Skandinavism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/440px-Skandinavism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Scandinavism</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Scandinavian Monetary Union</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> formed by Sweden and Denmark on 5 May 1873, by fixing their currencies against the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> at par to each other. Norway, which was in union with Sweden entered the union two years later, in 1875 by pegging its currency to gold at the same level as Denmark and Sweden (.403 grams <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214722/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/dnuk/hist.nsf/side/From_silver_standard_to_gold_standard">[2]</a>). The monetary union was one of the few tangible results of the Scandinavian political movement of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union provided fixed exchange rates and stability in monetary terms, but the member countries continued to issue their own separate currencies. Even if it was not initially foreseen, the perceived security led to a situation where the formally separate currencies were accepted on a basis of "as good as" the legal tender virtually throughout the entire area. </p><p>The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought an end to the monetary union. Sweden abandoned the tie to gold on 2 August 1914, and without a fixed exchange rate the free circulation came to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All three Scandinavian countries remained neutral throughout the First World War. The war did have a significant impact on the economy of the area, primarily as a result of the British blockade of Germany. However, they were able to work around that with trade agreement with Britain. Norway's large merchant marine delivered vital supplies to Britain but suffered huge losses in ships and sailors because of indiscriminate attack by the German navy. Denmark called up much of its military, but Germany still violated Danish sovereignty to some extent, for example by mining the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a>. A relatively large number of ethnic Danes from southern Jutland fought in the German army.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_welfare_state">Development of the welfare state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Development of the welfare state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All three countries developed social welfare states in the early to mid-20th century. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavia in World War II">Scandinavia in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany">Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Denmark">Occupation of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Winter_War" title="Sweden and the Winter War">Sweden and the Winter War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Rescue of the Danish Jews</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weser%C3%BCbung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Weser%C3%BCbung.png/130px-Weser%C3%BCbung.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Weser%C3%BCbung.png/195px-Weser%C3%BCbung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Weser%C3%BCbung.png/260px-Weser%C3%BCbung.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The German landing sites during the initial phase of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Near the beginning of World War II in late 1939, both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> feared their enemies gaining power in Scandinavia. Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. At the same time, Germany feared that Britain could gain bases in the area and claimed they suspected an outright invasion. In addition, Germany highly valued the Swedish iron ore they received through Norway and could not afford to lose it. They also desired Norway for its ice-free ports. This made it a primary target, with Denmark a secondary goal mainly needed for facilitating the Norwegian invasion. After planning for months, Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway the same day, 9 April 1940, days before Britain planned to invade.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nations reacted quite differently.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark surrendered two hours after invasion, having lost just sixteen men. They sought to avoid civilian casualties and receive favourable treatment from Germany. Norway however, refused to give in and fought valiantly and with the full strength of her limited and badly prepared forces. The Western allies sent military assistance, but the campaign was not effectively run. By 10 June 1940, Norway's official military had surrendered to the attackers, while King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a> and his legal government fled to exile in Britain. </p><p>Denmark's strategy proved the more beneficial in the short run. It was one of the factors that led Germany to grant the Danes a high degree of autonomy. Another reason was that they had no real agenda in Denmark. After invading, they simply did not want to relinquish it, seeing it as a permanent part of their empire. Also, Danes were considered fellow Nordics and Aryans by Nazi ideologues, which further helped the country. For all these reasons, Denmark was able to retain their parliament, king, and much of their normal domestic function. However, bitterness towards Germany grew, and small sabotages directed against Germany became commonplace. Germany eventually reacted by eliminating Denmark's representative government and imposing martial law. </p><p>Norway was treated much more harshly throughout their occupation. Opposition parties were eliminated and <i>Nasjonal Samling</i> ("National Unity"), the Norwegian fascist political party, appointed all government officials. <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> was installed as Minister-President, a puppet to Berlin's High Command. Labor unions could only exist if they accepted Nazi control. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. About ten percent supported the Nazi party. Nevertheless, there was a hostile relationship, with an occupation force of almost one German for every ten Norwegians. </p><p>Denmark and Norway were also unlike in their cooperation with Germany's genocidal policy. Norwegian police, controlled by the Quisling government, aided in the capture of Norwegian Jews in 1942. However, brave Norwegians managed to save over half of the Jewish population from Nazi death camps and help them to escape to safety in Sweden, even though they ran the risk of being severely punished for aiding Jews. The Danish Jews avoided German persecution until 1943, and Denmark was thus better prepared when the Germans struck. Danes were notable for their devoted efforts to protect Danish Jews. More than 96% of the Jewish population was boated to safety in Sweden, while others found refuge with Christian Danish families and organizations. </p><p>Alone out of the three Scandinavian countries, Sweden was not invaded and remained nominally neutral during the war. They successfully cultivated peace with the Germans, supplying them with needed raw materials. The Swedish government was very careful to avoid inflaming the Nazis, going so far as to persuade newspaper editors to censor articles, and letting the Nazis move supplies through Sweden and into Norway all the way up to 1943. However, they would occasionally aid the Allies. They granted the Jews that escaped from Denmark asylum and gave notable aid to Finland during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, all of the Scandinavian countries agreed that some form of mutual defense policy was necessary. They began to discuss a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Scandinavian defence union</a>. The three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. The proposed union was being discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 1948–1949, but the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> overshadowed the effort. When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Sweden remained <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral</a> after a heated debate, but eventually joined on 7 March 2024, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l861_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l861-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_integration">European integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: European integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic countries established the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> in 1952 and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_passport_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic passport union">Nordic passport union</a> two years later. After a 1972 referendum, Denmark became the first Scandinavian member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, which later paved the way for the EU, in 1973. Sweden joined the EU in 1995; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Sweden felt it could do so without being provocative. Norway remains outside the European Union to this day after <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_EC_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Norwegian EC referendum">referendums on membership in 1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Norwegian_EU_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Norwegian EU referendum">1994</a>, although it is a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen treaty">Schengen treaty</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>. None of the Scandinavian countries (except Finland) have joined the Euro, membership being rejected by referendum in both Denmark and Sweden. Denmark voted no to the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in 1992, but reversed the decision after negotiating <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">History of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History of Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JanMengerud1991-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JanMengerud1991_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMangerud1991" class="citation web cs1">Mangerud, Jan (1 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292441374">"The Last Ice Age in Scandinavia"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Galdu:Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?artihkkal=320&giella1=eng">the original</a> on 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ski-going+people+%E2%80%93+Early+history&rft.pub=Galdu%3AResource+Centre+for+the+Rights+of+Indigenous+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galdu.org%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Fartihkkal%3D320%26giella1%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erm.ee/et/saamid">"Sami"</a>. 27 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sami&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erm.ee%2Fet%2Fsaamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Arnold, <i>The Vikings: culture and conquest</i> (Hambledon Press, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian_mag-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_mag_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/viking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739/">"Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132710/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/viking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Woman+Warrior+May+Have+Been+Slavic&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fviking-woman-warrior-was-actually-poland-180972739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Nottingham-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Nottingham_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadziwillowicz2016–2017" class="citation journal cs1">Radziwillowicz, Natalia (2016–2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/innervate/16-17/3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf">"Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th −11th Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Innervate</i>. <b>9</b>. Nottingham, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-6776">2041-6776</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122052625/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/innervate/16-17/3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innervate&rft.atitle=Considering+the+connections+between+Scandinavia+and+the+southern+Baltic+coast+in+the+10th+%E2%88%9211th+Centuries&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2016%2F2017&rft.issn=2041-6776&rft.aulast=Radziwillowicz&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fenglish%2Fdocuments%2Finnervate%2F16-17%2F3.-radziwillowicz-n-q33408-dissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roslund-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roslund_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoslund2007" class="citation book cs1">Roslund, Mats (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml"><i>Guests in the House (Chapter Five. Slavic Guests In The Scandinavian House)</i></a>. Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml">469–530</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16189-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16189-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602012418/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guests+in+the+House+%28Chapter+Five.+Slavic+Guests+In+The+Scandinavian+House%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+South+Holland%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=469-530&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16189-4&rft.aulast=Roslund&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047421856%2FBej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olaf_Britannica-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olaf_Britannica_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olaf">"Olaf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117145034if_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olaf">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olaf&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOlaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindqvist-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindqvist_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindqvist2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindqvist, Herman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml"><i>Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: från myt och helgon till drottning i tiden</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Norstedts_f%C3%B6rlag" title="Norstedts förlag">Norstedt</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eesnAQAAMAAJ&q=Edla">24; 35; 536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9113015249" title="Special:BookSources/9113015249"><bdi>9113015249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602012418/https://brill.com/view/book/9789047421856/Bej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historien+om+alla+Sveriges+drottningar%3A+fr%C3%A5n+myt+och+helgon+till+drottning+i+tiden&rft.pages=24%3B+35%3B+536&rft.pub=Norstedt%3B+University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9113015249&rft.aulast=Lindqvist&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789047421856%2FBej.9789004161894.i-557_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cnut_Britannica-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cnut_Britannica_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Canute-I">"Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021322if_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Canute-I">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canute+%28I%29+king+of+England%2C+Denmark%2C+and+Norway&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCanute-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Museum_of_Denmark-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Museum_of_Denmark_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/religion-magic-death-and-rituals/christianity-comes-to-denmark/">"Christianity comes to Denmark"</a>. <i>National Museum of Denmark</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203013042/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/religion-magic-death-and-rituals/christianity-comes-to-denmark/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft.atitle=Christianity+comes+to+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-viking-age%2Freligion-magic-death-and-rituals%2Fchristianity-comes-to-denmark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nora Berend, <i>Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c.900–1200</i> (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagamuseum.is/overview/thorgeir-ljosvetningagodhi">"Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi – Conversion to Christianity"</a>. The Saga Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930041043/http://www.sagamuseum.is/overview/thorgeir-ljosvetningagodhi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thorgeir+Ljosvetningagodi+%E2%80%93+Conversion+to+Christianity&rft.pub=The+Saga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagamuseum.is%2Foverview%2Fthorgeir-ljosvetningagodhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Gustafsson, "A state that failed? On the Union of Kalmar, especially its dissolution." <i>Scandinavian journal of history</i> 31.3–4 (2006): 205–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ole Peter Grell, <i>Scandinavian Reformation: From Evangelical Movement to Institutionalisation of Reform</i> (1995), 218p. covers 1500 to 1699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Thomson, "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography," <i>History Compass</i> (2011) 9#4 pp 269–283. covers 1618 to ca 1700. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00761.x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Esdaile, <i>Napoleon's Wars: An International History</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ole_Feldb%C3%A6k" title="Ole Feldbæk">Ole Feldbæk</a>, "Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars: A Foreign Policy Survey." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 26.2 (2001): 89–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/export/sites/kb_dk/en/nb/komponentgalleri/nb/713787158x1x.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154500/http://www.kb.dk/export/sites/kb_dk/en/nb/komponentgalleri/nb/713787158x1x.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/nordic/Text/Emistory.htm">Scandinavian Roots – American Lives – The Story of the Great Emigration</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031206042250/http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/nordic/Text/Emistory.htm">Archive link</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Norman and Harald Runblom, <i>Transatlantic connections: Nordic migration to the New World after 1800</i> (Oxford University Press, 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingrid Henriksen and Niels Kærgård. "The Scandinavian currency union 1875–1914." in Jaime Reis, ed., <i>International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective.</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995) pp. 91–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olav Riste, <i>The neutral ally: Norway's relations with belligerent powers in the First World War</i> (Universitets-forlaget, 1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan den Hertog and Samuël Kruizinga, eds. <i>Caught in the Middle: Neutrals, Neutrality, and the First World War</i> (Amsterdam University Press, 2011.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrik S. Nissen, ed. <i>Scandinavia during the Second World War</i> (Universitetsforlaget, 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Petrow, <i>The bitter years: the invasion and occupation of Denmark and Norway, April 1940 – May 1945</i> (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l861-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l861_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/sweden-set-become-natos-32nd-member-pm-visits-washington-2024-03-07/">"Sweden joins NATO as war in Ukraine prompts security rethink"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sweden+joins+NATO+as+war+in+Ukraine+prompts+security+rethink&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fsweden-set-become-natos-32nd-member-pm-visits-washington-2024-03-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarford2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, Paul M (2001). <i>The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arnold, Martin. <i>The Vikings: culture and conquest</i> (Hambledon Press, 2006)</li> <li>Bagge, Sverre. <i>Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms From the Vikings to the Reformation</i> (Princeton University Press; 2014) 325 pages;</li> <li>Bain, R. Nisbet. <i>Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Obs0AAAAQBAJ">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112232438/https://books.google.com/books?id=Obs0AAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 12 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Barton, H. Arnold. <i>Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era 1760–1815</i>, University of Minnesota Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1392-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1392-3">0-8166-1392-3</a>.</li> <li>Berg, Roald. "Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1814: a geopolitical and contemporary perspective." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 39.3 (2014): 265–286.</li> <li>Birch J. H. S. <i>Denmark In History</i> (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505403/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCronholm,_Neander_N.1902" class="citation book cs1">Cronholm, Neander N. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071200822"><i>A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sweden+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Cronholm%2C+Neander+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924071200822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds. <i>Histories of Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding in the Nordic and Baltic Countries: Representing the Periphery</i> (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015). 348 pp. ISBN 978- 90-04-30548-9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=45782">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206074447/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=45782">Archived</a> 6 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Derry, T.K. “Scandinavia” in C.W. Crawley, ed. <i>The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp 480–494. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode0009unse">online</a></li> <li>Derry, T.K. <i>A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland</i>. (U of Minnesota Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3799-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3799-7">0-8166-3799-7</a>).</li> <li>Helle, Knut, ed. <i>The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Vol. 1</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2003)</li> <li>Hesmyr, Atle: <i>Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era; From Peasant Revolts and Witch Hunts to Constitution Drafting Yeomen</i> (Nisus Publications, 2015).</li> <li>Hodgson, Antony. <i>Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.</i> (1985). 224 pp.</li> <li>Holmila, Antero, and Karin Kvist Geverts 1. "On forgetting and rediscovering the Holocaust in Scandinavia: Introduction to the special issue on the histories and memories of the Holocaust in Scandinavia." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 36.5 (2011): 520–535.</li> <li>Horn, David Bayne. <i>Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century</i> (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 236–69.</li> <li>Ingebritsen, Christine. <i>Scandinavia in world politics</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006)</li> <li>Jacobsen, Helge Seidelin. <i>An outline history of Denmark</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlinehistoryof0000jaco">online</a></li> <li>Jonas, Frank. <i>Scandinavia and the Great Powers in the First World War</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2020-024.aspx">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711032309/http://www.miwsr.com/2020-024.aspx">Archived</a> 11 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lindström, Peter, and Svante Norrhem. <i>Flattering Alliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian-French Balance of Power, 1648–1740</i> (Nordic Academic Press, 2013).</li> <li>Mathias, Peter, ed. <i> Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol. 7: Industrial Economies. Capital, Labour and Enterprise. Part 1 Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia</i> (1978)</li> <li>Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. <i>The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 </i> (1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicdevelopm0001milw">online</a>; PP 467–536.</li> <li>Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. <i>A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution</i> (2005)</li> <li>Nissen, Henrik S., ed. <i>Scandinavia during the Second World War</i> (Universitetsforlaget, 1983)</li> <li>Olesen, Thorsten B., ed. <i>The Cold War and the Nordic countries: Historiography at a crossroads</i> (University Press of Southern Denmark, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtté,_Elise_C.1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elise_Ott%C3%A9" title="Elise Otté">Otté, Elise C.</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4-AAAAYAAJ"><i>Scandinavian History</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+History&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Ott%C3%A9%2C+Elise+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWn4-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Price, T. Douglas. 2015. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYBJCAAAQBAJ">Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004200130/https://books.google.com/books?id=gYBJCAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 4 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Pulsiano, Phillip. <i>Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1993).</li> <li>Salmon, Patrick. <i>Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2002).</li> <li>Sejersted, Francis. <i>The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century</i> (Princeton UP, 2011); 543 pages; Traces the history of the Scandinavian social model after 1905.</li> <li>Treasure, Geoffrey. <i>The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780</i> (3rd ed. 2003). pp 494–526.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Downham, Clare. "Viking ethnicities: a historiographic overview." <i>History Compass</i> 10.1 (2012): 1–12.</li> <li>Hatton, Ragnhild. "Some notes on Swedish historiography." <i>History</i> 37.130 (1952): 97–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402873">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611163949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402873">Archived</a> 11 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Skovgaard-Petersen, Karen. "Historical writing in Scandinavia." in <i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800</i> (2012): 449+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=historiography+sweden+or+Scandinavia&pg=PA449">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112232437/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=historiography+sweden+or+Scandinavia&pg=PA449">Archived</a> 12 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>van Nahl, Jan Alexander. "Medieval Scandinavian Studies—Whence, Whereto, Why." <i>Humanities</i> 11.3 (2022): 70+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/11/3/70/pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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