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obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Su%C5%BEenjstvo&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D9" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Su%C5%BEenjstvo&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D9" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ogled vira Suženjstvo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Dodajte članke v drugih jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dodaj jezike</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Lahko tudi pošljete e-pošto v čakalno vrsto <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">upravnikov</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> na <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>, vključno z vsemi zgornjimi podatki.</div></div><hr /> <p>Vsebino te strani si lahko ogledate in jo kopirate. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="sl" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">=== Portugalci in prehod v drugo obliko suženjstva === [[File:Capitao-mato.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lovec na sužnje v Braziliji, 1823, naslikal [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]].]] Na zahodni obali afriške celine je bila na začetku petnajstega stoletja vsa trgovina v rokah portugalskih pomorščakov, ki so vztrajno prodirali proti jugu. Prvi raziskovalci so osvojili priobalne kraje in zasužnjili domačine, a kaj kmalu je postalo jasno, da sta ropanje in uporaba sile manj donosna od miroljubnega trgovanja; leta 1456 je odprava pod vodstvom [[Diogo Gomes|Dioga Gomesa]] uvedla mirovne sporazume in trgovske dogovore z domačini, ki so ostali podlaga nadaljnjih raziskovanj. Ko so Portugalci na ozemlju današnje [[Gana|Gane]] prišli v stik z lokalno trgovino, so uvideli možnost novih donosnih izmenjav. V notranjosti dežele, a nedaleč od obale, so se namreč nahajala najdišča [[zlato|zlata]], ki so ga [[rudar]]ji prevažali do trgovskih središč na jugu [[Sahara|Sahare]], od koder so ga nato severnoafriški trgovci tovorili preko puščave do Sredozemlja. Izmenjave so se odvijale na primitivni ravni in izkušeni portugalski trgovci so se zlahka vključili v donosni posel. Obojestransko ugodni dogovori so dovolili novim prišlekom zgradnjo trgovske baze São Jorge da Mina (Sveti Jurij ob rudniku), ki je danes znana kot [[Elmina]]. To je bila prva od mnogih utrdb na tem področju: okoli leta 1500 je samo iz Elmine odplula po ena [[karavela]] zlata mesečno.<ref>Reader, J.: ''Africa. A Biography of the Continent'', Hamish Hamilton, London 1997</ref> Pospešeno izkoriščanje [[rudnik]]ov je zahtevalo vedno več delovne sile, zato so Portugalci začeli preskrbovati z evropskimi izdelki nekatere afriške skupnosti, ki so jim za plačilo nudile sužnje za rudnike. Čeprav se danes zdi neverjetno, so bili prvi kupci sužnjev prav sami afriški domačini, to je lastniki rudnikov: med letoma 1475 in 1540 so Portugalci uvozili v Zlato obalo (danes Gana) preko 12 tisoč sužnjev.<ref>Ames G.: ''The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500-1700'', Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (N.J.) 2007, ISBN 978-0-13-193388-0.</ref> Zgodnje afriške države so namreč bile tipične suženjske države: v antičnih Gani in [[Mali]]ju je tretjina prebivalstva bila lastnica ostalih dveh tretjin, to je sužnjev.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157</ref> Navada usužnjevanja je bila normalna<ref>Shillington, K.: ''Encyclopedia of African history''. Michigan University Press 2005, ISBN 1-57958-455-1</ref> v vseh afriških skupnostih že davno pred prihodom Evropejcev in je ponekod trajala še dolgo po ukinitvi atlantskega preseljevanja.<ref> http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157</ref> Še v 20. stoletju, med svetovnima vojnama, se je veliko razpravljalo o težki situaciji v [[Etiopija|Etiopiji]] in [[Nigerija|Nigeriji]].<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v007/7.1blue02.html Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411071529/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_world_history%2Fv007%2F7.1blue02.html |date=2016-04-11 }}, Project MUSE – Journal of World History</ref> [[File:SlaveDanceand Music.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sužnji na plantaži (''The Old Plantation'', 1790).]] Bolj vzhodno od Zlate obale so Portugalci navezali stike s Kraljevino Benin <ref group="opomba">Kraljevina Benin ali Kraljevina Edo je bila država zahodno od delte reke [[Niger(reka)|Niger]], ki je trajala od leta 1180 do vključitve v [[Britanski imperij]] leta 1897. Zgodovinsko se ne šteje kot predhodnica današnje [[Benin|Republike Benin]].</ref>, ki je bila [[politika|politično ustaljena]] in [[ekonomija|ekonomsko razvita]] [[država]] z dobro urejeno [[vojska|vojsko]]. Portugalci so nudili [[baker]] in [[med (kemija)|medenino]], elegantna evropska oblačila in [[steklo|steklene]] predmete; kot posebno darilo so [[kralj]]u pripeljali [[konj]]a. Beninci so bili bogati in omikani in so te novosti radi sprejeli. Plačevali so s [[tkanina]]mi, [[poper|poprom]], [[slonovina|slonokoščenimi]] izdelki, [[dragi kamen|dragimi kamni]] in občasno z [[vojni ujetnik|vojnimi ujetniki]]. V nadaljevanju svojega raziskovanja so Portugalci prišli do Kraljevine Kongo, današnje severne [[Angola|Angole]]<ref group=opomba>Kraljevina Kongo je bila država, ki je trajala od konca 14. stoletja do vključitve v [[Portugalski imperij]] leta 1914.</ref>. Tudi Kongovci so bili zainteresirani za evropsko blago, a niso imeli ekonomske blaginje Benina, niti njegove politične stabilnosti. Kralj si je zagotavljal naklonjenost [[plemstvo|plemstva]] z dragimi portugalskimi izdelki, ki jih ni mogel drugače plačevati kot s sužnji, velikokrat iz vrst pripadnikov [[opozicija|opozicije]]. Verjetno iz istih utilitarističnih razlogov je kralj odprl vrata katoliškim [[misijonar]]jem in celo njegov sin je postal prvi kongoški [[škof]]. V časovnem pregledu se trgovanje med Kongom in Portugalsko postavlja kot začetek novega obdobja suženjstva, ko suženj ni bil več prisilni delavec (torej oseba, človek), temveč plačilno sredstvo oziroma blago za preprodajo. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Vrnitev na <a href="/wiki/Su%C5%BEenjstvo" title="Suženjstvo">Suženjstvo</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pridobljeno iz »<a dir="ltr" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suženjstvo">https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suženjstvo</a>«</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pravilnik o zasebnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:O_Wikipediji">O Wikipediji</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Splo%C5%A1na_zavrnitev_odgovornosti">Zavrnitve odgovornosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodeks ravnanja</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Razvijalci</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sl.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">O piškotkih</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//sl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Su%C5%BEenjstvo&action=edit&section=9&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilni prikaz</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66c5b56c76-8g6hn","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":773,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66c5b56c76-8g6hn","timestamp":"20241212035245","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>