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<span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Mark_Antony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Mark_Antony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War with Mark Antony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Mark_Antony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_overthrow,_diplomatic_correspondence_with_Augustus_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_overthrow,_diplomatic_correspondence_with_Augustus_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brief overthrow, diplomatic correspondence with Augustus and death</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ancient works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phraates IV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV_van_Parti%C3%AB" title="Fraates IV van Partië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fraates IV van Partië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="فراتيس الرابع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراتيس الرابع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Fraat" title="IV Fraat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IV Fraat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="دؤردونجو فرهاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو فرهاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_IV" title="Фраат IV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фраат IV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV_de_P%C3%A0rtia" title="Fraates IV de Pàrtia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fraates IV de Pàrtia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat%C3%A9s_IV." title="Fraatés IV. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fraatés IV." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_IV." title="Phraates IV. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phraates IV." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φραάτης Δ΄ της Παρθίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραάτης Δ΄ της Παρθίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV_de_Partia" title="Fraates IV de Partia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fraates IV de Partia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praates_IV.a" title="Praates IV.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Praates IV.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="فرهاد چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهاد چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraat%C3%A8s_IV" title="Phraatès IV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phraatès IV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%84%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4_4%EC%84%B8" title="프라아테스 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라아테스 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D4%B4" title="Հրահատ Դ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրահատ Դ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_IV._Partski" title="Fraat IV. Partski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fraat IV. Partski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraate_IV" title="Fraate IV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fraate IV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2_IV" title="ფრაატ IV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრაატ IV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Phraat%C3%A9sz_p%C3%A1rtus_kir%C3%A1ly" title="IV. Phraatész pártus király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Phraatész pártus király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فراتس الرابع من بارثيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فراتس الرابع من بارثيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرهاد چاروم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرهاد چاروم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phraates IV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%B94%E4%B8%96" title="フラーテス4世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラーテス4世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV_av_Partia" title="Fraates IV av Partia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fraates IV av Partia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV" title="Fraates IV – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fraates IV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV" title="Fraates IV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fraates IV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV" title="Fraates IV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fraates IV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_IV" title="Фраат IV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фраат IV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_IV." title="Fraat IV. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fraat IV." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_IV_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Фраат IV од Партије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фраат IV од Партије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraat_IV_od_Partije" title="Fraat IV od Partije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fraat IV od Partije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraates_IV" title="Fraates IV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraates IV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_IV" title="Фарҳоди IV – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳоди IV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Fraates" title="IV. Fraates – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. Fraates" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_IV_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Фраат IV (цар Парфії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фраат IV (цар Парфії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraates_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Parthia" title="Phraates IV của Parthia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phraates IV của Parthia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Phraates IV<br /><span title="Parthian-language text"><span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Drachm_of_Phraates_IV,_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg/220px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg/330px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg/440px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkirt_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="748" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Coin of Phraates IV, <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Mithradatkert</a> mint</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">37–2 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Olennieire,<br />Cleopatra,<br />Baseirta,<br />Bistheibanaps,<br /><a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Phraates_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Phraates (son of Phraates IV)">Phraates</a>,<br />Seraspandes,<br />Rhodaspes,<br /><a href="/wiki/Karen_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Karen (son of Phraates IV)">Karen</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phraates IV</b> (also spelled <b>Frahad IV</b>; <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕</span> <i>Frahāt</i>) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> from 37 to 2 BC. He was the son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 57–37 BC</span>), and was given the throne after the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacorus I of Parthia">Pacorus I</a>. Phraates IV soon murdered all his brothers, and also possibly his father. His actions alienated the Armenians and also some of his nobles, including the distinguished <a href="/wiki/Monaeses_(nobleman)" title="Monaeses (nobleman)">Monaeses</a>, who fled to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Triumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvir">triumvir</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, but shortly returned and reconciled with Phraates IV. </p><p>Phraates IV <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">was attacked</a> in 36 BC by Mark Antony, who marched through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Media_Atropatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Atropatene">Media Atropatene</a>, and was defeated and lost the greater part of his army. Antony, believing himself betrayed by <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes II</a>, king of Armenia, invaded his kingdom in 34 BC, took him prisoner, and concluded a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_I_of_Media_Atropatene" title="Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene">Artavasdes I</a>, king of Media Atropatene. But when the war with <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> broke out, Antony could not maintain his conquests; Phraates IV recovered Media Atropatene and made <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_II" title="Artaxias II">Artaxias</a>, the son of Artavasdes II, king of Armenia. </p><p>Around the same time, Phraates IV's throne was usurped by <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a>, but he quickly managed to reestablish his rule with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> nomads. Tiridates fled to the Romans, taking one of Phraates IV's sons with him. In negotiations conducted in 20 BC, Phraates IV arranged for the release of his kidnapped son. In return, the Romans received the lost <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary standards</a> taken at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a> in 53 BC, as well as any surviving prisoners of war. The Parthians viewed this exchange as a small price to pay to regain the prince. </p><p>Along with the prince, Octavian (now known as Augustus) gave Phraates IV an Italian slave-girl named <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a>, who quickly became queen and a favourite of Phraates IV, giving birth to Phraataces (<a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a>). Seeking to secure the throne for her son, Musa convinced Phraates IV to send his four first-born sons (<a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phraates_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Phraates (son of Phraates IV)">Phraates</a>, Seraspandes and Rhodaspes) to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in order to prevent conflict over his succession. In 2 BC, Musa had Phraates IV poisoned and made herself along with Phraates V the co-rulers of the empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Phraátēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φραάτης</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> <i>Frahāt</i> (𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>*Frahāta-</i> ("gained, earned").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a> version is <i>Farhād</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهاد</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 38 BC, the heir to the Parthian throne, <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I" title="Pacorus I">Pacorus I</a> was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus" title="Battle of Mount Gindarus">Battle of Mount Gindarus</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> force. His death spurred a succession crisis in which <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 57–37 BC</span>), deeply afflicted by the death of his favourite son, relinquished the throne to his other son Phraates IV.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orodes II died soon afterwards. His cause of death is uncertain. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, he had either died of grief due to Pacorus' death, or of old age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, however, states that Orodes was murdered by Phraates IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing that his position might become endangered, Phraates IV executed all his half-brothers–the sons of Orodes and his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Commagene">Commagenian</a> wife <a href="/wiki/Laodice_of_Commagene" title="Laodice of Commagene">Laodice</a>, partially due to their maternal descent being greater than that of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880–81_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880–81-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laodice was probably killed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991313_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_of_Mark_Antony,_minted_in_38_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg/220px-Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg/330px-Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg/440px-Denarius_of_Mark_Antony%2C_minted_in_38_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Phraates IV also had supporters of his brothers and his own opponents sent into exile; one of them, <a href="/wiki/Monaeses_(nobleman)" title="Monaeses (nobleman)">Monaeses</a>, a Parthian nobleman who had distinguished himself as a military leader under Orodes II, fled to Syria, where he took refuge with the Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvir">triumvir</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There Monaeses urged him to attack Parthia, and promised him to spearhead the troops and conquer the empire without any difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-CS1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony granted Monaeses three cities—<a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Hierapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Arethusa</a>, and promised him the Parthian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-CS1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PL1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, Antony had restored Roman rule in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and executed the Parthian puppet king <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a>, who was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations between Parthia and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> had also been damaged, due to the death of Pacorus I (who was married into the Armenian royal house) and Phraates IV's treatment of his brothers and some of the nobility, which upset the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1987125_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1987125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthians took the defection of Monaeses very serious, and as a result Phraates IV invited Monaeses back to the country and reconciled with him.<sup id="cite_ref-CS1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_Mark_Antony">War with Mark Antony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War with Mark Antony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg/300px-The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg/450px-The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg/600px-The_Near_East_in_the_mid_1st-century_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Parthian–Roman borders</figcaption></figure> <p>The following year, when Antony marched to <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes II of Armenia</a> defected to the Roman side by sending Antony additional troops. Antony <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_Atropatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Atropatene">Media Atropatene</a>, then ruled by Parthia's ally <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_I_of_Media_Atropatene" title="Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene">Artavasdes I</a>, with the intention of seizing the capital Praaspa, the location of which is now unknown. However, Phraates IV ambushed Antony's rear detachment, destroying a giant <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a> meant for <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">the siege</a> of Praaspa; after this, Artavasdes II abandoned Antony's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358–59_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358–59-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthians pursued and harassed Antony's army as it fled to Armenia. Eventually, the greatly weakened force reached Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of Antony, along with that of Crassus at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a> in 53 BC, would be remembered by Romans for a long period, and often incited them to invade Parthia in later events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198366_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198366-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Antony lured Artavasdes II into a trap with the promise of a marriage alliance. He was taken captive in 34 BC, paraded in Antony's mock <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually executed by <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony attempted to strike an alliance with Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, whose relations with Phraates IV had recently soured. This was abandoned when Antony and his forces withdrew from Armenia in 33 BC; they escaped a Parthian invasion while Antony's rival Octavian attacked his forces to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198364–65_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198364–65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cassius Dio, Phraates IV murdered the Commagenian King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 31 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidengren1986135–136_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidengren1986135–136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Antony's suicide in Egypt followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">his wife Cleopatra</a> in 30 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145–151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145–151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Parthian ally <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_II" title="Artaxias II">Artaxias II</a> reassumed the throne of Armenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_overthrow,_diplomatic_correspondence_with_Augustus_and_death"><span id="Brief_overthrow.2C_diplomatic_correspondence_with_Augustus_and_death"></span>Brief overthrow, diplomatic correspondence with Augustus and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brief overthrow, diplomatic correspondence with Augustus and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Prima_Porta_(detail).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28detail%29.PNG/220px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28detail%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28detail%29.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>A close-up view of the <a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">breastplate</a> on the statue of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>, showing a Parthian man returning to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary standards</a> lost by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of Antony and <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC, Octavian consolidated his political power and in 27 BC was named <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II of Parthia</a> briefly overthrew Phraates IV, who was able to quickly reestablish his rule with the aid of Scythian nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiridates fled to the Romans, taking one of Phraates IV's sons with him. In negotiations conducted in 20 BC, Phraates IV arranged for the release of his kidnapped son. In return, the Romans received the lost <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary standards</a> taken at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a> in 53 BC, as well as any surviving prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthians viewed this exchange as a small price to pay to regain the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus hailed the return of the standards as a political victory over Parthia; this propaganda was celebrated in the minting of new coins, the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">building of a new temple</a> to house the standards, and even in fine art such as the <a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">breastplate</a> scene on his statue <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the prince, Augustus gave Phraates IV an Italian slave-girl named <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a>, who quickly became queen and a favourite of Phraates IV, giving birth to Phraataces (<a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emma Strugnell (2008) has suggested that Augustus' choice to send Musa may have been an attempt to obtain information or influence the Parthian king to the advantage of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008283_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008283-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further adds that "Augustus could potentially launch a punitive invasion against Parthia, with the probable aim of converting it into a Roman province."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigwood2008283_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigwood2008283-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Parchments_of_Avroman" title="Parchments of Avroman">Parchments of Avroman</a>, Phraates IV had already at least four other queens at that time: Olennieire, Cleopatra, Baseirta and Bistheibanaps.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeking to secure the throne for her son, Musa convinced Phraates IV in 10/9 BC to send his four first-born sons (<a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phraates_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Phraates (son of Phraates IV)">Phraates</a>, Seraspandes and Rhodaspes) to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in order to prevent conflict over his succession.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Augustus used this as propaganda depicting the submission of Parthia to Rome, listing it as a great accomplishment in his <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2 BC, Musa had the aged Phraates IV poisoned and made herself along with Phraates V the co-rulers of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drachm_of_Phraates_IV,_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg/220px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg/330px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg/440px-Drachm_of_Phraates_IV%2C_Mithradatkart_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Phraates IV, <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Mithradatkert</a> mint</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Phraates IV and his father, the production of coins reached its zenith, with the only Parthian ruler having similar numbers being <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 124–88 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalf2016284_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf2016284-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phraates IV mostly kept the same style of Parthian coinage that was used under his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obverse of his coins portrays him with short hair and beard, along with a visible moustache.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the modern historian Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, the portrait greatly resembles the <a href="/wiki/Shami_statue" title="Shami statue">Shami statue</a>, discovered in the Bakhtiari mountains in southwestern Iran, and currently stored in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> is present behind his head, which is associated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a></i>, i.e. kingly glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird, possibly a symbol of the bird of the deity <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>, is holding a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> or a ring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reverse depicts a seated archer wearing a soft cap (<i><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">bashlyk</a></i>) and sitting on a throne. Curtis notes its close resemblance to the thrones of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> monarchs portrayed on the rock reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2007419_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2007419-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reverse of his coins, however depicts an investiture scene, where Orodes is receiving a scepter by the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Parthian era, Iranians used Hellenistic iconography to portray their divine figures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the investiture scene can be associated with the <i>khvarenah</i>, with Tyche being either a representation of <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titling of Phraates IV on his coinage was: "[coin] of the King of Kings, <a href="/wiki/Arsakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsakes">Arsakes</a>, Just, Benefactor, Illustrious, <a href="/wiki/Philhellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Philhellene">Philhellene</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigwood200460_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigwood200460-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phraates IV had the following wives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Olennieire</li> <li>Cleopatra</li> <li>Baseirta</li> <li>Bistheibanaps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a>, eldest son and Parthian King from 8 to 12. Subsequently King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> from 12 to 18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Phraates (son of Phraates IV)">Phraates</a>, one of his first-born sons, attempted to take the Parthian throne from <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> in 35.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2017175–176_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2017175–176-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seraspandes, one of his first-born sons, sent to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where he remained till his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rhodaspes, one of his first-born sons, sent to Rome, where he remained till his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(son_of_Phraates_IV)" title="Karen (son of Phraates IV)">Karen</a>, the eponymous founder of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Karen" title="House of Karen">House of Karen</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran" title="Seven Great Houses of Iran">Seven Great Houses of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2017_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2017-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unnamed daughter, who was the mother of Artabanus II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201494–96_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201494–96-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Phraataces (<a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a>), Parthian King from 2 BC to 4 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016160-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016160_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, pp. 80–81; see also <a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2006">Strugnell 2006</a>, pp. 239, 245–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880–81-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201880–81_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991313-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceGrenet1991313_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1987">Russell 1987</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CS1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49*.html">Book 49, 24.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PL1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PL1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#note43">vol IX. 37.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1987125-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1987125_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1987">Russell 1987</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198358–59-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198358–59_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 60–63; <a href="#CITEREFGarthwaite2005">Garthwaite 2005</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, p. 13; see also <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 81 for analysis on Rome's shift of attention away from Syria to the Upper Euphrates, starting with Antony.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198366-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198366_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller 2010</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein 2004</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198364–65-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198364–65_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidengren1986135–136-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidengren1986135–136_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidengren1986">Widengren 1986</a>, pp. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145–151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145–151_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller 2010</a>, pp. 145–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller 2010</a>, pp. 138–151; <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann 2007</a>, pp. 304–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarthwaite2005">Garthwaite 2005</a>, p. 80; see also <a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2006">Strugnell 2006</a>, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, pp. 96–97, 136–137; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 66–67; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 198; <a href="#CITEREFSchippmann1986">Schippmann 1986</a>, pp. 525–536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008283-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008283_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2008">Strugnell 2008</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigwood2008283-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigwood2008283_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigwood2008">Bigwood 2008</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2008">Strugnell 2008</a>, p. 283 (see also note 36); <a href="#CITEREFBigwood2008">Bigwood 2008</a>, pp. 244–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 198; <a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2008">Strugnell 2008</a>, pp. 284–285; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFSchippmann1986">Schippmann 1986</a>, pp. 525–536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, pp. 96–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 199; <a href="#CITEREFRichardson2012">Richardson 2012</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf2016284-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalf2016284_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalf2016">Metcalf 2016</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 771.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201271-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201271_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2016184_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2016">Curtis 2016</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2007419-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2007419_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201276–77_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce198482_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 71; <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 99; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2016">Curtis 2016</a>, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigwood200460-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigwood200460_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigwood2004">Bigwood 2004</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrosius2000">Brosius 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2017175–176-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2017175–176_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2017">Dąbrowa 2017</a>, pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrugnell2008284–285_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrugnell2008">Strugnell 2008</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2017-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2017_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2017">Pourshariati 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201494–96-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201494–96_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2014">Olbrycht 2014</a>, pp. 94–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 199; <a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 174</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBivar1983" class="citation book cs1">Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 21–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"><bdi>0-521-20092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+History+of+Iran+Under+the+Arsacids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=21-99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-20092-X&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.D.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigwood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bigwood, J. M. (2004). "Queen Mousa, Mother and Wife(?) of King Phraatakes of Parthia: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence". <i>Journal of the Classical Association of Canada</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Project Muse: 35–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmou.2004.0027">10.1353/mou.2004.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164436127">164436127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Classical+Association+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Queen+Mousa%2C+Mother+and+Wife%28%3F%29+of+King+Phraatakes+of+Parthia%3A+A+Re-evaluation+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-70&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmou.2004.0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164436127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bigwood&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigwood2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bigwood, Joan M. (2008). "Some Parthian Queens in Greek and Babylonian Documents". <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>43</b>: 235–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FIA.43.0.2024050">10.2143/IA.43.0.2024050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Some+Parthian+Queens+in+Greek+and+Babylonian+Documents&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=235-274&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FIA.43.0.2024050&rft.aulast=Bigwood&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239028" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239028"><bdi>9780415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=1-252&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.). <i>A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004293915" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004293915"><bdi>978-9004293915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Zoroastrianism+under+Macedonian+and+Roman+Rule&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-9004293915&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Grenet%2C+Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+i.+In+Pre-Islamic+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fwomen-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2006" class="citation cs2">Brosius, Maria (2006), <i>The Persians: An Introduction</i>, London & New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32089-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32089-4&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745633701"><i>A History of the Roman Republic</i></a>. Translated by W. J. Smyth. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3371-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polity.co.uk%2Fbook.asp%3Fref%3D9780745633701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2004" class="citation cs2">Burstein, Stanley M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ReignOfCleopatra/Reign%20of%20cleopatra_djvu.txt"><i>The Reign of Cleopatra</i></a>, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32527-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32527-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32527-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Cleopatra&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32527-4&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FReignOfCleopatra%2FReign%2520of%2520cleopatra_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6186849">"Religious Iconography on Ancient Iranian coins"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Late Antiquity</i>. London: 413–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Religious+Iconography+on+Ancient+Iranian+coins&rft.pages=413-434&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6186849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6186948">"Parthian Coins: Kingship and Divine Glory"</a></span>: 67–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parthian+Coins%3A+Kingship+and+Divine+Glory&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6186948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2016" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". In Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23810856"><i>The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition</i></a></span>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 179–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857728159" title="Special:BookSources/9780857728159"><bdi>9780857728159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Iranian+Motifs+and+Zoroastrian+Iconography&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+Flame+Exploring+Religion%2C+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=179-203&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780857728159&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23810856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2012" class="citation book cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In <a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987575-7"><bdi>978-0-19-987575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arsacid+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Iranian+History&rft.pages=1-432&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987575-7&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-poAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35960477">"Tacitus on the Parthians"</a></span>: 171–189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tacitus+on+the+Parthians&rft.pages=171-189&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35960477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20800909EL.18.005.8925">"Arsacid Dynastic Marriages"</a>. <i>Electrum</i>. <b>25</b>: 73–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20800909EL.18.005.8925">10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrum&rft.atitle=Arsacid+Dynastic+Marriages&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=73-83&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F20800909EL.18.005.8925&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4467%252F20800909EL.18.005.8925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthwaite2005" class="citation cs2">Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005), <i>The Persians</i>, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-860-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-860-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Carlton&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-860-2&rft.aulast=Garthwaite&rft.aufirst=Gene+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610693912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610693912"><bdi>978-1610693912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1610693912&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Kennedy" title="David L. Kennedy">Kennedy, David</a> (1996), "Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives", in Kennedy, David L.; Braund, David (eds.), <i>The Roman Army in the East</i>, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, pp. 67–90, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887829-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887829-18-2"><bdi>978-1-887829-18-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parthia+and+Rome%3A+Eastern+Perspectives&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Army+in+the+East&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=67-90&rft.pub=Cushing+Malloy+Inc.%2C+Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology%3A+Supplementary+Series+Number+Eighteen&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-887829-18-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2014" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9955926">"The Genealogy of Artabanos II (AD 8/9–39/40), King of Parthia"</a></span>: 92–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Genealogy+of+Artabanos+II+%28AD+8%2F9%E2%80%9339%2F40%29%2C+King+of+Parthia&rft.pages=92-97&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9955926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2016" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). <i>The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion</i>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785702082" title="Special:BookSources/9781785702082"><bdi>9781785702082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dynastic+Connections+in+the+Arsacid+Empire+and+the+Origins+of+the+House+of+S%C4%81s%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+and+Early+Sasanian+Empires%3A+Adaptation+and+Expansion&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785702082&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). "Kārin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karin"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C4%81rin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkarin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacid%2C+Elymaean%2C+and+Persid+Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2012" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, J.S. (2012). <i>Augustan Rome 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1954-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-1954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustan+Rome+44+BC+to+AD+14%3A+The+Restoration+of+the+Republic+and+the+Establishment+of+the+Empire&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1954-2&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2010" class="citation cs2">Roller, Duane W. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZo6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Cleopatra: A Biography</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5"><bdi>978-0-19-536553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536553-5&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZo6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">Russell, James R.</a> (1987). <i>Zoroastrianism in Armenia</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674968509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674968509"><bdi>978-0674968509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrianism+in+Armenia&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0674968509&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schippmann, K. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arsacids-ii">"Arsacids ii. The Arsacid Dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 5</i>. pp. 525–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacids+ii.+The+Arsacid+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=525-536&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farsacids-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/personal-names-iranian-iv-parthian">"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Names%2C+Iranian+iv.+Parthian+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersonal-names-iranian-iv-parthian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrugnell2006" class="citation cs2">Strugnell, Emma (2006), "Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph", <i>Acta Antiqua</i>, <b>46</b> (3): 239–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAAnt.46.2006.3.3">10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Ventidius%27+Parthian+War%3A+Rome%27s+Forgotten+Eastern+Triumph&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=239-252&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAAnt.46.2006.3.3&rft.aulast=Strugnell&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrugnell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Strugnell, Emma (2008). "Thea Musa, Roman Queen of Parthia". <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>43</b>: 275–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FIA.43.0.2024051">10.2143/IA.43.0.2024051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Thea+Musa%2C+Roman+Queen+of+Parthia&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=275-298&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FIA.43.0.2024051&rft.aulast=Strugnell&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidengren1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Widengren, G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antiochus-of-commagene">"Antiochus of Commagene"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 2</i>. pp. 135–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+of+Commagene&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.pages=135-136&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Widengren&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fantiochus-of-commagene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phraates_IV&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1501481">"The Parthian Kingship"</a></span>: 123–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+Kingship&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1501481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502253">"Arsakes Epiphanes. Were the Arsacids Deities "Revealed"?"</a></span>: 223–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsakes+Epiphanes.+Were+the+Arsacids+Deities+%22Revealed%22%3F&rft.pages=223-231&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1502253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13465788">"The Parthian Aristocracy: Its Social Position and Political Activity"</a></span>: 53–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+Aristocracy%3A+Its+Social+Position+and+Political+Activity&rft.pages=53-62&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13465788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarciak2017" class="citation book cs1">Marciak, Michał (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004350724" title="Special:BookSources/9789004350724"><bdi>9789004350724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophene%2C+Gordyene%2C+and+Adiabene%3A+Three+Regna+Minora+of+Northern+Mesopotamia+Between+East+and+West&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004350724&rft.aulast=Marciak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwEtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht1997" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1493021">"Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology"</a></span>. <b>2</b>: 27–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parthian+King%27s+tiara+-+Numismatic+evidence+and+some+aspects+of+Arsacid+political+ideology&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=27-61&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1493021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2015" class="citation journal cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12173945">"Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia – Ways of cultural transfer"</a></span>. <i>Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium Ce, Edited by Jan Bemmann, Michael Schmauder (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Volume 7) Bonn 2015 [Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn]</i>: 333–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complexity+of+Interaction+Along+the+Eurasian+Steppe+Zone+in+the+First+Millenium+Ce%2C+Edited+by+Jan+Bemmann%2C+Michael+Schmauder+%28Bonn+Contributions+to+Asian+Archaeology%2C+Volume+7%29+Bonn+2015+%26%2391%3BVor-+und+Fruhgeschichtliche+Arch%C3%A4ologie%2C+Rheinische+Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t+Bonn%5D&rft.atitle=Arsacid+Iran+and+the+nomads+of+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+Ways+of+cultural+transfer&rft.pages=333-390&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12173945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false"><i>Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766418"><bdi>9780521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.pages=1-539&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhraates+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Phraates IV </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 2 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">King of the Parthian Empire</a> </b><br />37–2 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parthian_kings" title="Template:Parthian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parthian_kings" title="Template talk:Parthian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Parthian_Empire_(247_BC_–_224_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <small>(247 BC – 224 AD)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces I</a> <small>(247–217 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_II_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces II of Parthia">Arsaces II</a> <small>(217–191 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapatius" title="Priapatius">Priapatius</a> <small>(191–170 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_I" title="Phraates I">Phraates I</a> <small>(170/168–165/164 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <small>(165/4–132 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> <small>(132–127 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a> <small>(127–124 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <small>(124–91 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a> <small>(91–87/80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(87–80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <small>(80–75 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <small>(75–69 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <small>(69–57 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <small>(57–54 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <small>(57–37 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I" title="Pacorus I">Pacorus I</a> <small>(39 BC)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phraates IV</a> <small>(37–2 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(32 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <small>(4–6 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <small>(6–12 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(12–35 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <small>(35–36 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(36–38/41 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <small>(40–46 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <small>(40–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(49–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <small>(51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <small>(51–78 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(55–58 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <small>(78–110 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(78–80 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(79–81 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(109–129 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <small>(110–147 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116–117 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(129–140 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <small>(147–191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <small>(191–208 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <small>(208–228 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> <small>(213–224 AD)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312430#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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[\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 3,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67ffd876-b9x4z","timestamp":"20241125143705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Phraates IV","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phraates_IV","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312430","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312430","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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