Regex: special character classes

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<h1>Regex: special character classes</h1> <div id="indexes"> <ul> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/[]">[]</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\d">\d</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\w">\w</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\s">\s</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\D">\D</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\W">\W</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\S">\S</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\p">\p</a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-mini btn-primary kw-button" href="/search/\P">\P</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="prev-next"> <h2> <span class="label label-lg label-success prev"> <a href="/regex-character-classes" title="Regex character classes"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></span> Prev</a> </span> <span class="label label-lg label-success next"> <a href="/regex-quantifiers" title="Perl 5 Regex Quantifiers">Next <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right"></span> </a> </span> </h2> </div> <div role="main" id="main"> <div id="top-poster"></div> <div id="abstract"> <div id="abstract_text"> <p> Earlier we have learned about <a href="/regex-character-classes">character classes</a>, but we have not covered everything there. There are certain character classes that are so frequently used that a special sequence was created for them. A special sequence, that will make the code shorter and more readable. <p> </div> </div> <div id="after-abstract"></div> <p> <h2>\d - digit - [0-9]</h2> <p> <span class="inline_code">\d</span> stands for "digit". It is the same as <span class="inline_code">[0-9]</span> except that it is much shorter to write and easier to read. So the regex <span class="inline_code">/\d/</span> would match a single digit. There are two ways to use this special character class. One is stand-alone as we just saw it or in this example: <span class="inline_code">/#[XYZ]-\d\d\d/</span> that will match strings like these: <p> <pre class="linenums"> #X-123 #Y-666 </pre> <p> In this case we can put quantifiers on the character class. For example <span class="inline_code">/#[XYZ]-\d{3}/</span> would mean the same as the previous regex and <span class="inline_code">/#[XYZ]-\d+/</span> would allow any number of digits (at least one) after the dash. <p> <p> The other usage is to put the <span class="inline_code">\d</span> in square brackets as part of a larger character class. For example <span class="inline_code">[\dABCDEF]</span> would match a single digit or one of the capital letters A, B, C, D, E, or F. <p> This is a character class that can match a digit of a hexa-decimal number. <p> Actually, we would probably not want to spell out the 6 letters but would write <span class="inline_code">[\dA-F]</span> and looking at this example I am not even sure I would not write <span class="inline_code">[0-9A-F]</span> instead. It is a bit longer, but in this case it feels clearer. <p> In a nutshell, they do the same, write the one that looks more readable to you. <p> <p> <h2>\w - word character - [0-9a-zA-Z_]</h2> <p> Similar to <span class="inline_code">\d</span> for digits, there is also <span class="inline_code">\w</span> that stands for "word characters". In this case "word characters" mean digits, ASCII letters, and the underscore. Actually this will also match "other connector punctuation chars plus Unicode marks" so they are not exactly the same. For specific definition look at <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrecharclass#Backslash-sequences">the documentation</a>. <p> <p> <h2>\s - whitespace - [\t\n\f\r ]</h2> <p> The third common character class sequence is <span class="inline_code">\s</span> representing a whitespace. The 5 characters it matches are horizontal tab, the newline, the form feed, the carriage return, and the space. In recent version of Perl there are some experimental changes that will probably not affect you. Check out the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrecharclass#Backslash-sequences">details</a> if in doubt. <p> <p> <h2>\D, \W, \S - negated character classes</h2> <p> <p> As you might <a href="/regex-character-classes">remember</a> putting a caret as the first character in a character-class means that the character-class is negated. It will match any single character <b>except</b> the ones listed. So <span class="inline_code">[^\d]</span> would mean any non-digit character. <p> To make it easier to write this, perl provides the <span class="inline_code">\D</span> character-class which means exactly the same. <p> Similar to <span class="inline_code">\D</span> there are also negated versions of the other two character classes: <p> <pre class="linenums"> Character Class Negated Meaning \d \D [^\d] \w \W [^\w] \s \S [^\s] </pre> <p> <p> <p> <h2>POSIX character classes</h2> <p> <p> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX">POSIX</a> is a family of standards for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. Among other things it also specifies a number of "groups of characters" with a name. It has groups called <span class="inline_code">alpha</span>, <span class="inline_code">alnum</span>, etc. Perl provides special sequences to match a single character in one of these groups. <p> The syntax is <span class="inline_code">[:alpha:]</span> to match a single character from the group called <span class="inline_code">alpha</span>. <p> The POSIX character classes can only be used inside a bigger character class, so you will need to write <span class="inline_code">/[[:alpha:]]/</span> if you really wanted to match a character in the alpha group. <p> Actually it is very unlikely that you will need these character classes, but if you do, you can check out more details about them in the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrecharclass#POSIX-Character-Classes">documentation</a>. <p> <h2>Unicode character classes</h2> <p> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">Unicode</a> is a definition of "all" the existing characters in the world. More than 100,000. Each character is described as a character point, but certain characters are also grouped together. You can use the <span class="inline_code">\p{...}</span> notation to match a single character from one of these groups. <p> For example if you need to match a Thai character you can use the <span class="inline_code">\p{Thai}</span> expression. If you need to match anything except a Thai character you can use the corresponding <span class="inline_code">\P{Thai}</span> expression. <p> You can use these as stand-alone character classes <span class="inline_code">/\p{Thai}/</span> or as part of a larger character class: <span class="inline_code">/[\p{Thai}\p{Arabic}]/</span>. <p> <p> There are, of course, a lot more details, so if you need to handle interesting characters, you should read the <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/perlrecharclass#Unicode-Properties">documentation</a> <p> <pre class="linenums"> Expression Meaning Usage \w Word characters: [a-zA-Z0-9_] \w+ or [\w#-]+ \d Digits: [0-9] \s [\f\t\n\r ] form-feed, tab, newline, carriage return and SPACE \W [^\w] \D [^\d] \S [^\s] [:class:] POSIX character classes (alpha, alnum...) [[:alpha:]]+ or [[:alpha:]#-]+ \p{...} Unicode definitions (Alpha, Lower, That, ...) \p{Thai}+ or [\p{Thai}#!-] \P{...} Negation of Unicode character class </pre> <p> <p> <h2>Comments</h2> <p> "... as we just saw it or in this example: /#[XYZ]-\d\d\d/" I do not recall seeing it! What is the url? <p> <div id="after-content"></div> </div> <div class="prev-next"> <h2> <span class="label label-lg label-success prev"> <a href="/regex-character-classes" title="Regex character classes"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></span> Prev</a> </span> <span class="label label-lg label-success next"> <a href="/regex-quantifiers" title="Perl 5 Regex Quantifiers">Next <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right"></span> </a> </span> </h2> </div> <hr> <div id="creators"> <img src="/img/szabgab.png" alt="Gabor Szabo" />  <div class="author_text"> Written by<br> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/szabgab/">Gabor Szabo</a> </div> </div> <hr> <p> Published on 2015-04-08 </p> <div> If you have any comments or questions, feel free to post them on the source of this page in GitHub. <a href="https://github.com/szabgab/perlmaven.com/tree/main/sites/en/pages//regex-special-character-classes.txt">Source on GitHub.</a> <a href="https://github.com/szabgab/perlmaven.com/issues/new?title=&body=https://perlmaven.com/regex-special-character-classes">Comment on this post</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="right-side"> <div class="author-rightbox"> <h3>Author: Gabor Szabo</h3> <img src="/img/szabgab.png" alt="" /> Gabor who runs the Perl Maven site helps companies set up <b>test automation</b>, CI/CD <b>Continuous Integration</b> and <b>Continuous Deployment</b> and other <b>DevOps</b> related systems. <p> Gabor can help refactor your old Perl code-base. <p> He runs the <a href="http://perlweekly.com/">Perl Weekly</a> newsletter. <p> <a href="https://szabgab.com/contact.html">Contact Gabor</a> if you'd like to hire his service. <p> Buy his <a href="https://leanpub.com/u/szabgab">eBooks</a> or if you just would like to support him, do it via <a href="https://www.patreon.com/szabgab">Patreon</a>. </div> <div class="rightbox"> </div> <div class="rightbox"> </div> <div class="rightbox"> <div id="related_all"> <div id="related"> <b></b> <ul> <li><a href="/regex-character-classes">Regex character classes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal"></div>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-BLRW8KB16K"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BLRW8KB16K'); </script> </body> </html>

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Regex: special character classes