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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholastic_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scholastic method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholastic_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_Calvin_(1509–1564)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Calvin_(1509–1564)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>John Calvin (1509–1564)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Calvin_(1509–1564)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_orthodoxy_(1560–1620)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_orthodoxy_(1560–1620)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early orthodoxy (1560–1620)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_orthodoxy_(1560–1620)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_orthodoxy_(1620–1700)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_orthodoxy_(1620–1700)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>High orthodoxy (1620–1700)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_orthodoxy_(1620–1700)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_orthodoxy_(1700–1790)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_orthodoxy_(1700–1790)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Late orthodoxy (1700–1790)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_orthodoxy_(1700–1790)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Important figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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style="display:none">Era in the history of Calvinism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Eastern Christian reformation movement, see <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Eastern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Eastern Christianity">Protestant Eastern Christianity</a>.</div> <p><b>Reformed orthodoxy</b> or <b>Calvinist orthodoxy</b> was an era in the history of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> in the 16th to 18th centuries. Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> was paralleled by similar eras in <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">tridentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. <b>Calvinist scholasticism</b> or <b>Reformed scholasticism</b> was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Calvinist Orthodoxy. </p><p>Theologians used the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aristotelianism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (philosophy)">neo-Aristotelian</a> form of presentation, already popular in academia, in their writings and lectures. They defined the Reformed faith and defended it against the <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a> of opposing parties. While the Reformed often used "scholastic" as a term of derision for their <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> opponents and the content of their theology, most Reformed theologians during this period can properly be called scholastics with respect to the method of theology, though they also used other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. V. Fesko describes scholasticism in this sense as "a method of doing theology that sets out to achieve theological precision through the exegesis of Scripture, an examination of how doctrine has been historically defined throughout church history, and how doctrine is expounded in contemporary debate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFesko2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFesko2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuity_in_Reformed_theology">Continuity in Reformed theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Continuity in Reformed theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="3px" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Part of the series on</small><br /><span style="font-size:large;"><b>Modern scholasticism</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Suarez_(1625)_Operis_de_religione.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/125px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/188px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/250px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"><b>Title page of the Operis de religione (1625) from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Background </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Modern scholastics </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran scholasticism</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramism</a> among the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformed orthodoxy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within Christianity </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p>The Jesuits against <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Labadists" title="Labadists">Labadists</a> against the Jesuits<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> against orthodox Lutherans<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a> within Dutch <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> against the Ramists<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within philosophy </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neology" title="Neology">Neologists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozists</a> against Dutch Calvinists<br /> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> against <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Bishop Stillingfleet</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Modern_scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Modern scholasticism (page does not exist)"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Modern_scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Modern scholasticism (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern scholasticism"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the past, scholars described the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastics">scholastics</a> following <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> as more <a href="/wiki/Rationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalistic">rationalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> than the more <a href="/wiki/Exegetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegetical">exegetical</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">biblical theology</a> of John Calvin and other early <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformers</a>. This is commonly described as the "Calvin against the Calvinists" paradigm. Beginning in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Muller_(theologian)" title="Richard Muller (theologian)">Richard Muller</a> and other scholars in the field provided extensive evidence showing both that the early Reformers were deeply influenced by scholasticism and that later Reformed scholasticism was deeply exegetical, using the scholastic method to organize and explicate exegetical theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholastic_method">Scholastic method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholastic method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval schools of theology used methods of instruction known as <i>lectio-meditatio-quaestio</i> and <i>disputationes</i>. In the first method, teachers would first read an authoritative text with some commentary (<i>lectio</i>), allow students to consider the text silently (<i>meditatio</i>), and finally the students would ask questions of the teacher to get at the meaning (<i>quaestio</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholasticism was used by Protestant theologians primarily from 1560 to 1790, which is known as the period of orthodoxy because of the importance of adherence to and defense of the newly written <a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Reformed confessions of faith</a> for these theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Calvin_(1509–1564)"><span id="John_Calvin_.281509.E2.80.931564.29"></span>John Calvin (1509–1564)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: John Calvin (1509–1564)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, unlike other early reformers like <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, was not formally trained in theology. Calvin was trained in law. Luther was trained in both law and theology. Like many early reformers, however, he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, which led to an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Ad_fontes" title="Ad fontes">original meaning</a> of biblical and <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> texts and criticism of medieval scholastics for straying from this meaning in favor of philosophical distinctions. Analysis of his work, however, shows that he found himself using some of the same distinctions employed by the scholastics, and some of the criticisms he made of scholastic theology may have actually been based on his own misunderstanding. It is clear, however, that Calvin's use of scholastic theology is different in that, while medieval scholastic theology was solely employed by professional theologians in the schools, rather than by ordinary clergy in <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a>, Calvin saw theological teaching as one of the primary objectives of the church and intended his theological works to be used by both preachers and common people. Many of his criticisms of purely speculative scholastic theology may be seen as a consequence of his desire to make theology accessible and useful for the church rather than solely for professional theologians in the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmetz200616–30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinmetz200616–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_orthodoxy_(1560–1620)"><span id="Early_orthodoxy_.281560.E2.80.931620.29"></span>Early orthodoxy (1560–1620)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early orthodoxy (1560–1620)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg/220px-Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg/330px-Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg/440px-Heidelberger_Katechismus_1563_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>The Heidelberg Catechism</figcaption></figure> <p>Though scholasticism can already be seen in early Reformed theologians, especially <a href="/wiki/Vermigli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermigli">Vermigli</a> and to some degree <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>, it became much more prevalent during the third and fourth generations of Reformed theologians as a tool to institutionalize the faith by codifying it in confessions and works of <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a>, as well as to combat the growing sophistication of <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">counter-Reformation</a> polemicists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict2002298–299_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict2002298–299-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Reformed confessions of faith</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> of 1563 (commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Elector_Frederick_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector Frederick III">Elector Frederick III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Palatinate</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a> of 1561, and the French <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallican Confession">Gallican Confession</a> of 1559 served as boundary markers for the new faith and as starting places for theological development.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Genevan_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Genevan Academy">Genevan Academy</a> in 1559 also enabled Reformed theologians to receive extensive academic training and participate in the wider academic theological discourse. It also served as a model for other Reformed institutions of higher learning throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> attacks from Roman Catholic writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a> were written in the tradition of scholasticism and needed to be answered in kind. Reformed theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> professors <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a> adopted the tools of scholastic theology such as the <i>quaestio</i> method to rigorously exposit the Reformed confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Arminian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian controversy">Arminian controversy</a>, in which a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> to salvation is based on God foreseeing a person's faith, brought about the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a>, which defined the Reformed doctrine on this matter in greater detail.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1594 treatise by <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">Franciscus Junius</a> <i>On True Theology</i> was the first Protestant work to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Archetypal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypal">archetypal</a> theology (God's knowledge of himself) and ectypal theology (our knowledge of God based on his condescending revelation to us).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction, which has its roots in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Scotist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotist">Scotist</a> distinction between theology in itself (<i>theologia in se</i>) and our theology (<i>theologia nostra</i>), limits the degree to which God can be known by sinful man and became important in later Reformed and Lutheran theology.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the influence of refugees from continental Europe such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a> and Peter Martyr Vermigli, late 16th century English theology was predominately Reformed in nature, though <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> gained dominance after 1700. <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Perkins (puritan)">William Perkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ames" title="William Ames">William Ames</a> were important figures in Reformed English theology during this period. Reformed theologians at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a> assured Calvinism's hold on Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_orthodoxy_(1620–1700)"><span id="High_orthodoxy_.281620.E2.80.931700.29"></span>High orthodoxy (1620–1700)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High orthodoxy (1620–1700)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synodedordrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Synodedordrecht.jpg/290px-Synodedordrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Synodedordrecht.jpg/435px-Synodedordrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Synodedordrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Synod held at Dort</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Synod of Dort, which ended in 1619, the Reformed began to give greater definition and detail to their theological system by writing comprehensive systematic theologies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period was also characterized by intense polemical writing against several groups. The Remonstrants, having been repudiated in the synod of Dort, became an independent movement with their own seminary and dogmatic textbooks, and the Reformed wrote against them with even greater intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformed polemics were also directed against the increasingly influential <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a>, who denied the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and other traditional Christian doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Socinians had already had some influence on the development of Remonstrantism during the early orthodox period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a> provided another target for Reformed scholastics such as Dutch theologian <a href="/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius">Gisbertus Voetius</a>, who argued that <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>'s philosophical skepticism placed reason above revelation instead of subjecting reason to biblical revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Netherlands, three strands within Reformed orthodoxy may be distinguished, though all of these stayed within the boundaries provided by the Canons of Dort.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>theologia traditiva</i> was most notably represented by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maresius" title="Samuel Maresius">Samuel Maresius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spanheim_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Spanheim the Elder">Friedrich Spanheim the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spanheim_the_Younger" title="Friedrich Spanheim the Younger">Younger</a>. This strain was in many ways aligned with a second strain, the school of Voetius. Unlike the Voetians, however, the followers of the <i>theologia traditiva</i> were <a href="/wiki/Infralapsarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Infralapsarian">infralapsarian</a>, arguing that God's decree to create men and allow the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall</a> logically precedes the decree to elect some men to salvation. They also, contrary to the Voetians, approved of some degree of governmental involvement in church affairs, were more lax with respect to <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath observance</a>, and were in general more moderate polemicists. Differences between these groups decreased throughout the 17th century, as they positioned themselves against a third strain, the Cocceians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cocceius" title="Johannes Cocceius">Johannes Cocceius</a> differed from the Voetians and the rest of Reformed scholastic theology in teaching on the relationship of the Old and New Testament. The Cocceians taught that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a> commandment was abrogated in the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> and had other disagreements regarding the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of works">covenant of works</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of grace">covenant of grace</a>. Though Cocceius himself rejected Cartesianism, some of his followers were influenced by it and this led to even more suspicion of the Coccieans on behalf of the rest of the Reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Saumur" title="Academy of Saumur">Academy of Saumur</a> taught a doctrine known as <a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldism</a> which is considered a compromise between the doctrine of predestination presented at the Synod of Dort and that of Arminianism. Amyraut taught that God elects to salvation in two ways. First, the entire human race is elected to salvation on condition of their faith in him. Then, based on his foreknowledge that no one would have faith, God elects some to salvation in a second, particular election.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Reformed scholastics rejected Amyraut's views, arguing that it was a return to Arminianism because the first decree of election was conditional on faith.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss <i><a href="/wiki/Formula_consensus_Helvetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula consensus Helvetica">Formula consensus Helvetica</a></i> was written primarily by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Heidegger" title="Johann Heinrich Heidegger">Johann Heinrich Heidegger</a> with help from <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a> to repudiate Amyraldism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, many of the Reformed, along with some other Protestants refused to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church and were thus known as <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>. They were divided between <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> (who maintained a hierarchical church government), <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a> (who advocated the autonomy of local churches), and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (who through the influence of Dutch <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> practiced only <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>). The 1647 <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> established a consensus among them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_orthodoxy_(1700–1790)"><span id="Late_orthodoxy_.281700.E2.80.931790.29"></span>Late orthodoxy (1700–1790)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late orthodoxy (1700–1790)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gill_by_Vertue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Gill_by_Vertue.png/220px-John_Gill_by_Vertue.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Gill_by_Vertue.png/330px-John_Gill_by_Vertue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Gill_by_Vertue.png/440px-John_Gill_by_Vertue.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> was a significant <a href="/wiki/Particular_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Baptist">particular Baptist</a> theologian in the late orthodox period.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the eighteenth century the scholastic method of theology began to stagnate in favor of exegetical and <a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">historical theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> brought about greater reliance on reason and less dependence on the authority of authoritative texts such as the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Netherlands the "Green Cocceians" (named after Henricus Groenewegen, Groen = Green in Dutch) surpassed the Voetians who had been dominant in the 17th century. They attempted to find a mediating position between Enlightenment thought and Reformed theology, which resulted in intense controversy with other Reformed scholastics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enlightenment thought was even more influential in Germany and England, leading to the rise of deism, biblical criticism, and rationalism at the expense of scholastic modes of thinking. <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> defended the English <a href="/wiki/Particular_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Baptists">particular Baptists</a>, who taught the Reformed doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">limited atonement</a>, from the influence of Arminianism and Socianism and is considered one of the most important Reformed scholastics of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reformed scholastic theology was more dominant in Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Marrow_Controversy" title="Marrow Controversy">Marrow Controversy</a>, which began in 1718, was caused by disagreements between so-called the neonomians and <a href="/wiki/Antinomians" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomians">antinomians</a> over the relationship of the covenant of works and covenant of grace. The opposing sides often used scholastic distinctions and methods. The controversy ended with the split of the Church of Scotland and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Associate_Presbytery" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Presbytery">Associate Presbytery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Switzerland the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the shape of Reformed theology. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Alphonse_Turretin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Alphonse Turretin">Jean Alphonse Turretin</a>, son of high orthodox scholastic Francis Turretin, along with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Osterwald" title="Jean-Frédéric Osterwald">Jean-Frédéric Osterwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Werenfels" title="Samuel Werenfels">Samuel Werenfels</a> rejected the doctrine of predestination, the Synod of Dort, and the Helvetic Consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_figures">Important figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Important figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_%C3%A0_Brakel" title="Wilhelmus à Brakel">Wilhelmus à Brakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisbertus_Voetius" title="Gisbertus Voetius">Gisbertus Voetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Witsius" title="Hermann Witsius">Hermann Witsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wollebius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Wollebius">Johannes Wollebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant scholasticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFesko2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFesko2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFesko2000">Fesko 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenger2007">Wenger 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinmetz200616–30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinmetz200616–30_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinmetz2006">Steinmetz 2006</a>, pp. 16–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict2002298–299-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict2002298–299_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict2002">Benedict 2002</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 142–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 170–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 174–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 177–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011">van Asselt et al. 2011</a>, p. 182</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Asselt_et_al.2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Asselt" title="Willem van Asselt">van Asselt, Willem J.</a>; Pleizier, T. Theo J.; Rouwendal, Pieter L.; Wisse, Maarten (2011). <i>Inleiding in de Gereformeerde Scholastiek</i> [<i>Introduction to Reformed Scholasticism</i>] (in Dutch). Translated by Albert Gootjes. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Reformation Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60178-121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60178-121-5"><bdi>978-1-60178-121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inleiding+in+de+Gereformeerde+Scholastiek&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Reformation+Heritage+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60178-121-5&rft.aulast=van+Asselt&rft.aufirst=Willem+J.&rft.au=Pleizier%2C+T.+Theo+J.&rft.au=Rouwendal%2C+Pieter+L.&rft.au=Wisse%2C+Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2002" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Philip (2002). <i>Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300105070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300105070"><bdi>978-0300105070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ%27s+Churches+Purely+Reformed%3A+A+Social+History+of+Calvinism&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0300105070&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFesko2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fesko, J.V. (June–July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chalcedon.org/docs/counselpdf/2000_4%20An%20Introduction%20to%20Reformed%20Scholasticism.pdf">"An Introduction to Reformed Scholasticism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Counsel of Chalcedon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Counsel+of+Chalcedon&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Reformed+Scholasticism&rft.date=2000-06%2F2000-07&rft.aulast=Fesko&rft.aufirst=J.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchalcedon.org%2Fdocs%2Fcounselpdf%2F2000_4%2520An%2520Introduction%2520to%2520Reformed%2520Scholasticism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2006" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, David C. (2006). "The Scholastic Calvin". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Trueman" title="Carl Trueman">Trueman, Carl R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Clark" title="R. Scott Clark">Clark, R. Scott</a> (eds.). <i>Protestant Scholasticism: Essays in Reassessment</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853648536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853648536"><bdi>978-0853648536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scholastic+Calvin&rft.btitle=Protestant+Scholasticism%3A+Essays+in+Reassessment&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0853648536&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wenger, Thomas L. (June 2007). "The New Perspective on Calvin: Responding to Recent Calvin Interpretations". <i>Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 311–328. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808">0360-8808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=The+New+Perspective+on+Calvin%3A+Responding+to+Recent+Calvin+Interpretations&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-328&rft.date=2007-06&rft.issn=0360-8808&rft.aulast=Wenger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_AsseltDekker2001" class="citation book cs1">van Asselt, Willem J.; Dekker, Eef (2001). <i>Reformation and Scholasticism: An Ecumenical Enterprise</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801022425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801022425"><bdi>978-0801022425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+Scholasticism%3A+An+Ecumenical+Enterprise&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0801022425&rft.aulast=van+Asselt&rft.aufirst=Willem+J.&rft.au=Dekker%2C+Eef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2003" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Richard A (2003). <i>After Calvin: Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195157017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195157017"><bdi>978-0195157017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Calvin%3A+Studies+in+the+Development+of+a+Theological+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195157017&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Richard+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2003" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Richard A (2003). <i>Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Volume 1, Prolegomena to Theology</i>. Baker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Reformation+Reformed+Dogmatics%2C+Volume+1%2C+Prolegomena+to+Theology&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Richard+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformed+orthodoxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Selderhuis, Herman J., ed. (2013). <i>A Companion to Reformed Orthodoxy</i>. Leiden: Brill.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/perc.2016.14.issue-3/issue-files/perc.2016.14.issue-3.xml">Special issue of <i>Perichoresis</i> on Reformed orthodoxy</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&oldid=1159311710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformed_orthodoxy&oldid=1159311710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_theology" title="Category:Calvinist theology">Calvinist theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholasticism" title="Category:Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theological_movements" title="Category:Christian theological movements">Christian theological movements</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 June 2023, at 15:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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