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</li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unique_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unique_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Unique laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unique_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Longyearbyen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لونغييربين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لونغييربين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonqyirbyuen" title="Lonqyirbyuen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lonqyirbyuen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B9%D1%96%D1%80" title="Лонгйір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лонгйір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лонгирбюен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лонгирбюен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Лонгьир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лонгьир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Λόνγκγιαρμπιεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λόνγκγιαρμπιεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Лонгйирбюен ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лонгйирбюен ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لونگ‌یربین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لونگ‌یربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearb%C3%BDur" title="Longyearbýur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Longyearbýur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%B1%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%97%94" title="롱이어비엔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롱이어비엔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Լոնգյիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնգյիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Лонгйир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лонгйир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לונגיירבין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונגיירבין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლონგირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონგირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Лонгйир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лонгйир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longj%C4%93rb%C4%ABene" title="Longjērbīene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Longjērbīene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjyrbienas" title="Longjyrbienas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Longjyrbienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%98%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Лонгјир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лонгјир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لونجييربين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لونجييربين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لانگیربین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لانگیربین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ロングイェールビーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロングイェールビーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyirbiyen_shahri" title="Longyirbiyen shahri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Longyirbiyen shahri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لانګیربین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لانګیربین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Лонгйир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лонгйир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лонгјербијен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лонгјербијен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லாங்யியர்பியன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாங்யியர்பியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ลองเยียร์เบียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลองเยียร์เบียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%27%D1%97%D1%80" title="Лонг'їр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лонг'їр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لانگایربین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لانگایربین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%8E" title="朗伊爾城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朗伊爾城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%8E" title="朗伊爾城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朗伊爾城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Longyearbyen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%8E" title="朗伊爾城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朗伊爾城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25923#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Longyearbyen&params=78.22_N_15.65_E_">78°13′N 15°39′E / 78.22°N 15.65°E / 78.22; 15.65</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest settlement and administrative centre of Svalbard, Norway</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Svalbard, Norway</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Longyearbyen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> capital)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:270px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG/270px-08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG/405px-08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG/540px-08_Longyearbyen_prn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1389" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Svalbard_DSCF1400_(23849118591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg/134px-Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg/201px-Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg/268px-Svalbard_DSCF1400_%2823849118591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Svalbard_DSCF1425_(23304828213).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg/134px-Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg/201px-Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg/268px-Svalbard_DSCF1425_%2823304828213%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg/89px-Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg/134px-Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg/178px-Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault_april2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2449" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg/89px-1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg/134px-1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg/178px-1973HDR_Longyearbyen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3451" data-file-height="5173" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG/89px-Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG" decoding="async" width="89" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG/134px-Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG/178px-Telenor_base_stations_Hotellneset_IMG_2413.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="3706" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg/134px-Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg/201px-Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg/268px-Longyearbyen_Nice_Houses_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="689" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg/134px-Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg/201px-Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg/268px-Longyearbyen_Kulturhuset_IMG_2594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg/270px-Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg/405px-Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg/540px-Longyearbyen_unterwegs_in_Longyearbyen_37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2302" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Panoramic, Aurora Borealis, Longyearbyen at night, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Global Seed Vault</a>, Church in Longyearbyen, Bjørndalen base station, houses in Longyearbyen, The Culture House, view of the city.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Longyearbyen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Longyearbyen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/167px-Coat_of_arms_of_NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="240" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Longyearbyen (red) in Svalbard"><img alt="Location of Longyearbyen (red) in Svalbard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/250px-NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/375px-NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg/500px-NO_2100_Longyearbyen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="420" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Longyearbyen (red) in Svalbard</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longyearbyen is located in Arctic"><img alt="Longyearbyen is located in Arctic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg/250px-Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg/375px-Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg/500px-Arctic_Ocean_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="708" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.184%;left:53.969%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Longyearbyen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Longyearbyen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Arctic</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longyearbyen is located in Earth"><img alt="Longyearbyen is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.546%;left:54.343%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Longyearbyen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Longyearbyen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Longyearbyen&params=78_13_N_15_38_E_type:city(1753)_region:NO-21">78°13′N 15°38′E / 78.217°N 15.633°E / 78.217; 15.633</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Island</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 2002</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Fause" title="Lars Fause">Lars Fause</a> (since 2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 km2 (4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,753</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">180/km2 (450/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lokalstyre.no/">www.lokalstyre.no</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Longyearbyen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Urban East Norwegian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈlɔ̀ŋjɛrˌbyːən]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈlɔ̀ŋjɑrˌbyːən]</a>, "Longyear Town") is the world's <a href="/wiki/Northernmost_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Northernmost settlements">northernmost settlement</a> with a population greater than 1,000, and the largest inhabited area of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway. It stretches along the foot of the left <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Longyear_Valley" title="Longyear Valley">Longyear Valley</a> and on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Adventfjorden" title="Adventfjorden">Adventfjorden</a>, the short estuary leading into <a href="/wiki/Isfjorden_(Svalbard)" title="Isfjorden (Svalbard)">Isfjorden</a> on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, the island's broadest inlet. As of 2002 <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_Community_Council" title="Longyearbyen Community Council">Longyearbyen Community Council</a> became an official <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">Norwegian municipality</a>. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Svalbard" title="Governor of Svalbard">Governor of Svalbard</a>. The town's mayor is Arild Olsen.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Known as Longyear City until 1926, the town was established by and named after American <a href="/wiki/John_Munro_Longyear" title="John Munro Longyear">John Munro Longyear</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Coal_Company" title="Arctic Coal Company">Arctic Coal Company</a> started <a href="/wiki/Coal-mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-mining">coal-mining</a> there in 1906. <a href="/wiki/Store_Norske_Spitsbergen_Kulkompani" title="Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani">Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani</a> (SNSK) took over the mining operations in 1916, and still conducts mining. The German <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> almost completely <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zitronella" title="Operation Zitronella">destroyed the town</a> on 8 September 1943, but rebuilding took place after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Historically, Longyearbyen was a <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a>, but most mining operations moved to <a href="/wiki/Sveagruva" title="Sveagruva">Sveagruva</a> during the 1990s, and production ceased in 2017 due to immense financial losses suffered by SNSK since 2014 due to market conditions.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Meanwhile, the town has seen a large increase in <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and research. This includes the arrival of institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Satellite_Station" title="Svalbard Satellite Station">Svalbard Satellite Station</a>. <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Airport,_Longyear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svalbard Airport, Longyear">Svalbard Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Church" title="Svalbard Church">Svalbard Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Svalbardbutikken" title="Svalbardbutikken">Svalbardbutikken</a> department store serve the community. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The Norwegian side of Svalbard announced in January 2021 that it was phasing out coal entirely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/coal-phaseout-reaches-remote-arctic-archipelago-svalbard-norway/">https://www.politico.eu/article/coal-phaseout-reaches-remote-arctic-archipelago-svalbard-norway/</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyear_City_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Longyear_City_1908.jpg/220px-Longyear_City_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Longyear_City_1908.jpg/330px-Longyear_City_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Longyear_City_1908.jpg/440px-Longyear_City_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Longyear City in 1908</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084,_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22,_Advent-Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_N_1572_Bild-1925-084%2C_Polarfahrt_Dampfer_%22M%C3%BCnchen%22%2C_Advent-Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Summer 1925 at Longyearbyen.</figcaption></figure> In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Vesteraalens_Dampskibsselskab" title="Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab">Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab</a> started tours to <a href="/wiki/Hotellneset" title="Hotellneset">Hotellneset</a>. To accommodate tourists, they built a prefabricated hotel, but it was not profitable and was closed after the 1897 season. However, two families overwintered in 1898–99,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 55  and <a href="/wiki/Norway_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway Post">Norway Post</a> operated a post office at Hotellneset from 1897 to 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 104  The first commercially viable coal on Svalbard was harvested by Søren Zakariassen in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 45  In 1901, Bergen-Spitsbergen Kullgrube-kompani started mining coal in <a href="/wiki/Adventtoppen" title="Adventtoppen">Adventtoppen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 46  The American industrialist John Munro Longyear visited Spitsbergen as a tourist in 1901, and met with an expedition prospecting for coal. In 1903 he returned to Spitsbergen, where he met Henrik B. Næss in Adventfjorden, who gave him samples and information on coal fields. Along with his associate <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ayer" title="Frederick Ayer">Frederick Ayer</a>, Longyear bought the Norwegian claims on the west side of Adventfjorden, and expanded the claims significantly the following year. In 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>-based Arctic Coal Company, with Ayer and Longyear as the main shareholders, started mining in Mine 1a, after building docks and housing.<a href="#cite_note-geodef-5">[5]</a> The company had American administration, but mostly Norwegian labourers, and named the town Longyear City.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 46  Coal was transported the 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) from the mine to the port using an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramway</a> built by the aerial cableway company <a href="/wiki/Bleichert" title="Bleichert">Adolf Bleichert & Co.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 148  In 1913, the company started preliminary work to open Mine 2a.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg/220px-NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg/330px-NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg/440px-NOR-2016-Svalbard-Longyearbyen-No_2b_Mine_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption>Mine 2b was mined from 1938 to 1969 and today it is a heritage site.</figcaption></figure> Following financial difficulties during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 46  the mining operations were bought by Store Norske, which was incorporated in Oslo on 30 November 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 119  That year, SNSK built five new barracks, including one that was made into a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 83  SNSK introduced its own money with the approval of <a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norges Bank</a>, consisting entirely of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> at par with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 116  The American community buried their dead at Hotellneset. In 1918, eleven people were killed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> and a graveyard was established in Longyear City.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 64  Two years later, 26 men were killed in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">coal dust</a> explosion in Mine 1. This resulted in the mine being closed<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 46  and the electrification of Mine 2.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  The same year, the first truck was delivered for use in the mining operations.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 69  The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorleif_%C3%98stenstad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorleif Østenstad (page does not exist)">Thorleif Østenstad</a> as Svalbard's first vicar and teacher in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 126  A school was established jointly by the church and SNSK and had an inaugural eight pupils.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 114  The first church in Svalbard opened on 28 August 1921,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 126  and the church's reading room was from then on used as a school.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 114  Longyear City was renamed Longyearbyen in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 85  The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Telecommunications_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Telecommunications Administration">Norwegian Telecommunications Administration</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Coast_radio_station" title="Coast radio station">coast radio station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Radio" title="Svalbard Radio">Svalbard Radio</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Finneset" title="Finneset">Finneset</a> in 1911, which was moved to Longyearbyen in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 149  The town's tourist industry started in 1935, when SS Lyngen started calling regularly during the summer season.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 153  In 1937, SNSK established Sverdrupbyen to house workers for Mine 1b, and operation of the mine started in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 143  In 1938, Longyearbyen's first road was completed, between the town centre and Sverdrupbyen.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 166  Operations at Mine 2b, a different entrance to Mine 2a, started in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen-1924-Coal-Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4787" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The old power station, one of a handful of buildings that survived the Second World War, and the cable centre</figcaption></figure> Svalbard remained unaffected by the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a> in 1940. However, from 1941 the archipelago became of strategic importance in the supply chain between the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>, as well as a source of badly needed coal. The <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Norwegian government-in-exile</a> rejected a Soviet–British occupation;<a href="#cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">[6]</a>: 74  instead the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> started <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Operation Gauntlet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuate</a> Spitsbergen. On 29 August 1941, the entire population of Ny-Ålesund was evacuated to Longyearbyen, and on 3 September 765 people were evacuated from Longyearbyen to Scotland. Later, the last 150 men were also evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 73  With Longyearbyen depopulated, a small German <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strip">air strip</a> were established in <a href="/wiki/Adventdalen" title="Adventdalen">Adventdalen</a>, mostly to provide <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> data. After the British <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fritham" title="Operation Fritham">Operation Fritham</a> regained control of <a href="/wiki/Barentsburg" title="Barentsburg">Barentsburg</a>, the German forces left Longyearbyen without combat.<a href="#cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">[6]</a>: 75  In September 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> dispatched two battleships, <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">Tirpitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst">Scharnhorst</a>, and nine destroyers to bombard Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and <a href="/wiki/Grumant" title="Grumant">Grumant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">[6]</a>: 75  Only four buildings in Longyearbyen survived: the hospital, the power station, an office building, and a residential building. Longyearbyen remained unsettled until the end of the war, with the first ship from the mainland leaving on 27 June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 74  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Second_World_War">Post-Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-Second World War">edit</a>]</div> Plans were laid during the war to ensure a quick reconstruction and restarting of mining. By 1948, coal production had reached the pre-war level of 480,000 tonnes (470,000 long tons; 530,000 short tons) per year.<a href="#cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">[6]</a>: 79  <a href="/wiki/Nybyen" title="Nybyen">Nybyen</a> was established in 1946 and consisted of five barracks, each housing 72 people.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 94  The first issue of <a href="/wiki/Svalbardposten" title="Svalbardposten">Svalbardposten</a> was published in November 1948. Until then, various <a href="/wiki/Wall_newspaper" title="Wall newspaper">wall newspapers</a> had been published irregularly.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 133  In 1949, Longyearbyen received a telephone connection with the mainland via a radio connection between Svalbard Radio and <a href="/wiki/Harstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Harstad">Harstad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 149  In 1949, a farm was built in Longyearbyen to hold cattle (for milk), pigs, and hens.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 37  A local radio station started broadcasting in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 150  The burial ground remained in use until 1950, with 44 people buried.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 65  However, it was discovered that the bodies were failing to <a href="/wiki/Decompose" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompose">decompose</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, and that they could be preserving various <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Bodies have since been sent to the mainland for burial.<a href="#cite_note-nodying-7">[7]</a> The community centre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huset (page does not exist)">Huset</a> opened in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 57  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Longyearbyen_1989.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Longyearbyen_1989.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Longyearbyen_1989.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Longyearbyen in 1989, view from aerial tramway</figcaption></figure> Mining in Mine 1b was terminated in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  but operation in Mine 5 started the following year. Preliminary work on Mine 4 started in 1954, and from 1960 it was used as a reserve mine.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 48  The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Air Force">Norwegian Air Force</a> started serving Longyearbyen with postal flights in the 1950s. In 1959, a man fell seriously ill, so a landing strip was prepared in Adventdalen. From the same year, <a href="/wiki/Braathens_SAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="Braathens SAFE">Braathens SAFE</a> started serving the tundra airport with irregular winter flights.<a href="#cite_note-Tjomsland1996-8">[8]</a>: 154–158  In 1957, a principal was hired at the primary school and a new church was opened on 24 August 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 126  From 1961, the primary school was supplemented by a private <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 114  A branch of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Sparebank" title="Tromsø Sparebank">Tromsø Sparebank</a> opened in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 16  In the 1960s, the town's farm was closed and replaced by industrial liquefaction of <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 86  The first serial-produced <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a> was taken into use in 1961. By 1969, there were 140 registered snowmobiles and only 33 registered cars.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 69  From 1962 to 1984, a recreational centre was run at Sverdrupbyen.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 143  Ordinary operation in Mine 4 started in 1966 but was terminated by 1970,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 48  two years after Mine 2b closed.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  Operations in Mine 6 commenced in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 48  <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television broadcasting</a> equipment was installed in 1969, with the schedule of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation</a> being aired with a two-week delay.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 150  In 1971, a new school building, with a combined primary and lower secondary school, was opened, along with a new gymnasium and a 12.5-meter (41 ft) swimming pool.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 114  The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svalbard_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svalbard Council (page does not exist)">Svalbard Council</a> was established on 1 November 1971. It consisted of 17 non-partisan members who were elected or appointed in three different groups: SNSK employees, government employees and others, although the ratio changed several times.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 134  Operations of Mine 3 started in March 1971<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  and operations in Mine 7 commenced the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 48  In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Norway)" title="Ministry of Trade and Industry (Norway)">Ministry of Trade and Industry</a> bought a third of SNSK. It continued buying additional shares until it reached a 99.94 per cent ownership in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-naering-9">[9]</a> The airport was opened in 1975 and initially provided four weekly services to mainland Norway and semi-weekly services to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 129  In 1978, the community received <a href="/wiki/Satellite_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite communications">satellite communications</a> with the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 150  The same year, an upper secondary program was introduced at the public school.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 114  From 1984, television programmes were broadcast live via satellite.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 150  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Centre_in_Svalbard_(UNIS)_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg/220px-University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg/330px-University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg/440px-University_Centre_in_Svalbard_%28UNIS%29_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a></figcaption></figure> Store Norske underwent a gradual change during the 1980s. Since 1980, Spitsbergen money has been taken out of circulation and replaced with ordinary Norwegian currency.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 116  Mine 6 closed the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 108  From 1982, SNSK permitted private individuals to own and operate cars. By 1990, there were 353 registered cars and 883 snowscooters.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 70  On 1 July 1983, SNSK moved its head office from <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> to Longyearbyen.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 119  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svalbard_Samfunnsdrift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svalbard Samfunnsdrift (page does not exist)">Svalbard Samfunnsdrift</a> (SSD), a limited company that was responsible for public infrastructure and services, was established by SNSK on 1 January 1989. Responsibilities included healthcare, the fire brigade, the kindergarten, roads, rubbish disposal, power production, the water and sewer system, the cinema, cultural activities and the library. Ownership was taken over by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on 1 January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During the 1990s, the authorities started a process to "normalise" Longyearbyen by abolishing the company town scheme and introducing a full range of services, a varied economy and local democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">[6]</a>: 86  Commercial enterprises included a shopping mall replacing SNSK's provision store in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 125  Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> opened a commercial fuel station in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 70  The Svalbard Council changed its regulations from 1993 and allowed parties to run for election.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 136  In a step to increase tourism, Svalbard Polar Hotel opened in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 132  and a year later mining of Mine 3 terminated.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 47  Longyearbyen Community Council was established in 2002, replacing the Svalbard Council and assimilating SSD, and took on many of the responsibilities and the structure of a municipality.<a href="#cite_note-naering-9">[9]</a> This period also saw the rise of a number of scientific establishments. The <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural University of Norway">Agricultural University of Norway</a> had established a primitive seed bank in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 44  The <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a> opened on 6 September 1993 and had 30 students in its inaugural semester.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 164  <a href="/wiki/Telenor_Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenor Mobil">Telenor Mobil</a> established <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> coverage in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 151  and in 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Undersea_Cable_System" title="Svalbard Undersea Cable System">Svalbard Undersea Cable System</a> opened, providing <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cable</a> connection to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Incoherent_Scatter_Scientific_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association">European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association</a> (EISCAT) opened a radar in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 36  followed by Svalbard Satellite Station in 1999<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 141  and the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen-as-of-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5393" data-file-height="3596" /></a><figcaption>View of the central parts of Longyearbyen from <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%A5berget" title="Platåberget">Platåberget</a>. The body of water is <a href="/wiki/Adventfjorden" title="Adventfjorden">Adventfjorden</a> while the valley up to the right is <a href="/wiki/Adventdalen" title="Adventdalen">Adventdalen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen_view_from_the_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Longyearbyen seen from the top of the hill</figcaption></figure> Longyearbyen is in the lower portion of the <a href="/wiki/Longyear_Valley" title="Longyear Valley">Longyear Valley</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Longyear_River" title="Longyear River">Longyear River</a>. The lower parts of the town lie along the southwestern shore of the bay of <a href="/wiki/Adventfjorden" title="Adventfjorden">Adventfjorden</a>, a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7-by-4-kilometer (4+1⁄2 by 2+1⁄2 mi) branch of <a href="/wiki/Isfjorden_(Svalbard)" title="Isfjorden (Svalbard)">Isfjorden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adventfjorden-13">[13]</a> Longyearbyen is on the <a href="/wiki/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Land" title="Nordenskiöld Land">Nordenskiöld Land</a> peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, the largest island of the Svalbard archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-geodef-5">[5]</a> Across the bay lie the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Advent_City" title="Advent City">Advent City</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiorthhamn" title="Hiorthhamn">Hiorthhamn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adventfjorden-13">[13]</a> It is the world's second northernmost town, with all settlements further north (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ny-%C3%85lesund" title="Ny-Ålesund">Ny-Ålesund</a>) being research or meteorological outposts.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is <a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert, Canada</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region" title="Qikiqtaaluk Region">Qikiqtaaluk Region</a> of Nunavut, while the true northernmost settlement in the world is <a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Camp Barneo</a> in April.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Longyearbyen is divided into several neighbourhoods. On the west side of the river, along the bay, lies the port and affiliated utility and industrial services. The western part of this area is called Bykaia and the eastern part Sjøområdet. Above lies Skjæringa, the site of the Governor's offices. Slightly up the valley on the west side lies Gamle Longyearbyen ("Old Longyearbyen") and the church. Even further up lies the graveyard, then Huset and the cinema, and finally Sverdrupbyen. Most of the residential, commercial and cultural institutions are on the east side of the river. Along the bay the area is called Sjøskrenten. Further up lies the university centre and Gruvedalen, the largest residential area. Southwards from there is the main shopping area as well as the town hall. To the east is the residential area Lia and further up Haugen, which is also the location of the school. Furthest up in the valley is Mine 2b and <a href="/wiki/Nybyen" title="Nybyen">Nybyen</a>, which is mostly used as student housing. Westwards out of town towards Hotellneset is the airport and Mine 3. The remaining mines are in Adventdalen, to the east of town.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:678px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longyearbyen in July"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg/670px-Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="670" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg/1005px-Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg/1340px-Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5411" data-file-height="2020" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_panorama_july2011.jpg" title="File:Longyearbyen panorama july2011.jpg"> </a></div>Longyearbyen in July</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen_outskirts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Longyearbyen outskirts</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Svalbard" title="Climate of Svalbard">Svalbard's climate</a> is a polar <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">tundra climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: ET) tempered by the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a>. The west coast of Svalbard is the warmest and wettest part of the archipelago (except for <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island, Norway">Bear Island</a>). This is caused by the convergence of mild and humid air from the south and cold air from the north. Longyearbyen generally has lower <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> than other settlements within the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. Longyearbyen experiences <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> from between 18 April and 23 August (127 days), <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> from 27 October to 15 February (111 days), and civil polar night from 13 November to 29 January. However, due to shading from mountains, the sun is not visible in Longyearbyen until around 8 March.<a href="#cite_note-sunreturns-18">[18]</a> Snow typically covers the town from November to March. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Longyearbyen was 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in July 2020 and the coldest was −46.3 °C (−51.3 °F) in March 1986. Svalbard and Longyearbyen are among the places in the world that have <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">warmed fastest</a> in the latest decades. The 1991–2020 averages show that mean annual temperature in Longyearbyen has increased by 3.6 °C (6.5 °F) since 1961–1990. With the <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> warming, ice formation takes longer in the surrounding waters and thus especially early winter under the polar night warms the fastest due to the shorter ice season. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit">[update]</a>, Longyearbyen is the fastest-warming town in the world. Since 1971, temperatures on Svalbard have risen five times faster than the global average, by roughly four degrees Celsius. Winters now are more than seven degrees C warmer than they were in the 1970s. In 2020, Svalbard recorded its hottest ever temperature, 21.7 °C (71.1 °F), following 111 months of above-average heat. According to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute" title="Norwegian Meteorological Institute">Norwegian Meteorological Institute</a>, annual precipitation on Svalbard has increased by 30 to 45 per cent over the past 50 years, mostly in the form of winter rain. Since 2009, deep permafrost temperatures have increased at rates between 0.06 and 0.15-degree C per year.<a href="#cite_note-SA-2021-19">[19]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert, Canada</a> likely has a lower average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">UV index</a>, Longyearbyen has the lowest recorded average UV index for any current or previously inhabited place on Earth. Between April and September, the UV index typically ranges from 1 to 2, with May, June, and July having the highest UV index of 2. All other months average at 0, giving Longyearbyen a mean UV index of 0.75 over 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-d.o.o-20">[20]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Svalbard Airport Longyearbyen 1991–2020 (28 m, extremes 1975–2022) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.7 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.3 (29.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0 (10.4) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.2 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.5 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.1 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6.3 (20.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.8 (−37.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.7 (−46.7) </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−46.3 (−51.3) </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39.1 (−38.4) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8 (−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.2 (−27.8) </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.6 (−32.1) </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−46.3 (−51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (0.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">212 (8.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteostat<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Longyearbyen (1961–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5 (2.3) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.5 (9.5) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.5 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.0 (−4.0) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0 (−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.0 (−4.0) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.0 (−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10.3 (13.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.8 (−37.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.7 (−46.7) </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−46.3 (−51.3) </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39.1 (−38.4) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8 (−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.2 (−27.8) </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.6 (−32.1) </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−46.3 (−51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (0.87) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (1.10) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (1.14) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (0.63) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (0.71) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (0.94) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (1.18) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (0.98) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (0.75) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (0.87) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (0.98) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">271 (10.66) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">86 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) </th> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">176 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.0 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.3 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #161616; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,102 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #545454; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: nordicvisitor.com<a href="#cite_note-climate1-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UNIS (extremes only)<a href="#cite_note-UNIS-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (sun only)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<a href="#cite_note-d.o.o-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG/220px-Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG/330px-Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG/440px-Longyearbyen_main_street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Tourists visit the main street, with a shopping mall closest and the town hall further down</figcaption></figure> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit">[update]</a>, Longyearbyen had a population of 1,753 people. The largest regional group of Norwegians are from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, who make up more than 40% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-28">[28]</a> Roughly 300 people (16%) are non-Norwegian citizens, with the largest nationalities being from Thailand, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-pop-29">[29]</a> Because of the dominance of the mining industry, the gender distribution is skewed, with 60% of adults being males. Longyearbyen has an over-average share of its population between 25 and 44 years old, but nearly no residents over 66. The number of children in relation to the population is at the national average, but Longyearbyen has significantly fewer teenagers than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-28">[28]</a> As of 2014, Thai people, numbering 120, were the second largest group of residents after Norwegians;<a href="#cite_note-Ahthaichef-30">[30]</a> there were 60 in 2006. Thais first came to Svalbard when men brought their wives from Thailand during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Warmly-31">[31]</a> In 2006, most of the Thai residents worked as cleaners,<a href="#cite_note-Warmly-31">[31]</a> and as of 2011 most stay for terms of two to three years to save funds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2007, 10 students at the <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_School" title="Longyearbyen School">Longyearbyen School</a> were Thai.<a href="#cite_note-Freezer-32">[32]</a> The Thai community is active in numerous cultural events annually and motivated the establishment of a Thai supermarket.<a href="#cite_note-Ahthaichef-30">[30]</a> Longyearbyen experiences a very high <a href="/wiki/Population_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Population mobility">turnover</a>; in 2008, 427 people (23%) moved away from the town.<a href="#cite_note-pop-29">[29]</a> The average person lived in Longyearbyen for 6.3 years, although it is 6.6 years for Norwegians and 4.3 years for foreigners. In 2009, about a quarter of the population had lived in the town since before 2000, and can thus be regarded as its permanent population. The longest-residing people tend to work in the mining industry, followed by local government employees. The shortest tenures are held by students and employees in higher education, tourism and the state.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-28">[28]</a> The turnover has created what the Norwegian government calls a "revolving door society". Most young newcomers leave within seven years, a turnover rate far greater than in any municipality on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-SA-2021-19">[19]</a> 70% of households consist of a single person, compared to 41% on the mainland, giving an average 1.6 people per household. The difference is largely caused by persons working on Svalbard while their family remains on the mainland. Longyearbyen's population is more highly educated than the national average: 54% compared to 43% have upper secondary education and 30% compared to 26% have tertiary education. Among women, 40% have higher education.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leif_Terje_Aunevik,_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_(2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg/220px-Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg/330px-Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg/440px-Leif_Terje_Aunevik%2C_Mayor_of_Longyearbyen_%282024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Leif Terje Aunevik, Mayor of Longyearbyen (2024)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_Community_Council" title="Longyearbyen Community Council">Longyearbyen Community Council</a> has many of the same responsibilities as a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">municipality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naering-9">[9]</a> It is organised with a 15-member council that since 2015 has been led by Mayor Arild Olsen of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The council's main responsibilities are infrastructure and utilities, including power, land-use and community planning, education from kindergarten to upper secondary level and child welfare. It operates three kindergartens in addition to the 13-grade <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_School" title="Longyearbyen School">Longyearbyen School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foreign_info-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen-sykehus-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Longyearbyen hospital</figcaption></figure> No care or nursing services and welfare payments are available. Norwegian residents retain pension and medical rights through their mainland municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_North_Norway" title="University Hospital of North Norway">University Hospital of North Norway</a> operates a clinic, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longyearbyen Hospital (page does not exist)">Longyearbyen Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naering-9">[9]</a> Other public offices with a presence on Longyearbyen are the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_of_Mining" title="Norwegian Directorate of Mining">Norwegian Directorate of Mining</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Tax_Administration" title="Norwegian Tax Administration">Norwegian Tax Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-admin-36">[36]</a> Longyearbyen is subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Nord-Troms_District_Court" title="Nord-Troms District Court">Nord-Troms District Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5logaland_Court_of_Appeal" title="Hålogaland Court of Appeal">Hålogaland Court of Appeal</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a> of 1920 established full Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over the archipelago. The treaty came into effect in 1925, following the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Act" title="Svalbard Act">Svalbard Act</a> that established the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Svalbard" title="Governor of Svalbard">Governor of Svalbard</a>. The governor holds responsibility as both <a href="/wiki/County_governor_(Norway)" title="County governor (Norway)">county governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police" title="Chief of police">chief of police</a>, as well as holding other authority granted from the executive branch. Duties include <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, tourism management, information services, contact with foreign settlements and judge in some areas of maritime inquiries and judicial examinations—albeit never in the same cases as acting as police.<a href="#cite_note-admin-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kjerstin_Askholt" title="Kjerstin Askholt">Kjerstin Askholt</a> has been governor since 2015;<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> she is assisted by a staff of 26 professionals. The institution is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police">Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>, but reports to other ministries in matters within their portfolio.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyeardalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Longyeardalen.jpg/220px-Longyeardalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Longyeardalen.jpg/330px-Longyeardalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Longyeardalen.jpg/440px-Longyeardalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Upper part of the Longyear Valley, with the buildings of Sverdrupbyen to the left, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huset (page does not exist)">Huset</a> to the right and an aerial tramway in the background</figcaption></figure> Because of the special treaty status of Svalbard, Longyearbyen is subject to Norwegian legislation, but citizens of any signatory country may conduct commercial activities and live in town.<a href="#cite_note-treaty-41">[41]</a> However, people without a source of income can be rejected by the governor.<a href="#cite_note-residence-42">[42]</a> The treaty limits Norway's right to collect taxes to that of financing services on Svalbard. Therefore, Longyearbyen has a lower <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> than mainland Norway, and there is no <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a>. The treaty has resulted in Longyearbyen being a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a><a href="#cite_note-treaty-41">[41]</a> and it is not part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> nor of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> like the rest of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Starting with the <a href="/wiki/2023_Norwegian_local_elections" title="2023 Norwegian local elections">2023 Norwegian local elections</a>, voters for the Longyearbyen community council must have previously resided in mainland Norway for at least 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Previously, foreign citizens who had lived in Longyearbyen itself for 3 years had also been allowed to vote, with the rule change <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchising</a> a significant percentage of the settlement's population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unique_laws">Unique laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unique laws">edit</a>]</div> Due to its remoteness, Longyearbyen has laws that are found in few, if any, other places in the world. Notable examples of such laws include a ban on cats, a restriction on the amount of alcohol an individual can purchase each month, and a requirement that any individuals venturing outside carry a rifle for protection against polar bears.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> While it is popularly claimed that it is illegal to die in Longyearbyen, the wording of this claim is misleading. While it is not actually illegal to die in the town, there are no options for burial of bodies there (ashes can be buried with permission from the government) and residents considered terminally ill are typically required to move to the mainland. The decision to disallow burials came in 1950, when it was discovered that the bodies of residents who had died as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a> had not begun to decompose. Today, scientists are concerned that these corpses, preserved by <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> may still harbor live strains of the virus responsible for killing between 1% and 6% of the world's population during the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> The community council runs a number of cultural activities, such as a cinema, a youth club, a library and a gallery.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Church" title="Svalbard Church">Svalbard Church</a> of the Church of Norway has the entire archipelago as its parish. The congregational hall is 126 m2 (1,360 sq ft) while the sitting room is 112 m2 (1,210 sq ft). The church is built in <a href="/wiki/Half-timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timber">half-timber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 126  There are two museums in town, Svalbard Museum<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen_Airship_Museum" title="Spitsbergen Airship Museum">Spitsbergen Airship Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solfest.no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solfest.no (page does not exist)">Solfestuka</a> ("Sun Festival Week") takes place each year during the week surrounding 8 March, the date sunlight is first visible in most of the town after the polar night that began the previous October (the first official sunrise is usually 16 February, but most of the town is still in shadow due to the surrounding mountains).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dark_Season_Blues" title="Dark Season Blues">Dark Season Blues</a> has been held annually in October since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polarjazz" title="Polarjazz">Polarjazz</a> has been held in late January/early February since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Twenty residents of the town are members of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104021644/http://www.liverpool.no/Liverbirds/Svalbard/Liverbirds-Svalbard.aspx">Liverbirds Svalbard</a> and regularly meet in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svalbar.no/">Svalbar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128012555/http://svalbar.no/">Archived</a> 28 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on match days during the winter months. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Film_Festival" title="Arctic Film Festival">Arctic Film Festival</a> is a film festival held annually in the city's screening venue, Kulturhuset.<a href="#cite_note-FilmFreeway-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> The town's sole known organised sports club is <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Turn" title="Svalbard Turn">Svalbard Turn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 139  Svalbardhallen is an indoor sport centre that includes a multi-sport hall large enough for <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> or three <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> courts, a shooting range, a climbing wall and a 25-meter (82 ft) swimming pool.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 155  The town has no outdoor sports fields, and there are no known cases of a senior team in any indoor or outdoor sport participating in a national Norwegian competition (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Cup">Norwegian Cup</a>). An under-16 boys <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> team representing Svalbard Turn, played in the small 2-day <a href="/wiki/Per_Bredesen" title="Per Bredesen">Per Bredesen</a> Cup in <a href="/wiki/Horten" title="Horten">Horten</a> in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Beyond the walls of Svalbardhallen, the websites of Svalbard Turn claim they host the Spitsbergen Marathon, the Svalbard Skimaraton (42.0km freestyle, though many participants use classic style),<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and an annual <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a> race. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Svalbardposten" title="Svalbardposten">Svalbardposten</a> is a weekly newspaper published on Friday. Printing takes place in Tromsø and the majority of subscribers live on the mainland. Icepeople, an alternative newspaper in English, is also published weekly.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 133  For television, an edited feed of <a href="/wiki/NRK1" title="NRK1">NRK1</a> began airing in 1969 on a 2-week delay; the broadcasts did not accomplish live broadcasting until 22 December 1984,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> which in turn resulted in Svalbard being added to the national newscasts' weather reports. <a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a> pay-TV satellite signals have effectively been receivable since the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Digital" title="Canal Digital">Canal Digital</a> signals became publicly available in mainland Norway.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> For radio, <a href="/wiki/NRK_P1" title="NRK P1">NRK P1</a><a href="#cite_note-P1AM-61">[61]</a> (most likely the <a href="/wiki/Troms_and_Finnmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Troms and Finnmark">Troms and Finnmark</a> opt-out), <a href="/wiki/P4_Radio_Hele_Norge" title="P4 Radio Hele Norge">P4 (Norway)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Norge" title="Radio Norge">Radio Norge</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> have been known to be available. As of July 2020, the Skjæringa mast was the only known remaining <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> AM (or any AM range) broadcaster of an NRK station.<a href="#cite_note-P1AM-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/DAB_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB radio">DAB radio</a> broadcasting began in August or September 2016,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> followed by FM radio shutting down in December 2017. Only the NRK DAB network with 13 stations was planned to be set up as of February 2016;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the status for the commercial stations' DAB network (incl. P4 and Radio Norge) is unclear. Fiber broadband is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Undersea_Cable_System" title="Svalbard Undersea Cable System">Svalbard Undersea Cable System</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Arctic Outpost Radio AM1270 is an <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet station</a> since 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a> Cal Lockwood<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record#78_rpm_materials" title="Phonograph record">78 rpm records</a>, who claims to broadcast to the town on the medium wave 1270 kHz,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[a]</a> whose website<a href="#cite_note-aor.am-69">[68]</a> and its old hosting website<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> are registered at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. Only one individual claimed to have actually received the AM broadcast when he was in Longyearbyen in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The best way to listen to Arctic Outpost from long distance. Listen to us via the iOS & Android TuneIn apps, Desktop player, or Sonos speakers. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Arctic Outpost Radio website<a href="#cite_note-aor.am-69">[68]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%9C.%D0%90.%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD.%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F.2014%D0%B3.%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC.,%D1%81%D0%BC.%D1%82.21%D1%8529,7.--.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%9C.%D0%90.%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD.%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F.2014%D0%B3.%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC.%2C%D1%81%D0%BC.%D1%82.21%D1%8529%2C7.--.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%9C.%D0%90.%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD.%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F.2014%D0%B3.%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC.%2C%D1%81%D0%BC.%D1%82.21%D1%8529%2C7.--.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%9C.%D0%90.%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD.%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80.%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F.2014%D0%B3.%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC.%2C%D1%81%D0%BC.%D1%82.21%D1%8529%2C7.--.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Old coal filling station. Drawing by Max Presnyakov, 2014.</figcaption></figure> Coal production peaked in 2007 at 4.1 million tonnes, and reduced to 1.1 million tonnes in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ssb2016-73">[72]</a> The only mining still taking place in Longyearbyen is at Mine 7, 15 kilometers (9 mi) up Adventdalen. In 2012 it produced 70,000 tonnes (69,000 long tons; 77,000 short tons) of coal annually, of which 25,000 tonnes (25,000 long tons; 28,000 short tons) is used to fuel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyear_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longyear Power Station (page does not exist)">Longyear Power Station</a>, Norway's <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway#Electricity_generation" title="Energy in Norway">only</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power station">coal-fueled power station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssb2016-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The power station was scheduled for a NOK 60 million maintenance work, and the local authorities decided a NOK 40 million upgrade of the diesel power plant instead.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Most of Store Norske's production was done at <a href="/wiki/Sveagruva" title="Sveagruva">Sveagruva</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Van_Mijenfjorden" title="Van Mijenfjorden">Van Mijenfjorden</a>, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Longyearbyen. No roads connect the communities;<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> instead, workers lived in dormitories in Svea until it closed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Seventy per cent commute home to the mainland while thirty per cent commute to Longyearbyen. Mining has not been profitable and Store Norske relies on state subsidies to retain production.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Svalbard fisheries have witnessed an unforeseen consequence of global warming: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chionoecetes" title="Chionoecetes">snow crabs</a>, fleeing warmer waters to the south, are heading north to Svalbard, swelling the local catch. In the decade of the 2020s, Norway values its Svalbard fishing trade at about US$94 million annually.<a href="#cite_note-SA-2021-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a> (UNIS) has 350 students and a permanent faculty of 40 professors and assistants and 120 guest lecturers. UNIS does not offer degrees, but instead offers semester courses in biology, physics and geology. Student housing is at Nybyen. The college is part of the 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft) Svalbard Science Centre, which also features the Norwegian Polar Institute, EISCAT and Svalbard Science Forum.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In 2006, about 9,000 research days were spent in Longyearbyen, most of which were by Norwegians. This made Longyearbyen the second-largest research outpost on Svalbard, marginally below Ny-Ålesund. In contrast, Longyearbyen has almost only Norwegian research, while Ny-Ålesund is roughly evenly split between Norwegian and foreign.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg/220px-Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg/330px-Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg/440px-Kjell_henriksen_observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/EISCAT" title="EISCAT">EISCAT</a> radar</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Satellite_Station" title="Svalbard Satellite Station">Svalbard Satellite Station</a> was built because of Longyearbyen's excellent location to download data from satellites in <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%A5berget" title="Platåberget">Platåberget</a> above Hotellneset, it was built as a cooperation between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Space Centre">Norwegian Space Centre</a>, but has since 2001 been operated by <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_Satellite_Services" title="Kongsberg Satellite Services">Kongsberg Satellite Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> EISCAT operates an <a href="/wiki/Incoherent_scatter" title="Incoherent scatter">incoherent scatter</a> radar to study the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">northern lights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 36  The <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a>, administered by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Crop_Diversity_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Crop Diversity Trust">Global Crop Diversity Trust</a>, is a secure underground facility capable of storing millions of crop seeds. The facility has been designed to protect against natural and human disasters, including global warming, floods and fires and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>. The site was chosen for a number of factors including its remoteness, sound geology and the ambient temperature of the permafrost.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Longyearbyen is the centre of tourism on the archipelago, although most tourism is generated based on natural experiences rather than visiting the town itself. However, Longyearbyen does provide supplies (including <a href="/wiki/Svalbardbutikken" title="Svalbardbutikken">Svalbardbutikken</a>, the area's only grocery store), accommodation and several museums. In 2008, Longyearbyen experienced 89,000 guest-nights, up from 30,000 in 1995. The average guest stayed 2.2 nights and 60 per cent of the capacity was used by tourists. About 40,000 tourists flew into Longyearbyen. Two-thirds of the tourists come from Norway. In 2007, the tourism industry had a revenue of NOK 291 million and produced 200-man-years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The Svalbard society received NOK 380 million in public funding in 2008, which increased to 650 million in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ssb2016-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg/220px-Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg/330px-Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg/440px-Longyearbyen_skole_IMG_2955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3798" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_School" title="Longyearbyen School">Longyearbyen School</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg/220px-Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg/330px-Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg/440px-Taubanen_Longyeabyen_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Until 1987, a series of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramways</a> were used to haul coal from the mines to the port</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIS01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UNIS01.jpg/220px-UNIS01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UNIS01.jpg/330px-UNIS01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UNIS01.jpg/440px-UNIS01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a> (UNIS)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_School" title="Longyearbyen School">Longyearbyen School</a> serves ages 6–18. It is the northernmost primary and secondary school in the world.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Once pupils reach ages 16 or 17 many families move to mainland Norway. There is a non-degree-offering tertiary educational institution in Longyearbyen,<a href="#cite_note-Freezer-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre in Svalbard</a> (UNIS), co-located with the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Museum" title="Svalbard Museum">Svalbard Museum</a>, Svalbard Science Forum.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The Czech Arctic Research Station is also based in Longyearbyen and provides facilities for researchers and students not only from the Czech Republic but from all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> Longyearbyen has a road network stretching 50 kilometers (30 mi),<a href="#cite_note-lovogrett-88">[87]</a> but the network does not extend to any other communities.<a href="#cite_note-Umbreit2005-89">[88]</a>: 63–67  In 2008 there were 1,481 registered road vehicles and 49 per cent of all households had a car.<a href="#cite_note-lovogrett-88">[87]</a> Cars are registered with ZN registration plates.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 70  There is a single dealer who sells Toyotas, Svalbard Auto, which is also one of two businesses providing repairs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">Snowmobiles</a> are a popular mode of transport, and there are more snowmobiles than residents. In 2008, there were registered 2,672 snowmobiles, and 69 per cent of households owned at least one in Longyearbyen.<a href="#cite_note-lovogrett-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Off-road" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-road">Off-road</a> motorised transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (45 km or 28 mi) and <a href="/wiki/Pyramiden" title="Pyramiden">Pyramiden</a> (100 km or 62 mi) is possible by snowmobile in winter, or by ship year round.<a href="#cite_note-Umbreit2005-89">[88]</a>: 63–67  <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Airport,_Longyear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svalbard Airport, Longyear">Svalbard Airport, Longyear</a> is at Hotellneset, 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) northwest of town. It has a 2,483-meter (8,146 ft) long runway and is the only airport that is permitted to serve aircraft from the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-info-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-luftfart-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a> operates daily flights to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and there are irregular flights to Russia. <a href="/wiki/Lufttransport" title="Lufttransport">Lufttransport</a> operates regular charter services to <a href="/wiki/Svea_Airport" title="Svea Airport">Svea Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ny-%C3%85lesund_Airport,_Hamnerabben" title="Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben">Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben</a>. Arktikugol operates helicopters to Barentsburg and <a href="/wiki/Pyramiden" title="Pyramiden">Pyramiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-luftfart-92">[91]</a> There are two quays in Longyearbyen, one for the export of coal and one for general goods.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> From 1907 to 1987, the mining companies operated a network of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">aerial tramways</a> to transport coal from the mines to the port.<a href="#cite_note-Holm-1999-4">[4]</a>: 148  In the years 1907–1908 the then worldwide leading German wire ropeways company, <a href="/wiki/Bleichert" title="Bleichert">Adolf Bleichert & Co.</a> from Lipsia, built a material cableway from mine 1 to the ship's loading station, which was later supplemented by a cableway to mine 2. The remains of these wire ropeways and later successors to other mines are still visible today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_northernmost_settlements" title="List of northernmost settlements">List of northernmost settlements</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> 1270 kHz, is an <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave#Spectrum_and_channel_allocation" title="Medium wave">unallocated</a> frequency in the <a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU region 2</a> spacing where Svalbard is located. Either 1269 kHz in zone 2 as in Europe or 1270 kHz in zone 1 as in North America. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Longyearbyen">"Longyearbyen"</a>. Store Norske Leksikon. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+Norske+Leksikon&rft.atitle=Longyearbyen&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FLongyearbyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203053200/https://svalbardposten.no/nyheter/kvinne-valgt-av-folket">"SvalbardPosten"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svalbardposten.no/nyheter/kvinne-valgt-av-folket">the original</a> on 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SvalbardPosten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvalbardposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Fkvinne-valgt-av-folket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icepeople.net/2017/10/12/final-closure-government-recommends-permanent-shutdown-of-mining-at-svea-lunckefjell/">"Final Closure: Government recommends permanent shutdown of mining at Svea, Lunckefjell | icepeople"</a>. icepeople. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803104643/http://icepeople.net/2017/10/12/final-closure-government-recommends-permanent-shutdown-of-mining-at-svea-lunckefjell/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icepeople&rft.atitle=Final+Closure%3A+Government+recommends+permanent+shutdown+of+mining+at+Svea%2C+Lunckefjell+%7C+icepeople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficepeople.net%2F2017%2F10%2F12%2Ffinal-closure-government-recommends-permanent-shutdown-of-mining-at-svea-lunckefjell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holm-1999-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm-1999_4-74">bw</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holm, Kari (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008090100031">Longyearbyen – Svalbard: historisk veiviser</a> [Longyearbyen, Svalbard: Historical Guide] (in Norwegian). K. Holm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-992142-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/82-992142-4-6"><bdi>82-992142-4-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520132718/https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008090100031">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longyearbyen+%E2%80%93+Svalbard%3A+historisk+veiviser&rft.pub=K.+Holm&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=82-992142-4-6&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.no%2Fitems%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2008090100031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geodef-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geodef_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geodef_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120034651/http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=08560A">"Longyearbyen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=08560A">the original</a> on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longyearbyen&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiljo.npolar.no%2Fplacenames%2Fpages%2Fdetailn.asp%3FplaceNameID%3D08560A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlov-1994-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arlov-1994_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlov-1994_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlov-1994_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlov-1994_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlov-1994_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArlov1994" class="citation book cs1">Arlov, Thor B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007032002001">A Short History of Svalbard</a>. Oslo: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-90307-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/82-90307-55-1"><bdi>82-90307-55-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601155520/https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007032002001">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Svalbard&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=82-90307-55-1&rft.aulast=Arlov&rft.aufirst=Thor+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007032002001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nodying-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nodying_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2008" class="citation news cs1">Bartlett, Duncan (12 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7501691.stm">"Why dying is forbidden in the Arctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303142720/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7501691.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+dying+is+forbidden+in+the+Arctic&rft.date=2008-07-12&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F7501691.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tjomsland1996-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Tjomsland1996_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjomslandWilsberg1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tjomsland, Audun; Wilsberg, Kjell (1996). Braathens SAFE 50 år: Mot alle odds (in Norwegian). Oslo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-990400-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/82-990400-1-9"><bdi>82-990400-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braathens+SAFE+50+%C3%A5r%3A+Mot+alle+odds&rft.place=Oslo&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=82-990400-1-9&rft.aulast=Tjomsland&rft.aufirst=Audun&rft.au=Wilsberg%2C+Kjell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-naering-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naering_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naering_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naering_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naering_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/9.html?id=554987">"9 Næringsvirksomhet"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9+N%C3%A6ringsvirksomhet&rft.btitle=St.meld.+nr.+22+%282008%E2%80%932009%29%3A+Svalbard&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Justice+and+the+Police&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Fjd%2Fdok%2Fregpubl%2Fstmeld%2F2008-2009%2Fstmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-%2F9.html%3Fid%3D554987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/7.html?id=456920">"Industrial, mining and commercial activities"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrial%2C+mining+and+commercial+activities&rft.btitle=Report+No.+9+to+the+Storting+%281999%E2%80%932000%29%3A+Svalbard&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Justice+and+the+Police&rft.date=1999-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fen%2Fdep%2Fjd%2Fdocuments-and-publications%2FReports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers%2FReports-to-the-Storting%2F19992000%2Freport-no-9-to-the-storting-%2F7.html%3Fid%3D456920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjesteland2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gjesteland, Eirik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123547/http://www.telektronikk.com/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_140-152.pdf">"Technical solution and implementation of the Svalbard fibre cable"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svalbard+Global+Seed+Vault%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Government.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fen%2Fdep%2Flmd%2Fcampain%2Fsvalbard-global-seed-vault%2Ffrequently-asked-questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adventfjorden-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adventfjorden_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventfjorden_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802212220/http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P">"Adventfjorden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. 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FilmFreeway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064030/https://filmfreeway.com/ArcticFilmFestival">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FilmFreeway&rft.atitle=Arctic+Film+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmfreeway.com%2FArcticFilmFestival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.visitsvalbard.com/whats-on/arctic-film-festival-svalbard-p5040593">"Arctic Film Festival, Svalbard – Festival in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Svalbard&rft.atitle=Arctic+Film+Festival%2C+Svalbard+%E2%80%93+Festival+in+Longyearbyen%2C+Spitsbergen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.visitsvalbard.com%2Fwhats-on%2Farctic-film-festival-svalbard-p5040593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gjengangeren.no/ingen-flytter-til-svalbard-for-a-bli-gode-fotballspillere/s/5-60-516420">"–Ingen flytter til Svalbard for å bli gode fotballspillere"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gjengangeren" title="Gjengangeren">Gjengangeren</a> (in Norwegian Bokmål). 10 March 2020. 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Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.instagram.com&rft.atitle=Instagram%3A+Cal_Lockwood+-+Music+Director+and+broadcast+host+on+Arctic+Outpost+Radio+AM1270.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fcal_lockwood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aor.am/">"Spinning the 78's | Arctic Outpost Radio AM1270"</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinning+the+78%27s+%7C+Arctic+Outpost+Radio+AM1270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aor.am%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aor.am-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aor.am_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aor.am_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whois.domaintools.com/aor.am">"aor.am WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools"</a>. whois.domaintools.com. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whois.domaintools.com&rft.atitle=aor.am+WHOIS%2C+DNS%2C+%26+Domain+Info+-+DomainTools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhois.domaintools.com%2Faor.am&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordiclodgeradio.com/arctic-outpost">"ARCTIC OUTPOST"</a>. nordic-lodge-radio. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordic-lodge-radio&rft.atitle=ARCTIC+OUTPOST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordiclodgeradio.com%2Farctic-outpost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whois.domaintools.com/nordiclodgeradio.com">"NordicLodgeRadio.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools"</a>. whois.domaintools.com. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whois.domaintools.com&rft.atitle=NordicLodgeRadio.com+WHOIS%2C+DNS%2C+%26+Domain+Info+-+DomainTools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhois.domaintools.com%2Fnordiclodgeradio.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbatini2020" class="citation web cs1">Sabbatini, Mark (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icepeople.net/2020/04/06/feverishly-cool-arctic-outpost-radio-am1270-hosted-by-local-man-of-mystery-cal-lockwood-goes-from-three-followers-to-40000-in-hours-due-to-viral-reaction-fromportugal/">"FEVERISHLY COOL: Arctic Outpost Radio AM1270 hosted by local man of mystery Cal Lockwood goes from three 'followers' to 40,000 in hours due to viral reaction from…Portugal?!"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+information+for+ENSB&rft.pub=Avinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippc.no%2Fnorway_aip%2Fcurrent%2FAIP%2FAD%2FENSB%2FEN_AD_2_ENSB_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-luftfart-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luftfart_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luftfart_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/11.html?id=555023">"11 Sjø og luft – transport, sikkerhet, redning og beredskap"</a>. St.meld. nr. 22 (2008–2009): Svalbard. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police">Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>. 17 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005651/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/11.html?id=555023">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11+Sj%C3%B8+og+luft+%E2%80%93+transport%2C+sikkerhet%2C+redning+og+beredskap&rft.btitle=St.meld.+nr.+22+%282008%E2%80%932009%29%3A+Svalbard&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Justice+and+the+Police&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Fjd%2Fdok%2Fregpubl%2Fstmeld%2F2008-2009%2Fstmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-%2F11.html%3Fid%3D555023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvinor" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Avinor" title="Avinor">Avinor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214207/http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables">"Destinations from Svalbard Airport, Longyear"</a> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables">the original</a> on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Destinations+from+Svalbard+Airport%2C+Longyear&rft.au=Avinor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avinor.no%2Fen%2Fairport%2Fsvalbard%2Ftimetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Mapping_and_Cadastre_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority">Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority</a> (1990): 232 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Mapping_Authority1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Mapping_Authority" title="Norwegian Mapping Authority">Norwegian Mapping Authority</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007090704017">Sailing directions, travellers' guide, Svalbard and Jan Mayen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_norske_los" title="Den norske los">Den norske los</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-90653-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/82-90653-06-9"><bdi>82-90653-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+directions%2C+travellers%27+guide%2C+Svalbard+and+Jan+Mayen&rft.series=Den+norske+los&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=82-90653-06-9&rft.au=Norwegian+Mapping+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007090704017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStange2012" class="citation book cs1">Stange, Rolf (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/?p=8434">Spitsbergen – Svalbard. A complete guide around the arctic archipelago</a>. Rolf Stange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937903-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937903-14-9"><bdi>978-3-937903-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitsbergen+%E2%80%93+Svalbard.+A+complete+guide+around+the+arctic+archipelago&rft.pub=Rolf+Stange&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-937903-14-9&rft.aulast=Stange&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spitsbergen-svalbard.com%2F%3Fp%3D8434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongyearbyen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Longyearbyen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Longyearbyen#Q25923" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lokalstyre.no/">Longyearbyen Community Council</a> (in Norwegian)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, Perm Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>4 A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Svalbard" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Svalbard_topics" title="Template:Svalbard topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Svalbard_topics" title="Template talk:Svalbard topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Svalbard_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Svalbard topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Svalbard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Svalbard" title="Agriculture in Svalbard">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Svalbard" title="Archaeology of Svalbard">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Svalbard" title="Cannabis in Svalbard">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Svalbard" title="Outline of Svalbard">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Svalbard" title="Economy of Svalbard">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Svalbard" title="Geography of Svalbard">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newtontoppen" title="Newtontoppen">Newtontoppen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Svalbard" title="List of museums in Svalbard">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Svalbard" title="Transport in Svalbard">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_in_fiction" title="Svalbard in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Act" title="Svalbard Act">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_Community_Council" title="Longyearbyen Community Council">Longyearbyen Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Svalbard" title="Governor of Svalbard">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Svalbard" title="Visa policy of Svalbard">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barentsburg" title="Barentsburg">Barentsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopen_Radio" title="Hopen Radio">Hopen Radio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longyearbyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-%C3%85lesund" title="Ny-Ålesund">Ny-Ålesund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ny-%C3%85lesund" title="History of Ny-Ålesund">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Polar_Station,_Hornsund" title="Polish Polar Station, Hornsund">Isbjørnhamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveagruva" title="Sveagruva">Sveagruva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_City" title="Advent City">Advent City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6lsche%C3%B8ya" title="Bölscheøya">Bölscheøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finneset" title="Finneset">Finneset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A5shamna" title="Gåshamna">Gåshamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumant" title="Grumant">Grumant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiorthhamn" title="Hiorthhamn">Hiorthhamn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfjord_Radio" title="Isfjord Radio">Isfjord Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobbefjorden" title="Kobbefjorden">Kobbefjorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6gerneset" title="Lægerneset">Lægerneset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-London" title="Ny-London">Ny-London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramiden" title="Pyramiden">Pyramiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgohamna" title="Virgohamna">Virgohamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytre_Norsk%C3%B8ya" title="Ytre Norskøya">Ytre Norskøya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Svalbard" title="Environment of Svalbard">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Svalbard" title="Climate of Svalbard">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Svalbard" title="Flora of Svalbard">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Svalbard" title="List of protected areas of Svalbard">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Island_(Spitsbergen)" title="Amsterdam Island (Spitsbergen)">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents%C3%B8ya" title="Barentsøya">Barentsøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island (Norway)">Bear Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_Island" title="Danes Island">Danes Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge%C3%B8ya" title="Edgeøya">Edgeøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopen_(Svalbard)" title="Hopen (Svalbard)">Hopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Karls_Land" title="Kong Karls Land">Kong Karls Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongs%C3%B8ya" title="Kongsøya">Kongsøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvit%C3%B8ya" title="Kvitøya">Kvitøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5g%C3%B8ya" title="Lågøya">Lågøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordaustlandet" title="Nordaustlandet">Nordaustlandet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prins_Karls_Forland" title="Prins Karls Forland">Prins Karls Forland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sju%C3%B8yane" title="Sjuøyane">Sjuøyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svensk%C3%B8ya" title="Svenskøya">Svenskøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Svalbard)" title="Thousand Islands (Svalbard)">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Island" title="Wilhelm Island">Wilhelm Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Spitsbergen</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_Land" title="Albert I Land">Albert I Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Land_(Svalbard)" title="Andrée Land (Svalbard)">Andrée Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCnsow_Land" title="Bünsow Land">Bünsow Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Land" title="Dickson Land">Dickson Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_Land" title="Haakon VII Land">Haakon VII Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heer_Land" title="Heer Land">Heer Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_I_Land" title="James I Land">James I Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathorst_Land" title="Nathorst Land">Nathorst Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Land" title="Nordenskiöld Land">Nordenskiöld Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ny-Friesland" title="Ny-Friesland">Ny-Friesland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olav_V_Land" title="Olav V Land">Olav V Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_Land" title="Oscar II Land">Oscar II Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Land" title="Sabine Land">Sabine Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rkapp_Land" title="Sørkapp Land">Sørkapp Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torell_Land" title="Torell Land">Torell Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedel_Jarlsberg_Land" title="Wedel Jarlsberg Land">Wedel Jarlsberg Land</a></dd> <dt>Nordaustlandet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Land" title="Gustav Adolf Land">Gustav Adolf Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gustav_V_Land" title="Gustav V Land">Gustav V Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orvin_Land" title="Orvin Land">Orvin Land</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Norway" title="List of national parks of Norway">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlandet_National_Park" title="Forlandet National Park">Forlandet National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indre_Wijdefjorden_National_Park" title="Indre Wijdefjorden National Park">Indre Wijdefjorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Land_National_Park" title="Nordenskiöld Land National Park">Nordenskiöld Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordre_Isfjorden_National_Park" title="Nordre Isfjorden National Park">Nordre Isfjorden Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordvest-Spitsbergen_National_Park" title="Nordvest-Spitsbergen National Park">Northwest Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassen%E2%80%93B%C3%BCnsow_Land_National_Park" title="Sassen–Bünsow Land National Park">Sassen–Bünsow Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Spitsbergen_National_Park" title="Sør-Spitsbergen National Park">Sør-Spitsbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Coal_Company" title="Arctic Coal Company">Arctic Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktikugol" title="Arktikugol">Arktikugol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn%C3%B8en" title="Bjørnøen">Bjørnøen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Bay_(company)" title="Kings Bay (company)">Kings Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Norske_Spitsbergen_Kulkompani" title="Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani">Store Norske</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_World_Archive" title="Arctic World Archive">Arctic World Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen-Nobile_Climate_Change_Tower" title="Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower">Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_Station_(Arctic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow River Station (Arctic)">Arctic Yellow River Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigibile_Italia_Arctic_Station" title="Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station">Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himadri_(research_station)" title="Himadri (research station)">Himadri Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndARC" title="IndARC">IndARC Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Polar_Station,_Hornsund" title="Polish Polar Station, Hornsund">Polish Polar Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Seed Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Centre_in_Svalbard" title="University Centre in Svalbard">University Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_(research_station)" title="Zeppelin (research station)">Zeppelin Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopen_Radio" title="Hopen Radio">Hopen Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfjord_Radio" title="Isfjord Radio">Isfjord Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongsfjord_Telemetry_Station" title="Kongsfjord Telemetry Station">Kongsfjord Telemetry Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sj" title=".sj">.sj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Satellite_Station" title="Svalbard Satellite Station">Satellite Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Radio" title="Svalbard Radio">Svalbard Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Undersea_Cable_System" title="Svalbard Undersea Cable System">Undersea Cable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Svalbard" title="Transport in Svalbard">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barentsburg_Heliport,_Heerodden" title="Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden">Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-%C3%85lesund_Airport,_Hamnerabben" title="Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben">Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramiden_Heliport" title="Pyramiden Heliport">Pyramiden Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Airport" title="Svalbard Airport">Svalbard Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Rocket_Range" title="Svalbard Rocket Range">Svalbard Rocket Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svea_Airport" title="Svea Airport">Svea Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen_School" title="Longyearbyen School">Longyearbyen School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Svalbard_polar_bear_attack" title="2011 Svalbard polar bear attack">2011 Svalbard polar bear attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25923#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158379637">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1248291/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099794-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88092307">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564793405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Longyearbyen&params=78.22_N_15.65_E_">78°13′N 15°39′E / 78.22°N 15.65°E / 78.22; 15.65</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&oldid=1259208854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&oldid=1259208854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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