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href="#Building_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Building material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Insulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hempcrete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hempcrete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Hempcrete </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hempcrete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oils_and_varnishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oils_and_varnishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Oils and varnishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oils_and_varnishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Plaster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ropes_and_strands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ropes_and_strands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Ropes and strands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ropes_and_strands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Plastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.8 Wood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Composite materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Paper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Jewelry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Cordage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_bedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_bedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Animal bedding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_bedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_soil_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_soil_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Water and soil purification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_soil_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weed_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weed_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Weed control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weed_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Biofuels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Producers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Producers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Historical cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hemp</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennep" title="Hennep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hennep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8" title="قنب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A3" title="শণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Кълчища – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кълчища" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nem" title="Cànem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cànem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%81" title="Сӳс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӳс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technick%C3%A9_konop%C3%AD" title="Technické konopí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Technické konopí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywarch" title="Cywarch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cywarch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrihamp" title="Industrihamp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Industrihamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutzhanf" title="Nutzhanf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nutzhanf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1%C3%B1amo" title="Cáñamo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáñamo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="شاهدانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهدانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanvre" title="Chanvre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chanvre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_konoplja" title="Industrijska konoplja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Industrijska konoplja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henep" title="Henep – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henep" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unotha" title="Unotha – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Unotha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קנבוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katani" title="Katani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8" title="قنب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قنب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem_industri" title="Hem industri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hem industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennep" title="Hennep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hennep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB_(%E7%B9%8A%E7%B6%AD)" title="麻 (繊維) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="麻 (繊維)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamp" title="Hamp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamp" title="Hamp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambe" title="Cambe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਹੈਂਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਂਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canve" title="Canve – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Canve" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2nhamo" title="Cânhamo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cânhamo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пенька – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенька" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpi" title="Kërpi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A" title="හෙම්ප් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙම්ප්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hemp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Индустријска употреба конопље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индустријска употреба конопље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffest_(Aze%C9%A3bub)" title="Tiffest (Azeɣbub) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiffest (Azeɣbub)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="జనుము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జనుము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendir" title="Kendir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kendir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Прядиво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прядиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_d%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Gai dầu công nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gai dầu công nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hemp" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB" title="麻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="工業大麻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工業大麻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E9%BA%BB" title="火麻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火麻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7150699#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Low-THC cannabis plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about industrial uses of cannabis. For the genus of plants, see <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a>. For therapeutic preparations of the plant, see <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a>. For the psychoactive preparation, see <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (drug)</a>. For religious use, see <a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Entheogenic use of cannabis</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cannabis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/250px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arts</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a> (<a href="/wiki/420chan" title="420chan">chan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magu_(deity)" title="Magu (deity)">Magu (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism" title="Cannabis and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Spiritual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a> (INN)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol">delta-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol">delta-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Semi-synthetic cannabinoids</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">THC-O-acetate</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">Synthetic cannabinoids</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids" title="List of AM cannabinoids">AM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM-2201" title="AM-2201">AM-2201</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids" title="List of CP cannabinoids">CP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,940" title="CP 55,940">CP-55940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids" title="List of HU cannabinoids">HU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HU-210" title="HU-210">HU-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HU-331" title="HU-331">HU-331</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids" title="List of JWH cannabinoids">JWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-073" title="JWH-073">JWH-073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-133" title="JWH-133">JWH-133</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonantradol" title="Levonantradol">Levonantradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA" title="MDMB-CHMICA">MDMB-CHMICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-144,528" title="SR-144,528">SR144528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Pharmacology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid receptors</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">Cannabinoid receptor type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">Cannabinoid receptor type 2</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoids</a> (activate cannabinoid receptors)</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink" title="Cannabis consumption">Drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Edibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual cannabis use by country</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_house" title="Grow house">Grow house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_shop" title="Grow shop">Grow shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine" title="Marijuana vending machine">Marijuana vending machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_(cannabis_cigar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt (cannabis cigar)">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Flower essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_protein" title="Hemp protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(smoking)" title="Roach (smoking)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabis">Synthetic cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law" title="Cannabis and international law">Cannabis and international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">UN 2020 descheduling</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Non-medical</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory" title="Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory">Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada" title="Legal history of cannabis in Canada">Legal history of cannabis in Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_country" title="Cannabis by country">Cannabis by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain" title="Cannabis in Spain">Cannabis in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand" title="Cannabis in Thailand">Cannabis in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy of Portugal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids">Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Genus</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Species</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco Gold (cannabis)">Acapulco Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte's web (cannabis)">Charlotte's web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(Cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kush (Cannabis)">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi Gold">Malawi Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_Diesel" title="Sour Diesel">Sour Diesel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/20px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/40px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="790" /> <a 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data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG/250px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG/330px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG/500px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A hemp field in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>, France, which is Europe's largest hemp producer as of 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/220px--Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish,_Estonia_(August_2022).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish,_Estonia_(August_2022).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm/Drone_video_of_a_maze_in_a_hemp_field_in_Kanepi_parish%2C_Estonia_%28August_2022%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Drone video of a hemp themed maze in a hemp (kanep in Estonian) field in Kanepi parish, Estonia (August 2022)</figcaption></figure> Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, hemp is among the fastest growing plants<a href="#cite_note-Deitch2003-2">[2]</a> on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> 50,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-greencriminology-3">[3]</a> It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">biodegradable plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">animal feed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keller-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Although chemotype I <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> and hemp (types II, III, IV, V) are both <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a> and contain the <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> component <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC), they represent distinct <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> groups, typically with unique <a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">phytochemical</a> compositions and uses.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Hemp typically has lower concentrations of total THC and may have higher concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a> (CBD), which potentially mitigates the <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive</a> effects of THC.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The legality of hemp varies widely among countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content into commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-Talbot2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crime2009-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis" title="Etymology of cannabis">Etymology of cannabis</a></div> The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term κάνναβις (kánnabis) is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested</a> form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> word.<a href="#cite_note-EncycIndoEU-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Then it appears to have been borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and separately into <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and from there into <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BarberPhrehistoricTextiles-12">[12]</a> In the Germanic languages, following <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a>, the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift,<a href="#cite_note-EncycIndoEU-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> giving <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *hanapiz, after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, hænep, henep.<a href="#cite_note-EncycIndoEU-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Barber</a> (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to its historically more recent plant use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric.<a href="#cite_note-BarberPhrehistoricTextiles-12">[12]</a> Another possible source of origin is <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_(Akkadian_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian (Akkadian dialect)">Assyrian</a> qunnabu, which was the name for a source of oil, <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-BarberPhrehistoricTextiles-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">Cognates</a> of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch hennep, Danish and Norwegian hamp, Saterland Frisian Hoamp, German Hanf, Icelandic hampur and Swedish hampa. In those languages "hemp" can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains.<a href="#cite_note-EncycIndoEU-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg/220px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg/330px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg/440px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Hemp seed</figcaption></figure> Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including rope, textiles, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, shoes, food, paper, <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastics</a>, insulation, and biofuel.<a href="#cite_note-Keller-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">bast fibers</a> can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make <a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">woven fabrics</a> for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding, and litter. When <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidized</a> (often erroneously referred to as "drying"), <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">hemp oil</a> from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well. A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was used in animal and bird feed.<a href="#cite_note-michael-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hempseed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hempseed.jpg/250px-Hempseed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hempseed.jpg/330px-Hempseed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hempseed.jpg/500px-Hempseed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro</a> image of hemp seeds</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Hemp seed, hulled</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,451 kJ (586 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">4.67 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a> <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.50 g <div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0.07 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.0 g (around 20 g when whole)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">48.75 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.600 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">5.400 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">38.100 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">9.301 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">28.698 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">31.56 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.369 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.269 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.286 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.163 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.276 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.933 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.672 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.447 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.263 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.777 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.550 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.969 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.528 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.662 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.269 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.611 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.597 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.713 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>7 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">11 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">106%</div> 1.275 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 0.285 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">58%</div> 9.200 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">35%</div> 0.600 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 110 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.80 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 70 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">178%</div> 1.600 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">44%</div> 7.95 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">167%</div> 700 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">330%</div> 7.600 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">132%</div> 1650 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">40%</div> 1200 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">90%</div> 9.90 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.96 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223323/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3614?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=">Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-15">[15]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-16">[16]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouted</a> or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> used for baking or for beverages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">hemp milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tisane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisane">tisanes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a> is <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">cold-pressed</a> from the seed and is high in <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acids">unsaturated fatty acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ages-18">[18]</a> In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a> treats hemp as a purely <a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">non-food crop</a>, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.3% <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a> concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a> or for sale as a food or food ingredient.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In the US, hemp can be used legally in food products and, as of 2000<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit">[update]</a>, was typically sold in <a href="/wiki/Health_food_store" title="Health food store">health food stores</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ages-18">[18]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HempSeed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whole hemp seeds"><img alt="Whole hemp seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HempSeed.jpg/213px-HempSeed.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HempSeed.jpg/319px-HempSeed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HempSeed.jpg/426px-HempSeed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4245" data-file-height="2992" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Whole hemp seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hulled hemp seeds"><img alt="Hulled hemp seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg/250px-Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg/330px-Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg/500px-Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hulled hemp seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_protein" title="Hemp protein">Hemp protein</a></div> A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 2,451 kilojoules (586 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. They contain 5% water, 5% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 49% total fat, and 31% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nd-20">[20]</a> The share of protein obtained from the hemp seeds can be increased in by processing the seeds, such as by dehulling the seeds, or by using the meal or cake (also called hemp seed flour),<a href="#cite_note-pmid33735229-21">[21]</a> that is, the remaining fraction of hemp seed obtained after expelling its oil fraction.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34164425-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a> The proteins are mostly located in the inner layer of the seed, whereas the hull is poor in proteins, as it mostly contains the fiber.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36712539-24">[24]</a> Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.<a href="#cite_note-nd-20">[20]</a> The three main proteins in hemp seeds are edestin (83% of total protein content), albumin (13%) and ß-conglycinin (up to 5%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid36766179-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a> Hemp seed proteins are highly digestible compared to soy proteins when untreated (unheated).<a href="#cite_note-pmid36365277-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein-rich foods, such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35906681-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36712539-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-callaway-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_Digestibility_Corrected_Amino_Acid_Score" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score">Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores</a> were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hemp seed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for <a href="/wiki/Hulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulled">hulled</a> hemp seed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33735229-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The most abundant amino acid in hemp seed is <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> (3.74–4.58% of whole seed) followed by arginine (2.28–3.10% of whole seed).<a href="#cite_note-pmid34164425-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36712539-24">[24]</a> The whole hemp seed can be considered a rich-protein source containing a protein amount higher or similar than other protein-rich products, such as quinoa (13.0%), chia seeds (18.2–19.7%), buckwheat seeds (27.8%) and linseeds (20.9%). Nutritionally, the protein fraction of hemp seed is highly digestible comparing to other plant-based proteins such as soy protein. Hemp seed protein has a good profile of essential amino acids, still, this profile of amino acids is inferior to that of soy or casein.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32610691-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36712539-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37761214-30">[30]</a> Hemp seeds are a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (20% DV), <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (362% DV), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (236% DV), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (197% DV), <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential fatty acids">essential fatty acids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nd-20">[20]</a> mainly <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic</a> acids.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36712539-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-callaway-28">[28]</a> The ratio of the 38.100 grams of polyunsaturated fats per 100 grams is 9.301 grams of omega-3 to 28.698 grams of omega-6.<a href="#cite_note-fdca-31">[31]</a> Typically, the portion suggested on packages for an adult is 30 grams, approximately three tablespoons.<a href="#cite_note-fdca-31">[31]</a> With its gluten content as low as 4.78 ppm, hemp is attracting attention as a gluten-free (<20 ppm) food material.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36766179-25">[25]</a> Despite the rich nutrient content of hemp seeds, the seeds contain <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritional compounds</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytic acid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a> inhibitors, and <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a>, in statistically significant concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36365277-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storage">Storage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Storage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a> oxidizes and turns <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> within a short period of time if not stored properly;<a href="#cite_note-ages-18">[18]</a> its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber">Fiber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiber">edit</a>]</div> Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>. The word "canvas" is derived from the word cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Pure hemp has a texture similar to <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">lyocell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Its benefits in terms for sustainability also increase its appeal in industries, such as the clothing industry.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanfstengel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp stem showing fibers"><img alt="Hemp stem showing fibers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanfstengel.jpg/200px-Hanfstengel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanfstengel.jpg/300px-Hanfstengel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanfstengel.jpg/400px-Hanfstengel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp stem showing fibers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp fibers being mechanically carded"><img alt="Hemp fibers being mechanically carded" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg/199px-Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg/299px-Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg/399px-Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q54667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="979" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp fibers being mechanically <a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">carded</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp-600x600.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100% hemp fabric"><img alt="100% hemp fabric" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hemp-600x600.jpg/150px-Hemp-600x600.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hemp-600x600.jpg/225px-Hemp-600x600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hemp-600x600.jpg/300px-Hemp-600x600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">100% hemp fabric</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bai_woman_hemp,_shell-ornamented_clothes_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04339.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp dress"><img alt="Hemp dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bai_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_clothes_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04339.JPG/120px-Bai_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_clothes_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04339.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bai_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_clothes_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04339.JPG/250px-Bai_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_clothes_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04339.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisu_woman_hemp,_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp dress"><img alt="Hemp dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG/112px-Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG/169px-Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG/225px-Lisu_woman_hemp%2C_shell-ornamented_dress_detail_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04310.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OutDoor_2018,_Friedrichshafen_(1X7A0347).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp shorts"><img alt="Hemp shorts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg/250px-OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg/330px-OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg/500px-OutDoor_2018%2C_Friedrichshafen_%281X7A0347%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5035" data-file-height="4042" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp shorts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp-sack,_Asabukuro,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp sack"><img alt="Hemp sack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg/112px-Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg/169px-Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg/225px-Hemp-sack%2C_Asabukuro%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp sack</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp shoes"><img alt="Hemp shoes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg/250px-800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg/330px-800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg/500px-800_Hemp_olive_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="475" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp shoes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_material">Building material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Building material">edit</a>]</div> Hemp as a building construction material provides solutions to a variety of issues facing current building standards. Its light weight, mold resistance, breathability, etc. makes hemp products versatile in a multitude of uses.<a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> Following the co-heating tests of NNFCC Renewable House at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), hemp is reported to be a more <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> material of construction in comparison to most building methods used today.<a href="#cite_note-NNFCCC-2021-41">[41]</a> In addition, its practical use in building construction could result in the reduction of both energy consumption costs and the creation of secondary pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-NNFCCC-2021-41">[41]</a> In 2022, hemp-lime, also known as <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a>, was accepted as a building material, along with methodologies for its use, by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_Council" title="International Code Council">International Code Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and was included in the 2024 edition of the International Residential Code as an appendix: "Appendix BL Hemp-Lime (Hempcrete) Construction".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This inclusion in the IRC model code is expected to promote expansion of the use and legitimacy of hemp-lime in construction in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The hemp market was at its largest during the 17th century. In the 19th century and onward, the market saw a decline during its rapid <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">illegalization in many countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Hemp has resurfaced in <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> construction, primarily in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-EPN-2021-46">[46]</a> The modern-day disputes regarding the legality of hemp lead to its main disadvantages: importing and regulating costs. Final Report on the Construction of the Hemp Houses at <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Suffolk" title="Haverhill, Suffolk">Haverhill</a>, UK conducts that hemp construction exceeds the cost of traditional building materials by £48per square meter.<a href="#cite_note-EPN-2021-46">[46]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a> researches the use of hemp-lime panel systems for construction. Funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the research tests panel design within their use in high-quality construction, on site assembly, humidity and moisture penetration, temperature change, daily performance and energy saving documentations.<a href="#cite_note-U_of_Bath-2014-47">[47]</a> The program, focusing on Britain, France, and Spain markets aims to perfect protocols of use and application, manufacturing, data gathering, certification for market use, as well as warranty and insurance.<a href="#cite_note-U_of_Bath-2014-47">[47]</a> The most common use of hemp-lime in building is by casting the hemp-hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass. After the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sustainability">edit</a>]</div> Hemp is classified under the green category of building design, primarily due to its positive effects on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Stanwix-2014-49">[49]</a> A few of its benefits include but are not limited to the suppression of weed growth, anti-erosion, reclamation properties, and the ability to remove poisonous substances and heavy metals from soil.<a href="#cite_note-Stanwix-2014-49">[49]</a> The use of hemp is beginning to gain popularity alongside other natural materials. This is because <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> processing is done mechanically with minimal harmful effects on the environment. A part of what makes hemp <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> is its minimal water usage and non-reliance on pesticides for proper growth. It is recyclable, non-<a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a>, making hemp a popular choice in <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> construction.<a href="#cite_note-Stanwix-2014-49">[49]</a> Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability, and has been known to be a good protector against vermin. The fiber has the capability to reinforce structures by embossing threads and cannabis shavers. Hemp has been involved more recently in the building industry, producing building construction materials including <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a>, and varnishes.<a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allin-2012-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ceyte-2008-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-konopny-beton-2021-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-KONOPNÉ-2021-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a> Hemp made materials have low embodied energy. The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a>, providing air quality, thermal balance, creating a positive environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-Allin-2012-50">[50]</a> Hemp's properties allow mold resistance, and its porous materiality makes the building materials made of it breathable. In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating. Hemp can be non-flammable if mixed with <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">lime</a> and could be applied on numerous aspects of the building (wall, roofs, etc.) due to its lightweight properties.<a href="#cite_note-Stanwix-2014-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allin-2012-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insulation">Insulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Insulation">edit</a>]</div> Hemp is commonly used as an <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> material. Its flexibility and toughness during compression allows for easier implementation within structural framing systems. The insulation material could also be easily adjusted to different sizes and shapes by being cut during the installation process. The ability to not settle and therefore avoiding cavity developments lowers its need for maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a> Hemp insulation is naturally lightweight and non-<a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, allowing for an exposed installation in a variety of spaces, including flooring, walling, and roofing. Compared to mineral insulation, hemp absorbs roughly double the amount of heat and could be compared to wood, in some cases even overpassing some of its types.<a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a> Hemp insulation's porous materiality allows for air and moisture penetration, with a bulk density going up to 20% without losing any thermal properties. In contrast, the commonly used mineral insulation starts to fail after 2%. The insulation evenly distributes vapor and allows for air circulation, constantly carrying out used air and replacing with fresh. Its use on the exterior of the structure, overlaid with breathable water-resistive barriers, eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure.<a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a> In addition, the insulation doubles as a sound barrier, weakening airborne sound waves passing through it.<a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hempcrete">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></div> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> absorbed during its growth period, hemp-lime, also known as hempcrete, continues absorption during the curing process. The mixture hardens when the silica contained in hemp <a href="/wiki/Shives" title="Shives">shives</a> mixes with hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">lime</a>, resulting in the mineralization process called "carbonation".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="quicklime is produced by driving off CO2 from limestone—the setting of hempcrete can take up no more CO2 than was released in the production of the quicklime; once the likely CO2 production added by the heat generation to expel the CO2 from limestone, so a net production o COz—other forms of lime set by hydration. The curing process of hempcrete (drying of wet-formed hempcrete structures or blocks) involves reclaiming the CO2 driven out during the processing of the precursor limestone (mentioned above), and continues for a long time (decades? lifetime?). So technically, hempcrete is indeed sequestering CO2 as it cures, regardless the net CO2 accounting. Combined with the carbon stored in the hemp plant body (the hemp shives or hurd used in a hempcrete mixture), hempcrete is estimated to be a carbon-negative product, as-built on site. (September 2021)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hemp#Please_discuss_dubious_claims_of_CO2_sequestration_when_hempcrete_sets" title="Talk:Hemp">discuss</a>].<a href="#cite_note-KONOPNÉ-2021-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Though not a load-bearing material,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> hempcrete is most commonly used as infill in building construction due to its light weight (roughly seven times lighter than common concrete) and vapor permeability.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The building material is made of hemp hurds (shiv or shives), <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_lime" title="Hydraulic lime">hydraulic lime</a>, and water mixed in varying ratios.<a href="#cite_note-konopny-beton-2021-52">[52]</a> The mix depends on the use of the material within the structure and could differ in physical properties. Surfaces such as flooring interact with a multitude of loads and would have to be more resistive, while walls and roofs are required to be more lightweight.<a href="#cite_note-konopny-beton-2021-52">[52]</a> The application of this material in construction requires minimal skill.<a href="#cite_note-konopny-beton-2021-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a> can be formed in-situ or formed into blocks. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick, wood, or steel framing.<a href="#cite_note-NNFCCC-2021-41">[41]</a> In the end of the twentieth century, during his renovation of Maison de la Turquie in <a href="/wiki/Nogent-sur-Seine" title="Nogent-sur-Seine">Nogent-sur-Seine, France</a>, Charles Rasetti first invented and applied the use of hempcrete in construction.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Shortly after, in the 2000s, Modece Architects used hemp-lime for test designs in <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Suffolk" title="Haverhill, Suffolk">Haverhill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HempCrete-2021-59">[59]</a> The dwellings were studied and monitored for comparison with other building performances by <a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a>. Completed in 2009, the Center for the Built Environment's Renewable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.bregroup.com/bre-co-uk-file-library-copy/filelibrary/Innovation_Park/RenewableHouseBrochure.pdf">House</a> was found to be among the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp-based material. A year later the first home made of hemp-based materials was completed in Asheville, North Carolina, US.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oils_and_varnishes">Oils and varnishes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oils and varnishes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a> seeds have high-fat content and contain 30-35% of fatty acids. The extracted oil is suited for a variety of construction applications.<a href="#cite_note-Allin-2012-50">[50]</a> The biodegradable hemp oil acts as a wood varnish, protecting flooring from mold, pests, and wear. Its use prevents the water from penetrating the wood while still allowing air and vapor to pass through.<a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> Its most common use can be seen in wood framing construction, one of the most common construction methods in the world. Because of its low UV-resistant rating, the finish is most often used indoors, on surfaces such as flooring and wood paneling.<a href="#cite_note-ASB-2016-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaster">Plaster</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plaster">edit</a>]</div> Hemp-based <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulating</a> <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> is created by combining hemp fibers with calcium <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>. This material, when applied on internal walls, ceilings, and flooring, can be layered up to ten centimeters in thickness. Its porous materiality allows the created plaster to regulate air humidity and evenly distribute it.<a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> The gradual absorption and release of water prevent the material from cracking and breaking apart.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> Similar to high-density fiber cement, hemp plaster can naturally vary in color and be manually pigmented.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ropes_and_strands">Ropes and strands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ropes and strands">edit</a>]</div> Hemp ropes can be woven in various diameters, possessing high amounts of strength making them suitable for a variety of uses for building construction purposes.<a href="#cite_note-KONOPNÉ-2021-53">[53]</a> Some of these uses include installation of frames in building openings and connection of joints. The ropes also used in bridge construction, tunnels, traditional homes, etc.<a href="#cite_note-KONOPNÉ-2021-53">[53]</a> One of the earliest examples of hemp rope and other textile use can be traced back to 1500 BC <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemp_Concrete-2017-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastics">Plastics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plastics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a> <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextiles</a> could be put in both wet and dry conditions. Hemp-based <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastic</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), a material used for plumbing pipes.<a href="#cite_note-KONOPNÉ-2021-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood">Wood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wood">edit</a>]</div> Hemp growth lasts roughly 100 days, a much faster time period than an average tree used for construction purposes. While dry, the fibers could be pressed into tight wood alternatives to wood-frame construction, wall/ceiling paneling, and flooring. As an addition, hemp is flexible and versatile allowing it to be used in a greater number of ways than wood.<a href="#cite_note-Novakiva-2017-40">[40]</a> Similarly, hemp wood could also be made of recycled hemp-based paper.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanplatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp fiber board"><img alt="Hemp fiber board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spanplatte.jpg/250px-Spanplatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spanplatte.jpg/330px-Spanplatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spanplatte.jpg/500px-Spanplatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1590" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp fiber board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp thermal insulation"><img alt="Hemp thermal insulation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg/220px-Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg/330px-Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg/440px-Daemmung_Hanf_2011-by-RaBoe-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="738" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp thermal insulation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks"><img alt="Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif/200px-Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif/300px-Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif/400px-Bloc_de_chanvre_isol_int.gif 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp interior thermal insulation blocks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation"><img alt="Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg/250px-Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg/330px-Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg/500px-Faux_plafond_isolation_acoustique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="413" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp acoustic ceiling insulation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Concrete block made with hemp in France"><img alt="Concrete block made with hemp in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif/112px-Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif/168px-Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif/225px-Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="303" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Concrete_block" title="Concrete block">Concrete block</a> made with hemp in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete"><img alt="Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg/220px-Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg/330px-Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg/440px-Highland_Hemp_House_finished_hempcrete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highland Hemp House finished hempcrete</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp sound insulation brick"><img alt="Hemp sound insulation brick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg/121px-Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg/181px-Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg/242px-Brique_d%27isolation_acoustique_en_chanvre_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="826" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp sound insulation brick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp-rope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp rope used in construction"><img alt="Hemp rope used in construction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hemp-rope.jpg/220px-Hemp-rope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hemp-rope.jpg/330px-Hemp-rope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hemp-rope.jpg/440px-Hemp-rope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2586" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp rope used in construction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WISE,_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sustainable construction in practice"><img alt="Sustainable construction in practice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg/200px-WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg/300px-WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg/400px-WISE%2C_Sustainable_construction_in_practice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sustainable construction in practice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:House,_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House that used hemp as one of its building materials"><img alt="House that used hemp as one of its building materials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg/112px-House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg/169px-House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg/225px-House%2C_The_%22Triangle%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">House that used hemp as one of its building materials</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hempcrete_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp wall"><img alt="Hemp wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hempcrete_wall.jpg/200px-Hempcrete_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hempcrete_wall.jpg/300px-Hempcrete_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hempcrete_wall.jpg/400px-Hempcrete_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp wall</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_materials">Composite materials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Composite materials">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: what are the comparative economics of using hemp vs. alternative materials in some of these applications?. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></div> A mixture of <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, hemp fiber, <a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">kenaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The choice of which <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">bast fiber</a> to use is primarily based on cost and availability. Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and Volvo. For example, the Lotus Eco Elise<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp (up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrinnenverkleidung_Hanf-PP_nova.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp plastic interior of a car door"><img alt="Hemp plastic interior of a car door" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/T%C3%BCrinnenverkleidung_Hanf-PP_nova.jpg/250px-T%C3%BCrinnenverkleidung_Hanf-PP_nova.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/T%C3%BCrinnenverkleidung_Hanf-PP_nova.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrinnenverkleidung_Hanf-PP_nova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp plastic interior of a car door</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Handschuhfach_PP-NF_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp plastic automobile glove box"><img alt="Hemp plastic automobile glove box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Handschuhfach_PP-NF_CG.jpg/250px-Handschuhfach_PP-NF_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Handschuhfach_PP-NF_CG.jpg/330px-Handschuhfach_PP-NF_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1093" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp plastic automobile glove box</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp plastic column, automobile"><img alt="Hemp plastic column, automobile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg/250px-B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg/330px-B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg/500px-B-S%C3%A4ule_PP-NF_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="786" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp plastic column, automobile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp composite sink basin"><img alt="Hemp composite sink basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg/163px-Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg/245px-Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg/327px-Natural_fibre_polymer_nabasco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="826" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp composite sink basin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paper">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp paper</a></div> Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Hemp_Fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp Fiber">fibers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial hemp">industrial hemp</a>. The products are mainly specialty papers such as <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette paper">cigarette paper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kraus-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> and technical <a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">filter papers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filterpaper-70">[70]</a> Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fiber, a significantly lower <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood,<a href="#cite_note-Gertjan-71">[71]</a> since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped. If the paper industry were to switch from wood to hemp for sourcing its cellulose fibers, the following benefits could be utilized: <ul><li>Hemp yields three to four times more usable fiber per hectare per annum than forests, and hemp does not need pesticides or herbicides.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Hemp has a much faster crop yield. It takes about 3–4 months for hemp stalks to reach maturity,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> while trees can take between 20 and 80 years. Not only does hemp grow at a faster rate, but it also contains a high level of cellulose.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This quick return means that paper can be produced at a faster rate if hemp were used in place of wood.</li> <li>Hemp paper does not require the use of toxic bleaching or as many chemicals as wood pulp because it can be whitened with hydrogen peroxide. This means using hemp instead of wood for paper would end the practice of poisoning Earth's waterways with chlorine or dioxins from wood paper manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-yadda.icm.edu.pl-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Hemp paper can be recycled up to 8 times, compared to just 3 times for paper made from wood pulp.<a href="#cite_note-yadda.icm.edu.pl-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Compared to its wood pulp counterpart, paper from hemp fibers resists decomposition and does not yellow or brown with age.<a href="#cite_note-yadda.icm.edu.pl-75">[75]</a> It is also one of the strongest natural fibers in the world<a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue.edu-76">[76]</a> - one of the reasons for its longevity and durability.</li> <li>Several factors favor the increased use of wood substitutes for paper, especially agricultural fibers such as hemp. Deforestation, particularly the destruction of old growth forests, and the world's decreasing supply of wild timber resources are today major ecological concerns. Hemp's use as a wood substitute will contribute to preserving biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-hort.purdue.edu-76">[76]</a></li></ul> However, hemp has had a hard time competing with paper from trees or recycled newsprint. Only the outer part of the stem consists mainly of fibers which are suitable for the production of paper. Numerous attempts have been made to develop machines that efficiently and inexpensively separate useful fibers from less useful fibers, but none have been completely successful. This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jewelry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">Hemp jewelry</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry,_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg/220px-Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg/330px-Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg/440px-Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_Street_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Hemp and bead jewelry</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">Hemp jewelry</a> is the product of knotting hemp <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a> through the practice of <a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">macramé</a>. Hemp jewelry includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewelry features beads made from crystals, glass, <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a>, wood and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different <a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">stitches</a> used to create hemp jewelry, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordage">Cordage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cordage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg/250px-Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg/330px-Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg/500px-Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Hemp rope</figcaption></figure> Hemp rope was used in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">age of sailing ships</a>, though the rope had to be protected by <a href="/wiki/Tarring_(rope)" title="Tarring (rope)">tarring</a>, since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rot</a>, as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Tarring was a labor-intensive process, and earned sailors the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Tar" title="Jack Tar">Jack Tar</a>". Hemp rope was phased out when <a href="/wiki/Manila_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila rope">manila rope</a>, which does not require tarring, became widely available.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Manila is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a>, but is not related to hemp; it is <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá</a>, a species of banana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_bedding">Animal bedding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Animal bedding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_Straw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hemp_Straw.JPG/250px-Hemp_Straw.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hemp_Straw.JPG/330px-Hemp_Straw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hemp_Straw.JPG/500px-Hemp_Straw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Hemp straw animal bedding</figcaption></figure> Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding (horses, for instance), or for horticultural mulch.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_soil_purification">Water and soil purification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water and soil purification">edit</a>]</div> Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl nuclear disaster</a> site, by way of a process which is known as <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a> – the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weed_control">Weed control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Weed control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weed_control#Organic_methods" title="Weed control">Weed control § Organic methods</a></div> Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a <a href="/wiki/Smother_crop" title="Smother crop">smother crop</a> to kill tough weeds.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, gain <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">organic certification</a>, and gain the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>. However, due to the plant's rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like <a href="/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius" title="Cytisus scoparius">Scotch Broom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle."><img alt="The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg/220px-Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg/330px-Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg/440px-Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuels">Biofuels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biofuels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiesel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Biodiesel.JPG/170px-Biodiesel.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Biodiesel.JPG/255px-Biodiesel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Biodiesel.JPG/340px-Biodiesel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>Biodiesel sample</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called "hempoline".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a> (ethanol or, less commonly, methanol) can be made by fermenting the whole plant. Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a>, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a>".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palm seeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and kitchen waste.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Processing">edit</a>]</div> Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as <a href="/wiki/Decorticator" title="Decorticator">decortication</a>. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water-<a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a> first before the fibers were beaten off the inner <a href="/wiki/Hemp_hurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp hurds">hurd</a> by hand, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">scutching</a>. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the <a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marijuana Tax Act</a> was implemented in 1938, the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained "frozen in time". Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber. Only in 1997, did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow <a href="/wiki/Industrial_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial hemp">industrial hemp</a> again. Iterations of the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Decorticator" title="Decorticator">decorticator</a> have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as <a href="/wiki/Thermo_mechanical_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermo mechanical pulp">thermomechanical pulping</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hemp" title="Special:EditPage/Hemp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hemp%22">"Hemp"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hemp%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hemp%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hemp%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hemp%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hemp%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannab2_new.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="black and white drawing: C. sativa tall, C. indica middle, C. ruderalis small" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cannab2_new.png/220px-Cannab2_new.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Cannab2_new.png 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only C. sativa (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.</figcaption></figure> Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere, between September and November in the southern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> It matures in about three to four months, depending on various conditions. Millennia of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">varieties</a> that display a wide range of traits; e.g. suited for particular environments/latitudes, producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoids">cannabinoids</a> (CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBN...etc.), fiber quality, oil/seed yield, etc. Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the 1900s when it was associated with its genetic sibling a.k.a. Drug-Type Cannabis species (which contain higher levels of psychoactive THC). <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Influential groups misconstrued hemp</a> as a dangerous "drug",<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemp's medical, structural and dietary uses.<a href="#cite_note-luginbuhl.industrial.hemp-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Deitch-91">[91]</a> In the United States, the public's perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product,"<a href="#cite_note-luginbuhl.industrial.hemp-90">[90]</a> in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Deitch-91">[91]</a> Ideally, according to Britain's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a>, the herb should be desiccated and harvested toward the end of flowering. This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The seeds are sown with grain drills or other conventional seeding equipment to a depth of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />13 to 25 mm (1⁄2 to 1 in). Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. The soil should have available 89 to 135 kg/ha of nitrogen, 46 kg/ha phosphorus, 67 kg/ha potassium, and 17 kg/ha sulfur. Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cultivars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_varieties" title="List of hemp varieties">List of hemp varieties</a></div> In contrast to cannabis for medical use, varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0.3% THC and are unsuitable for producing hashish and marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-Sawler-94">[94]</a> Present in industrial hemp, <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a> is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa is the variety grown for industrial use, while C. sativa subsp. indica generally has poor fiber quality and female buds from this variety are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes. The major differences between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ9-<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermal</a> hairs called glandular <a href="/wiki/Trichomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichomes">trichomes</a>, although they can also be distinguished genetically.<a href="#cite_note-Sawler-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Oilseed and fiber varieties of Cannabis approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of Cannabis grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%.<a href="#cite_note-myths-97">[97]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cannabis sativa stem"><img alt="longitudinal section photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG/112px-Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG/169px-Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG/225px-Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a> stem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp strains USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx"><img alt="low-angle photo-shot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg/220px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg/330px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg/440px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp strains USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Harvesting">edit</a>]</div> Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters. The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>, either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> action). <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Recoltechv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France"><img alt="Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Recoltechv.jpg/120px-Recoltechv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Recoltechv.jpg/180px-Recoltechv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Recoltechv.jpg/240px-Recoltechv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg/80px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg/120px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg/160px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9colte_chanvre1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/R%C3%A9colte_chanvre1.jpg/120px-R%C3%A9colte_chanvre1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/R%C3%A9colte_chanvre1.jpg/250px-R%C3%A9colte_chanvre1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm/120px--Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm/Nutzhanf_-_getrennte_Ernte.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvesting industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) – This is a separate harvest for a different form of processing: The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing, while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Flavy_(Aube)_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG/120px-Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG/180px-Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG/240px-Saint-Flavy_%28Aube%29_culture_du_Chanvre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg/80px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg/120px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg/160px-USO-xx_and_Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_strains_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hempharvesting2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemp being harvested"><img alt="Hemp being harvested" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hempharvesting2.jpg/120px-Hempharvesting2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hempharvesting2.jpg/250px-Hempharvesting2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemp being harvested</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pests">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> can cause damage or injury to hemp plants, but the most serious species are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> class. The most problematic for outdoor crops are the voracious stem-boring caterpillars, which include the <a href="/wiki/European_corn_borer" title="European corn borer">European corn borer</a>, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the Eurasian hemp borer, Grapholita delineana.<a href="#cite_note-IHA2020-98">[98]</a> As the names imply, they target the stems reducing the structural integrity of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-IHA2020-98">[98]</a> Another lepidopteran, the corn earworm, <a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">Helicoverpa zea</a>, is known to damage flowering parts and can be challenging to control.<a href="#cite_note-Cranshaw-2019-99">[99]</a> Other foliar pests, found in both indoor and outdoor crops, include the hemp russet mite, Aculops cannibicola, and cannabis aphid, Phorodon cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-Cranshaw-2019-99">[99]</a> They cause injury by reducing plant vigor because they feed on the phloem of the plant. Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat. A number of beetle grubs and chafers are known to cause damage to hemp roots, including the <a href="/wiki/Flea_beetle" title="Flea beetle">flea beetle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_beetle" title="Japanese beetle">Japanese beetle</a>, Popillia Japonica.<a href="#cite_note-IHA2020-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rhopalosiphum_rufiabdominale" title="Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale">rice root aphid</a>, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, has also been reported but primarily affects indoor growing facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Cranshaw-2019-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a> strategies should be employed to manage these pests with prevention and early detection being the foundation of a resilient program. Cultural and physical controls should be employed in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest controls</a>, chemical applications should only be used as a last resort. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diseases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases" title="List of hemp diseases">List of hemp diseases</a></div> Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, including bacteria, fungi, <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and death of the plant. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> Hemp is considered by a 1998 study in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Economics">Environmental Economics</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> due to a decrease of <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and other environmental impacts, indicating a possible decrease of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> in a US context compared to typical benchmarks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A 2010 study, however, that compared the production of paper specifically from hemp and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> concluded that "industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper"; however, the article also highlights that "there is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Hemp is also claimed to require few <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and no herbicides, and it has been called a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon negative">carbon negative</a> raw material.<a href="#cite_note-thehia-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehia2-103">[103]</a> Results indicate that high yield of hemp may require high total nutrient levels (field plus fertilizer nutrients) similar to a high yielding wheat crop.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A United Nations report endorses the versatility and sustainability of hemp and its productive potential in developing countries. Hemp uses a quarter of the water required by cotton, and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other crops and most trees.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producers">Producers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Producers">edit</a>]</div> The world-leading producer of hemp is China, which produces more than 70% of the world output. France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production. Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe, Chile, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp, including Australia, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, Canada, Chile, China, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, India, Italy, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, Spain, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile-grade fiber. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg/250px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg/330px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg/500px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2.6 to 14.0 tons of dry, retted stalks per hectare (1–5.5 t/ac) at 12% moisture. Yields in Kent County, have averaged 8.75 t/ha (3.5 t/ac). Northern Ontario crops averaged 6.1 t/ha (2.5 t/ac) in 1998. Statistic for the European Union for 2008 to 2010 say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6.3 and 7.3 ton per ha.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUSTAT-110">[110]</a> Only a part of that is bast fiber. Around one ton of bast fiber and 2–3 tons of core material can be decorticated from 3–4 tons of good-quality, dry-retted straw. For an annual yield of this level is it in Ontario recommended to add nitrogen (N):70–110 kg/ha, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> (P2O5): up to 80 kg/ha and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> (K2O): 40–90 kg/ha.<a href="#cite_note-omfra-111">[111]</a> The average yield of dry hemp stalks in Europe was 6 ton/ha (2.4 ton/ac) in 2001 and 2002.<a href="#cite_note-michael-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">FAO</a> argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tons per ha, while average yields are around 650 kg/ha.<a href="#cite_note-FOA-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and most recently, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, the state governments have issued licenses to grow hemp for industrial use. The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania, which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early 1990s. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998, and has reissued the regulation in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Queensland has allowed industrial production under license since 2002,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act 1986.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Western Australia enabled the cultivation, harvest and processing of hemp under its Industrial Hemp Act 2004,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> New South Wales now issues licenses<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> under a law, the Hemp Industry Regulations Act 2008 (No 58), that came into effect as of 6 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Most recently, South Australia legalized industrial hemp under South Australia's Industrial Hemp Act 2017, which commenced on 12 November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Commercial production (including cultivation) of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since 1998 under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance and was able to obtain test plot permits from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian government">Canadian government</a>. Their efforts led to the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial hemp">industrial hemp</a> (hemp with only minute amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a>) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2017, the cultivated area for hemp in the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie provinces">Prairie provinces</a> include <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> with more than 56,000 acres (23,000 ha), <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> with 45,000 acres (18,000 ha), and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> with 30,000 acres (12,000 ha).<a href="#cite_note-cg-123">[123]</a> Canadian hemp is cultivated mostly for its food value as hulled hemp seeds, hemp oils, and hemp protein powders, with only a small fraction devoted to production of hemp fiber used for construction and insulation.<a href="#cite_note-cg-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_France" title="Hemp in France">Hemp in France</a></div> France is Europe's biggest producer (and the world's second largest producer) with 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> 70–80% of the hemp fiber produced in 2003 was used for specialty pulp for cigarette papers and technical applications. About 15% was used in the automotive sector, and 5–6% was used for insulation mats. About 95% of hurds were used as animal bedding, while almost 5% was used in the building sector.<a href="#cite_note-michael-14">[14]</a> In 2010–2011, a total of 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) was cultivated with hemp in the EU, a decline compared with previous year.<a href="#cite_note-EUSTAT-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrialhemp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Industrial hemp production in France"><img alt="Industrial hemp production in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Industrialhemp.jpg/250px-Industrialhemp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Industrialhemp.jpg/330px-Industrialhemp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Industrialhemp.jpg/500px-Industrialhemp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Industrial hemp production in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A hemp maze in France"><img alt="A hemp maze in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG/200px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG/300px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG/400px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hemp maze in France</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Russia and Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_harvesting_(USSR,_1956).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png/250px-Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png/330px-Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting hemp in the USSR, 1956</figcaption></figure> From the 1950s to the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was the world's largest producer of hemp (3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) in 1970). The main production areas were in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a> regions of Russia, and near the Polish border. Since its inception in 1931, the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">Bast</a> Crops in <a href="/wiki/Hlukhiv" title="Hlukhiv">Hlukhiv</a> (Glukhov), Ukraine, has been one of the world's largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low THC content.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply. However, at least an estimated 2.5 million acres of hemp grow wild in the Russian Far East and the Black Sea regions.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In the United Kingdom, cultivation licenses are issued by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fiber for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil. <a href="/wiki/Feral_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral hemp">Feral hemp</a> or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fiber or oilseed strain of Cannabis that has escaped from cultivation and is self-seeding.<a href="#cite_note-MerrillsFisher2013m-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States" title="Hemp in the United States">Hemp in the United States</a></div> In October 2019, hemp became legal to grow in 46 U.S. states under federal law. As of 2019, 47 states have enacted legislation to make hemp legal to grow at the state level, with <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">several states</a> implementing medical provisions regarding the growing of plants specifically for non-psychoactive CBD.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_farm_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 United States farm bill">2018 Farm Bill</a>, which incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2018" title="Hemp Farming Act of 2018">Hemp Farming Act of 2018</a>, removed hemp as a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule I drug</a> and instead made it an agricultural commodity. This legalized hemp at the federal level, which made it easier for hemp farmers to get production licenses, acquire loans, and receive federal crop insurance.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-2018-131">[131]</a> <ul><li>NH 2014 N.H. Laws, Chap. 18, SD: HB 1008 (2020)</li> <li>S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §38-35-1 et seq. <ul><li>Authorizes the growth, production and transportation of hemp with a license, and directs the Department of Agriculture to submit a state plan to USDA.</li> <li>Requires a minimum of five contiguous outdoor acres for grower license applications, and requires any license applicants to submit to a state and federal criminal background investigation.</li> <li>Requires a transportation permit for any transporter traveling within or through the state and creates two types of industrial hemp transportation permits (grower licensee and general) provided by the Department of Public Safety.</li> <li>Creates the Hemp Regulatory Program Fund.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul></li></ul> The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in 2009, when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Then, in 2013, after the legalization of marijuana, several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp, bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> After that, the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This program allowed institutions of higher education and state agricultural departments to begin growing hemp without the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA). <a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_Kentucky" title="Hemp in Kentucky">Hemp production in Kentucky</a>, formerly the United States' leading producer, resumed in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_North_Carolina" title="Hemp in North Carolina">Hemp production in North Carolina</a> resumed in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and in Washington State the same year.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> By the end of 2017, at least 34 U.S. states had industrial hemp programs. In 2018, New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production, along with hemp research pilot programs at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> and <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Morrisville" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Morrisville">SUNY Morrisville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> As of 2017, the hemp industry estimated that annual sales of hemp products were around $820 million annually; hemp-derived CBD have been the major force driving this growth.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Despite this progress, hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches. According to a case study done by Forbes, hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non-psychoactive hemp products, as majority of online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg/200px-YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg/300px-YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg/400px-YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1326" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> (ca. 4800 BC) <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> with impressed hemp cord design</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BA%BB-order.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%E9%BA%BB-order.gif/200px-%E9%BA%BB-order.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/%E9%BA%BB-order.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Radical_200" title="Radical 200">Radical 200</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:麻">麻 or má</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese character</a> for hemp, depicts two plants under a shelter. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-bookPsychedelics_Encyclopedia-142">[142]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Gathered hemp fiber was used to make cloth long before agriculture, nine to fifty thousand years ago.<a href="#cite_note-greencriminology-3">[3]</a> It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-aust-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> An archeological site in the <a href="/wiki/Oki_Islands" title="Oki Islands">Oki Islands</a> of Japan contained cannabis <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a> from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Age">Neolithic Age</a> in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> pottery dating from the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bookPsychedelics_Encyclopedia-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of paper.<a href="#cite_note-bookPsychedelics_Encyclopedia-142">[142]</a> The classical Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (ca. 480 BC) reported that the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> would often inhale the vapors of hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Textile expert <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Elizabeth Wayland Barber</a> summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa, "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> "I strongly suspect, however, that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C. was the spread of the habit of pot-smoking from somewhere in south-central Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally occurred. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Jews living in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Classical_antiquity" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kil'ayim (Talmud)">Kil'ayim</a> 2:5) as a variety of plant, along with <a href="/wiki/Arum" title="Arum">arum</a>, that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (Germany) and <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy</a>, hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torte" title="Torte">tortes</a>, or boiled in a soup.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers and was used for ropes on many ships, including those of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabissativadior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cannabissativadior.jpg/220px-Cannabissativadior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cannabissativadior.jpg/330px-Cannabissativadior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cannabissativadior.jpg/440px-Cannabissativadior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a>, 512 AD</figcaption></figure> The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545.<a href="#cite_note-osu-151">[151]</a> Similar attempts were made in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, but only in Chile did the crop find success.<a href="#cite_note-Nahas1992-152">[152]</a> In July 1605, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Champlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Champlain">Samuel Champlain</a> reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the (Wampanoag) people of Cape Cod and the (Nauset) people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. <a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> village, where <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, is now situated;<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and in 1613, <a href="/wiki/Samuell_Argall" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuell Argall">Samuell Argall</a> reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a>. As early as 1619, the first Virginia <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> are first known to have cultivated hemp in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in 1645.<a href="#cite_note-osu-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg/220px-Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg/330px-Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg/440px-Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hemp being grown in Oregon in 2020</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> commonly used to make rope and fabric. In May 1765 he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid-April. Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year. It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington's diary, which reads "Began to seperate [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] the Male from the Female hemp at Do.&—rather too late" is evidence that he was trying to grow female plants for the <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a> found in the flowers. However, the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that "This may arise from their [the male] being coarser, and the stalks larger"<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In subsequent days, he describes soaking the hemp<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> (to make the fibers usable) and harvesting the seeds,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes, not recreational. George Washington also imported the Indian hemp plant from Asia, which was used for fiber and, by some growers, for intoxicating resin production. In a 1796 letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him, Washington says, "What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? It ought, all of it, to be sown again; that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised, but to have disseminated seed to others; as it is more valuable than common hemp."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Other presidents known to have farmed hemp for alternative purposes include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Historically, hemp production had made up a significant portion of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">antebellum</a> Kentucky's economy. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, many slaves worked on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantations</a> producing hemp.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a> was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the U.S. hemp industry has been reputed to involve businessmen <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Hearst" class="mw-redirect" title="Randolph Hearst">Randolph Hearst</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nafta-neocolonialism-129-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-under-influence-55-166">[166]</a> One claim is that Hearst believed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hemp#Dubious" title="Talk:Hemp">discuss</a>] that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Decorticator" title="Decorticator">decorticator</a> that he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Paper_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper pulp">paper pulp</a> used for newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-nafta-neocolonialism-129-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Historical research indicates this fear was unfounded because improvements of the <a href="/wiki/Decorticator" title="Decorticator">decorticators</a> in the 1930s – machines that separated the fibers from the hemp stem – could not make hemp fiber a cheaper substitute for fibers from other sources. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-Dew-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-nafta-neocolonialism-129-164">[164]</a> Another claim is that Mellon, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> and the wealthiest man in America at that time, had invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>'s new synthetic fiber, nylon, and believed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hemp#Dubious" title="Talk:Hemp">discuss</a>] that the replacement of the traditional resource, hemp, was integral to the new product's success.<a href="#cite_note-nafta-neocolonialism-129-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp, nylon became immediately a scarce commodity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Nylon had characteristics that could be used for <a href="/wiki/Toothbrushes" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothbrushes">toothbrushes</a> (sold from 1938) and very thin nylon fiber could compete with silk and <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> in various textiles normally not produced from hemp fiber, such as very thin stockings for women.<a href="#cite_note-Dew-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2008-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> While the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 had just been signed into law, the United States Department of Agriculture lifted the tax on hemp cultivation during WWII.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Before WWII, the U.S. Navy used Jute and Manila Hemp from the Philippines and Indonesia for the cordage on their ships. During the war, Japan cut off those supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-HempForVictory_1:40-181">[181]</a> America was forced to turn inward and revitalize the cultivation of Hemp on U.S. soils. Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms, canvas, and rope.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Much of the hemp used was cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>. During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, <a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a>, promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war.<a href="#cite_note-HempForVictory_1:40-181">[181]</a> By the 1980s the film was largely forgotten, and the U.S. government even denied its existence.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1996-183">[183]</a> The film, and the important historical role of hemp in U.S. agriculture and commerce was brought to light by hemp activist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Herer" title="Jack Herer">Jack Herer</a> in the book <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a>. U.S. farmers participated in the campaign to increase U.S. hemp production to 36,000 acres in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-HempForVictory_2:05-184">[184]</a> This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-HempForVictory_2:05-184">[184]</a> In the United States, Executive Order 12919 (1994) identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">History in the United States</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/200px--Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="824" data-mwtitle="Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm/Hemp_for_Victory_1942.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a>, a short documentary produced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton,_hemp_farmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1942 United States Department of Agriculture War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the World War II Hemp for Victory campaign[186]"><img alt="1942 United States Department of Agriculture War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the World War II Hemp for Victory campaign[186]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg/116px-KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg/174px-KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg/232px-KY_War_Board_Letter_to_Joe_Burton%2C_hemp_farmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1942 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Hemp for Victory campaign<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, 1942. Photo by USDA War Board - Lexington, Kentucky.[187]"><img alt="Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, 1942. Photo by USDA War Board - Lexington, Kentucky.[187]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg/120px-Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg/180px-Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg/240px-Joe_Burton_Kentucky_hemp_farmer_with_hemp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="5210" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, 1942. Photo by USDA War Board - Lexington, Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Producer_of_marihuana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States "Marihuana" production permit. During World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called Hemp for Victory."><img alt="United States "Marihuana" production permit. During World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called Hemp for Victory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Producer_of_marihuana.jpg/220px-Producer_of_marihuana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Producer_of_marihuana.jpg/330px-Producer_of_marihuana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Producer_of_marihuana.jpg/440px-Producer_of_marihuana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">United States "Marihuana" production permit. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a> previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called <a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_(IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf/page1-220px-THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf/page1-330px-THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf/page1-440px-THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_%28IA_gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-106hhrg64343%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Hemp was classified as a drug and heavily debated and prohibited through the 20th century through 2018.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_cultivation">Historical cultivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Historical cultivation">edit</a>]</div> Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fiber. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a>. In the early 1940s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250,000 to 350,000 metric tons, Russia was the biggest producer.<a href="#cite_note-Dew-168">[168]</a> In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamidana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg/250px-Kamidana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg/330px-Kamidana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> with rope made of hemp</figcaption></figure> In Japan, hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (10,000 to 300 BC). Many <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a> designs portray hemp, or asa (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 麻), as a beautiful plant. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world's strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">loincloths</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sumo_wrestler" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo wrestler">Sumo wrestlers</a>. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The raw material was used for the preparation of rope and plugs for the Portuguese ships. Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply, including in certain parts of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in 1640, King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp. He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In 1971, the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. Because of EU regulations 1308–70, 619/71 and 1164–89, this law was revoked (for some certified seed varieties).<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/40px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/60px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/40px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/60px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Cannabis flower essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber rope">Fiber rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flax seed">Flax seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Industries_Association" title="Hemp Industries Association">Hemp Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2009" title="Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009">Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a> (book)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemp&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBritt_Erickson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Britt Erickson (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4">"USDA releases hemp production requirements"</a>. C&EN Global Enterprise. 97 (43): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-09743-polcon4">10.1021/cen-09743-polcon4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2474-7408">2474-7408</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213055550">213055550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C%26EN+Global+Enterprise&rft.atitle=USDA+releases+hemp+production+requirements&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213055550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2474-7408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09743-polcon4&rft.au=Britt+Erickson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09743-polcon4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deitch2003-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Deitch2003_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Deitch2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Deitch (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064">Hemp: American History Revisited: The Plant with a Divided History</a>. 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CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224055711/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harry-anslinger-the-man-behind-the-marijuana-ban/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+man+behind+the+marijuana+ban+for+all+the+wrong+reasons&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fharry-anslinger-the-man-behind-the-marijuana-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-luginbuhl.industrial.hemp-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luginbuhl.industrial.hemp_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luginbuhl.industrial.hemp_90-1">b</a> This paper begins with a history of hemp use and then describes how hemp was constructed as a dangerous crop in the U.S. The paper then discusses the potential of hemp as an alternative crop. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuginbuhl,_April_M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Luginbuhl, April M. (2001). "Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L): The geography of a controversial plant". The California Geographer. Vol. 41. California Geographical Society. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10211.2%2F2738">10211.2/2738</a>. <q>Hemp contains less than 1% THC, or tetrahydrocannabinols, the psychoactive property in marijuana. In other words, smoking hemp cannot create a 'high.' ... The dense growth of hemp eliminates other weeds.... The best growing technique for hemp, planting 300 to 500 plants per square meter, also helps authorities easily tell the hemp from marijuana, which is a plant that is less densely cultivated. 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Algora Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064/page/4">4</a>–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-226-2"><bdi>978-0-87586-226-2</bdi></a>. 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Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 26 (2): 245–258. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017VegHA..26..245L">2017VegHA..26..245L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-016-0579-6">10.1007/s00334-016-0579-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133420222">133420222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=Cannabis+in+Eurasia%3A+origin+of+human+use+and+Bronze+Age+trans-continental+connections&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133420222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-016-0579-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017VegHA..26..245L&rft.au=Tengwen+Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Barber, E. J. W. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>. Vol. IV. 73–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=73-75&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Barber, E. J. W. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Barber (1992). p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays (2002), edited by Melitta Weiss Adamson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92994-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92994-6">0-415-92994-6</a>, pg. 98, 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-osu-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osu_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osu_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaryl_T._Ehrensing1998" class="citation web cs1">Daryl T. Ehrensing (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sb681">"Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the United States Pacific Northwest, SB681"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115184642/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sb681">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feasibility+of+Industrial+Hemp+Production+in+the+United+States+Pacific+Northwest%2C+SB681&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=1998-05&rft.au=Daryl+T.+Ehrensing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.extension.oregonstate.edu%2Fsb681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nahas1992-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Nahas1992_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_G._Nahas1992" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel G. Nahas (31 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6doGy7klT88C&pg=PA210">Cannabis Physiopathology Epidemiology Detection</a>. 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Toronto: Champlain Society. pp. 341–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Gabriel Archer, A Relatyon of the Discoverie of Our River..., printed in Archaeologia Americana 1860, p. 44. <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a> (1612) records a native (<a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>) name for hemp (weihkippeis). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1036">Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030304234352/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1036">Archived</a> 4 March 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cf. the 1633 Act: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vagenweb.org/hening/vol01-09.htm">Hening's Statutes at Large, p. 218</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214094025/http://vagenweb.org/hening/vol01-09.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0004">"Diary of George Washington, entry 7 August 1765"</a>. founders.archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223740/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-01-02-0011-0006-0004">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. 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Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=From+George+Washington+to+William+Pearce%2C+29+May+1796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FWashington%2F99-01-02-00559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robinson R (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&pg=PA131">The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant</a>. Rochester, Vermont: Park Street Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-541-8"><bdi>978-0-89281-541-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151417/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. 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The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant. Rochester, VT. Park Street Press, 2010. Chapter 5:129-135. Print </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/history/slavery.htm">James F. Hopkins, "Slavery in the Hemp Industry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607220544/http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/slavery.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Drug Library </li> <li id="cite_note-nafta-neocolonialism-129-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nafta-neocolonialism-129_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nafta-neocolonialism-129_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nafta-neocolonialism-129_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nafta-neocolonialism-129_164-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrenchManzanárez2004" class="citation book cs1">French L, Manzanárez M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ozF1Yg-c4MC&pg=PA129">NAFTA & neocolonialism: comparative criminal, human & social justice</a>. University Press of America. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2890-7"><bdi>978-0-7618-2890-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192140/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ozF1Yg-c4MC&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NAFTA+%26+neocolonialism%3A+comparative+criminal%2C+human+%26+social+justice&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2890-7&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.au=Manzan%C3%A1rez%2C+Magdaleno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ozF1Yg-c4MC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Earlywine, 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA24">p. 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192121/https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> 20 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-under-influence-55-166"><a href="#cite_ref-under-influence-55_166-0">^</a> Peet, 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC0_YznYjScC&pg=PA55">p. 55</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192122/https://books.google.com/books?id=uC0_YznYjScC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> 20 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterling_Evans2007" class="citation book cs1">Sterling Evans (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wFkZgyuGFAC&pg=PA27">Bound in twine: the history and ecology of the henequen-wheat complex for Mexico and the American and Canadian Plains, 1880–1950</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-596-7"><bdi>978-1-58544-596-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151420/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wFkZgyuGFAC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+in+twine%3A+the+history+and+ecology+of+the+henequen-wheat+complex+for+Mexico+and+the+American+and+Canadian+Plains%2C+1880%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-596-7&rft.au=Sterling+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wFkZgyuGFAC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dew-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dew_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dew_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dew_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewey_LH1943" class="citation book cs1">Dewey LH (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fiberproductioni518dewe#page/66/mode/2up">Fiber production in the western hemisphere</a>. United States Printing Office, Washington. p. 67. Retrieved 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiber+production+in+the+western+hemisphere&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=United+States+Printing+Office%2C+Washington&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Dewey+LH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffiberproductioni518dewe%23page%2F66%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Sterling2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Sterling, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofame00ster">The borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests: essays on regional history of the forty-ninth parallel</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofame00ster/page/199">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1826-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-1826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+borderlands+of+the+American+and+Canadian+Wests%3A+essays+on+regional+history+of+the+forty-ninth+parallel&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1826-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborderlandsofame00ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerber,_Rudolph_Joseph2004" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Rudolph Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WMOdI9pC-gEC&pg=PA7">Legalizing marijuana: drug policy reform and prohibition politics</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97448-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97448-0"><bdi>978-0-275-97448-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907193506/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMOdI9pC-gEC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legalizing+marijuana%3A+drug+policy+reform+and+prohibition+politics&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97448-0&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Rudolph+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWMOdI9pC-gEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarleywine,_Mitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Earleywine, Mitchell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA231">Understanding marijuana: a new look at the scientific evidence</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518295-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518295-8"><bdi>978-0-19-518295-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151849/https://books.google.com/books?id=r9wPbxMAG8cC&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+marijuana%3A+a+new+look+at+the+scientific+evidence&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518295-8&rft.au=Earleywine%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9wPbxMAG8cC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Matthew_BScherlen,_Renee_G2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barnett_Robinson" title="Matthew Barnett Robinson">Robinson, Matthew B</a>, Scherlen, Renee G (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwGpsNjv_1kC&pg=PA12">Lies, damned lies, and drug war statistics: a critical analysis of claims made by the office of National Drug Control Policy</a>. SUNY Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6975-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-6975-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151843/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwGpsNjv_1kC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. 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Psychology Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2808-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2808-2"><bdi>978-0-7890-2808-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151843/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1tz6nP6fdwC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+narcotics+laws+and+the+war+on+drugs%3A+money+down+a+rat+hole&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-2808-2&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Thomas+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1tz6nP6fdwC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan,_Larry_E2005" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Larry E, et al., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtgYAAAAIAAJ&q=hearst+hemp">Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: Federal</a>. SAGE. p. 747. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2649-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2649-8"><bdi>978-0-7619-2649-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151844/https://books.google.com/books?id=FtgYAAAAIAAJ&q=hearst+hemp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. 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South End Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pipedreambluesra00lusa/page/37">37</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-410-0"><bdi>978-0-89608-410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pipe+dream+blues%3A+racism+and+the+war+on+drugs&rft.pages=37-8&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-410-0&rft.au=Lusane%2C+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpipedreambluesra00lusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32">"the history of nylon"</a>. caimateriali.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044410/http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. 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Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Nylon%3A+A+Revolution+in+Textiles&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Audra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fnylon-a-revolution-in-textiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers/first-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf">"American Chemical Society: THE FIRST NYLON PLANT. 1995"</a> (PDF). acs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019190309/https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers/first-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acs.org&rft.atitle=American+Chemical+Society%3A+THE+FIRST+NYLON+PLANT.+1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Facsorg%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fcarotherspolymers%2Ffirst-nylon-plant-historical-resource.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html">"Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? 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Elsevier. pp. 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-497050-2.50006-1">10.1016/b978-0-12-497050-2.50006-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-497050-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-497050-2"><bdi>978-0-12-497050-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Logistics+of+Marijuana+Research%3A+Methodological%2C+Legal%2C+and+Societal&rft.btitle=Marijuana%3A+Effects+on+Human+Behavior&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-497050-2.50006-1&rft.isbn=978-0-12-497050-2&rft.aulast=Klonoff&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HempForVictory_1:40-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HempForVictory_1:40_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HempForVictory_1:40_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUSDA1942" class="citation audio-visual cs1">USDA (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk">Hemp for Victory</a>. Event occurs at 1:40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604023802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIxFhYVv_Gk">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hemp+for+Victory&rft.date=1942&rft.au=USDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbIxFhYVv_Gk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 5. The Wartime Transformation of Student Visitors into Refugee Citizens, 1943–1955". The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority. Princeton University Press. 31 January 2015. pp. 104–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400866373-009">10.1515/9781400866373-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6637-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-6637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Wartime+Transformation+of+Student+Visitors+into+Refugee+Citizens%2C+1943%E2%80%931955&rft.btitle=The+Good+Immigrants%3A+How+the+Yellow+Peril+Became+the+Model+Minority&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400866373-009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6637-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_1996-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1996_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Robinson" title="Rowan Robinson">Robinson R</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&q=%22hemp+for+victory%22+%22ever+been+made%22&pg=PA161">The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant</a>. <a href="/wiki/Park_Street_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Street Press">Park Street Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-541-8"><bdi>978-0-89281-541-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240401151845/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qvkVGO0sgC&q=%22hemp+for+victory%22+%22ever+been+made%22&pg=PA161#v=snippet&q=%22hemp%20for%20victory%22%20%22ever%20been%20made%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2024. 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Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hemp+for+Victory&rft.date=1942&rft.au=USDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbIxFhYVv_Gk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/12919.htm">"EXECUTIVE ORDER 12919 -- NATIONAL DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES PREPAREDNESS"</a>. www.disastercenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235831/http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/12919.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.disastercenter.com&rft.atitle=EXECUTIVE+ORDER+12919+--+NATIONAL+DEFENSE+INDUSTRIAL+RESOURCES+PREPAREDNESS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disastercenter.com%2Flaworder%2F12919.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Letter to Daddy Burt from USDA War Board | Burton Family Archive: Sallyann Burton Gullett </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Picture of Daddy Burt with harvested hemp | Burton Family Archive: Jimmy Wallace Bruner </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBradshawCoxonGreigHall1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw RH, Coxon P, Greig JR, Hall AR (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1981.tb02331.x">"New Fossil Evidence for the Past Cultivation and Processing of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Eastern England"</a>. 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London. p. 363. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319172943/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45471/45471-h/45471-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Revolutions+of+Portugal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=363&rft.date=1809&rft.aulast=Verto&rft.aufirst=Abb%C3%A9&rft.au=de+Boisgelin%2C+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F45471%2F45471-h%2F45471-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitportugal.com/en/NR/exeres/7AF4DC01-0336-45B4-840F-3BFF3303CD52">"Torre de Moncorvo"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulation+182%2F2011+Laying+Down+the+Rules+and+General+Principles+Concerning+Mechanisms+for+Control+by+Member+States+of+the+Commissions+Exercise+of+Implementing+Powers+%28Comitology+Regulation%29&rft.btitle=EU+Treaties+and+Legislation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240347435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108624374.008&rft.isbn=978-1-108-62437-4&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtze%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemp" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hemp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hemp">Hemp</a>.</div></div> </div> <link 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemp" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hemp">hemp</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannabis491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis" title="Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis" title="Template talk:Cannabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannabis491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cannabis" title="Outline of cannabis">Outline of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Recreational and medical applications</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">ruderalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">sativa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_defenses_in_Cannabis" title="Chemical defenses in Cannabis">Chemical defenses in Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis" title="Etymology of cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagga" title="Dagga">dagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja" title="Ganja">ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_(word)" title="Marijuana (word)">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_slang_names_for_cannabis" title="List of slang names for cannabis">slang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma" title="Cannabis use and trauma">Cannabis use and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis product testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medical_cannabis" title="History of medical cannabis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">In the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card" title="Medical cannabis card">Medical cannabis card</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Religious and spiritual use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Anonymous" title="Marijuana Anonymous">Marijuana Anonymous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfparade" title="Hanfparade">Hanfparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases" title="List of hemp diseases">List of hemp diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_products" title="List of hemp products">List of hemp products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_varieties" title="List of hemp varieties">List of hemp varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Industries_Association" title="Hemp Industries Association">Hemp Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_prensada" title="Marihuana prensada">Marihuana prensada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a> <ul><li>Quasi-psychedelic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol">delta-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol">delta-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_endocannabinoid_deficiency_syndrome" title="Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome">Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entourage_effect" title="Entourage effect">Entourage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Impaired driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use" title="Occupational health concerns of cannabis use">Occupational health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_research" title="Medical cannabis research">Medical cannabis research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budtender" title="Budtender">Budtender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis by Country">Cannabis by Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cookbook" title="Cannabis cookbook">Cookbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_etiquette" title="Cannabis etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Culture_(magazine)" title="Cannabis Culture (magazine)">Cannabis Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_columns" title="List of cannabis columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_competitions" title="List of cannabis competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_hoaxes" title="List of cannabis hoaxes">List of cannabis hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_cannabis" title="Category:Films about cannabis">Films</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_music" title="Category:Cannabis music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_restaurant_industry" title="Cannabis in the restaurant industry">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overgrow" title="Operation Overgrow">Operation Overgrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_TV" title="Stoner TV">Stoner TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_video_game_culture" title="Cannabis and video game culture">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">Cannabis rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Cannabis_Therapeutics" title="Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">ALCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Marijuana_Association" title="American Medical Marijuana Association">AMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access" title="Americans for Safe Access">ASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Action_Network" title="Cannabis Action Network">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Badged_Network" title="Colorado Badged Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Law_Reform" title="Cannabis Law Reform">CLEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Rescheduling_Cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis">CRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_Cannabis_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors for Cannabis Regulation">DFCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">DPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENCOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ENCOD">ENCOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAAT_think_%26_do_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="FAAAT think & do tank">FAAAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Cannabis_Association" title="Finnish Cannabis Association">FCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Legalisation_Movement_India" title="Great Legalisation Movement India">GLM India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">GMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">LEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies">MAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">MPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association" title="National Cannabis Industry Association">NCIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORML_France" title="NORML France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_New_Zealand" title="NORML New Zealand">NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_UK" title="NORML UK">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safer_Alternative_for_Enjoyable_Recreation" title="Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation">SAFER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cannabis_Clinicians" title="Society of Cannabis Clinicians">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">SSDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Medical_Cannabis_Access" title="Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access">VMCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines" title="International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines">IACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cannabinoid_Research_Society" title="International Cannabinoid Research Society">ICRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Ethnobotanical_Education,_Research_and_Service" title="International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service">ICEERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists#Cannabis" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_cannabis_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking">Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">Global Marijuana March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Internationally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_regulatory_agencies" title="List of cannabis regulatory agencies">Regulatory agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1998 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major legal reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Treaty law: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Rescheduling of cannabis in 2020</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">2018 Cannabis Act</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/German_cannabis_control_bill" title="German cannabis control bill">German cannabis control bill</a></li> <li>UK: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom#Return_to_class_B" title="Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom">Return to class B</a></li> <li>Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Law No. 19172</a></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act">Rescheduling per the Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2018" title="Hemp Farming Act of 2018">Hemp Farming Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians and parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_the_United_States" title="Cannabis political parties of the United States">of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_Minnesota" title="Cannabis political parties of Minnesota">of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Party_(Spain)" title="Cannabis Party (Spain)">of Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADPF_187" title="ADPF 187">ADPF 187</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry</a></li> <li>Substances <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/20px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/40px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis" title="Category:Cannabis">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool" title="Vicuña wool">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus">Miscanthus × giganteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (tejpat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (rau răm)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata">Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica">Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_lanzan" title="Buchanania lanzan">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (huājiāo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-65bf7dbd64-4bhdj","wgBackendResponseTime":446,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.690","walltime":"4.406","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15574,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":666764,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11488,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":798878,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3696.052 1 -total"," 48.05% 1775.896 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.47% 534.735 82 Template:Cite_web"," 12.07% 446.257 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.48% 313.307 35 Template:Cite_book"," 6.65% 245.669 7 Template:Infobox"," 6.03% 222.835 7 Template:Fix"," 5.57% 205.916 1 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