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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="غاما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="গামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Гама (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гама (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Гама (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гама (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Гама (буква) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гама (буква)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="གྷེ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྷེ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(lizherenn)" title="Gamma (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gamma (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(bogstav)" title="Gamma (bogstav) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gamma (bogstav)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γάμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_(litero)" title="Gamo (litero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gamo (litero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(hizkia)" title="Gamma (hizkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gamma (hizkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81)" title="گاما (حرف) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاما (حرف)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1ma" title="Gáma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gáma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Գամմա (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գամմա (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_(huruf_Yunani)" title="Gama (huruf Yunani) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gama (huruf Yunani)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(lettera)" title="Gamma (lettera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gamma (lettera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%90" title="גמא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="გამა (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამა (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Гамма (эллин шыпас) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гамма (эллин шыпас)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(burts)" title="Gamma (burts) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gamma (burts)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84)" title="Гамма (гьарф) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гамма (гьарф)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_(raid%C4%97)" title="Gama (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gama (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ഗാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="गामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" title="Gamma (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gamma (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ګاما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګاما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_(liter%C4%83)" title="Gama (literă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gama (literă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Гамма (буква) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамма (буква)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_(gr%C3%A9cke_p%C3%ADsmeno)" title="Gama (grécke písmeno) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gama (grécke písmeno)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="گاما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Гама (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гама (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="காமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="แกมมา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกมมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84)" title="Гамма (ҳарф) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гамма (ҳарф)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama" title="Gama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Гамма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gamma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="גאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93" title="Γ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Γ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93_(Gamma)" title="Γ (Gamma) – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Γ (Gamma)" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14387#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> Cyrillic letter <a href="/wiki/%EA%99%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꙋ">Uk (Ꙋ)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek letter Gamma <i>Γ</i> (and <i>γ</i>) as used in various fields. For the Latin forms like <i>Ɣ</i> see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phonetic_transcription">Gamma § Phonetic transcription</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gamma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gamma (disambiguation)">Gamma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gamma" title="Special:EditPage/Gamma">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gamma%22">"Gamma"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gamma%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gamma%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gamma%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gamma%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gamma%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gamma_uc_lc.svg/100px-Gamma_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gamma_uc_lc.svg/150px-Gamma_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gamma_uc_lc.svg/200px-Gamma_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gamma</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uppercase <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic"><b>Γ</b></span>, lowercase <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><b>γ</b></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">γάμμα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">gámma</i></span>) is the third letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> it has a value of 3. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the letter gamma represented a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">voiced velar stop</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɡ]</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, this letter normally represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɣ]</a></span>, except before either of the two <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> (/e/, /i/), where it represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative#Palatal" title="Voiced palatal fricative">voiced palatal fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ʝ]</a></span>; while /g/ in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as γκ). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> and other modern Latin-alphabet based <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription#Alphabetic" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic notations</a>, it represents the voiced velar fricative. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a></div> <p>The Greek letter Gamma Γ is a grapheme derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤂</span>‎ (<i>gīml</i>) which was rotated from the <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left script</a> of Canaanite to accommodate the Greek language's writing system of left-to-right. The Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> represented the /g/ phoneme in the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite language</a>, and as such is cognate with <i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i> ג of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. </p><p>Based on its name, the letter has been interpreted as an abstract representation of a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>'s neck,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this has been criticized as contrived,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is more likely that the letter is derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph representing a club or <a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The alphabet on <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a>-shaped gamma</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>, the shape of gamma was closer to a classical <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> (Λ), while lambda retained the Phoenician <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>-shape (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐌋</span>‎). </p><p>Letters that arose from the Greek gamma include <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script#Etruscan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Etruscan (Old Italic)</a> 𐌂, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Runic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">kaunan</a></i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚲ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> <i>geuua</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748126">.mw-parser-output .script-gothic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Vulcanius,Junicode,Pfeffer Mediæval,Ulfilas,Silubr,Skeirs,Midjungards,ALPHABETUM,FreeSerif,FreeSans,"Noto Sans Gothic",Code2001,"Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol",serif}</style><span class="script-gothic">𐌲</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> Ⲅ, and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> letters <a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ge_with_upturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge with upturn">Ґ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rapidtables_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapidtables-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_phoneme">Greek phoneme</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a></div> <p>The Ancient Greek /g/ phoneme was the voiced velar stop, continuing the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*g</i>, <i>*ǵ</i>. </p><p>The modern Greek phoneme represented by gamma is realized either as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">voiced palatal fricative</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span>) before a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> (/e/, /i/), or as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> in all other environments. Both in Ancient and in Modern Greek, before other <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> (κ, χ, ξ – that is, <i>k, kh, ks</i>), gamma represents a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. A double gamma γγ (e.g., άγγελος, "angel") represents the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɡ/</span> (phonetically varying <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡ~ɡ]</span>) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɣ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetic_transcription">Phonetic transcription</h2></div> <p>Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> to indicate voiced consonants. </p><p>The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as <a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Latin gamma</a>, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> the minuscule letter is used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a>. It is not to be confused with the character <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span>, which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a> rather than crossing, and which represents the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">close-mid back unrounded vowel</a>. In certain <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">nonstandard variations of the IPA</a>, the uppercase form is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is as a full-fledged majuscule and minuscule letter in the alphabets of some of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">languages of Africa</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabye language">Kabye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a>. </p><p>It is sometimes also used in the romanization of <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lowercase">Lowercase</h3></div> <p>The lowercase letter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> is used as a symbol for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic number">Chromatic number</a> of in <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma radiation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>, the elementary particle of light and other <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li>The 434 nm <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">Surface energy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_factor" title="Lorentz factor">Lorentz factor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a></li> <li>In mathematics, the <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_gamma_function" title="Incomplete gamma function">lower incomplete gamma function</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Mascheroni_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler–Mascheroni constant">Euler–Mascheroni constant</a> ≈ 0.57721566490153286</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratio" title="Heat capacity ratio">heat capacity ratio</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>C<sub>p</sub></i> /<i>C<sub>v</sub></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Activity_coefficient" title="Activity coefficient">activity coefficient</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio" title="Gyromagnetic ratio">gyromagnetic ratio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma waves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">Gamma motor neurons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li>A non-<a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit of measure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> equal to one <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">microgram</a> (1 μg).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This always-rare use is deprecated.</li> <li>A non-<a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit of measure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic flux density</a>, sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, equal to 10<sup>−5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">Gauss</a> (G), or 1 <a href="/wiki/Nano-" title="Nano-">nano</a><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a> (nT).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The power by which the luminance of an image is increased in <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a></li> <li>In civil and mechanical engineering: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_weight" title="Specific weight">Specific weight</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shear_rate" title="Shear rate">shear rate</a> of a fluid is represented by a lowercase gamma with a dot above it: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c250a2cd0b68db26e9663686345f6cee8074d5f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">Austenite</a> (also known as γ-iron), a metallic non-magnetic allotrope or solid solution of iron.</li></ul></li> <li>The gamma carbon, the third carbon attached to a <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha and beta carbon">Alpha and beta carbon</a></li></ul> <p>The lowercase Latin gamma ɣ can also be used in contexts (such as chemical or molecule nomenclature) where gamma must not be confused with the letter <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a>, which can occur in some computer typefaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uppercase">Uppercase</h3></div> <p>The uppercase letter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }"></span> is used as a symbol for: </p> <ul><li>In mathematics, the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_function" title="Gamma function">gamma function</a> (usually written as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }"></span>-function) is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> to <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a></li> <li>In mathematics, the <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_gamma_function" title="Incomplete gamma function">upper incomplete gamma function</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Christoffel_symbols" title="Christoffel symbols">Christoffel symbols</a> in differential geometry</li> <li>In probability theory and statistics, the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_distribution" title="Gamma distribution">gamma distribution</a> is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>, the center of the <a href="/wiki/Brillouin_zone" title="Brillouin zone">Brillouin zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation (fluid dynamics)">Circulation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a></li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Reflection_coefficient" title="Reflection coefficient">reflection coefficient</a> in physics and electrical engineering</li> <li>The tape alphabet of a <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Feferman%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCtte_ordinal" title="Feferman–Schütte ordinal">Feferman–Schütte ordinal</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44f27c3fa0660b68ef8fa747442140655cff65cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.507ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_subgroup" title="Congruence subgroup">Congruence subgroups</a> of the modular group of other arithmetic groups</li> <li>One of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_(finance)" title="Greeks (finance)">Greeks in mathematical finance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0194</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ɣ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0263</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɣ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0264</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɤ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02E0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˠ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0393</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Γ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Gamma;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">γ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&gamma;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D26</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴦ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D5E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵞ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GREEK GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D67</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵧ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C84</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲅ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C85</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲅ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+330F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">㌏</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SQUARE GANMA</span></li></ul> <p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+213D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ℽ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+213E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ℾ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6AA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚪</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6C4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛄</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6E4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛤</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6FE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛾</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D71E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜞</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D738</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜸</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D758</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D772</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝲</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D792</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL GAMMA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7AC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞬</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL GAMMA</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Γ">Γ</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:γ">γ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C6%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ɣ">Ɣ</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C9%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ɣ">ɣ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г, г - Ge (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G, g - Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Gamma" title="List of storms named Gamma">List of storms named Gamma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-gamma" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=gamma">"gamma"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gamma&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dgamma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1972" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00russ"><i>A history of western philosophy</i></a></span> (60th print. ed.). New York: Touchstone book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671314002" title="Special:BookSources/9780671314002"><bdi>9780671314002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+western+philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=60th+print.&rft.pub=Touchstone+book&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780671314002&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwestern00russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Powell, Barry B.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ2Gr3d9X2UC&pg=PA182"><i>Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29349-2"><bdi>978-1-118-29349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%3A+Theory+and+History+of+the+Technology+of+Civilization&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-29349-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZ2Gr3d9X2UC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Gordon James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdANAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts</i></a>. Catholic Biblical Association of America. pp. 53–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915170-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915170-40-1"><bdi>978-0-915170-40-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+West+Semitic+Alphabet+in+Egyptian+Scripts&rft.pages=53-6&rft.pub=Catholic+Biblical+Association+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-915170-40-1&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Gordon+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdANAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapidtables-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rapidtables_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/greek_alphabet.htm">"Greek Alphabet Symbols"</a>. Rapid Tables<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Alphabet+Symbols&rft.pub=Rapid+Tables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rapidtables.com%2Fmath%2Fsymbols%2Fgreek_alphabet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/poal30.htm">Practical Orthography of African Languages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_Cardarelli2003" class="citation book cs1">François Cardarelli (2003). <i>Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures</i>. London: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1"><bdi>978-1-4471-1122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Scientific+Units%2C+Weights+and+Measures&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-1122-1&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Cardarelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetty_Grover_Eisner,_Ph.D.2002" class="citation book cs1">Betty Grover Eisner, Ph.D. (August 7, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.org/images/pdf/books/remembrances.pdf"><i>Remembrances of LSD therapy past</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124722/http://maps.org/images/pdf/books/remembrances.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-12-05. <q>that fateful 100 gamma, the same dosage I had had at my first LSD session</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembrances+of+LSD+therapy+past&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2002-08-07&rft.au=Betty+Grover+Eisner%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.org%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fbooks%2Fremembrances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein2023" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. (30 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Gamma.html">"Gamma -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics"</a>. <i>scienceworld.wolfram.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scienceworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Gamma+--+from+Eric+Weisstein%27s+World+of+Physics&rft.date=2023-04-30&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fphysics%2FGamma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma&oldid=1257385774">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma&oldid=1257385774</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Greek letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phonetic_transcription_symbols" title="Category:Phonetic transcription symbols">Phonetic transcription symbols</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016">Articles needing additional references from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 17:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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