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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(letter)" title="Kappa (letter) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kappa (letter)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كابا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE" title="কাপ্পা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাপ্পা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Капа (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Капа (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Капа (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Капа (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Капа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Капа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁེ་ཕི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁེ་ཕི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(lizherenn)" title="Kappa (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kappa (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Κάππα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάππα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapo_(litero)" title="Kapo (litero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapo (litero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa" title="Capa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Capa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="کاپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa" title="Capa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Capa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%A1_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Կապպա (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապպա (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(lettera_greca)" title="Kappa (lettera greca) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kappa (lettera greca)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%90" title="קפא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="კაპა (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაპა (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Каппа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каппа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappa_(littera)" title="Cappa (littera) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cappa (littera)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84)" title="Каппа (гьарф) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Каппа (гьарф)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_(raid%C4%97)" title="Kapa (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kapa (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="കാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅपा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅपा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(letter)" title="Kappa (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kappa (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(bokstav)" title="Kappa (bokstav) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kappa (bokstav)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਪਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਪਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(litera)" title="Kappa (litera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kappa (litera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Каппа (буква) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каппа (буква)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_(gr%C3%A9cke_p%C3%ADsmeno)" title="Kapa (grécke písmeno) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kapa (grécke písmeno)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_(%C4%8Drka)" title="Kapa (črka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kapa (črka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="کەپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Капа (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Капа (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(kirjain)" title="Kappa (kirjain) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kappa (kirjain)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(bokstav)" title="Kappa (bokstav) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kappa (bokstav)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="แคปปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคปปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Каппа (літера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каппа (літера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kappa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A" title="Κ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Κ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A_(Kappa)" title="Κ (Kappa) – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Κ (Kappa)" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tenth letter in the Greek Alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kappa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kappa (disambiguation)">Kappa (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek letter. For the archaic Greek letter with a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa (letter)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the similar looking Cyrillic letter <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">Ka</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kappa" title="Special:EditPage/Kappa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kappa%22">"Kappa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kappa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kappa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kappa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kappa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kappa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kappa_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kappa_uc_lc.svg/100px-Kappa_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kappa_uc_lc.svg/150px-Kappa_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kappa_uc_lc.svg/200px-Kappa_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg/75px-Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg/113px-Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg/150px-Greek_lowercase_kappa_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Variant kappa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa,_from_the_Byzantine_period.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png/220px-Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png/330px-Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png/440px-Greek_word_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF_written_with_a_handwritten_variant_of_kappa%2C_from_the_Byzantine_period.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Greek word καί written with a handwritten variant of kappa, from the Byzantine period</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kappa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uppercase <b>Κ</b>, lowercase <b>κ</b> or <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursive Greek">cursive</a> <b>ϰ</b>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">κάππα</span>, <i>káppa</i>) is the tenth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[k]</a></span> sound in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">Kʹ</i></span> has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaph</a> <span style="background-color: white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/20px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/30px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/40px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></span>. Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> and Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a>. The uppercase form is identical to the Latin K. </p><p>Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>' <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek#Ancient_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">transliterations</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>: <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">All formal modern romanizations</a> of Greek now use the letter "k", however.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Cursive_kappa"></span><span class="anchor" id="ϰ"></span> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cursive">cursive</a> form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϰ</span></span> is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but it is encoded separately in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> for occasions where it is used as a separate symbol in math and science. In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_curve" title="Kappa curve">kappa curve</a> is named after this letter; the <a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">tangents</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Curve" title="Curve">curve</a> were first calculated by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> in the 17th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lowercase_(κ)"><span id="Lowercase_.28.CE.BA.29"></span>Lowercase (κ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lowercase (κ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Mathematics and statistics</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Connectivity_(graph_theory)" title="Connectivity (graph theory)">connectivity</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a> is given by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of a curve is given by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Condition_number" title="Condition number">condition number</a> of a matrix is given by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>Kappa statistics such as <a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Cohen's kappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleiss%27_kappa" title="Fleiss' kappa">Fleiss' kappa</a> are methods for calculating <a href="/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability" title="Inter-rater reliability">inter-rater reliability</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Physics</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_gravitational_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein gravitational constant">Einstein gravitational constant</a> is denoted by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torsion_spring" title="Torsion spring">torsional constant</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillator</a> is given by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In physics, the coupling coefficient in magnetostatics is represented by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In physics, the dielectric coefficient is represented by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_constant" title="Von Kármán constant">von Kármán constant</a> is represented by <i>κ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressibility</a> of a compound is given by <i>κ</i>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Engineering</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a>, <i>κ</i> is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastic_moment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elastic moment (page does not exist)">elastic moment</a> of an unbraced steel member.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <i>κ</i> is the multiplication factor, a function of the <i>R</i>/<i>X</i> ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. <i>κ</i> is also used to denote conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Biology and biomedical science</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, kappa and kappa prime are important <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> motifs for a tertiary interaction of <a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">group II introns</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, kappa designates a subtype of an <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> component.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, kappa represents a type of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptor</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Psychology and psychiatry</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Economics</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, kappa represents the capital-utilization rate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uppercase_(Κ)"><span id="Uppercase_.28.CE.9A.29"></span>Uppercase (Κ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uppercase (Κ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine text-type</a> (from Κοινη, <i>Koine</i>, the common text).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Mathematics and statistics</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, kappa is often used to denote an <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal</a> that is also a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number">cardinal</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Chemistry</dt></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, kappa is used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Denticity" title="Denticity">denticity</a> of the compound.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">kappa number</a> represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+039A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Κ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Kappa;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03BA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">κ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&kappa;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϰ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&kappav;, &varkappa;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C94</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲕ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C95</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲕ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CB8</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲹ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CB9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲹ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA</span></li></ul> <p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6B1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚱</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6CB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛋</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6DE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛞</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6EB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛫</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D705</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜅</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D718</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D725</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜥</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D73F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜿</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D752</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D75F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝟</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D779</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝹</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D78C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞌</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D799</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞙</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7B3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞳</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7C6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝟆</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Κ">Κ</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:κ">κ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-kappa" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=kappa">"kappa"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kappa&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dkappa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKappa" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sef.hku.hk/tpg/econ6022b/lecture_note_6_revised.pdf">"University of Hong Kong School of Business"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HKU</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HKU&rft.atitle=University+of+Hong+Kong+School+of+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sef.hku.hk%2Ftpg%2Fecon6022b%2Flecture_note_6_revised.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappa&oldid=1259092370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappa&oldid=1259092370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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