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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_New_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_New_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early New Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_New_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classical Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contemporary Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standard Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Persian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان فارسی نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فارسی نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Persia_Baru" title="Bahasa Persia Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Persia Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_(_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_)" title="نوې پارسي ( دری ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوې پارسي ( دری )" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novoperzsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Novoperzské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Novoperzské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเปอร์เซียใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">New Persian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فارسی نو</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پارسی نو</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/110px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/165px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/220px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><i>Fārsi</i> written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Samadi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as <a href="/wiki/Western_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Persian">Western Persian</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Samadi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Samadi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (as Tajik)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as Tajik)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Windfuhr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">70 million<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(110 million total speakers)<sup id="cite_ref-Windfuhr_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian languages">Southwestern Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>New Persian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Western_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Persian">Farsi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Constitution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a> (Afghanistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a> (Tajikistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=fa">fa</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=357">per</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=357">fas</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fas">fas</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fars1254">fars1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">58-AAC (Wider Persian)<br /><span class="nowrap"> > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/320px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/480px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/640px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="430" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/320px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/480px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/640px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Persian Linguasphere.<br /><b>Legend</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002255; color:white;"> </span> Official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0044AA; color:white;"> </span> More than 1,000,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0066FF; color:white;"> </span> Between 500,000 – 1,000,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5599FF; color:black;"> </span> Between 100,000 – 500,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AACCFF; color:black;"> </span> Between 25,000 – 100,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> Fewer than 25,000 speakers / none</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>New Persian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فارسی نو</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Fārsī-ye No</i></span>), also known as <b>Modern Persian</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فارسی نوین</span></span>) is the current stage of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries), Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries), and Contemporary Persian (19th century to present). </p><p>Dari is a name given to the New Persian language since the <a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a>, widely used in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">ibn Hawqal</a>) and Persian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1964, <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Persian is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, which make up a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian subdivision</a>. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> is the most widely spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-windfuhr1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windfuhr1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"New Persian" is the name given to the final stage of development of Persian language. The term <i>Persian</i> is an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> derivation of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Persiānus</i></span>, the adjectival form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Persia</i></span>, itself deriving from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Persís</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περσίς</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Hellenized form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Pārsa</i></span> (<span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><span lang="peo">𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a>" (a region in southwestern Iran corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>). According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the term <i>Persian</i> as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different opinions about the origin of the word <i>Dari</i>. The majority of scholars believes <i>Dari</i> refers to the Persian word <i>dar</i> or <i>darbār</i> "court" (<span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:دربار">دربار</a></span>) as it was the formal language of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sasanian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original meaning of the word <i>dari</i> is given in a notice attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abd-All%C4%81h_Ibn_al-Muqaffa%CA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allāh Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ">Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ</a> (cited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fehrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fehrest">Al-Fehrest</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, "<i>Pārsī</i> was the language spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the language of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>." This language refers to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for <i>Dari</i>, he says, "it is the language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those who are at the king's court. [Its name] is connected with presence at court. Among the languages of the people of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and the east, the language of the people of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> is predominant."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Persian is conventionally divided into three stages: </p> <ul><li>Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries)</li> <li>Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries)</li> <li>Contemporary Persian (19th century to present)</li></ul> <p>Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_New_Persian">Early New Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early New Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets,_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_(905_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg/220px-Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg/330px-Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg/440px-Persian_notes_on_Quranic_booklets%2C_written_by_a_native_of_T%C5%ABs_called_Ahmad_Khayq%C4%81n%C4%AB_%28905_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Persian notes on <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> booklets, written by a native of <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a> called Ahmad Khayqani in 292 AH (905 CE).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg/220px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg/330px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>A page from a manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abu Mansur Muwaffaq</a>, Copied by <a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a> in 447 AH (1055 CE).</figcaption></figure> <p>New Persian texts written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> first appear in the 9th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975596_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975596-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as <i>pārsīk</i>, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> and the northeastern Iranian region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, known as Dari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a>, which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">eastern</a> northern and northern Iranian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> and especially Parthian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975597_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975597-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mastery of the newer speech having now been transformed from Middle into New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a> (820–872), <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> (860–903) and <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> (874–999), and could develop only in range and power of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Domain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Domain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the newer Persian tongue and after him the poems of <a href="/wiki/Hanzala_Badghisi" title="Hanzala Badghisi">Hanzala Badghisi</a> were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamec_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamec-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first significant Persian poet was <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Kalila wa Dimna</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Persian_literature_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, a task for which it was particularly suitable due to its relatively simple morphological structure and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a> and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Persian">Classical Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian-language_poets_and_authors" title="List of Persian-language poets and authors">List of Persian-language poets and authors</a></div> <p>"Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">poetry</a>. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> under the "<a href="/wiki/Persianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianized">Persianized</a>" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persian during this time served as lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Persia">Greater Persia</a> and of much of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Karakhanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, Ottomans and also many Mughal successors such as the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>. Persian was the only non-European language known and used by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> at the Court of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and in his journeys through China.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Persian">Contemporary Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_keyboard_layout,_unshifted.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/220px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/330px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/440px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Qajar dynasty</dt></dl> <p>In the 19th century, under the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">dialect</a> that is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule numerous <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology. </p><p>The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian orthography</a>, were under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser ed Din Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> in 1871.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Naser ed Din Shah, <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ed Din Shah</a> ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhangestan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhangestan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association officially declared that it used Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as <i>rāh-āhan</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">راه‌آهن</span></span>) for "railway", were printed in <i>Soltani Newspaper</i>; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called <i>Words of Scientific Association</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لغت انجمن علمی</span></span>), which was completed in the future and renamed <i>Katouzian Dictionary</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ کاتوزیان</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pahlavi dynasty</dt></dl> <p>The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name <i>Academy of Iran</i>. It was established by the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>, and mainly by <a href="/wiki/Hekmat_E_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekmat E Shirazi">Hekmat e Shirazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Foroughi" title="Mohammad Ali Foroughi">Mohammad Ali Foroughi</a>, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time. The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three standard varieties of modern Persian: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Persian">Iranian Persian</a></i> (<i>Persian</i>, <i>Western Persian</i>, or <i>Farsi</i>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and by minorities in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> states.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Eastern Persian</a></i> (<i>Dari Persian</i>, <i>Afghan Persian</i>, or <i>Dari</i>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></i> (<i>Tajik Persian</i>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.</li></ul> <p>All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi dialect</a> (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herati</a> (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), <a href="/wiki/Basseri_dialect" title="Basseri dialect">Basseri</a> (in Southern Iran), and the <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani accent</a> (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> notes that the Iranian, Afghan and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> (or <i>Lori</i>), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lorestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorestan Province">Lorestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province">Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province">Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari</a> some western parts of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>, spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This dialect is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati language</a> of northwestern Iran, which is a member of a different branch of the Iranian languages.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Persian">Standard Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a></div> <p>Standard Persian is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> variety of Persian that is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Constitution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-RFE/RL_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AO_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a set of spoken and written formal <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> used by the educated <a href="/wiki/Persophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Persophone">persophones</a> of several nations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-www.sid.ir_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.sid.ir-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Persian is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, Standard Persian encompasses various <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">linguistic norms</a> (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribed usage</a>). Standard Persian practically has three standard varieties with official status in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. The standard forms of the three are based on the <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukharan</a> varieties, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-tehrani_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehrani-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bukharan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bukharan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Persian language">History of the Persian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Samadi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSamadiNick_Perkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (eds.). <i>Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars</i>. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3"><bdi>978-1-84769-637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+Grammar%3A+The+Languages+of+Lars&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-637-3&rft.aulast=Samadi&rft.aufirst=Habibeh&rft.au=Nick+Perkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq">"IRAQ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAQ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15201/TX">"Tajiks in Turkmenistan"</a>. <i>People Groups</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People+Groups&rft.atitle=Tajiks+in+Turkmenistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F15201%2FTX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkingtonYemelianova2004" class="citation book cs1">Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27"><i>Islam in Post-Soviet Russia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21769-6"><bdi>978-0-203-21769-6</bdi></a>. <q>Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Post-Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-21769-6&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Yemelianova%2C+Galina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAfS-PFRLYkC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastyuginaPerepelkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80"><i>An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29315-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29315-3"><bdi>978-0-313-29315-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnic+History+of+Russia%3A+Pre-revolutionary+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29315-3&rft.aulast=Mastyugina&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft.au=Perepelkin%2C+Lev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxd3ZnfyRgncC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windfuhr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Windfuhr, Gernot: <i>The Iranian Languages</i>, Routledge 2009, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/">"Persian | Department of Asian Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+%7C+Department+of+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.unc.edu%2Fpersian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran_Constitution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Dagestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan (page does not exist)">Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan</a>: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">"DARĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAR%C4%AA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-windfuhr1987-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-windfuhr1987_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1987" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523"><i>The World's Major Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523">523–546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506511-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=523-546&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506511-4&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu0000unse%2Fpage%2F523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*persi/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περσίς</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Persia">"Persia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPersia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> online</i>, s.v. "Persian", draft revision June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazard, G. <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Darī – The New Persian Literary Language</a>"</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, Online Edition 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn al-Nadim, ed. Tajaddod, p. 15; Khjwārazmī, <i>Mafātīh al-olum</i>, pp. 116–17; Hamza Esfahānī, pp. 67–68; Yāqūt, Boldān IV, p. 846</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremias2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jeremias, Eva M. (2004). "Iran, iii. (f). New Persian". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 12 (New Edition, Supplement ed.). p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5"><bdi>90-04-13974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+iii.+%28f%29.+New+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=432&rft.edition=New+Edition%2C+Supplement&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13974-5&rft.aulast=Jeremias&rft.aufirst=Eva+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul2000">Paul 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975596-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975596_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2011_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2011">Perry 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975597-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975597_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_Domain-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Public_Domain_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft_djvu.txt">Public Domain</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamec-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adamec_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2011" class="citation book cs1">Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan</i> (4th Revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7815-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7815-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=4th+Revised&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persian_literature-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bruijn2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature">"Persian literature"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.aulast=de+Bruijn&rft.aufirst=J.T.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FPersian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf">Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects</a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php">iranchamber.com</a> "the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1974" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "Some Thoughts on the Sources for the Il-Khanid Period of Persian History". <i>Iran</i>. <b>12</b>: 185–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4300510">10.2307/4300510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300510">4300510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.atitle=Some+Thoughts+on+the+Sources+for+the+Il-Khanid+Period+of+Persian+History&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=185-188&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4300510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4300510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhangestan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farhangestan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazayeri1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhangestan">"Farhangestān"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farhangest%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.aulast=Jazayeri&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffarhangestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFنگار_داوری_اردکانی1389" class="citation book cs1">نگار داوری اردکانی (1389). <i>برنامه‌ریزی زبان فارسی</i>. روایت فتح. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-6128-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-6128-05-4"><bdi>978-600-6128-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD&rft.date=1389&rft.isbn=978-600-6128-05-4&rft.au=%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeman" class="citation web cs1">Beeman, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf">"Persian, Dari and Tajik"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025210857/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University&rft.atitle=Persian%2C+Dari+and+Tajik&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlievOkawa2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aliev, Bahriddin; Okawa, Aya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial">"TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TAJIK+iii.+COLLOQUIAL+TAJIKI+IN+COMPARISON+WITH+PERSIAN+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Aliev&rft.aufirst=Bahriddin&rft.au=Okawa%2C+Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftajik-iii-colloquial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gernot_Windfuhr_1979._pg_4_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979. pg 4:""Tat- Persian spoken in the East Caucasus""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerslake2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kerslake, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Languages+are+Spoken+in+Afghanistan%3F&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphaomegatranslations.com%2F2015%2F09%2F21%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-afghanistan%2F%23preamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.sid.ir-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.sid.ir_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/70213832302.pdf">"Standard Persian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. www.sid.ir<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tehrani+accent&rft.pub=Iranian+students+news+agency&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisna.ir%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F91042011843%2F%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bukharan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bukharan_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ido, Shinji (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031300011X">"Bukharan Tajik"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 87–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031300011X">10.1017/S002510031300011X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Bukharan+Tajik&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-102&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031300011X&rft.aulast=Ido&rft.aufirst=Shinji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002510031300011X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Persian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthCrowe1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C.E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/samanids-COM_0995">"Sāmānids"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>.</i> Volume VIII:<i> Ned–Sam</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%81m%C4%81nids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft.au=Crowe%2C+Yolande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fsamanids-COM_0995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-b-ahmad-b-asad-samani">"Esmāʿīl, b. Aḥmad b. Asad Sāmānī, Abū Ebrāhīm"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 636–637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-055-4"><bdi>978-1-56859-055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esm%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%2C+b.+A%E1%B8%A5mad+b.+Asad+S%C4%81m%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+Ebr%C4%81h%C4%ABm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F6%3A+Er%C5%A1%C4%81d+al-zer%C4%81%CA%BFa%E2%80%93E%CA%BFte%C5%BC%C4%81d-al-Sal%E1%B9%ADana&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=636-637&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-055-4&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fesmail-b-ahmad-b-asad-samani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2012" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7k0hAwAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107642386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107642386"><bdi>978-1107642386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativist+Prophets+of+Early+Islamic+Iran%3A+Rural+Revolt+and+Local+Zoroastrianism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107642386&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7k0hAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blois2004" class="citation book cs1">de Blois, Francois (2004). <i>Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)</i>. 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(1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/iran-COM_0377">"Iran, vii.—Literature"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/persian-EALL_COM_vol3_0253">"Persian"</a>. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Fpersian-EALL_COM_vol3_0253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuler2003" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold (2003). <i>Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey</i>. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-77-488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-77-488-2"><bdi>978-9971-77-488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Historiography+and+Geography%3A+Bertold+Spuler+on+Major+Works+Produced+in+Iran%2C+the+Caucasus%2C+Central+Asia%2C+India%2C+and+Early+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.pub=Pustaka+Nasional+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9971-77-488-2&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRypka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rypka" title="Jan Rypka">Rypka, Jan</a> (1968). Jahn, Karl (ed.). <i>History of Iranian Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-3479-1">10.1007/978-94-010-3479-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-3481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-3481-4"><bdi>978-94-010-3481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Iranian+Literature&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-3479-1&rft.isbn=978-94-010-3481-4&rft.aulast=Rypka&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fa:"> Persian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/">Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Persian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persian-language.com/">Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Persian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#History" title="Persian language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <small>(c. 3000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 2000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 1500 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <small>(c. 525 – 300 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <small>(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Persian</a> <small>(from 800)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Varieties" title="Persian language">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (<i>Juhuri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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