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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimoloxía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimoloxía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimoloxía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimoloxía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalas_de_corrupción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalas_de_corrupción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Escalas de corrupción</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escalas_de_corrupción-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Escalas de corrupción"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Escalas_de_corrupción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pequena_corrupción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pequena_corrupción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pequena corrupción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pequena_corrupción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gran_corrupción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gran_corrupción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gran corrupción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gran_corrupción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrupción_sistémica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrupción_sistémica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Corrupción sistémica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrupción_sistémica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipos_de_corrupción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipos_de_corrupción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tipos de corrupción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipos_de_corrupción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Corrupción</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 104 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Акоррупциа – abkhazo" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акоррупциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsie" title="Korrupsie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Korrupsie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="فساد سياسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فساد سياسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsiya" title="Korrupsiya – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Korrupsiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Карупцыя – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карупцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Карупцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карупцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корупция – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корупция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="দুর্নীতি – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্নীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breinadurezh" title="Breinadurezh – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Breinadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3" title="Corrupció – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrupció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="گەندەڵی – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەندەڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupce" title="Korupce – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredigaeth" title="Llygredigaeth – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredigaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ངན་ལྷད། – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ངན་ལྷད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Διαφθορά – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαφθορά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupto" title="Korupto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korupto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n_(abuso_de_poder)" title="Corrupción (abuso de poder) – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corrupción (abuso de poder)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruptsioon" title="Korruptsioon – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korruptsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustelkeria" title="Ustelkeria – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ustelkeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruptio" title="Korruptio – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korruptio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsje" title="Korrupsje – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Korrupsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89illitheacht" title="Éillitheacht – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éillitheacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="ભ્રષ્ટાચાર – guxarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભ્રષ્ટાચાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שחיתות – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחיתות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="भ्रष्टाचार (आचरण) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार (आचरण)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koripsyon" title="Koripsyon – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koripsyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupci%C3%B3" title="Korrupció – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korrupció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կոռուպցիա – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոռուպցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilling" title="Spilling – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spilling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruzione" title="Corruzione – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corruzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9A%E8%81%B7" title="汚職 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汚職" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კორუფცია – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორუფცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupciya" title="Korrupciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Korrupciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жемқорлық – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жемқорлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%ED%8C%A8" title="부정부패 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부정부패" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendel%C3%AE" title="Gendelî – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gendelî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Пара алуу – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пара алуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptio" title="Corruptio – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corruptio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Corruptie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruzion" title="Corruzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corruzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolikoly" title="Kolikoly – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolikoly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корупција – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корупција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അഴിമതി – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഴിമതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भ्रष्टाचार – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भ्रष्टाचार – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Corruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Korrupsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korrupsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupcion" title="Corrupcion – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corrupcion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcja" title="Korupcja – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korupcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Corrupção – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrupção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corup%C8%9Bie" title="Corupție – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Corupție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коррупция – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коррупция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:" title="भ्रष्टाचार: – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार:" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бэрик – iacuto" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэрик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacuto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ڪرپشن – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرپشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcia" title="Korupcia – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korupcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musuqmaasaq" title="Musuqmaasaq – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Musuqmaasaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsioni" title="Korrupsioni – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korrupsioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корупција – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корупција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilat" title="Basilat – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basilat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufisadi" title="Ufisadi – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufisadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊழல் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊழல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82" title="లంచం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లంచం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Фасод – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фасод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="การทุจริต – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทุจริต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsiyon" title="Korupsiyon – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Korupsiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolsuzluk" title="Yolsuzluk – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yolsuzluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коррупция – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коррупция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%9Bt%C9%9Basehy%C9%9B" title="Kɛtɛasehyɛ – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kɛtɛasehyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Корупція – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корупція" 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dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_(1902)_(14598007498).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg/300px-%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg/450px-%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg/600px-%22Blasts%22_from_The_Ram%27s_Horn_%281902%29_%2814598007498%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Caricatura de 1902 que mostra un oficial de policía cos ollos cubertos por un pano coa palabra "subornos".</figcaption></figure> <div class="dablink">Para outras páxinas con títulos homónimos véxase: <a href="/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n_(hom%C3%B3nimos)" class="mw-disambig" title="Corrupción (homónimos)">Corrupción (homónimos)</a>.</div> <p><b>Corrupción</b> é o mal uso por parte dun funcionario da súa autoridade e dos dereitos que se lle confían, así como a autoridade relacionada con ese estado oficial, oportunidades, conexións para beneficio persoal, contrario á lei e os principios morais. En moitos países, a corrupción é punible por lei. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimoloxía"><span id="Etimolox.C3.ADa"></span>Etimoloxía</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Etimoloxía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Etimoloxía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Corrupción" procede do vocábulo <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> <i>corruptione</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> composto polas palabras <i>cor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Corazón">corazón</a>) e <i>rupta</i> (quebra).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escalas_de_corrupción"><span id="Escalas_de_corrupci.C3.B3n"></span>Escalas de corrupción</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Escalas de corrupción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Escalas de corrupción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata,_Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg/300px-Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg/450px-Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg/600px-Say_no_to_bribes_in_Chipata%2C_Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Cartel en <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> que pide ao público que "diga non á corrupción".</figcaption></figure> <p>Stephen D. Morris,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> profesor de política, di que a <a href="/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Corrupción política">corrupción política</a> é o uso ilexítimo do poder público para beneficiar un interese privado. O economista Ian Senior<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> define a corrupción como unha acción para fornecer secretamente un ben ou un servizo a un terceiro para que el ou ela poida influenciar determinadas accións que beneficien o corrupto, un terceiro ou ambos en que o axente corrupto ten autoridade. Daniel Kaufmann,<sup id="cite_ref-Legal_Corruption_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legal_Corruption-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> economista do <a href="/wiki/Banco_Mundial" title="Banco Mundial">Banco Mundial</a>, estende o concepto para incluír a "corrupción legal", en que o <a href="/wiki/Abuso_de_poder" title="Abuso de poder">poder é abusado</a> dentro dos límites da lei: aqueles con poder xeralmente teñen a capacidade de facer leis para a súa protección. O efecto da corrupción na infraestrutura é aumentar os custos e o tempo de construción, diminuír a calidade e diminuír o beneficio.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A corrupción pode ocorrer en diferentes escalas. A corrupción varía de pequenos favores entre un pequeno número de persoas (pequena corrupción),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> á corrupción que afecta o goberno en grande escala (gran corrupción) e á corrupción que é tan prevalente que forma parte da estrutura cotiá da sociedade, incluíndo a corrupción como un dos <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADntoma" title="Síntoma">síntomas</a> do <a href="/wiki/Crime_organizado" title="Crime organizado">crime organizado</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pequena_corrupción"><span id="Pequena_corrupci.C3.B3n"></span>Pequena corrupción</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Pequena corrupción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Pequena corrupción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pequena corrupción ocorre nunha escala menor e ocorre no final da implementación dos servizos públicos cando os funcionarios públicos se encontran co público. Por exemplo, en moitos lugares pequenos, como oficinas de rexistro, comisarías de policía e moitos outros sectores privados e gobernamentais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gran_corrupción"><span id="Gran_corrupci.C3.B3n"></span>Gran corrupción</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Gran corrupción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Gran corrupción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gran corrupción defínese como a corrupción que ocorre nos niveis máis altos do goberno dunha maneira que require unha subversión significativa dos sistemas políticos, legais e económicos. Tal corrupción encóntrase comunmente en países con gobernos <a href="/wiki/Autoritarismo" title="Autoritarismo">autoritarios</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Ditadura" title="Ditadura">ditatoriais</a>, mais tamén naqueles que non posúen unha investigación axeitada da corrupción.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O sistema gobernamental en moitos países está dividido en pólas (<a href="/wiki/Poder_lexislativo" title="Poder lexislativo">poder lexislativo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Executivo_(goberno)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executivo (goberno) (a páxina aínda non existe)">executivo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Poder_xudicial" title="Poder xudicial">xudicial</a>) na tentativa de fornecer servizos independentes menos suxeitos á gran corrupción debido á súa independencia un do outro.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corrupción_sistémica"><span id="Corrupci.C3.B3n_sist.C3.A9mica"></span>Corrupción sistémica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Corrupción sistémica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Corrupción sistémica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corrupción sistémica ou corrupción endémica<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> é a corrupción debida principalmente ás fraquezas dunha organización ou proceso. Pode manifestarse con funcionarios ou axentes individuais que actúan de forma corrupta dentro do sistema. </p><p>Factores que incentivan a corrupción sistémica inclúen o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflito_de_intereses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflito de intereses (a páxina aínda non existe)">conflito de intereses</a>, os poderes discrecionais (isto é, sen límites), os <a href="/wiki/Monopolio" title="Monopolio">poderes monopolísticos</a>, a falta de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparencia_no_mercado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparencia no mercado (a páxina aínda non existe)">transparencia</a>, os baixos <a href="/wiki/Salario" title="Salario">salarios</a> e unha cultura da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impunidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impunidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">impunidade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Os actos específicos de corrupción inclúen o <a href="/wiki/Suborno" title="Suborno">suborno</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Extorsi%C3%B3n" title="Extorsión">extorsión</a> e o desfalco nun sistema en que "a corrupción se torna a regra e non a excepción".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Os estudosos distinguen entre corrupción sistémica centralizada e descentralizada, dependendo de que nivel de corrupción estatal ou gobernamental ocorre; en países como os estados pos-soviéticos ocorren ambos os tipos.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algúns estudosos argumentan que existe un deber dos gobernos <a href="/wiki/Occidente" title="Occidente">occidentais</a> de loitar contra a corrupción sistémica dos gobernos dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C3%ADs_subdesenvolvido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="País subdesenvolvido (a páxina aínda non existe)">países subdesenvolvidos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipos_de_corrupción"><span id="Tipos_de_corrupci.C3.B3n"></span>Tipos de corrupción</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Tipos de corrupción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Tipos de corrupción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unha das formas máis comúns en que se poden clasificar as corrupcións é a división entre corrupción activa e pasiva. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n_activa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrupción activa (a páxina aínda non existe)">corrupción activa</a> ocorre cando se ofrece unha vantaxe indebida a un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funcionario_p%C3%BAblico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funcionario público (a páxina aínda non existe)">funcionario público</a> en troques dalgún beneficio.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Por outra banda, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n_pasiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrupción pasiva (a páxina aínda non existe)">corrupción pasiva</a> só pode ser practicada polo funcionariado público. O simple feito de ofrecer unha proposta ilícita é o suficiente para caracterizar o crime, non sendo necesario que o outro acepte.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A expresión "corrupción sistémica" emprégase cando a práctica da corrupción se torna xeneralizada e abrangue diversos sectores da sociedade, principalmente o goberno e as grandes empresas, de forma que a práctica se torne rutineira ou normal. Noutras palabras, é cando a corrupción se converte en parte do <a href="/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema">sistema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">FERREIRA, A. B. H. <i>Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa</i>. 2ª edición. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boff, Leonardo (15/04/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005164043/http://www.jb.com.br/leonardo-boff/noticias/2012/04/15/corrupcao-crime-contra-a-sociedade/">"Corrupción: crime contra a sociedade"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.com.br/leonardo-boff/noticias/2012/04/15/corrupcao-crime-contra-a-sociedade/">o orixinal</a> o 05 de outubro de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 17 de setembro de 2016</span>. <q>Santo Agostinho explica a etimologia: corrupción é ter um coração (<i>cor</i>) rompido (<i>ruptus</i>) e pervertido.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.aulast=Boff&rft.btitle=Corrupci%C3%B3n%3A+crime+contra+a+sociedade&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jb.com.br%2Fleonardo-boff%2Fnoticias%2F2012%2F04%2F15%2Fcorrupcao-crime-contra-a-sociedade%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, S.D. (1991), <i>Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico</i>. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Senior, I. (2006), <i>Corruption – The World’s Big C.</i>, Institute of Economic Affairs, Londres</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legal_Corruption-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legal_Corruption_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kaufmann, Daniel; Vicente, Pedro (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/Legal_Corruption.pdf">"Legal Corruption"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Bank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Legal+Corruption&rft.au=Vicente%2C+Pedro&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWBIGOVANTCOR%2FResources%2FLegal_Corruption.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (2017-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786316301090">"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"</a>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i> <b>35</b> (3): 252–268. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010">10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Corruption+in+public+projects+and+megaprojects%3A+There+is+an+elephant+in+the+room%21&rft.au=Greco%2C+Marco&rft.au=Mariani%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Sainati%2C+Tristano&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.aulast=Locatelli&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Project+Management&rft.pages=252-268&rft.volume=35&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0263786316301090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2016.09.010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Elliott, Kimberly Ann (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/12/10ie2334.pdf">"Corruption as an international policy problem: overview and recommendations"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institute for International Economics</i> (Washington, DC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Corruption+as+an+international+policy+problem%3A+overview+and+recommendations&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Ann&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+International+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpiie.com%2Fpublications%2Fchapters_preview%2F12%2F10ie2334.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/NGO/Grand_Corruption_definition_with_explanation_19_August_2016_002_1.pdf">"Material on Grand corruption"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Material+on+Grand+corruption&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2FNGO%2FGrand_Corruption_definition_with_explanation_19_August_2016_002_1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alt, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203043655/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/gov2126/files/altlassen.pdf">"Political And Judicial Checks On Corruption: Evidence Fron American State Gobernments"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Projects at Harvard</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projects.iq.harvard.edu/gov2126/files/altlassen.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 03 de decembro de 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Political+And+Judicial+Checks+On+Corruption%3A+Evidence+Fron+American+State+Gobernments&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Projects+at+Harvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projects.iq.harvard.edu%2Fgov2126%2Ffiles%2Faltlassen.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120145500/http://www.u4.no/glossary">"Glossary"</a>. <i>U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u4.no/glossary/">o orixinal</a> o 20 de xaneiro de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de xuño de 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U4+Anti-Corruption+Resource+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u4.no%2Fglossary%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lorena Alcazar, Raul Andrade (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosiscorrupt0000unse"><i>Diagnosis corruption</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosiscorrupt0000unse/page/135">135</a>–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-931003-11-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-931003-11-7">978-1-931003-11-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.au=Lorena+Alcazar%2C+Raul+Andrade&rft.btitle=Diagnosis+corruption&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-931003-11-7&rft.pages=135-136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiagnosiscorrupt0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Znoj, Heinzpeter (2009). "Deep Corruption in Indonesia: Discourses, Practices, Histories". En Monique Nuijten, xerhard Anders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P52bOZFExesC&pg=PA53"><i>Corruption and the secret of law: a legal anthropological perspective</i></a>. <i>Ashgate</i>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-7546-7682-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-7546-7682-9">978-0-7546-7682-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Deep+Corruption+in+Indonesia%3A+Discourses%2C+Practices%2C+Histories&rft.aufirst=Heinzpeter&rft.aulast=Znoj&rft.btitle=Corruption+and+the+secret+of+law%3A+a+legal+anthropological+perspective&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7682-9&rft.pages=53-54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP52bOZFExesC%26pg%3DPA53&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Legvold, Robert (2009). "Corruption, the Criminalized State, and Post-Soviet Transitions". En Robert I. Rotberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rRCB7qYuwMC&pg=PA197"><i>Corruption, global security, and world orde</i></a>. <i>Brookings Institution</i>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8157-0329-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8157-0329-7">978-0-8157-0329-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Corruption%2C+the+Criminalized+State%2C+and+Post-Soviet+Transitions&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Legvold&rft.btitle=Corruption%2C+global+security%2C+and+world+orde&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0329-7&rft.pages=197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rRCB7qYuwMC%26pg%3DPA197&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Merle, Jean-Christophe, ed. (2013). "Global Challenges to Liberal Democracy". <i>Spheres of Global Justice</i> <b>1</b>: 812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Global+Challenges+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spheres+of+Global+Justice&rft.pages=812&rft.volume=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pogge, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211060650/http://thomaspogge.com/publications-on-global-justice/">"Severe Poverty as a Violation of Negative Duties"</a>. <i>thomaspogge.com</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomaspogge.com/publications-on-global-justice/">o orixinal</a> o 11/02/2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 8/2/2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Severe+Poverty+as+a+Violation+of+Negative+Duties&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Pogge&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thomaspogge.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomaspogge.com%2Fpublications-on-global-justice%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511094729/http://www.tjdft.jus.br/institucional/imprensa/direito-facil/corrupcao-ativa">"Corrupción activa"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tjdft.jus.br/institucional/imprensa/direito-facil/corrupcao-ativa">o orixinal</a> o 11 de maio de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de maio de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=Corrupci%C3%B3n+activa&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tjdft.jus.br%2Finstitucional%2Fimprensa%2Fdireito-facil%2Fcorrupcao-ativa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tjdft.jus.br/institucional/imprensa/direito-facil/corrupcao-pasiva">"Corrupción Pasiva"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 10 de maio de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=Corrupci%C3%B3n+Pasiva&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tjdft.jus.br%2Finstitucional%2Fimprensa%2Fdireito-facil%2Fcorrupcao-pasiva&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ligaz%C3%B3ns_mortas" title="Wikipedia:Ligazóns mortas">Ligazón morta permanente</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recantodasletras.com.br/pensamentos/1412975">"Recanto das letras"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 11 de maio de 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACorrupci%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=Recanto+das+letras&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recantodasletras.com.br%2Fpensamentos%2F1412975&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:  <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Corruption" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Corruption">Corrupción</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"><img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Éric Alt, Irène Luc, <i>La lutte contre la corruption</i>, collection <i>Que-sais-je ?</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 3258, 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books/about/Controlling_Corruption.html?id=ak8xdW1sY4sC&redir_esc">Robert Klitgaard. Controlling Corruption</a> University of California Press 978-0-520-91118-5</li> <li><i>Diccionario razonado de legislación y jurisprudencia</i>, Joaquín Escriche, 1847</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Corrupción política">Corrupción política</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas_contra_a_Corrupci%C3%B3n" title="Convención das Nacións Unidas contra a Corrupción">Convención das Nacións Unidas contra a Corrupción</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupci%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/04-56163_S.pdf">Texto da convención das Nacións Unidas contra a corrupción</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNCAC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCAC">UNCAC</a>)</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q366">Q366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Central_de_Florencia" title="Biblioteca Nacional Central de Florencia">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=15326">15326</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011363m">12011363m</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2100030">2100030</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/corruption-law">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1352550">1352550</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032524-6">4032524-6</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jstor.org/topic/moral-corruption">moral-corruption</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94002193">sh94002193</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MAG: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/201342494">201342494</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01190265">01190265</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121881">ph121881</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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