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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of beer styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_beer_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_of_beer_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_beer_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elements of beer style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements_of_beer_style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements of beer style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_beer_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aroma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aroma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aroma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aroma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Flavour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mouthfeel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouthfeel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mouthfeel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouthfeel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Strength</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gravity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Gravity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_concentration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_concentration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Alcohol concentration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_concentration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Yeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Grains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bittering_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bittering_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Bittering agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bittering_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Other ingredients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beer styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fermented_drinks_based_on_cereals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fermented_drinks_based_on_cereals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other fermented drinks based on cereals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fermented_drinks_based_on_cereals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druhy_piv" title="Druhy piv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhy piv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier#Bierarten_nach_Sorte_der_verwendeten_Hefe" title="Bier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilos_de_cerveza" title="Estilos de cerveza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilos de cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88" title="سبک‌های آبجو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک‌های آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_des_bi%C3%A8res" title="Classification des bières – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification des bières" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC_(%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC)" title="스타일 (맥주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타일 (맥주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B3rst%C3%ADll" title="Bjórstíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjórstíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_di_birra" title="Stile di birra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stile di birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaus_r%C5%AB%C5%A1ys" title="Alaus rūšys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alaus rūšys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB_(%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB)" title="スタイル (ビール) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタイル (ビール)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyfikacja_piw" title="Klasyfikacja piw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyfikacja piw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira_%C3%A7e%C5%9Fitleri" title="Bira çeşitleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira çeşitleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Differentiation and categories for different types of beer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beer_style" title="Special:EditPage/Beer style">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Beer+style%22">"Beer style"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Beer+style%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Beer+style%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Beer+style%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Beer+style%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Beer+style%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GravityTap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GravityTap.jpg/220px-GravityTap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/GravityTap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rauchbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchbier">Rauchbier</a>, a smokey style of beer</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Beer styles</b> differentiate and categorise <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a> by colour, flavour, strength, ingredients, production method, recipe, history, or origin. </p><p>The modern concept of beer styles is largely based on the work of writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</a> in his 1977 book <i>The World Guide To Beer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Eckhardt" title="Fred Eckhardt">Fred Eckhardt</a> furthered Jackson's work publishing <i>The Essentials of Beer Style</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckhardt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckhardt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the systematic study of beer styles is a modern phenomenon, the practice of distinguishing between different varieties of beer is ancient, dating to at least 2000 BC. </p><p>What constitutes a beer style may involve provenance,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ingredients,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aroma, appearance, flavour and <a href="/wiki/Mouthfeel" title="Mouthfeel">mouthfeel</a>. The flavour may include the degree of bitterness of a beer due to <a href="/wiki/Bittering_agent" title="Bittering agent">bittering agents</a> such as hops, roasted barley, or herbs; and the sweetness from the sugar present in the beer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many beer styles are classified as one of two main types, <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lagers</a>, though certain styles may not be easily sorted into either category. Beers classified as ales are typically made with <a href="/wiki/Brewers_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewers yeast">yeasts</a> that ferment at warmer temperatures, usually between 15.5 and 24 °C (60 and 75 °F), and form a layer of foam on the surface of the fermenting beer. Thus, they are called <a href="/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting yeast">top-fermenting yeasts</a>. Lagers utilize yeasts that ferment at considerably lower temperatures, around 10 °C (50 °F), and can process <a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">raffinose</a>, a complex sugar created during fermentation. These yeasts collect at the bottom of the fermenting beer and are therefore referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bottom-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom-fermenting yeast">bottom-fermenting yeasts</a>. Lagers constitute the majority of beers in production today.<sup id="cite_ref-ref-12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some beers are <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous fermentation">spontaneously fermented</a> from wild yeasts, for example the <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambic</a> beers of Belgium. </p><p>Additional markers are applied across styles. The terms "imperial" or "double" are used interchangeably for a higher-alcohol version of a particular style. Originally applied to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial stout">imperial stouts</a>, a high-alcohol style of <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> brewed in England for export to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, the term “imperial” can now be applied to any style name to indicate a higher alcohol content. "Double", meaning the same thing, originated with the <a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">dubbel</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist beers</a> in the 19th century. Even higher alcohol-content beers can be labeled "triple" (from the Trappist <a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">tripel</a> style) or even "quad". Lower-than-standard alcohol content is often indicated by the term "<a href="/wiki/Drinking_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking session">session</a>". For example, while <a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ales</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often have alcohol content around 6–7% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">abv</a>, a "session India pale ale" will often have alcohol content below 5%. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a> is aged in wood barrels. <a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a> is made with additional microorganisms (alongside yeast) such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces" title="Brettanomyces">Brettanomyces</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_beer_styles">History of beer styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of beer styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></div> <p>Styles of beer go back at least to Mesopotamia. The Alulu Tablet, a <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> receipt for "best" ale written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, suggests that even in 2050 BC there was a differentiation between at least two different types or qualities of ale. The work of <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Hrozn%C3%BD" title="Bedřich Hrozný">Bedřich Hrozný</a> on translating <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> merchants' tablets found in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> revealed that approximately 500 years later the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> had over 15 different types of beer. </p><p>Documents reveal comments on different local brewing methods or ingredients. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Naturalis Historia</a></i> wrote about <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> brewing ale "in Gaul and Spain in a number of different ways, and under a number of different names; although the principle is the same." <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> laws reveal they identified three different ales, while the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> mention <i>cervisae</i> (ale) and <i>plena cervisia</i> (full bodied ale) in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>. </p><p>By the 15th century brewers in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> were using <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> to flavour and preserve their ale; this new style of ale was called beer. When this trend came to Britain and brewers of beer in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, started to take sales away from the traditional brewers of unhopped ale, there were complaints and protests. Laws were passed favouring either beer or ale for a number of years, until hopped beer became the standard style throughout Europe. At the same time, brewers in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> were storing beer in cool caves during the summer months to stop it from spoiling. The type of beer they stored in this manner became known as <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a> from the German word <i>lagern</i>, meaning "to store". </p><p>Although beers using naturally dried <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> would have been pale-coloured, by the 17th century most malts in Europe would have been dried over a fire, resulting in a dark-coloured beer. When <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> started to be used for roasting malt in 1642, the resulting lighter coloured beers became very popular. By 1703 the term <i><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a></i> was starting to be used, though the beer it described was a lightly hopped ale, very different from more bitter modern versions. </p><p>However, despite an awareness by commentators, law-makers, and brewers that there were different styles of beer, it was not until Michael Jackson's <i>World Guide To Beer</i> was published in 1977 that there was an attempt to group and compare beers from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson's book had a particular influence in North America where the writer <a href="/wiki/Fred_Eckhardt" title="Fred Eckhardt">Fred Eckhardt</a> was also starting to explore the nature of beer styles. The wine importing company Merchant du Vin switched to importing beers mentioned in Jackson's book. Small brewers started up, producing copies and interpretations of the beer styles Jackson described. </p><p>While North America developed beer styles into a serious study with fixed parameters of <a href="/wiki/IBUs" class="mw-redirect" title="IBUs">bitterness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Reference_Method" title="Standard Reference Method">colour</a>, aroma, yeast, ingredients and strength, other countries continued to mainly categorise beers loosely by strength and colour, with much overlapping of naming conventions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_beer_style">Elements of beer style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elements of beer style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beers may be categorised based on a number of factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right" cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Color based on Standard Reference Method (SRM) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Reference_Method" title="Standard Reference Method">SRM</a>/Lovibond </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Beer color </th> <th>EBC </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Witbier">Witbier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a> </td> <td style="background:#F8F753; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maibock" class="mw-redirect" title="Maibock">Maibock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blonde_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Blonde Ale">Blonde Ale</a> </td> <td style="background:#F6F513; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weissbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissbier">Weissbier</a> </td> <td style="background:#ECE61A; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="American Pale Ale">American Pale Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pale Ale">India Pale Ale</a> </td> <td style="background:#D5BC26; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weissbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissbier">Weissbier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">Saison</a> </td> <td style="background:#BF923B; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Bitter" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bitter">English Bitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extra_Special_Bitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra Special Bitter">ESB</a> </td> <td style="background:#BF813A; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Double IPA">Double IPA</a> </td> <td style="background:#BC6733; color:#000000; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dark_lager" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark lager">Dark lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_lager" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna lager">Vienna lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber Ale">Amber Ale</a> </td> <td style="background:#8D4C32; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Ale">Brown Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkelweizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkelweizen">Dunkelweizen</a> </td> <td style="background:#5D341A; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stout#Dry_or_Irish_stout" title="Stout">Irish Dry Stout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doppelbock" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelbock">Doppelbock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> </td> <td style="background:#261716; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a> </td> <td style="background:#0F0B0A; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Stout">Foreign Stout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)#Baltic_porter" title="Porter (beer)">Baltic Porter</a> </td> <td style="background:#080707; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Stout">Imperial Stout</a> </td> <td style="background:#030403; color:#ffffff; font-family:monospace;"> </td> <td>79 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The visual characteristics that may be observed in a beer are colour, clarity, and nature of the head. Colour is usually imparted by the malts used, notably the adjunct malts added to darker beers, though other ingredients may contribute to the colour of some styles such as fruit beers. Colour intensity can be measured by systems such as <a href="/wiki/European_Brewery_Convention" title="European Brewery Convention">EBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Reference_Method" title="Standard Reference Method">SRM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Degrees_Lovibond" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees Lovibond">Lovibond</a>, but this information is rarely given to the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (July 2014)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many beers are <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a>, but some beers, such as <a href="/wiki/Hefeweizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hefeweizen">hefeweizen</a>, may be cloudy due to the presence of yeast making them <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a>. A third variety is the <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> or near-opaque colour that exists with <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">porters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">schwarzbiers</a> (black beer) and other deeply coloured styles. Thickness and retention of the <a href="/wiki/Beer_head" title="Beer head">head</a> and the lace it can leave on the glass, are also factors in a beer's appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aroma">Aroma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aroma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aroma in a beer may be formed from the malt and other fermentables, the strength and type of hops, the alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, and various other aromatic components that can be contributed by the yeast strain, and other elements that may derive from the water and the brewing process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavour">Flavour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flavour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The taste characteristics of a beer may come from the type and amount of <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> used, flavours imparted by the <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, and the strength of bitterness. Bitterness can be measured on an <a href="/wiki/International_Bitterness_Units_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bitterness Units scale">International Bitterness Units scale</a>, and in North America a number of brewers record the bitterness on this scale as IBUs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouthfeel">Mouthfeel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mouthfeel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feel of a beer in the mouth, both from thickness of the liquid and from carbonation, may also be considered as part of a beer's style. A more dextrinous beer feels thicker in the mouth. The level of carbonation (or nitrogen, in "smooth" beers) varies from one beer style to another. For some beers it may give the beer a thick and creamy feel, while for others it contributes a prickly sensation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strength">Strength</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Strength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strength of beer is a general term for the amount of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> present. It can be quantified either indirectly by measurement of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(alcoholic_beverage)" title="Gravity (alcoholic beverage)">specific gravity</a>, or more directly by other methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravity">Gravity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gravity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(alcoholic_beverage)" title="Gravity (alcoholic beverage)">Gravity (alcoholic beverage)</a></div> <p>Measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(alcoholic_beverage)" title="Gravity (alcoholic beverage)">specific gravity</a> of the beer has been used to estimate the strength of beer by measuring its density. Several different scales have been used for the measurement of gravity, including the <a href="/wiki/Plato_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato scale">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scale" title="Baumé scale">Baumé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer_measurement#Other_density_scales" title="Beer measurement">Balling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix scales</a>, with the Plato scale being the most common modern measure. </p><p>This approach relies on the fact that dissolved sugars and alcohol each affect the density of beer differently. Since sugars are converted to alcohol during the process of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (beer)">fermentation</a>, gravity can be used to estimate the final alcohol. In beer brewing, a distinction is made between the <i>original gravity</i>, the gravity of the <a href="/wiki/Wort_(brewing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wort (brewing)">wort</a> before fermentation has begun, and the <i>final gravity</i> of the product when fermentation has completed. Since the concentration of sugars is directly proportional to the gravity, the original gravity gives a brewer an idea of the potential alcoholic strength of the final product. After fermentation, the differences between the final and original gravities indicate the amount of sugar converted into alcohol, allowing the concentration of alcoholic strength to be calculated. </p><p>The original gravity of a beer was the basis for determining taxation in both the UK and Ireland from 1880 until the late 20th century, and a legacy of that system remains in the largely arbitrary division of <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">bitter</a> into "bitter", "best bitter", and "special bitter" substyles. In <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, the density of a beer in degrees Plato is sometimes used by a brewery to distinguish a particular beer produced in a line. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rochefort_Brewery" title="Rochefort Brewery">Rochefort Brewery</a> produces three beers, all dissimilar in colour, flavour, and aroma; and sells them as Rochefort 6, Rochefort 8, and Rochefort 10, the numbers referring to the original gravities of the beers. <a href="/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery" title="Westvleteren Brewery">Westvleteren Brewery</a>, meanwhile, produces three beers and calls them Blonde, 8, and 12. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol_concentration">Alcohol concentration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alcohol concentration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beer_measurement#By_strength" title="Beer measurement">Beer measurement § By strength</a></div> <p>Modern classification of the strength of alcoholic beverages for the purposes of taxation and regulation typically discriminates according to the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>, generally abbreviated as abv. Additionally, although less common, some brewers throughout the world use also <a href="/wiki/Concentration#Mass_percentage_(fraction)" title="Concentration">alcohol by weight</a> (abw),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly on <a href="/wiki/Low-point_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-point beer">low-point</a> versions of popular domestic beer brands. At the relatively low alcohol concentrations of beer, the alcohol percentage by weight is roughly 4/5 of the abv (e.g., 3.2% abw is equivalent to 4.0% abv),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this becomes increasingly inaccurate as the alcohol concentration increases. </p><p>Before the development of modern brewing practices and the complete understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> of yeast, the final abv of a beer could not be precisely controlled, making its value inconsistent and therefore unsuitable as a determinant for taxation or regulation. Contemporarily, though, abv is often used to determine the <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duty</a> on beer and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>, and sales of beer and cider above a certain abv are sometimes restricted or prohibited. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, beers below 4% abv cannot be sold as <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> regardless of other stylistic considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yeast">Yeast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/250px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/330px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/500px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> yeast, used in brewing <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of yeasts are used in making beer, most of which are strains of either <a href="/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting yeast">top-fermenting yeast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bottom-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom-fermenting yeast">bottom-fermenting yeast</a>. Different strains impart different flavour and aroma characteristics,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and may vary in which complex sugars they can ferment and how high their alcohol tolerance is, both of which are factors in attenuation. Some beers use other microbes in addition to yeasts, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces" title="Brettanomyces">Brettanomyces</a></i>. For example, the distinctive flavour and aroma of Belgian Abbey ales largely result from the yeast strains used to ferment the beer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are a few modern styles, notably <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambics</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous fermentation">spontaneous fermentation</a> is used — that is, rather than being inoculated in a controlled fashion with a nurtured yeast, the unfermented wort is allowed to be colonised by microorganisms present in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grains">Grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on grains as style determinants: <a href="/wiki/Mash_ingredients" title="Mash ingredients">Mash ingredients</a></div> <p>The specific grains used in a particular beer is called the "grain bill". While just about any grain can be used, most beers use <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> as their primary source of fermentable sugars, and some beer styles mandate it be used exclusively, such as those German styles developed under <a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a>. Some beer styles can be considered <a href="/wiki/Varietals" class="mw-redirect" title="Varietals">varietals</a>, in the same sense as wine, based on their malt bill.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">Kilned</a> <a href="/wiki/Pale_malt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale malt">pale malts</a> form the basis of most beer styles now in production, with styles that use other grains as a base distinguished by those grains (for example <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">bock</a>, which uses Munich malt as a base). The <a href="/wiki/Rauchbier" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchbier">Rauchbier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4tzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Grätzer">Grätzer</a> styles are distinguished by the use of smoked malt. </p><p>Some styles use one or more other grains as a key ingredient in the style, such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">wheat beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">rye beer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatmeal stout">oatmeal stout</a>. </p><p>The inclusion of some grains such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> is often viewed as making less of a flavour contribution and more of an added source of fermentable sugars. Rice in particular "is considered by many [craft] brewers what the nasty industrial brewers use to water down their beer".<sup id="cite_ref-Ogle_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is due in large part to the use of rice by large scale American breweries. While it is commonly held that these breweries introduced these grains to their formulas during war shortages, author Maureen Ogle states "The mythology is that these giant beer makers began adding rice and corn to their beer after World War II to water it down, but that's simply not true. The American brewing industry was built in the late 19th century by first-generation German American immigrants such as Adolphus Busch, Adolph Coors and Frederick Miller. Although these men, craft brewers themselves, initially re-created the full-bodied beers of their homeland, many Americans had not developed a taste for the malt-heavy style. They needed a domestic ingredient that would make the beers more effervescent, bubbly and lighter. Rice and corn did that – it was a desired flavor, not inexpensive filler."<sup id="cite_ref-Ogle_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bittering_agents">Bittering agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bittering agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, a wide variety of flavoring agents have been added to beer to impart complexity and bitterness to the final product. Historically, these spice adjuncts were known as <a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</a>. Most modern beer is flavored with <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>, the immature flowers of a specific species of <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> plant, to contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to a beer. How much hop bitterness and aroma is appropriate varies between beer styles. There are many varieties of hops, some of which are associated with beers from specific regions. For example, Saaz hops are associated with Czech Pilsners; Hallertau and Tettnanger are two of the "noble" <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">hop varieties</a> one expects to find in German beers, and Kent Goldings are an English variety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is the main ingredient in beer, and, though water itself is flavourless, the <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)#Chemical_and_physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">chemical composition</a> can have an influence on the finished taste; indeed, some brewers regard it as "the most important ingredient in beer".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, two styles of beer are especially noted for their water chemistry: <a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">pale ale</a>, for which the process of <a href="/wiki/Burtonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtonisation">Burtonisation</a> is widespread; and <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ingredients">Other ingredients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fruits and spices are key ingredients in some beer styles. While fruit beers and herb beers are often listed as style categories unto themselves, fruits and spices are sometimes used to contribute to the flavour and aroma profile of other styles. Vegetables have also been used in beers. Honey, molasses, candy sugar, or other fermentable sugars may be added to impart their distinct flavours to a beer. While not an ingredient per se, some brewers have experimented with <a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">ageing</a> their beer in barrels previously used for <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon</a> or other distilled spirits, imparting the flavour of both the wood and the spirit to the beer. </p><p>Alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of sugars derived from non-grain sources are generally not called "beer," despite being produced by the same <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>-based biochemical reaction. Fermented honey is called <i><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a></i>, fermented apple juice is called <i><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a></i>, fermented pear juice is called <i><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">perry</a></i> (sometimes, <i>pear cider</i>), fermented plum juice is called <i><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">plum jerkum</a></i>, and fermented grape juice is called <i><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a></i>. Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">jiu</a></i> and Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a></i> are made using much the same process as beer with one additional step in the fermentation as well as using rice instead of primarily barley malt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beer_styles">Beer styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Beer styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">List of beer styles</a></div> <p>Most beer styles fall into types roughly according to the time and temperature of the primary fermentation and the variety of yeast used during fermentation. As the terminology of brewing arose before the advent of the science of microbiology, "yeast" in this context may refer not only to <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> but to some <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, for example <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting yeast">Top-fermenting yeast</a> typically ferments at higher temperatures 15–23 °C (59–73 °F), producing significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and other secondary flavours and aromas, often resembling those of apple, pear, pineapple, grass, hay, banana, plum or prune. </p><p>Top-fermented beers include <a href="/wiki/Brown_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Ale">Brown Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Ale">Old Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale Ale">Pale Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lagers</a> are the most commonly consumed type of beer in the world. Lagers are of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> origin, taking their name from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>lagern</i> ("to store"), and normally use a <a href="/wiki/Bottom-fermenting_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom-fermenting yeast">bottom-fermenting yeast</a> which begin fermenting at 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) (the "fermentation phase"), and then stored at 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) (the "lagering phase"). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows. The cooler conditions also inhibit the natural production of <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and other byproducts, resulting in a "crisper" tasting beer. </p><p>Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr the Younger, who perfected dark brown lagers at the <a href="/wiki/Spaten_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaten Brewery">Spaten Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Dreher" title="Anton Dreher">Anton Dreher</a>, who began brewing a lager in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, in 1840–1841. With modern improved fermentation control, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. </p><p>Most of today's lager is based on the original <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a> style, pioneered in 1842 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> (German: Pilsen), in an area of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> now located in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech beer">Czech Republic</a>. The modern pale lager that developed from Pilsner is light in colour and high in <a href="/wiki/Forced_carbonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced carbonation">forced carbonation</a>, with an alcohol content of 3–6% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">by volume</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heineken" title="Heineken">Heineken</a> brands of beer are typical examples of pale lager, with the Pilsner Urquell brand having a hop presence more associated with the pilsner style. Principal styles of lager include <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfestbier_/_M%C3%A4rzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberfestbier / Märzen">Oktoberfestbier / Märzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna_lager" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna lager">Vienna lager</a>. </p><p>Beers of spontaneous fermentation use wild yeasts rather than cultivated ones. By the Middle Ages, brewers had learned to crop the yeast from one brew and use it in the next. Only in a few isolated regions were wild yeasts still used. The best-known region where spontaneous fermentation is still used is the <a href="/wiki/Zenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenne">Senne Valley</a> in Belgium where <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambic</a> is produced. </p><p>Hybrid or mixed style beers use modern techniques and materials instead of, or in addition to, traditional aspects of brewing. Although there is some variation among sources, mixed beers generally fall into the following categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a>, both of which are top fermented before being cold conditioned, i.e. lagered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beers</a> were invented by German immigrants living in California and are made with a type of bottom-fermenting yeast that can ferment at warmer temperatures. The name "steam beer" is a trademark of the <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Brewing_Company" title="Anchor Brewing Company">Anchor Brewing Company</a>, though other brewers brew this beer under the designation "California common".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_and_vegetable_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit and vegetable beer">Fruit and vegetable beers</a> are mixed with some kind of fermentable <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (beer)">adjunct</a> during the fermentation process, providing obvious yet harmonious qualities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (beer)">Herb and spiced beers</a> include <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, fruits, vegetables or <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> instead of, or in addition to <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Wood-aged beers</a> are any traditional or experimental beer that has been aged in a <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wooden</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a> or have been left in contact with wood chips or cubes. Often, the barrel or wood will be treated first with some variety of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirit</a> or other alcoholic beverage; <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">scotch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> are common.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beers</a> use malt that has been treated by <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">exposing it to smoke</a> from burning or smoldering wood so that a smoky aroma and flavour is present. The best known examples of this style are the Rauchbiers of <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, Germany. Brewers outside Germany have also used smoked <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porter_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter beer">porters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a> and other styles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">Champagne</a>-style beers are finished "à la méthode originale", mainly in <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium" title="Beer in Belgium">Belgium</a>, and include Grottenbier, Deus and Malheur Bière Brut.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_fermented_drinks_based_on_cereals">Other fermented drinks based on cereals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other fermented drinks based on cereals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">Gruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(rice_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (rice wine)">Sato (rice wine)</a>, also called <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">lao hai</i></span> (jug alcohol) when home-brewed in jugs</li> <li>Sulima, made by the Mosuo people in the Lijiang region of Yunnan, China<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/60px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000233.html">Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - How to save a beer style</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckhardt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eckhardt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEckhardt1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eckhardt" title="Fred Eckhardt">Eckhardt, Fred</a> (1993). <i>The Essentials of Beer Style: A Catalog of Classic Beer Styles for Brewers and Beer Enthusiasts</i>. Fred Eckhardt Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9606302-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9606302-7-1"><bdi>978-0-9606302-7-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Beer+Style%3A+A+Catalog+of+Classic+Beer+Styles+for+Brewers+and+Beer+Enthusiasts&rft.pub=Fred+Eckhardt+Communications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9606302-7-1&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Jackson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuFJAAAAYAAJ&q=provenance"><i>Michael Jackson's beer companion:the world's great beer styles, gastronomy, and traditions</i></a>. Running Press, 1997. p. 45 & 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762402014" title="Special:BookSources/9780762402014"><bdi>9780762402014</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+beer+companion%3Athe+world%27s+great+beer+styles%2C+gastronomy%2C+and+traditions&rft.pages=45+%26+118&rft.pub=Running+Press%2C+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780762402014&rft.au=Michael+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuFJAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dprovenance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChris_Boulton,_David_Quain2008" class="citation book cs1">Chris Boulton, David Quain (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3SU4ahY-m4C&q=%22beer+style%22+local+tradition&pg=PA22"><i>Brewing yeast and fermentation</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons, 2001. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999400" title="Special:BookSources/9780470999400"><bdi>9780470999400</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewing+yeast+and+fermentation&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+2001&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=9780470999400&rft.au=Chris+Boulton%2C+David+Quain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3SU4ahY-m4C%26q%3D%2522beer%2Bstyle%2522%2Blocal%2Btradition%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarty_Nachel2008" class="citation book cs1">Marty Nachel (2008-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wZ_mxyWfvoC&q=%22beer+style%22+ingredients&pg=PA14"><i>Homebrewing For Dummiess</i></a>. For Dummies, 2008. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470374160" title="Special:BookSources/9780470374160"><bdi>9780470374160</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homebrewing+For+Dummiess&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=For+Dummies%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.isbn=9780470374160&rft.au=Marty+Nachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wZ_mxyWfvoC%26q%3D%2522beer%2Bstyle%2522%2Bingredients%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref-12_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/bot135/lect14.htm">"Yeast and Alcoholic Beverages: Beer, Wine and Liquor"</a>. <i>Welcome to University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany</i>. University of Hawaii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130214453/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/bot135/lect14.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Nov</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa+Botany&rft.atitle=Yeast+and+Alcoholic+Beverages%3A+Beer%2C+Wine+and+Liquor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwong%2Fbot135%2Flect14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suchscience.net/ipa-history/">"IPA History: Tracing the Origins of India Pale Ale"</a>. <i>suchscience.net</i>. 2022-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=suchscience.net&rft.atitle=IPA+History%3A+Tracing+the+Origins+of+India+Pale+Ale&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuchscience.net%2Fipa-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKline2024" class="citation web cs1">Kline, B. (2024-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebeerthrillers.com/2024/01/05/hops-history-and-innovation-the-fascinating-tale-of-the-ipa/">"Hops, History, and Innovation: The Fascinating Tale of the IPA - The Beer Thrillers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeerAdvocate%3A+Get+to+Know+Your+Alcohol+%28By+Volume%29&rft.pub=BeerAdvocate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeeradvocate.com%2Farticles%2F518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704130411/http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20001005.php">"Realbeer.com: Beer Break - Alcohol Content In Beer"</a>. www.realbeer.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20001005.php">the original</a> on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realbeer.com%3A+Beer+Break+-+Alcohol+Content+In+Beer&rft.pub=www.realbeer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realbeer.com%2Flibrary%2Fbeerbreak%2Farchives%2Fbeerbreak20001005.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerscribe.com/labels.html">Andy Crouch's BeerScribe.com - Beer Labels and Packaging</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlan_H._Varnam,_J._M._Sutherland1994" class="citation book cs1">Alan H. Varnam, J. M. Sutherland (1994-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHVmBknpMW8C&q=microorganisms+present+in+the+environment+lambic&pg=PA323"><i>Beverages: Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology</i></a>. Springer, 1994. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780834213104" title="Special:BookSources/9780834213104"><bdi>9780834213104</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beverages%3A+Technology%2C+Chemistry+and+Microbiology&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Springer%2C+1994&rft.date=1994-04-30&rft.isbn=9780834213104&rft.au=Alan+H.+Varnam%2C+J.+M.+Sutherland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHVmBknpMW8C%26q%3Dmicroorganisms%2Bpresent%2Bin%2Bthe%2Benvironment%2Blambic%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richman, Darryl (1994). <a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock"><i>Bock</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, United States: Brewers Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bockrich00rich/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-39-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-39-7"><bdi>978-0-937381-39-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bock&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado%2C+United+States&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-937381-39-7&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogle-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogle_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogle_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgle2006" class="citation book cs1">Ogle, Maureen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambitiousbrewsto00maur"><i>Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, United States: Harcourt Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101012-7"><bdi>978-0-15-101012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambitious+Brew%3A+The+Story+of+American+Beer&rft.place=Orlando%2C+Florida%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Harcourt+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-15-101012-7&rft.aulast=Ogle&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambitiousbrewsto00maur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span> | quoted in "Craft brewers rethink rice in beer", Jenn Garbee, LA Times, September 30, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-beer30-2009sep30,0,2785799.story">http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-beer30-2009sep30,0,2785799.story</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209071627/http://www.wellsandyoungs.co.uk/wellsandyoungs/beers/ales/wells-bombardier">"Wells Bombardier Bitter - Wells & Young's Brewing Company Ltd"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellsandyoungs.co.uk/wellsandyoungs/beers/ales/wells-bombardier">the original</a> on 2007-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Bombardier+Bitter+-+Wells+%26+Young%27s+Brewing+Company+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellsandyoungs.co.uk%2Fwellsandyoungs%2Fbeers%2Fales%2Fwells-bombardier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azaval.com/forum/showthread.php?8363-The-World-Of-Beer">World of Beer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707202454/http://www.azaval.com/forum/showthread.php?8363-The-World-Of-Beer">Archived</a> 2011-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold1911" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, John P. (1911). <i>Origin and History of Beer and Brewing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Alumni Association of the Wahl-Henius Institute of Fermentology. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2215173">2215173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+History+of+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Alumni+Association+of+the+Wahl-Henius+Institute+of+Fermentology&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2215173&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmqvist1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Almqvist" title="Bo Almqvist">Almqvist, Bo</a> (1965). <i>The Viking Ale and the Rhine Gold</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Ale+and+the+Rhine+Gold&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Almqvist&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Jackson, Michael</a> (1977). <i>The World Guide to Beer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-968057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-968057-1"><bdi>978-0-13-968057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Guide+to+Beer&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-13-968057-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckhardt1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eckhardt" title="Fred Eckhardt">Eckhardt, Fred</a> (1989). <i>The Essentials of Beer Style</i>. <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>: Fred Eckhardt Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9606302-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9606302-7-1"><bdi>978-0-9606302-7-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Beer+Style&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Fred+Eckhardt+Communications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-9606302-7-1&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Christine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbe00rhod"><i>The Encyclopedia of Beer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3799-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-3799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Beer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3799-9&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofbe00rhod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornell2004" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Martyn (2004). <i>Beer: the Story of the Pint</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Headline_Publishing_Group" title="Headline Publishing Group">Headline</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1"><bdi>978-0-7553-1165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+the+Story+of+the+Pint&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-1165-1&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeer+style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_style&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewersassociation.org/attachments/0001/4713/2014_BA_Beer_Style_Guidelines_FINAL.pdf">Brewers Association 2014 Beer Style Guideline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/beerstyles.html">Michael Jackson's Beer Styles Index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234114/http://www.brauer-bund.de/bierfans/sorten/inhalt.htm">German brewers association</a> in German (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brauer-bund.de%2Fbierfans%2Fsorten%2Finhalt.htm&sl=de&tl=en&history_state0=">Translation</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729041918/http://www.camra.org.uk/beerstyles">Beer Styles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dma.be/P/BIER/1_2.htm">A founder of the first Belgian beer consumers group</a> in Dutch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dma.be%2FP%2FBIER%2F1_2.htm&sl=nl&tl=en&history_state0=">Translation</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ale.dk/index.php?id=665">Danish beer consumers group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203204459/https://www.ale.dk/index.php?id=665">Archived</a> 2019-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Danish (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ale.dk%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D665&sl=da&tl=en&history_state0=">Translation</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Homebrewing competition categories</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjcp.org/stylecenter.php">2015 BJCP Style Guidelines</a>, index used by the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Judge_Certification_Program" title="Beer Judge Certification Program">Beer Judge Certification Program</a> for categorising beers in home-brewing competitions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411173120/http://www.bristolhomebrewcompetition.org.uk/index.php?section=entry">Categories Accepted</a>, categories used by the Bristol Homebrew Competition</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Beer_styles_(list)210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beer_styles" title="Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beer_styles" title="Template talk:Beer styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beer_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beer_styles_(list)210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beer styles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber ale">Amber ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pale_ale" title="American pale ale">American pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pale_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pale ale">Australian pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">Brown ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_ale" title="Burton ale">Burton ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ale" title="Copper ale">Copper ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_ale" title="Cream ale">Cream ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">Dubbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">Farmhouse ale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisette_(beer)" title="Grisette (beer)">Grisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">Irish red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_common_beer" title="Kentucky common beer">Kentucky common beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_ale" title="Old ale">Old ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">Pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic porter">Baltic porter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_ale" title="Pumpkin ale">Pumpkin ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupel" title="Quadrupel">Quadrupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ale" title="Strong ale">Strong ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">Tripel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">Lager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lager" title="American lager">American lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lager" title="Australian lager">Australian lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_Export" title="Dortmunder Export">Dortmunder Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerbier" title="Kellerbier">Kellerbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sour_beer13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wild_ale" title="American wild ale">American wild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">Lambic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueuze" title="Gueuze">Gueuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud_bruin" title="Oud bruin">Oud bruin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_beer" title="Fruit beer">Fruit beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Hemp beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_beer" title="Ice beer">Ice beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_beer" title="Light beer">Light beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_beer" title="Malt beer">Malt beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">Millet beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pito_(beer)" title="Pito (beer)">Pito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">Root beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">Rye beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer#Bamberg_Rauchbier" title="Smoked beer">Rauchbier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">Spruce beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beer / California Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_beers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey beers">Abbey beers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">Adjuncts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_beer" title="Experimental beer">Experimental beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">Real ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_beer" title="Seasonal beer">Seasonal beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/20px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>13 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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