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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_instances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_instances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable instances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_instances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisdictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisdictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="توسيم إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توسيم إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_fodl%C3%A6nke" title="Elektronisk fodlænke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronisk fodlænke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronische_Fu%C3%9Ffessel" title="Elektronische Fußfessel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronische Fußfessel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grillete_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Grillete electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grillete electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika_katenado" title="Elektronika katenado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronika katenado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Surveillance électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surveillance électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%ED%8C%94%EC%B0%8C" title="전자팔찌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자팔찌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B1%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրական ձեռնաշղթա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական ձեռնաշղթա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braccialetto_elettronico" title="Braccialetto elettronico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Braccialetto elettronico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אזיקים אלקטרוניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזיקים אלקטרוניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisch_huisarrest" title="Elektronisch huisarrest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronisch huisarrest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%A3%E8%A6%96" title="電子監視 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子監視" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_fotlenke" title="Elektronisk fotlenke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronisk fotlenke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_fotlenke" title="Elektronisk fotlenke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronisk fotlenke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dozoru_elektronicznego" title="System dozoru elektronicznego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System dozoru elektronicznego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracelete_eletr%C3%B4nico_de_vigil%C3%A2ncia" title="Bracelete eletrônico de vigilância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bracelete eletrônico de vigilância" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Электронный браслет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронный браслет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tagging" title="Electronic tagging – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronic tagging" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvontarangaistus" title="Valvontarangaistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valvontarangaistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensiv%C3%B6vervakning" title="Intensivövervakning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Intensivövervakning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கண்காணிப்புக் கால்கட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்காணிப்புக் கால்கட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การติดตามด้วยอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การติดตามด้วยอิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ng_gi%C3%A1m_s%C3%A1t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Băng giám sát điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Băng giám sát điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of surveillance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG/280px-Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG/420px-Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG/560px-Bracelet_%C3%A9lectronique.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>An electronic ankle tag</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electronic tagging</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> that uses an electronic device affixed to a person. </p><p>In some jurisdictions, an electronic tag fitted above the ankle is used for people as part of their <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> conditions. It is also used in healthcare settings and in immigration contexts. Electronic tagging can be used in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Global_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning system">global positioning system</a> (GPS), but for short-range monitoring of a person that wears an electronic tag, <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> technology can be used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electronic monitoring of humans found its first commercial applications in the 1980s. Portable transceivers that could record the location of volunteers were first developed by a group of researchers at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in the early 1960s. The researchers cited the psychological perspective of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a> as underpinning for their academic project. The portable electronic tag was called <i>behavior transmitter-reinforcer</i> and could transmit data two-ways between a <i>base station</i> and a volunteer who simulated a <i>young adult offender</i>. Messages were supposed to be sent to the tag, so as to provide <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a> to the young offender and thus assist in <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitation</a>. The head of this research project was Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel and his twin brother collaborator, Robert Schwitzgebel (family name later shortened to Gable).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gable-2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gable-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main base-station antenna was mounted on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cambridge_Baptist_Church" title="Old Cambridge Baptist Church">Old Cambridge Baptist Church</a>; the minister was the dean of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gable-2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gable-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewers of the prototype electronic tagging strategy were sceptical. In 1966, the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> ridiculed the electronic tags as <i>Schwitzgebel Machine</i> and a myth emerged, according to which the prototype electronic tagging project used brain implants and transmitted verbal instructions to volunteers. The editor of a well-known U.S. government publication, <i>Federal Probation</i>, rejected a manuscript submitted by Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel, and included a letter which read in part: "I get the impression from your article that we are going to make automatons out of our parolees and that the parole officer of the future will be an expert in telemetry, sitting at his large computer, receiving calls day and night, and telling his parolees what to do in all situations and circumstances [...] Perhaps we should also be thinking about using electronic devices to rear our children. Since they do not have built-in consciences to tell them right from wrong, all they would have to do is to push the 'mother' button, and she would take over the responsibility for decision-making."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> in 1973 published information on the failed attempts by those involved in the project to find a commercial application for electronic tagging.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., the 1970s saw an end of rehabilitative sentencing, including for example discretionary parole release. Those found guilty of a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal offense">criminal offense</a> were sent to prison, leading to sudden increase in the prison population. <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">Probation</a> became more common, as judges saw the potential of electronic tagging, leading to an increasing emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. Advances in computer-aided technology made offender monitoring feasible and affordable. After all, the Schwitzgebel prototype had been built out of surplus missile tracking equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of early electronic monitoring equipment is housed at the National Museum of Psychology in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attempt to monitor offenders became <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moribund#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:moribund">moribund</a> until, in 1982, Arizona state district judge, Jack Love, convinced a former sales representative of <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Information Systems">Honeywell Information Systems</a>, Michael T. Goss, to start a monitoring company, National Incarceration Monitor and Control Services (NIMCOS).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIMCOS company built several credit card-sized transmitters that could be strapped onto an ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electronic ankle tag transmitted a <a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">radio signal</a> every 60 seconds, which could be picked up by a receiver that was no more than 45 metres (148 ft) away from the electronic tag. The receiver could be connected to a <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, so that the data from the electronic ankle tag could be sent to a <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>. The design aim of the electronic tag was the reporting of a potential <a href="/wiki/Home_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Home detention">home detention</a> breach.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, judge Jack Love in a state district court imposed home curfew on three offenders who had been sentenced to probation. The home detention was a probation condition and entailed 30 days of electronic monitoring at home.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIMCOS electronic ankle tag was trialed on those three probationers, two of whom re-offended. Thus, while the goal of home confinement was satisfied, the aim of reducing crime through probation was not.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_technologies">Additional technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additional technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor">Sweat alcohol content monitor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sweat alcohol content monitor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></div> <p>According to Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS), Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) is currently available in 35 U.S. states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 2021, in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, so-called sobriety tags started being rolled out for some offenders who commit <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">alcohol-related crimes</a> after testing the tags in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in October of the previous year. It monitors sweat samples every 30 minutes and alerts the <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> service if <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> is detected.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-justice-system_uses">Non-justice-system uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-justice-system uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_and_health">Medical and health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of electronic monitoring in medical practice, especially as it relates to the tagging of the elderly and people with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, has generated controversy and media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Alzheimers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Alzheimers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elderly people in care homes can be tagged with the same electronic monitors used to keep track of young offenders. For people suffering from dementia, electronic monitoring might be beneficially used to prevent them from wandering away.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Alzheimers_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Alzheimers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy regarding medical use relates to two arguments, one about the safety of the patients and the other about their privacy and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_and_Louw_2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_and_Louw_2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At over 40%, there is a high prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">wandering</a> among patients with dementia. Of the several methods deployed to keep them from wandering, it is reported that 44% of wanderers with dementia have been kept behind closed doors at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other solutions have included constant surveillance, use of makeshift alarms and, the use of various drugs that carry the risk of adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_and_Louw_2002_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_and_Louw_2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smartphones feature location-based apps to use information from <a href="/wiki/Global_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning system">global positioning system</a> (GPS) networks to determine the phone's approximate location.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental">Parental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A company in Japan has created GPS-enabled uniforms and backpacks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School children in distress can hit a button on electronic devices in their uniforms or backpacks, immediately summoning a security agent to their location.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicular">Vehicular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vehicular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a> vehicles are outfitted with electronic monitoring devices that communicate with GPS systems, tracking their location. App developers have integrated this technology with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>. Now, passengers are able to receive accurate public transit timetables.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg/170px-Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg/255px-Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg/340px-Ankle_monitor_for_electronic_tagging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>An ankle monitor used for electronic tagging in Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of ankle bracelets, or other electronic monitoring devices, have proven to be effective in research studies and possibly deter crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_S_Yeh,_2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_S_Yeh,_2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors have been identified as necessary to render electronic monitoring effective: appropriately selecting offenders, robust and appropriate technology, fitting tags promptly, responding to breaches promptly, and communication between the criminal justice system and contractors. The <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a> thinks that for electronic monitoring to be effective, it should serve to halt a developing criminal career.<sup id="cite_ref-Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs_2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs_2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a> in England and Wales commissioned a survey to examine the experiences of electronically monitored offenders and the members of their family. The survey revealed that there was common agreement among survey respondents that electronic monitoring was a more effective punitive measure than fines, and that it was generally more effective than community service. An interviewed offender is credited with saying: "You learn more about other crimes [in prison] and I think it gives you a taste to do other crimes because you've sat listening to other people."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Kathy Padgett, William Bales, and Thomas Bloomberg conducted an evaluation of 75,661 Florida offenders placed on home detention from 1998 to 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_S_Yeh,_2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_S_Yeh,_2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which only a small percentage of these offenders was made to wear an electronic monitoring device. Offenders with electronic tagging were compared to those on home detention without. The factors thought to influence the success or failure of community supervision, including type of electronic monitoring device used and criminal history, were measured.<sup id="cite_ref-Padgett_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padgett-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results showed that offenders who wore electronic tags were both 91.2 percent less likely to abscond and 94.7 percent less likely to commit new offenses, than unmonitored offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Padgett_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padgett-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electronic monitoring of a person, on whom an electronic tag is fitted, does not physically restrain this person from leaving a certain area, nor does it prevent this person from <span class="nowrap">re-offending<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>—<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>the primary aim of probation. Furthermore, the public perception of home detention is that it is a form of lenient punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US in 1990, Ronald Corbett and <a href="/wiki/Gary_T._Marx" title="Gary T. Marx">Gary T. Marx</a> criticized the use of electronic monitoring in a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American Society of Criminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. In the paper, which was later published in the Justice Quarterly, the authors described 'the new surveillance' technology as sharing some ethos and the information-gathering techniques found in maximum-security prisons thereby allowing them to diffuse into the broader society. They remarked that 'we appear to be moving toward, rather than away from, becoming a "maximum-security society".<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_Marx_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett_Marx-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> capacity of electronic monitoring devices when they stated that "data in many different forms, from widely separated geographical areas, organizations, and time periods, can easily be merged and analyzed".<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_Marx_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett_Marx-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, it was reported that many electronic monitoring programs throughout the US were not staffed appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-Osher_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osher-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Drake, a consultant who worked on improving the systems said "Many times when an agency is budgeted for electronic-monitoring equipment, it is only budgeted for the devices themselves". He added that the situation was 'like buying a hammer and expecting a house to be built. It's simply a tool, and it requires a professional to use that tool and run the program.' Drake warned that programs can get out of control if officials do not develop stringent protocols for how to respond to alerts and do not manage how alerts are generated: "I see agencies with so many alerts that they can't deal with them," Drake said. "They end up just throwing their hands up and saying they can't keep up with them." In Colorado, a review of alert and event data, obtained from the Colorado Department of Corrections under an open-records request, was conducted by matching the names of parolees who appeared in that data with those who appeared in jail arrest records. The data revealed that 212 parole officers were saddled with the duty of responding to nearly 90,000 alerts and notification generated by electronic monitoring devices in the six months reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-Osher_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osher-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_instances">Notable instances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable instances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Kaili" title="Eva Kaili">Eva Kaili</a>, former Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, was released to <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in her Brussels apartment with an electronic ankle bracelet in April 2023, after being detained in <a href="/wiki/Haren_Prison" title="Haren Prison">Haren Prison</a> for four months as part of the <a href="/wiki/Qatargate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatargate">Qatargate</a> affair.</li> <li>English professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Pennant" title="Jermaine Pennant">Jermaine Pennant</a> played a <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> match in 2005 while wearing an electronic tag; he had received the tag for <a href="/wiki/Drunk-driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk-driving">drunk-driving</a> and driving while disqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan" title="Lindsay Lohan">Lindsay Lohan</a> failed to appear at a mandatory hearing, and a warrant was issued for her arrest. The judge ordered Lohan to wear a SCRAM bracelet, an electronic device that monitors the sweat for alcohol and alerts authorities if prohibited substances are consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, one of the most famous fugitives from American justice in the world, was arrested in 2009 in Switzerland. The terms of his release included $4.5 million bail, house arrest wearing an ankle bracelet at his chalet, known as Milky Way, in the Swiss ski resort of Gstaad, after having spent sixty-seven days in a <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> detention centre.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Madoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Madoff">Bernard Madoff</a>, the financier accused in a $50 billion fraud case before trial was ordered under house arrest, with electronic monitoring, and posting $10 million bail against his $7 million Manhattan apartment, and against his wife's homes in Montauk, NY, and Palm Beach, FL.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a> (Andre Young), American rapper and record producer, was arrested in 1992 for assaulting record producer Damon Thomas and later pleaded guilty to assault on a police officer, eventually serving house arrest and wearing a police monitoring ankle bracelet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sorokin" title="Anna Sorokin">Anna Sorokin</a> (Anna Delvey), a Russian con-artist who was convicted on multiple counts of theft and grand larceny. After release from prison, she was detained by immigration authorities for overstaying her visa and put under house arrest, requiring her to wear an ankle monitor to ensure she complies with the conditions of her release.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdictions">Jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those subject to electronic monitoring may be given curfews as part of <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> conditions, sentenced under the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_2003" title="Criminal Justice Act 2003">Criminal Justice Act 2003</a> in England and Wales (with separate legislation applying in Scotland). Alternatively offenders may be released from a prison on a <a href="/wiki/Home_Detention_Curfew" title="Home Detention Curfew">Home Detention Curfew</a>. Released prisoners under home detention are allowed out during curfew hours only for: </p> <ul><li>A wedding or funeral (service only) of a close relative</li> <li>A job interview</li> <li>Acting as a witness in court</li> <li>Emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, electronic monitoring may be used for those subject to a curfew given under the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Prevention_and_Investigation_Measures_Act_2011" title="Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011">Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011</a> (previously known as a <a href="/wiki/Control_order" title="Control order">control order</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Since electronically monitored curfews were rolled out throughout England and Wales their use has increased sharply, from 9,000 cases in 1999–2000 to 53,000 in 2004–05. In 2004–05, the Home Office spent £102.3 million on the electronic monitoring of curfews and electronically monitored curfews are considered cheaper than custody.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, offenders are fitted with an electronic tag around their ankle which sends a regular signal to a receiver unit installed in their home. Some systems are connected to a <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> in the case where <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> is not available, whilst most arrangements utilize the mobile phone system to communicate with the monitoring company. If the tag is not functioning or within range of the base station during curfew hours, or if the base is disconnected from the power supply, or the base station is moved then the monitoring company are alerted, who in turn, notify the appropriate authority such as the police, the <a href="/wiki/National_Probation_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Probation Service">National Probation Service</a> or the prison the person was released from.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the Policy Exchange think tank examined the use of electronic monitoring in England and Wales and made comparisons with technologies and models seen in other jurisdictions, particularly the United States. The report was critical of the Ministry of Justice's model of a fully privatized service - which gave little scope for police or probation services to make use of electronic monitoring. The report, Future of Corrections, also criticized the cost of the service, highlighting an apparent differential between what the UK taxpayer was charged and what could be found in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, there were a number of scandals in relation to electronic monitoring in England and Wales, with a criminal investigation opened by the Serious Fraud Office into the activities of Serco and G4S.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the investigation, Serco agreed to repay £68.5 million to the taxpayer and G4S agreed to repay £109 million.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duopoly were subsequently stripped of their contract, with Capita taking over the contract. In 2017, another criminal investigation saw police make a number of arrests in relation to allegations that at least 32 criminals on tag had paid up to £400 to Capita employees in order to have 'loose' tags fitted, allowing them to remove their tags.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monitoring of sex offenders via electronic tagging is currently in debate due to certain rights offenders have in England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic tagging has begun being used on psychiatric and dementia patients, prompting concern from mental health advocates who state that the practice is demeaning.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Office">British Home Office</a> announced a one-year pilot to track migrants who arrived on small boats on "dangerous and unnecessary routes" with GPS devices that will help "maintain regular contact" and more "effectively process their claims".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> existing law permits the use of electronic monitoring as condition for bail, probation or parole. But, according to the 2004 <i>Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia</i> the surveillance must be proportionate to the risk of re-offense. It is also required that, the surveillance of the offender is minimally intrusive for other people who live at the premises. Electronic tagging of a person is part of different electronic monitoring systems in Australia. Correctional agency statistics are collected in Australia for so called "restricted movement orders". In South Australia, a drive-by facility allows the monitorer to drive past a building in which the tagged person is supposed to be.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand, the electronic tagging of offenders began 1999, when home detention could be imposed instead of imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late July 2023, <a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a> reported that 2,230 teenagers had been subject to electronic monitoring since 2019, citing figures released by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Corrections_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Corrections (New Zealand)">Department of Corrections</a>. The number of 13 year olds wearing ankle bracelets rose from one in 2019/2020 to nine in 2022/2023. The vast majority teenagers subject to electronic monitoring were males, with 2,011 reported in July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2010, Brazil awarded a GPS Offender Monitoring contract to kick start its monitoring of offenders and management of the Brazilian governments early release programme.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronic monitoring as a pilot project was started in March 2012, involving 150 offenders, mostly prisoners serving life terms. The project was rolled out to reduce the South Africa's prison population. It consequently would also reduce the taxpayer's burden on correctional facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-DCS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa locks up more people than any other country on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-DCS_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location" title="Automatic vehicle location">Automatic vehicle location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Decarceration in the United States">Decarceration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_monitoring_in_the_United_States" title="Electronic monitoring in the United States">Electronic monitoring in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317993483" title="Special:BookSources/9781317993483"><bdi>9781317993483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probation+and+Parole&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781317993483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gable-2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gable-2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gable-2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Gable, Ralph Kirkland Gable, "Remaking the electronic tracking of offenders into a 'persuasive technology<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Journal of Technology in Human Services</i>, 2016, vol. 34, pp. 13-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. Gable, "The ankle bracelet is history: An informal review of the birth and death of a monitoring technology", <i>The Journal of Offender Monitoring</i>, 2015, vol. 27, pp. 4-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evjen, V.H., 1966, Nov.16. Letter to R.Schwitzgebel from Victor H Evjen, Assistant Chief of Probation, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington, D.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317993483" title="Special:BookSources/9781317993483"><bdi>9781317993483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probation+and+Parole&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781317993483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317993483" title="Special:BookSources/9781317993483"><bdi>9781317993483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probation+and+Parole&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781317993483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Museum of Psychology, Center for the History of Psychology, University of Akron, 73 S. College St, Akron, OH 44325, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uakron.edu/chp">http://www.uakron.edu/chp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, J. District judge tests electronic monitor, Albuquerque Journal, 1983, 18 March, p. A1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317993483" title="Special:BookSources/9781317993483"><bdi>9781317993483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probation+and+Parole&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781317993483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. Routledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317993483" title="Special:BookSources/9781317993483"><bdi>9781317993483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probation+and+Parole&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781317993483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Dan Phillips, ed. (1995). <i>Probation and Parole</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Britain+will+electronically+tag+some+asylum+seekers+with+GPS+devices&rft.date=2022-06-18&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F06%2F18%2Fbritain-electronic-tagging-migrants-asylum-seekers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Nellis,_Kristel_Beyens_&_Dan_Kaminski2013" class="citation book cs1">Mike Nellis, Kristel Beyens & Dan Kaminski (2013). <i>Electronically Monitored Punishment: International and Critical Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136242786" title="Special:BookSources/9781136242786"><bdi>9781136242786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronically+Monitored+Punishment%3A+International+and+Critical+Perspectives&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136242786&rft.au=Mike+Nellis%2C+Kristel+Beyens+%26+Dan+Kaminski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Nellis,_Kristel_Beyens_&_Dan_Kaminski2013" class="citation book cs1">Mike Nellis, Kristel Beyens & Dan Kaminski (2013). <i>Electronically Monitored Punishment: International and Critical Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136242786" title="Special:BookSources/9781136242786"><bdi>9781136242786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronically+Monitored+Punishment%3A+International+and+Critical+Perspectives&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136242786&rft.au=Mike+Nellis%2C+Kristel+Beyens+%26+Dan+Kaminski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Libby (29 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731045726/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/waikato/300938118/is-13-too-young-for-an-ankle-bracelet">"Is 13 too young for an ankle bracelet?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/waikato/300938118/is-13-too-young-for-an-ankle-bracelet">the original</a> on 31 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Is+13+too+young+for+an+ankle+bracelet%3F&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fwaikato%2F300938118%2Fis-13-too-young-for-an-ankle-bracelet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+tagging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinamerica.tmcnet.com/topics/brazil/articles/96256-securealert-signs-first-ever-gps-offender-monitoring-contract.htm">SecureAlert Signs First-Ever GPS Offender Monitoring Contract in Brazil</a>, TMCnet, 23 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCS_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCS_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dept. of Correctional services: Rep of South Africa, South Africa's first ever Electronic of a Remand Detainee, 15 April 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&oldid=1257270448">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_tagging&oldid=1257270448</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surveillance" title="Category:Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punishments" title="Category:Punishments">Punishments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 02:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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