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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saṃsāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saṃsāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Saṃsāra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saṃsāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation,_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation,_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Salvation, liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation,_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Main principles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Main principles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Main_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-violence_(ahimsa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-violence_(ahimsa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Non-violence (ahimsa) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-violence_(ahimsa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Many-sided_reality_(anekāntavāda)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Many-sided_reality_(anekāntavāda)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Many-sided reality (anekāntavāda) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Many-sided_reality_(anekāntavāda)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-attachment_(aparigraha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-attachment_(aparigraha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Non-attachment (aparigraha) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-attachment_(aparigraha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_ethics_and_five_vows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_ethics_and_five_vows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Jain ethics and five vows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_ethics_and_five_vows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asceticism_and_monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asceticism_and_monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Asceticism and monasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asceticism_and_monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Food and fasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Meditation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rituals and worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_and_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_and_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditions and sects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions_and_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures_and_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures_and_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scriptures and texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures_and_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparison with other religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Art and architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art and architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Pilgrimages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues_and_sculptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues_and_sculptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Statues and sculptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues_and_sculptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jainism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" > 144 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainisme" title="Djainisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djainisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجاينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجاينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainismo" title="Chainismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chainismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7ayinismo" title="J·ayinismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="J·ayinismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৈন ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismu" title="Xainismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xainismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Dharma" title="Jain Dharma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jain Dharma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈন ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina-k%C3%A0u" title="Jaina-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jaina-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Джайнизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джайнизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainegezh" title="Jainegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jainegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джайнай шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джайнай шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinismus" title="Džinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujaini" title="Ujaini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ujaini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jainiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޖައިނިޒަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖައިނިޒަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τζαϊνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαϊνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cajnismo" title="Ĝajnismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝajnismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="جین (دین) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین (دین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisim" title="Jainisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jainisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismo" title="Xainismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xainismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="જૈન ધર્મ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જૈન ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EA%B5%90" title="자이나교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자이나교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainanci" title="Jainanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jainanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ջայնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջայնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%ADnismi" title="Jaínismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jaínismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giainismo" title="Giainismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giainismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ג'ייניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ייניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%C9%A9n%C9%A9sm%C9%A9" title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujain" title="Ujain – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayinism" title="Jayinism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jayinism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayn%C3%AEzm" title="Caynîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Caynîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жайнычылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жайнычылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainizmo" title="Djainizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djainizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iainismus" title="Iainismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iainismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainisms" title="Džainisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džainisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizmas" title="Džainizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džainizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lijdrdjaina" title="lijdrdjaina – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lijdrdjaina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsainizmus" title="Dzsainizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsainizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈനമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈനമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جاينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဇိနဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဇိနဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جین دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جین دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Джайнизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Джайнизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Жайнизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жайнизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E6%95%99" title="ジャイナ教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャイナ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainismen" title="Djainismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Djainismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaynizm" title="Jaynizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jaynizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاينيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاينيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainizim" title="Jainizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jainizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAinizm" title="Dźinizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajinipen" title="Jajinipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jajinipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дьайнизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьайнизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="जैनधर्मः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जैनधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhainizmi" title="Xhainizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhainizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ජෛනාගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෛනාගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="جين ڌرم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جين ڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinizmus" title="Džinizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džinizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizem" title="Džainizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džainizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismi" title="Jainismi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jainismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainalaisuus" title="Jainalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jainalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சைனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Җәйничелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәйничелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="జైన మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జైన మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3_Na_gi%C3%A1o" title="Kỳ Na giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỳ Na giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דזשייניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשייניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jain (disambiguation)">Jain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Jainism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Palitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/250px-Palitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Palitana.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="449" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Jain temples on <a href="/wiki/Shatrunjaya" title="Shatrunjaya">Shatrunjaya</a> hill near <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a>, Gujarat</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd>Mahavratas (major vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Anuvratas (further vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jainism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">JAY-niz-əm</a>), also known as Jain Dharma,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religion</a>. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">tirthankaras</a> (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being <a href="/wiki/Rishabhadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabhadeva">Rishabhadeva</a>, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, whom historians date to the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, and the twenty-fourth tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāvīra">Mahavira</a>, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered an eternal <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">cosmology</a>. Central to understanding <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> is the concept of bhedvigyān, or the clear distinction in the nature of the soul and non-soul entities. This principle underscores the innate purity and potential for liberation within every <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">soul</a>, distinct from the physical and mental elements that bind it to the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">birth and rebirth</a>. Recognizing and internalizing this separation is essential for spiritual progress and the attainment of samyak darshan or <a href="/wiki/Self_realization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self realization">self realization</a>, which marks the beginning of the aspirant's journey towards <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">liberation</a>. The three main pillars of Jainism are <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahiṃsā</a> (non-violence), <a href="/wiki/Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Anekāntavāda">anekāntavāda</a> (non-absolutism), and <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">aparigraha</a> (asceticism). Jain monks take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a> (truth), <a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">asteya</a> (not stealing), <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacharya</a> (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarian">lacto-vegetarian</a> lifestyle. <a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_J%C4%ABv%C4%81n%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasparopagraho Jīvānām">Parasparopagraho jīvānām</a> (the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a> is its most common and strongest prayer. Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. It has two major ancient sub-traditions, <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbaras</a>, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Both sub-traditions have <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicants</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laypersons</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvakas</a> and śrāvikas). The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has two sub-traditions: Deravasi, also known as Mandirmargis, and Sthānakavasī.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200920–22-2">[2]</a> The religion has between four and five million followers, known as Jains or Jainas, who reside mostly in <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a>, where they numbered around 4.5 million at the 2011 census. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a> is also home to a fast-growing community of converts.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Major festivals include <a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> and Das Lakshana, <a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals#Ashtanhika_Parv" title="Jain festivals">Ashtanika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Dipawali</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_philosophy">Beliefs and philosophy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahimsa_Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/170px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/255px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ahimsa_Jainism.svg/340px-Ahimsa_Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>The hand symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā</a>, the wheel <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a>, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).</figcaption></figure> Jainism is <a href="/wiki/Transtheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transtheistic">transtheistic</a> and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">substance dualism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYandell1999243-4">[4]</a> and the actual realization of this principle plays out through the phenomena of both <a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">parallelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">interactionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha194420-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dravya_(Ontological_facts)">Dravya (Ontological facts)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></div> Dravya means substances or entity in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996118–119-6">[6]</a> Jains believe the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">jīva</a>), non-sentient substance or matter (<a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">pudgala</a>), the principle of motion (<a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">dharma</a>), the principle of rest (<a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a>), space (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Ba_(Jainism)" title="Ākāśa (Jainism)">ākāśa</a>), and time (<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)">kāla</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996118–119-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemicandraBalbir20101_of_Introduction-7">[7]</a> The last five are united as the ajiva (non-living).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996118–119-6">[6]</a> Jains distinguish a substance from a complex body, or thing, by declaring the former a simple indestructible element, while the latter is a compound made of one or more substances that can be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191715-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tattva_(Soteriological_facts)">Tattva (Soteriological facts)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva (Jainism)</a></div> Tattva connotes reality or truth in Jain philosophy and is the framework for salvation. According to Digambara Jains, there are seven tattvas: the sentient (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">jiva</a> or living), the insentient (<a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">ajiva</a> or non-living), the karmic influx to the soul (<a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Āsrava</a>, which is a mix of living and non-living), the bondage of karmic particles to the soul (<a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925188–190-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980219–228-10">[10]</a> the stoppage of karmic particles (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83vara" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃvara">Saṃvara</a>), the wiping away of past karmic particles (<a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjarā</a>), and the liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>). Śvētāmbaras add two further tattvas, namely good karma (Punya) and bad karma (Paapa).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925177–187-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200296–98-13">[13]</a> The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as "faith in the tattvas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998151-12">[12]</a> The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach moksha for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012108-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201318,_98–100-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pramana_(Epistemological_facts)">Pramana (Epistemological facts)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Jain epistemology</a></div> Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a>). It holds that correct knowledge is based on perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana) and testimony (sabda or the word of scriptures).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoni2000367–377-17">[17]</a> These ideas are elaborated in Jain texts such as Tattvarthasūtra, Parvacanasara, Nandi and Anuyogadvarini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200275–76,_131,_229–230-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoni2000367–377-17">[17]</a> Some Jain texts add analogy (upamana) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">epistemological theories</a> found in other Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–230-19">[19]</a> In Jainism, jnāna (knowledge) is said to be of five kinds – mati jñāna (sensory knowledge), śrutu jñāna (scriptural knowledge), avadhi jñāna (<a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>), manah prayāya Jñāna (<a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">kevala jnana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain199216-20">[20]</a> According to the Jain text Tattvartha sūtra, the first two are indirect knowledge and the remaining three are direct knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain20116-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul_and_karma">Soul and karma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma in Jainism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jiva.jpg/220px-Jiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jiva.jpg/330px-Jiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jiva.jpg/440px-Jiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism</figcaption></figure> According to Jainism, the existence of "a bound and ever changing soul" is a self-evident truth, an axiom which does not need to be proven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998103-22">[22]</a> It maintains that there are numerous souls, but every one of them has three qualities (<a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a>): consciousness (chaitanya, the most important), bliss (sukha) and vibrational energy (virya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998104–106-23">[23]</a> It further claims the vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages, but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998104–106-23">[23]</a> Jain texts state that souls exist as "clothed with material bodies", where it entirely fills up the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925194-24">[24]</a> Karma, as in other Indian religions, connotes in Jainism the universal cause and effect law. However, it is envisioned as a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201392–95-25">[25]</a> Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200299–103-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra (Jainism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitalism_(Jainism)" title="Vitalism (Jainism)">Vitalism (Jainism)</a></div> The conceptual framework of the Saṃsāra doctrine differs between Jainism and other Indian religions. Soul (jiva) is accepted as a truth, as in Hinduism but not Buddhism. The cycle of rebirths has a definite beginning and end in Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226-27">[27]</a> Jain theosophy asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations as they circle through Saṃsāra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980228-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000130–131-29">[29]</a> going through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives, constantly changing with all human and non-human activities from rainfall to breathing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980223–225-30">[30]</a> Harming any life form is a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980224–225-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESethia200430–31-32">[32]</a> Jainism states that souls begin in a primordial state, and either evolve to a higher state or regress if driven by their karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227–228-33">[33]</a> It further clarifies that abhavya (incapable) souls can never attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002104–105-34">[34]</a> It explains that the abhavya state is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980225-35">[35]</a> Souls can be good or evil in Jainism, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> of some forms of Hinduism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002104–105-34">[34]</a> According to Jainism, a Siddha (liberated soul) has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, and remains there eternally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980222–223-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_universe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jain_universe.JPG/162px-Jain_universe.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jain_universe.JPG/243px-Jain_universe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jain_universe.JPG/324px-Jain_universe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="366" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rebirth loka (realms of existence) in Jain cosmology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200290–92-37">[37]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/152px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/228px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/304px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Division of time in Jain cosmology</div></div></div></div></div> Jain texts propound that the universe consists of many eternal lokas (realms of existence). As in Buddhism and Hinduism, both time and the universe are eternal, but the universe is transient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925241-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201383–85-39">[39]</a> The universe, body, matter and time are considered separate from the soul (jiva). Their interaction explains life, living, death and rebirth in Jain philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201383–85-39">[39]</a> The Jain cosmic universe has three parts, the upper, middle, and lower worlds (urdhva loka, madhya loka, and adho loka).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah199825-40">[40]</a> Jainism states that Kāla (time) is without beginning and eternal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999551-41">[41]</a> the cosmic wheel of time, kālachakra, rotates ceaselessly. In this part of the universe, it explains, there are six periods of time within two eons (ara), and in the first eon the universe generates, and in the next it degenerates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201146-42">[42]</a> Thus, it divides the worldly cycle of time into two half-cycles, utsarpiṇī (ascending, progressive prosperity and happiness) and <a href="/wiki/Avasarpi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Avasarpiṇī">avasarpiṇī</a> (descending, increasing sorrow and immorality).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999551-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925271–272-44">[44]</a> It states that the world is currently in the fifth ara of avasarpiṇī, full of sorrow and religious decline, where the height of living beings shrinks. According to Jainism, after the sixth ara, the universe will be reawakened in a new cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200213-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1929b124-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a27-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">God in Jainism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/220px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/330px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/440px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</figcaption></figure> Jainism is a <a href="/wiki/Transtheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transtheistic">transtheistic</a> religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-48">[48]</a> holding that the <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">universe was not created</a>, and will exist forever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925241-38">[38]</a> It is independent, having no creator, governor, judge, or destroyer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201383–85-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925241–242-49">[49]</a> In this, it is unlike the Abrahamic religions and the theistic strands of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, but similar to Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925241–243-50">[50]</a> However, Jainism believes in the world of heavenly and hellish beings who are born, die and are reborn like earthly beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925247–249,_262–263-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200220–21,_34–35,_74,_91,_95–96,_103-52">[52]</a> The souls who live happily in the body of a heavenly celestial do so because of their positive karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925262–263-53">[53]</a> It is further stated that they possess a more transcendent knowledge about material things and can anticipate events in the human realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925262–263-53">[53]</a> However, once their past karmic merit is exhausted, it is explained that their souls are reborn again as humans, animals or other beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925262–263-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200291,_95–96-54">[54]</a> The perfect enlightened souls with a body are called <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihants</a> (victors) and perfect souls without a body are called <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddhas</a> (liberated souls). Only a soul with human body can attain enlightenment and liberation. The liberated beings are the supreme beings and are worshipped by all heavenly, earthly and hellish beings who aspire to attain liberation themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980222–223-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankinMardia201340-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation,_liberation">Salvation, liberation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Moksha (Jainism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></div> Purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain20116-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a6–7-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFohr20159–10,_37-57">[57]</a> Samyak Darśana (Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (jīva);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998141–147-58">[58]</a> Samyak Gyana (Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the tattvas;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998148,_200-59">[59]</a> and Samyak Charitra (Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998148,_200-59">[59]</a> Jain texts often add samyak tapas (Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a7-60">[60]</a> The four jewels are called Moksha Marga (the path of liberation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a6–7-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_principles">Main principles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-violence_(ahimsa)">Non-violence (ahimsa)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa in Jainism</a></div> The principle of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahimsa</a> (non-violence or non-injury) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160-61">[61]</a> It holds that one must abandon all violent activity and that without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160-61">[61]</a> In Jain theology, it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be, one must not kill or harm any being, and non-violence is the highest religious duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkhamLohr200971-62">[62]</a> Jain texts such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvarthasūtra</a> state that one must renounce all killing of living beings, whether tiny or large, movable or immovable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201090-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160–162-64">[64]</a> Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being, nor cause another to kill, nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkhamLohr200971-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201090-63">[63]</a> Furthermore, Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201090-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160–162-64">[64]</a> It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone, "all living creatures must help each other".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160–162-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[a]</a> Jains believe that violence negatively affects and destroys one's soul, particularly when the violence is done with intent, hate or carelessness, or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160–162-64">[64]</a> The doctrine exists in Hinduism and Buddhism, but is most highly developed in Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002160-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundararajanMukherji1997392–417-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzawa200878–81-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESethia20042-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993409-70">[69]</a> The theological basis of non-violence as the highest religious duty has been interpreted by some Jain scholars not to "be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures", but resulting from "continual self-discipline", a cleansing of the soul that leads to one's own spiritual development which ultimately affects one's salvation and release from rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200288–89,_257–258-71">[70]</a> Jains believe that causing injury to any being in any form creates bad <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> which affects one's rebirth, future well-being and causes suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892–894-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranoff1992-73">[72]</a> Late medieval Jain scholars re-examined the Ahiṃsā doctrine when faced with external threat or violence. For example, they justified violence by monks to protect nuns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002162–163-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen197861–75-75">[74]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas</a>, the Jain scholar <a href="/wiki/Jinadattasuri" title="Jinadattasuri">Jinadattasuri</a> wrote during a time of destruction of temples and persecution that "anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody would not lose any spiritual merit but instead attain deliverance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002163-76">[75]</a> However, examples in Jain texts that condone fighting and killing under certain circumstances are relatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002162–163-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Many-sided_reality_(anekāntavāda)">Many-sided reality (anekāntavāda)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/220px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/330px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/440px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with <a href="/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant" title="Blind men and an elephant">Blind men and an elephant</a></figcaption></figure> The second main principle of Jainism is anekāntavāda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-80">[78]</a> from anekānta ("many-sidedness," etymologically "<a href="/wiki/Privative_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Privative a">non</a>-oneness" or "not being one") and vada ("doctrine").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229–231-80">[78]</a> The doctrine states that truth and reality are complex and always have multiple aspects. It further states that reality can be experienced, but cannot be fully expressed with language. It suggests that human attempts to communicate are Naya, "partial expression of the truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-79">[77]</a> According to it, one can experience the taste of truth, but cannot fully express that taste through language. It holds that attempts to express experience are syāt, or valid "in some respect", but remain "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete".<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> It concludes that in the same way, spiritual truths can be experienced but not fully expressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475–79-79">[77]</a> It suggests that the great error is belief in ekānta (one-sidedness), where some relative truth is treated as absolute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2018-82">[80]</a> The doctrine is ancient, found in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta. The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahāvīra's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (syāt).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1990301–305-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015205–218-84">[82]</a> These texts identify anekāntavāda as a key difference from the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>'s teachings. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting extremes of the answer "it is" or "it is not" to metaphysical questions. The Mahāvīra, in contrast, taught his followers to accept both "it is", and "it is not", qualified with "perhaps", to understand Absolute Reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135-85">[83]</a> The permanent being is conceptualized as <a href="/wiki/Jiva_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiva (Jainism)">jiva</a> (soul) and <a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">ajiva</a> (matter) within a dualistic anekāntavāda framework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200290–99,_104–105,_229–233-86">[84]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a>, in contemporary times the anekāntavāda doctrine has been interpreted by some Jains as intending to "promote a universal religious tolerance", and a teaching of "plurality" and "benign attitude to other [ethical, religious] positions". Dundas states this is a misreading of historical texts and Mahāvīra's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234-87">[85]</a> According to him, the "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings of the Mahāvīra is about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute reality</a> and human existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESethia200486–91-88">[86]</a> He claims that it is not about condoning activities such as killing animals for food, nor violence against disbelievers or any other living being as "perhaps right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232–234-87">[85]</a> The five vows for Jain monks and nuns, for example, are strict requirements and there is no "perhaps" about them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200998–106-89">[87]</a> Similarly, since ancient times, Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism according to Dundas, but Jainism disagreed, in specific areas, with the knowledge systems and beliefs of these traditions, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002233-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-attachment_(aparigraha)">Non-attachment (aparigraha)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></div> The third main principle in Jainism is aparigraha which means non-attachment to worldly possessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004112-91">[89]</a> For monks and nuns, Jainism requires a vow of complete non-possession of any property, relations and emotions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002117,_152-92">[90]</a> The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition, or a resident mendicant in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002117,_152-92">[90]</a> For Jain laypersons, it recommends limited possession of property that has been honestly earned, and giving excess property to charity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004112-91">[89]</a> According to Natubhai Shah, aparigraha applies to both the material and the psychic. Material possessions refer to various forms of property. Psychic possessions refer to emotions, likes and dislikes, and attachments of any form. Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to one's personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004112–113-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_ethics_and_five_vows">Jain ethics and five vows</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yamas#Five_Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas § Five Yamas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/170px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/255px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/340px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doddahundi_nishidhi_inscription" title="Doddahundi nishidhi inscription">Nishidhi stone</a>, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></figcaption></figure> Jainism teaches five ethical duties, which it calls five vows. These are called anuvratas (small vows) for Jain laypersons, and mahavratas (great vows) for Jain mendicants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228–231-94">[92]</a> For both, its moral precepts preface that the Jain has access to a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> (teacher, counsellor), deva (Jina, god), doctrine, and that the individual is free from five offences: doubts about the faith, indecisiveness about the truths of Jainism, insincerity of desire for Jain teachings, non-recognition of fellow Jains, and insufficient admiration of fellow Jains' spiritual endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228-95">[93]</a> Such a person undertakes the following Five vows of Jainism: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiṃsā">Ahiṃsā</a>, "intentional non-violence" or "noninjury":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228-95">[93]</a> The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to other human beings, as well as all living beings (particularly animals).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228-95">[93]</a> This is the highest ethical duty in Jainism, and it applies not only to one's actions, but demands that one be non-violent in one's speech and thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-pkshah5v-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201233-97">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a>, "truth": This vow is to always speak the truth. Neither lie, nor speak what is not true, and do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks an untruth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228–231-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pkshah5v-96">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya</a>, "not stealing": A Jain layperson should not take anything that is not willingly given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201268-98">[96]</a> Additionally, a Jain mendicant should ask for permission to take it if something is being given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925231-99">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>, "celibacy": Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures is prescribed for Jain monks and nuns. For laypersons, the vow means chastity, faithfulness to one's partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228–231-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pkshah5v-96">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a>, "non-possessiveness": This includes non-attachment to material and psychological possessions, avoiding craving and greed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925228–231-94">[92]</a> Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations, own nothing and are attached to no one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004112-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009109-100">[98]</a></li></ol> Jainism prescribes seven supplementary vows, including three guņa vratas (merit vows) and four śikşā vratas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201287–88-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19765-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a> (or Santhara) vow is a "religious death" ritual observed at the end of life, historically by Jain monks and nuns, but rare in the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–180-103">[101]</a> In this vow, there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake to end one's life by choice and with dispassion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200016-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19767-105">[103]</a> This is believed to reduce negative karma that affects a soul's future rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166–167-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asceticism_and_monasticism">Asceticism and monasticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora,_cave_33,_Digambar_Jain_guru_(9841591645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/74px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/111px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg/148px-Ellora%2C_cave_33%2C_Digambar_Jain_guru_%289841591645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara sadhu (monk)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/95px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/143px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg/190px-Acharya_Vijayavallabhasuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1738" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara-Deravasi sadhu (monk)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg/86px-Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg/129px-Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg/172px-Jain_Sthanakvasi_monk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="752" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara-Sthanakwasi sadhu (monk)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jain_1.jpg/104px-Jain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jain_1.jpg/156px-Jain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jain_1.jpg/208px-Jain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Śvētāmbara sadhvi (nun)(early 20th-century)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Viramati_Mataji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/155px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/233px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Viramati_Mataji.jpg/310px-Viramati_Mataji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="2314" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Digambara sadhvi (nun)</div></div></div></div></div> Of the major Indian religions, Jainism has had the strongest ascetic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a118–122-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003113-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003169–174,_178–198_with_footnotes-109">[107]</a> Ascetic life may include nakedness, symbolizing non-possession even of clothes, fasting, body mortification, and penance, to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, both of which are believed essential for reaching siddha and moksha ("liberation from rebirths" and "salvation").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a118–122-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003205–212_with_footnotes-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015144–150-111">[109]</a> Jain texts like Tattvartha Sūtra and <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana Sūtra</a> discuss austerities in detail. Six outer and six inner practices are oft-repeated in later Jain texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a120–21-112">[110]</a> Outer austerities include complete fasting, eating limited amounts, eating restricted items, abstaining from tasty foods, mortifying the flesh, and guarding the flesh (avoiding anything that is a source of temptation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a120–122-113">[111]</a> Inner austerities include expiation, confession, respecting and assisting <a href="/wiki/Mendicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicants">mendicants</a>, studying, meditation, and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a120–122-113">[111]</a> Lists of internal and external austerities vary with the text and tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003182_with_footnote_3-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1995196–197-115">[113]</a> Asceticism is viewed as a means to control desires, and to purify the jiva (soul).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003169–174,_178–198_with_footnotes-109">[107]</a> The tirthankaras such as the Mahāvīra (Vardhamana) set an example by performing severe austerities for twelve years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a121–122-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanti_Lal_Jain199851-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz201515–18,_41–43-118">[116]</a> Monastic organization, sangh, has a four-fold order consisting of sadhu (male ascetics, muni), sadhvi (female ascetics, aryika), <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvaka</a> (laymen), and śrāvikā (laywomen). The latter two support the ascetics and their monastic organizations called gacch or samuday, in autonomous regional Jain congregations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a48–49-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200917-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah20042–3-121">[119]</a> Jain monastic rules have encouraged the use of mouth cover, as well as the Dandasan – a long stick with woolen threads – to gently remove ants and insects that may come in their path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013197-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002152,_163–164-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998190-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_fasting">Food and fasting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting in Jainism</a></div> The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to Jain culture being <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>. Devout Jains practice <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarianism</a>, meaning that they eat no eggs, but accept dairy products if there is no violence against animals during their production. <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> is encouraged if there are concerns about animal welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst2015105-125">[123]</a> Jain monks, nuns and some followers avoid <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">root vegetables</a> such as potatoes, onions, and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up, and because a bulb or tuber's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a higher living being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave1980260-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[c]</a> Jain monks and advanced lay people avoid eating after sunset, observing a vow of ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000285-128">[125]</a> Monks observe a stricter vow by eating only once a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000285-128">[125]</a> Jains fast particularly during festivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200985-129">[126]</a> This practice is called upavasa, tapasya or vrata,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200985–86-130">[127]</a> and may be practiced according to one's ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERam_Bhushan_Prasad_Singh200892–94-131">[128]</a> Digambaras fast for Dasa-laksana-parvan, eating only one or two meals per day, drinking only boiled water for ten days, or fasting completely on the first and last days of the festival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200972-132">[129]</a> mimicking the practices of a Jain mendicant for the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200972-132">[129]</a> Śvētāmbara Jains do similarly in the eight day paryusana with samvatsari-pratikramana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200972,_85–86-133">[130]</a> The practice is believed to remove karma from one's soul and provides merit (punya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200985-129">[126]</a> A "one day" fast lasts about 36 hours, starting at sunset before the day of the fast and ending 48 minutes after sunrise the day after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200985-129">[126]</a> Among laypeople, fasting is more commonly observed by women, as it shows their piety and religious purity, gains merit earning and helps ensure future well-being for their family. Some religious fasts are observed in a social and supportive female group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200986-134">[131]</a> Long fasts are celebrated by friends and families with special ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200986-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation">Meditation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_meditation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/166px-Jain_meditation.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/249px-Jain_meditation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jain_meditation.jpg/332px-Jain_meditation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="471" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/148px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/222px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/296px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="3376" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Jain nuns meditating, Right: 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue" title="Gommateshwara statue">Gommateshwara statue</a> depicting standing meditation (<a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">Kayotsarga</a> posture)</div></div></div></div> Jainism considers meditation (dhyana) a necessary practice, but its goals are very different from those in Buddhism and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002166–169-135">[132]</a> In Jainism, meditation is concerned more with stopping karmic attachments and activity, not as a means to transformational insights or self-realization in other Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002166–169-135">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a> is a practice of "brief periods in meditation" in Jainism that is a part of siksavrata (ritual restraint).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998180–181-136">[133]</a> The goal of Sāmāyika is to achieve equanimity, and it is the second siksavrata.<a href="#cite_note-137">[d]</a> The samayika ritual is practiced at least three times a day by mendicants, while a layperson includes it with other ritual practices such as Puja in a Jain temple and doing charity work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998180–182-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992261-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004128–131-140">[136]</a> According to Johnson, as well as Jaini, samayika connotes more than meditation, and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of "assuming temporary ascetic status".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1995189–190-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals_and_worship">Rituals and worship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Jain rituals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/220px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/330px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg/440px-Shravanbelgola_Gomateshvara_feet_prayer1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Praying at the feet of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a></figcaption></figure> There are many rituals in Jainism's various sects. According to Dundas, the ritualistic lay path among Śvētāmbara Jains is "heavily imbued with ascetic values", where the rituals either revere or celebrate the ascetic life of tirthankaras, or progressively approach the psychological and physical life of an ascetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002187–189-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998162–165,_295–296-145">[140]</a> The ultimate ritual is sallekhana, a religious death through ascetic abandonment of food and drinks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002187–189-144">[139]</a> The Digambara Jains follow the same theme, but the life cycle and religious rituals are closer to a Hindu liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002187–189-144">[139]</a> The overlap is mainly in the life cycle (rites-of-passage) rituals, and likely developed because Jain and Hindu societies overlapped, and rituals were viewed as necessary and secular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998291–299-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009186–187-147">[142]</a> Jains ritually worship numerous deities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998162–165,_295–296-145">[140]</a> especially the <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Jinas</a>. In Jainism a Jina as deva is not an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> (incarnation), but the highest state of omniscience that an ascetic tirthankara achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998295–299-148">[143]</a> Out of the 24 tirthankaras, Jains predominantly worship four: Mahāvīra, <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200240-149">[144]</a> Among the non-tirthankara saints, devotional worship is common for <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a> among the Digambaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010182–184-150">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a> rituals remember the five life events of the tirthankaras, including the <a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka_Pratishtha_Mahotsava" title="Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava">Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava</a>, Panch Kalyanaka Puja and Snatrapuja.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998196,_343,_347-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998196–199-152">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple,_worship_in_Jainism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg/170px-A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg/255px-A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg/340px-A_Jain_ritual_offerings_and_puja_recital_at_a_temple%2C_worship_in_Jainism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200945–46,_215-153">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> The basic ritual is darsana (seeing) of deva, which includes Jina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay_Jones20054771-154">[149]</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksas</a>, gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva, 52 Viras, <a href="/wiki/Padmavati_(Jainism)" title="Padmavati (Jainism)">Padmavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Jainism)" title="Ambika (Jainism)">Ambika</a> and 16 Vidyadevis (including <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200933,_59,_92,_138,_191-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort1987235–255-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishraRay2016141–148-157">[152]</a> Terapanthi Digambaras limit their ritual worship to tirthankaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a365-158">[153]</a> The worship ritual is called devapuja, and is found in all Jain sub-traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998199–200-159">[154]</a> Typically, the Jain layperson enters the Derasar (Jain temple) inner sanctum in simple clothing and bare feet with a plate filled with offerings, bows down, says the <a href="/wiki/Namaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Namaskar">namaskar</a>, completes his or her litany and prayers, sometimes is assisted by the temple priest, leaves the offerings and then departs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998199–200-159">[154]</a> Jain practices include performing <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhisheka</a> (ceremonial bath) of the images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratapaditya_Pal198629-160">[155]</a> Some Jain sects employ a pujari (also called upadhye), who may be a Hindu, to perform priestly duties at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002204–205-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvadori1989169–170-162">[157]</a> More elaborate worship includes offerings such as rice, fresh and dry fruits, flowers, coconut, sweets, and money. Some may light up a lamp with camphor and make auspicious marks with sandalwood paste. Devotees also recite Jain texts, particularly the life stories of the tirthankaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb199632–33-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200945–46,_215-153">[148]</a> Traditional Jains, like Buddhists and Hindus, believe in the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> and that certain sounds and words are inherently auspicious, powerful and spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200281–82-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayanar200535-165">[160]</a> The most famous of the mantras, broadly accepted in various sects of Jainism, is the "five homage" (<a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">panca namaskara</a>) mantra which is believed to be eternal and existent since the first tirthankara's time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200281–82-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst2015107-166">[161]</a> Medieval worship practices included making tantric diagrams of the Rishi-mandala including the tirthankaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGough20121–47-167">[162]</a> The Jain tantric traditions use mantra and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001b417–419-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Jain festivals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Lakshana_(Paryusana)_celebrations,_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/220px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/330px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG/440px-Das_Lakshana_%28Paryusana%29_celebrations%2C_New_York_City_Jain_temple_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), <a href="/wiki/Jain_Center_of_America" title="Jain Center of America">Jain Center of America</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> The most important annual Jain festival is called the <a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> by Svetambaras and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasha-Lakshana-Parvan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasha-Lakshana-Parvan (page does not exist)">Dasa lakshana parva</a> by the Digambaras. It is celebrated from the 12th day of the waning moon in the traditional lunisolar month of <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Hindu_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Hindu calendar)">Bhadrapada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Indian calendar</a>. This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164,_284-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2011673-170">[165]</a> It lasts eight days for Svetambaras, and ten days among the Digambaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164,_284-169">[164]</a> It is a time when lay people fast and pray. The five vows are emphasized during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2011673-170">[165]</a> Svetambaras recite the Kalpasūtras, while Digambaras read their own texts. The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms, freeing animals in captivity and preventing the slaughter of animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164,_284-169">[164]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFDDBB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Forgiveness <div class="poem"> I forgive all living beings, may all living beings forgive me. All in this world are my friends, I have no enemies. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Jain festival prayer on the last day<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a284-171">[166]</a></cite> </div> The last day involves a focused prayer and meditation session known as <a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a>. Jains consider this a day of atonement, granting forgiveness to others, seeking forgiveness from all living beings, physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164,_284-169">[164]</a> Forgiveness is asked by saying "<a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a>" or "Khamat khamna" to others. This means, "If I have offended you in any way, knowingly or unknowingly, in thought, word or action, then I seek your forgiveness." The literal meaning of Paryushana is "abiding" or "coming together".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort1995160-172">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Jayanti">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra. It is celebrated on the 13th day of the lunisolar month of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> in the traditional Indian calendar. This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a220-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah2004211-174">[169]</a> The festivities include visiting Jain temples, <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">pilgrimages</a> to shrines, reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community. At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, north of Patna, special events are held by Jains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a220-173">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">The next day of Dipawali</a> is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra's attainment of <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilisRaj201386-175">[170]</a> The Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> is also celebrated on the same date (Kartika Amavasya). Jain temples, homes, offices, and shops are decorated with lights and <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diyas</a> (small oil lamps). The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Sweets are often distributed. On Diwali morning, Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world. The Jain new year starts right after Diwali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilisRaj201386-175">[170]</a> Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are <a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a>, similar to those in the Hindu communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilisRaj201385-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_sects">Traditions and sects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Jain schools and branches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/117px-Mahavir.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/176px-Mahavir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/234px-Mahavir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāvīra">Mahāvīra</a> iconography</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg/117px-Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg/176px-Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="333" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara <a href="/wiki/Simandhar_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Simandhar Swami">Simandhar Swami</a> iconography</div></div></div></div></div> The Jain community is divided into two major <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a>. Monks of the Digambara (sky-clad) tradition do not wear clothes. Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">sarees</a> and are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryikas</a>. Śvētāmbara (white-clad) monastics, on the other hand, wear seamless white clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200245-178">[173]</a> During Chandragupta Maurya's reign, Jain tradition states that Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve-year-long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples. <a href="/wiki/Sthulabhadra" title="Sthulabhadra">Sthulabhadra</a>, a pupil of Acharya Bhadrabahu, is believed to have stayed in Magadha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeBeyer2009326-179">[174]</a> Later, as stated in tradition, when followers of Acharya Bhadrabahu returned, they found those who had remained at Magadha had started wearing white clothes, which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200247-180">[175]</a> This is how Jains believe the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began, with the former being naked while the latter wore white clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192546-181">[176]</a> Digambara saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenet of aparigraha which, according to them, required not even possession of clothes, i.e. complete nudity. In the fifth-century CE, the Council of Valabhi was organized by Śvētāmbara, which Digambara did not attend. At the council, the Śvētāmbara adopted the texts they had preserved as canonical scriptures, which Digambara has ever since rejected. This council is believed to have solidified the historic schism between these two major traditions of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2010104–105-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFohr201521–22-183">[178]</a> The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini19913-184">[179]</a> Digambaras and Śvētāmbara differ in their practices and dress code,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33-187">[182]</a> interpretations of teachings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28-188">[183]</a> and on Jain history especially concerning the tirthankaras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80-193">[188]</a> Their monasticism rules differ,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a167-194">[189]</a> as does their <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a167-194">[189]</a> Śvētāmbara has had more female than male mendicants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a47-195">[190]</a> where Digambara has mostly had male monks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361-196">[191]</a> and considers males closest to the soul's liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201336–37-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-198">[193]</a> The Śvētāmbaras believe that women can also achieve liberation through asceticism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59-199">[194]</a> and state that the 19th Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ll%C4%ABn%C4%81tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Māllīnātha">Māllīnātha</a> was female,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely200215-200">[195]</a> which Digambara rejects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200256-201">[196]</a> Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Svetambara iconography starts appearing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199516-202">[197]</a> Several scholars and scriptures of other religions as well as those of their counterpart <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> Jains<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digambara#Criticism_of_Digambara_sect" title="Digambara">criticize Digambara sect's practices</a> of public nudity as well as their belief that women are incapable of attaining spiritual liberation.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (c. 1st century CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000167-207">[202]</a> Tirthankara represented without clothes, and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm, are identified as the Ardhaphalaka (half-clothed) mentioned in texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000167-207">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniyas</a>, believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka, followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000167-207">[202]</a> In the modern era, according to Flügel, new Jain religious movements that are a "primarily devotional form of Jainism" have developed which resemble "Jain Mahayana" style devotionalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2005194–243-208">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptures_and_texts">Scriptures and texts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Agamas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_Agamas.jpeg/78px-Jain_Agamas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_Agamas.jpeg/117px-Jain_Agamas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_Agamas.jpeg/156px-Jain_Agamas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stela depicting Śhrut Jnāna, or complete scriptural knowledge</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/141px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/212px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/282px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="877" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Suryaprajnaptisūtra, a fourth or third century BCE astronomy text of Śvētāmbara Jains. Above: its manuscript from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 CE.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangulam_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/161px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/242px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/322px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mangulam" title="Mangulam">Mangulam</a> inscription dated 3rd century BCE</div></div></div></div></div> Jain canonical scriptures are called Agamas. They are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">verbally transmitted</a>, much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200260–61-210">[205]</a> and to have originated from the sermons of the tirthankaras, whereupon the <a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadharas</a> (chief disciples) transmitted them as Śhrut Jnāna (heard knowledge).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1929b135–136-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925109–110-212">[207]</a> The spoken scriptural language is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhamagadhi">Ardhamagadhi</a> by the Śvētāmbara Jains, and a form of sonic resonance by the Digambara Jains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200260–61-210">[205]</a> The Śvētāmbaras believe that they have preserved 45 of the 50 original Jain scriptures (having lost an Anga text and four Purva texts), while the Digambaras believe that all were lost,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200261-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925112–113,_121–122-214">[209]</a> and that Āchārya <a href="/wiki/Bhutabali" title="Bhutabali">Bhutabali</a> was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon. According to them, Digambara Āchāryas recreated the oldest-known Digambara Jain texts, including the four anuyoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2016xii-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199878–81-216">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925124-217">[212]</a> The Digambara texts partially agree with older Śvētāmbara texts, but there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925121–122-218">[213]</a> The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE, compiling it into four groups or Vedas: history, cosmography, philosophy and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925123–124-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[f]</a> The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtras</a> are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras, which they attribute to Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE). This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition, and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region and created their tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925125–126-222">[216]</a> Śvētāmbaras believe instead that Bhadrabahu moved to Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925125–126-222">[216]</a> Both traditions consider his Niryuktis and Samhitas important. The earliest surviving Sanskrit text by <a href="/wiki/Umaswati" title="Umaswati">Umaswati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tattvarthas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvarthasūtra">Tattvarthasūtra</a> is considered authoritative by all traditions of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007439–440-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2006395–396-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[g]</a> In the Digambara tradition, the texts written by Kundakunda are highly revered and have been historically influential,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinegan1989221-227">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200325–34-228">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee2000282–283-229">[222]</a> while the oldest being <a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a> attributed to Acharya pushpdanta and Bhutbali. Other important Digambara Jain texts include: <a href="/wiki/Samayasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayasara">Samayasara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratnakaranda_%C5%9Br%C4%81vak%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra">Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niyamasara" title="Niyamasara">Niyamasara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199132–33-230">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_religions">Comparison with other religions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism and Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism and Hinduism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Jain stupa</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:286px;max-width:286px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:356px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_relief,_Mathura,_c1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/284px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/426px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg/568px-Holi_relief%2C_Mathura%2C_c1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1615" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Jain votive plaque with <a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Jain stupa</a>, the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from <a href="/wiki/Kankali_Tila" title="Kankali Tila">Kankali Tila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> The inscription reads: "Adoration to the Arhat Vardhamana. The daughter of the matron (?) courtesan Lonasobhika (Lavanasobhika), the disciple of the ascetics, the junior (?) courtesan Vasu has erected a shrine of the Arhat, a hall of homage (ayagasabha), cistern and a stone slab at the sanctuary of the <a href="/wiki/Nirgrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgrantha">Nirgrantha</a> Arhats, together with her mother, her daughter, her son and her whole household in honour of the Arhats."<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana,_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg/290px-Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg/435px-Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg/580px-Sculpture_panel_showing_a_Jain_stupa_and_torana%2C_Mathura_75-100_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Sivayasa Ayagapata, with stupa fragment, <a href="/wiki/Kankali_Tila" title="Kankali Tila">Kankali Tila</a>, 75–100 CE</figcaption></figure> All four <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a>, viz., Jainism, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, share concepts and doctrines such as <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonHiggins199811–22-233">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleton20161–21,_25–27,_57–58,_82–84-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaul200627–28-235">[228]</a> They do not believe in eternal <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judgment_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment day">judgment day</a>, and leave it up to individual discretion to choose whether or not to believe in gods, to disagree with core teachings, and to choose whether to participate in prayers, rituals and festivals. They all consider values such as <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence) to be important,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawDemy2017-236">[229]</a>: <span title="Page / location: p. 635
Quotation: "Ahiṃsā (to do no harm) is a significant aspect of three major religions: Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">p. 635  link suffering to craving, individual's actions, intents, and karma, and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace, bliss and eternal liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonHiggins199818–22-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaul200627–40-238">[231]</a> Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises. All believe in impermanence, but Buddhism incorporates the premise of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a> ("no eternal self or soul"). Hinduism incorporates an eternal unchanging <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">atman</a> ("soul"), while Jainism incorporates an eternal but changing <a href="/wiki/Jiva_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiva (Jainism)">jiva</a> ("soul").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200287–88-239">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20042–5-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013122–125-241">[234]</a> In Jain thought, there are infinite eternal jivas, predominantly in cycles of rebirth, and a few siddhas (liberated ones).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiriyanna1993157–158,_168–169-242">[235]</a> Unlike Jainism, Hindu philosophies encompass <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">nondualism</a> where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiriyanna199354–62,_77–82,_132-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrett2013247–248-244">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartley20131–10,_76–79,_87–98-245">[238]</a> Jainism rejected the non-dual concept, stating that if there were only one universal consciousness which was already liberated, the purpose of dharma would be nullified. Additionally, the need and desire for an infinitely blissful consciousness to create the universe would imply a limitation within that consciousness. Jainism also criticized Vedanta's inability to explain how an intangible consciousness could create a material universe, filled with countless living beings who experience suffering.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> Jain scholar Dr. Hukumchand Bharill explains that, according to both Jainism and Vedanta, only consciousness can perceive itself, while the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> are incapable of recognizing and experiencing the soul. In Jainism, the soul, in its state of ignorance, mistakenly identifies with the body and consequently experiences suffering. When the soul realizes its true nature, it attains enlightenment, gaining infinite knowledge and bliss. If there were only a singular, universal consciousness, Bharill questions, who attains realization as the consciousness is already liberated, and the mind is incapable of experiencing soul's boundless knowledge-bliss nature.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> While both Hinduism and Jainism believe "soul exists" to be a self-evident truth, most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present, infinite and constant (<a href="/wiki/Vibhu" title="Vibhu">vibhu</a>), but some Hindu scholars propose soul to be atomic. Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> through a monistic or dualistic framework. In contrast, Jain thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of Brahman, and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime, thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199858,_102–105-248">[241]</a> Jainism is similar to Buddhism in not recognizing the primacy of the Vedas and the Hindu Brahman. Jainism and Hinduism, however, both believe "soul exists" as a self-evident truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonHiggins199818–22-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010b174–175-249">[242]</a> Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried, particularly in northern, central and western regions of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201154-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelting2009206_note_4-251">[244]</a> Some early colonial scholars stated that Jainism like Buddhism was, in part, a rejection of the Hindu caste system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesfield1885116–117-252">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope188040–41-253">[246]</a> but later scholars consider this a Western error.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts2007258–259-254">[247]</a> A caste system not based on birth has been a historic part of Jain society, and Jainism focused on transforming the individual, not society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201154-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002147–149,_304_footnote_24-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb1996137–145,_54,_172-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198073,_316–317-257">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[h]</a> Monasticism is similar in all three traditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2000681–683-261">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillat2003a30–34_with_footnote_28-262">[254]</a> with similar rules, hierarchical structure, not traveling during the four-month <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season, and celibacy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillat2003a30–34_with_footnote_28-262">[254]</a> originating before the Buddha or the Mahāvīra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2000681–683-261">[253]</a> Jain and Hindu monastic communities have traditionally been more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle, while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a sangha (monastery) and staying in its premises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa19934–7-263">[255]</a> Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha's distinctive ruddy robe, or to use wooden bowls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2000681–683-261">[253]</a> In contrast, Jain monastic rules have either required nakedness (Digambara) or white clothes (Śvētāmbara), and they have disagreed on the legitimacy of the wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl by Jain monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2000681–683-261">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[i]</a> Jains have similar views with Hindus that violence in self-defence can be justified,<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> and that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence; there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> The Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting. Some Hindu temples have included a Jain Tirthankara within its premises in a place of honour,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong20095–6-269">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaGhosal2006100–103-270">[261]</a> while temple complexes such as the <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a> feature both Hindu and Jain monuments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell201438–52,_60–61-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingWatsonSchellinger1996468–470-272">[263]</a> Fynes (1996) argues that various Jain influences, particularly ideas on the existence of <a href="/wiki/Plant_soul" title="Plant soul">plant souls</a>, were transmitted from <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Kshatrapa</a> territories to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and then integrated into <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FynesRCC-273">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg/131px-Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg/197px-Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg/262px-Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2378" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The birth of Mahavira, from the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a> (c. 1375–1400 CE)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22,_Jain_votive_plate,_Kankali_Tila,_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg/142px-%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg/213px-%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg/284px-%22Sihanamdika_ayagapata%22%2C_Jain_votive_plate%2C_Kankali_Tila%2C_Mathura_dated_25-50_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="3368" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ayagapata" title="Ayagapata">Sihanamdika ayagapata</a>, 25–50 CE, <a href="/wiki/Kankali_Tila" title="Kankali Tila">Kankali Tila</a>, Mathura, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg/207px-KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg/311px-KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg/414px-KHANDAGIRI_AND_UDAYGIRI_Cave_Inscriptions_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inscriptions at a <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udaygiri-Khandagiri</a> 2nd–1st-century BCE Jain rock cut cave, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of tirthankara or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture. Yakshas and <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">yakshinis</a>, attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara, are usually shown with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah1998184-275">[266]</a> The earliest known Jain image is in the <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> museum. It is dated approximately to the third century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah1998184-275">[266]</a> Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the second century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198795-276">[267]</a> Ayagapata is a type of <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">dharmacakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triratna" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratna">triratna</a>. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like <a href="/wiki/Kankali_Tila" title="Kankali Tila">Kankali Tila</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from first century BCE to the third century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishore201517–43-277">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19789–10-278">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a>, a preaching hall of tirthankaras with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009184-279">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirti_Stambha_(Tower_of_Fame)_(4571936260).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg/220px-Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg/330px-Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg/440px-Kirti_Stambha_%28Tower_of_Fame%29_%284571936260%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Stambh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirti Stambh">Kirti Stambh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a>, 12th century CE</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Stambh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirti Stambh">Jain tower in Chittor</a>, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2012a1–2-280">[271]</a> Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah1998183-281">[272]</a> Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as Panch Kalyanaka, from the life of the tirthankara. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> or kayotsarga, the standing position. He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah1998113-282">[273]</a> In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197816-283">[274]</a> Each of the twenty-four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati, Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah1998187-284">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temple</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:377px"><div style="position:relative;width:375px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jainism is located in India"><img alt="Jainism is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/563px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/750px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.169%;left:15.094%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Palitana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.247%;left:10.955%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Girnar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.715%;left:17.838%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mount Abu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.249%;left:35.556%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sonagiri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sonagiri" title="Sonagiri">Sonagiri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.864%;left:34.382%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Hastinapur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.923%;left:47.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.658%;left:59.803%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shikharji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.585%;left:39.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kundalpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kundalpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalpur">Kundalpur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.179%;left:57.934%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Pawapuri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pawapuri" title="Pawapuri">Pawapuri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.705%;left:24.569%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Bawangaja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bawangaja" title="Bawangaja">Bawangaja</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.046%;left:20.147%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ranakpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ranakpur" title="Ranakpur">Ranakpur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.923%;left:40.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Khajuraho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.54%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Varanasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Parshvanath_Jain_temple,_Varanasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi">Varanasi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.818%;left:29.653%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Shravanabelagola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.661%;left:25.009%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Moodabidri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Moodabidri" title="Moodabidri">Moodabidri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.037%;left:58.706%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Udayagiri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.626%;left:23.265%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kumbhoj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kumbhoj" title="Kumbhoj">Kumbhoj</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.179%;left:18.49%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Osian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Osian,_Jodhpur" title="Osian, Jodhpur">Osian</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.313%;left:27.55%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Pattadakal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.721%;left:28.098%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Halebidu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.764%;left:25.553%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ellora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.625%;left:42.443%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Guntur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Undavalli_Caves" title="Undavalli Caves">Guntur</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.927%;left:37.616%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kulpakji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kulpakji" title="Kulpakji">Kulpakji</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.731%;left:28.919%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Mattancherry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattancherry</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.785%;left:37.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Tirumalai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_(Jain_complex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumalai (Jain complex)">Tirumalai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.217%;left:36.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Pudukottai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pudukottai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukottai">Pudukottai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.923%;left:34.687%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Madurai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.746%;left:31.998%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chitharal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chitharal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitharal">Chitharal</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism</div></div></div> A Jain temple, a Derasar or Basadi, is a <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">place of worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb199666-285">[276]</a> Temples contain tirthankara images, some fixed, others moveable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb199666-285">[276]</a> These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb199666-285">[276]</a> One of the images is marked as the moolnayak (primary deity).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb199668-286">[277]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Manastambha" title="Manastambha">manastambha</a> (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESettar1989195-287">[278]</a> Temple construction is considered a meritorious act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001188-288">[279]</a> Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa (<a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pataini_temple" title="Pataini temple">Pataini temple</a> in Madhya Pradesh, the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a> in Maharashtra, the <a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a> in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>, Rajasthan.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranakpur_Jain_temple" title="Ranakpur Jain temple">Chaumukha temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ranakpur" title="Ranakpur">Ranakpur</a> is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESehdev_Kumar2001106-291">[282]</a> According to Jain texts, <a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a> is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain Tīrthaṅkaras along with many other monks attained moksha (died without being reborn, with their soul in <a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a>). The Shikharji site in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> is therefore a revered pilgrimage site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010130–133-292">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[j]</a> The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2010352-295">[285]</a> Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain community">Jain community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jain_complex,_Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain complex, Khajuraho">Jain complex, Khajuraho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal#Jain_Temple" title="Pattadakal">Jain Narayana temple</a> are part of a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saavira_Kambada_Basadi" title="Saavira Kambada Basadi">Saavira Kambada Basadi</a> or 1000 pillars and <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Jinalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Jinalaya">Brahma Jinalaya</a> are important Jain centers in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButaliaSmall2004367-299">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFergusson1876271-300">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya201417-301">[291]</a> In and around <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> The second–first century BCE Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of tirthanakars and deities with inscriptions including the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Elephant Cave inscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016460-304">[294]</a> Jain cave temples at <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangi-Tungi" title="Mangi-Tungi">Mangi-Tungi</a> and the Ellora Caves are considered important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2012a50-305">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sittanavasal_Cave" title="Sittanavasal Cave">Sittanavasal Cave</a> temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with second century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-306">[296]</a> The eighth century <a href="/wiki/Kalugumalai_Jain_Beds" title="Kalugumalai Jain Beds">Kazhugumalai temple</a> marks the revival of Jainism in South India.<a href="#cite_note-307">[297]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Jain temples of varied styles in India and abroad</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranakpur Jain Temple"><img alt="Ranakpur Jain Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/200px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/300px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/400px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4179" data-file-height="2030" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranakpur_Jain_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranakpur Jain Temple">Ranakpur Jain Temple</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Delwada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilwara Temples"><img alt="Dilwara Temples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/200px-Delwada.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/300px-Delwada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/400px-Delwada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="541" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Dilwara Temples</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_(Khajuraho)_(8638423582).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho"><img alt="Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg/132px-Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg/198px-Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg/264px-Le_temple_de_Parshvanath_%28Khajuraho%29_%288638423582%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1007" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha_temple,_Khajuraho" title="Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho">Parshvanath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girnar Jain temples"><img alt="Girnar Jain temples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg/200px-Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg/300px-Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg/400px-Jain_temples_on_Girnar_mountain_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar Jain temples</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jal Mandir, Pawapuri"><img alt="Jal Mandir, Pawapuri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/200px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/300px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/400px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jal_Mandir" title="Jal Mandir">Jal Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawapuri" title="Pawapuri">Pawapuri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodurva_Temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lodhurva Jain temple"><img alt="Lodhurva Jain temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lodurva_Temples.jpg/200px-Lodurva_Temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lodurva_Temples.jpg/300px-Lodurva_Temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lodurva_Temples.jpg/400px-Lodurva_Temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2587" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lodhurva_Jain_temple" title="Lodhurva Jain temple">Lodhurva Jain temple</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palitana temples"><img alt="Palitana temples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/162px-Palitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/242px-Palitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Palitana.jpg/323px-Palitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana temples</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka"><img alt="Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG/200px-1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG/300px-1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG/400px-1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saavira_Kambada_Basadi" title="Saavira Kambada Basadi">Saavira Kambada Basadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moodbidri" class="mw-redirect" title="Moodbidri">Moodbidri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Templejaindanvers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain temple, Antwerp, Belgium"><img alt="Jain temple, Antwerp, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Templejaindanvers.jpg/185px-Templejaindanvers.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Templejaindanvers.jpg/277px-Templejaindanvers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Templejaindanvers.jpg/369px-Templejaindanvers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="949" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain temple, Antwerp">Jain temple, Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi"><img alt="Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/200px-Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/300px-Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/400px-Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Jinalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Jinalaya">Brahma Jinalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hutheesing Jain Temple"><img alt="Hutheesing Jain Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg/200px-Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg/300px-Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg/400px-Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1043" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hutheesing_Jain_Temple" title="Hutheesing Jain Temple">Hutheesing Jain Temple</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimages">Pilgrimages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha (Jainism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/170px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/255px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg/340px-Shikharji_Parasnath_Giridih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></figcaption></figure> Jain Tirtha (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze1998-308">[298]</a> <ul><li>Siddhakshetra – Site of the <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a> of an arihant (kevalin) or tirthankara, such as: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Ashtapada</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a> of 20 <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawapuri" title="Pawapuri">Pawapuri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahaveera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaveera">Mahaveera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champapuri" title="Champapuri">Champapuri</a> (capital of <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangi-Tungi" title="Mangi-Tungi">Mangi-Tungi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Ram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a> of 3 <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>.</li> <li>Atishayakshetra – Locations where divine events are believed to have occurred, such as: <a href="/wiki/Mahavirji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavirji">Mahavirji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhdeo" title="Rishabhdeo">Rishabhdeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundalpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalpur">Kundalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tijara_Jain_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijara Jain Temple">Tijara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aharji" title="Aharji">Aharji</a>.</li> <li>Puranakshetra –  Places associated with the lives of great men, such as: <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>.</li> <li>Gyanakshetra –  Places associated with famous <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharyas</a>, or centers of learning, such as <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>.</li></ul> Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built <a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar_Jain_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar Jain Temples">temples</a> in locations such as <a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar">Nagarparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> (Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".<a href="#cite_note-:0-309">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues_and_sculptures">Statues and sculptures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Jain sculpture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Gommateshwara (Bahubali)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gommateshwara,_Shravanabelagola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gommateshwara statue ಗೊಮ್ಮಟೇಶ್ವರ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/220px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/330px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg/440px-Gommateshwara%2C_Shravanabelagola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="3052" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The 58.8-foot high monolithic statue of <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a> built in 981 CE</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jainism</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/170px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/255px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/340px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>Idol of <a href="/wiki/Supar%C5%9Bvan%C4%81tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Suparśvanātha">Suparśvanātha</a> </figcaption></figure> Jain sculptures usually depict one of the twenty-four tīrthaṅkaras; Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular, often seated in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> or kayotsarga, along with Arihant, <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a>, and protector deities like <a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Jainism)" title="Ambika (Jainism)">Ambika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora2007405-310">[300]</a> Quadruple images are also popular. Tirthankar idols look similar, differentiated by their individual symbol, except for Parshvanatha whose head is crowned by a snake. Digambara images are naked without any beautification, whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and ornamented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010184-311">[301]</a> A monolithic, 18-metre (59-foot) statue of Bahubali, <a href="/wiki/Gommateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gommateshvara">Gommateshvara</a>, built in 981 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a> minister and commander <a href="/wiki/Chavundaraya" title="Chavundaraya">Chavundaraya</a>, is situated on a hilltop in <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> The 33-metre (108-foot) tall <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Ahiṃsā">Statue of Ahiṃsā</a> (depicting Rishabhanatha) was erected in the <a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nashik district</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> Idols are often made in <a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a> (literally "eight metals"), namely <a href="/wiki/Akota_Bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Akota Bronze">Akota Bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, stone <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut">rock cut</a>, and precious stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratapaditya_Pal198622-314">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg/90px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg/135px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg/180px-Om_ja%C3%AFn_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="208" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Om#Jainism" title="Om">Om in Jainism</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/In-jain.png/169px-In-jain.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/In-jain.png/254px-In-jain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/In-jain.png/338px-In-jain.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="434" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></div></div></div></div></div> Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Om#Jainism" title="Om">Om</a>, and the Ashtamangala. In Jainism, Om is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: "Arihant, <a href="/wiki/Ashiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashiri">Ashiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a>, Muni",<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925410–411-317">[307]</a> or the five lines of the <a href="/wiki/Namokara_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Namokara Mantra">Ṇamōkāra Mantra</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> is a set of eight auspicious symbols:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze1998234-318">[308]</a> in the Digambara tradition, these are <a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)">chatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhvaja" title="Dhvaja">dhvaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">kalasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">fly-whisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, chair, <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">hand fan</a> and vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika, <a href="/wiki/Srivatsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivatsa">Srivatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a>, Vardhmanaka (food vessel), Bhadrasana (seat), <a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a> (pot), Darpan (mirror) and pair of fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze1998234-318">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir,_Belgachhiya_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg/220px-Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg/330px-Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg/440px-Stambha_of_Parshwanath_Jain_Mandir%2C_Belgachhiya_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's nirvana.</figcaption></figure> The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahimsā</a>. The wheel represents the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a>, which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra (wandering) through the relentless pursuit of ahimsā. The five colours of the <a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a> represent the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a> and the five vows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012iv-319">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>'s four arms symbolise the four realms in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a17-320">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansmaJain2006123-321">[311]</a> The three dots on the top represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts: correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct, believed to lead to spiritual perfection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a17–18-322">[312]</a> In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose a single combined image for Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2006225-323">[313]</a> It depicts the three lokas, heaven, the human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes Siddhashila, a zone beyond the three realms. The Jain swastika and the symbol of Ahiṃsā are included, with the Jain mantra <a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jīvānām</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001123-324">[314]</a> from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's Tattvarthasūtra, meaning "souls render service to one another".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely2013358-325">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History of Jainism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline of Jainism</a>.</div> Jainism is a religion founded in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>. Jains trace their history through twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Tirthankars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankars">tirthankaras</a> and revere <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> as the first tirthankara (in the present time-cycle). Some artifacts found in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus River Valley civilization</a> have been suggested as a link to ancient Jain culture, but very little is known about the Indus Valley iconography and script. The last two tirthankaras, the 23rd tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> (c. 9th–8th century BCE) and the 24th tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 599 – c. 527 BCE) are historical figures. Mahavira was a contemporary of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. According to Jain texts, the 22nd Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> lived about 85,000 years ago and was the cousin of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline of Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></div> Jainism is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion</a> of obscure origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001185-327">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankinMardia2013975-328">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192513-329">[319]</a> Jains claim it to be eternal, and consider the first tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> as the reinforcer of Jain Dharma in the current time cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192516-330">[320]</a> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a> traditions of ancient India, those that rejected the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b639-331">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillimoria19881–30-332">[322]</a> and according to the twentieth-century scholar of comparative religion <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, Jainism was in existence before the Vedas were composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJambuvijaya2002114-333">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande1957353-334">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[k]</a> The historicity of first twenty two tirthankaras is not determined yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001104,_129-337">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati1908444-338">[327]</a> The 23rd Tirthankara, <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, was a historical being,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953183-339">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199810-340">[329]</a> dated by the Jain tradition to the ninth century BCE;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett19577-341">[330]</a> historians date him to the eighth or seventh century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a> Mahāvīra is considered a contemporary of the Buddha, in around the sixth century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2003a383-343">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeownPrebish2013127–130-344">[333]</a> The interaction between the two religions began with the Buddha;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001105-345">[334]</a> later, they competed for followers and the merchant trade networks that sustained them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelis201072–76-346">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa19934–7-263">[255]</a> Buddhist and Jain texts sometimes have the same or similar titles but present different doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQvarnström2003ix–xi,_151–162-347">[336]</a> Kings <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 558–491 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 492–460 BCE), and <a href="/wiki/Udayin" title="Udayin">Udayin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460–440 BCE) of the <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a> were patrons of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192541-348">[337]</a> Jain tradition states that <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> (322–298 BCE), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a> in the later part of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463–65-349">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesche20037–18-350">[339]</a> Jain texts state that he died intentionally at Shravanabelagola by fasting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463–65-349">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198839–46,_234–236-351">[340]</a> The third century BCE emperor Ashoka, in his pillar edicts, mentions the Niganthas (Jains).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192543-352">[341]</a> Tirthankara statues date back to the second century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016444-353">[342]</a> Archeological evidence suggests that Mathura was an important Jain center from the second century BCE. onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19789–10-278">[269]</a> Inscriptions from as early as the first century CE already show the schism between Digambara and Śvētāmbara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192549-354">[343]</a> There is inscriptional evidence for the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BCE, and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010202-355">[344]</a> Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth and decline of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200469–70-356">[345]</a> In the second half of the first century CE, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> dynasty sponsored major Jain cave temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira197721–24-357">[346]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a> of the seventh century championed Jainism, Buddhism and all traditions of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192552-358">[347]</a> The Pallava King <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a> (600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a409-359">[348]</a> His work <a href="/wiki/Mattavilasa_Prahasana" title="Mattavilasa Prahasana">Mattavilasa Prahasana</a> ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and expresses contempt for Jain ascetics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArunachalam1981170-360">[349]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava dynasty</a> built many temples at the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> between 700 and 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1990178-362">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen2012b1–10-363">[352]</a> King <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ma" title="Āma">Āma</a> of the eighth century converted to Jainism, and the Jain pilgrimage tradition was well established in his era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192552–54-364">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mularaja" title="Mularaja">Mularaja</a> (10th century CE), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>, constructed a Jain temple, even though he was not a Jain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192556-365">[354]</a> During the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a>, a minister to the Jain <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuri</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bijjala_II" title="Bijjala II">Bijjala</a>, converted many Jains to the <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayat</a> Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed Jain temples and adapted them to their use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192575–77-366">[355]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala dynasty">Hoysala</a> King <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1108–1152 CE) became a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnavite</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, and Vaishnavism then grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2005161-367">[356]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism."><img alt="Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/200px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/300px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG/400px-Photo_of_lord_adinath_bhagwan_at_kundalpur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhdev</a>, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla,_Delhi_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain inscription of Ashoka (c. 236 BCE)"><img alt="Jain inscription of Ashoka (c. 236 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG/150px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG/225px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG/300px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jain inscription of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 236 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_(Rishabhanatha_(Adinatha)),_Parshvanatha,_Neminatha,_and_Mahavira)_LACMA_M.85.55_(1_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaumukha Sculpture with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira), LACMA, sixth century"><img alt="Chaumukha Sculpture with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira), LACMA, sixth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/160px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/240px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/320px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chaumukha Sculpture with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira), <a href="/wiki/LACMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LACMA">LACMA</a>, sixth century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by King Kharavela of Mahameghavahana dynasty in second century CE"><img alt="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by King Kharavela of Mahameghavahana dynasty in second century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg/200px-Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg/300px-Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg/400px-Udayagiri_Caves_-_Rani_Gumpha_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5053" data-file-height="3368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves</a> built by <a href="/wiki/King_Kharavela" class="mw-redirect" title="King Kharavela">King Kharavela</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a> in second century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indra Sabha cave at the Ellora Caves are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments."><img alt="The Indra Sabha cave at the Ellora Caves are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg/200px-La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg/300px-La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg/400px-La_grotte_Jain_Indra_Sabha_Ellora_Caves%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Indra Sabha cave at the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazhugumalai Jain beds"><img alt="Kazhugumalai Jain beds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg/200px-Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg/300px-Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg/400px-Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kazhugumalai Jain beds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gori_Mandar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jain monuments in Nagarparkar, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gori_Mandar.jpg/220px-Gori_Mandar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gori_Mandar.jpg/330px-Gori_Mandar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gori_Mandar.jpg/440px-Gori_Mandar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Gori_Temple,_Nagarparkar" title="Gori Temple, Nagarparkar">Gori Jain temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar">Nagarparkar</a>, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947<a href="#cite_note-:0-309">[299]</a></figcaption></figure> Jainism faced persecution during and after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent</a>. The scholarship in context of Jain relations with the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> remains scarce, notwithstanding there were several instances of cordial relations of Jains with prominent rulers of the Sultanate. <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> (1296–1316), as attested by the Jain texts held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned Acharya Mahasena to Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a> One more prominent Jain figure Acharya Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him. During his reign, his governor of Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Alp_Khan" title="Alp Khan">Alp Khan</a> permitted the reconstruction of the temples razed during earlier Muslim conquests and himself made huge donation for the renovation of Jain temples.<a href="#cite_note-Pushpa-369">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> (1325–1351) according to the Jain chronicles favoured the Jain scholars.<a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperors</a> in general were influenced by the Jain scholars and made patronage and grants for their pilgrimage sites under <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> (1540–1556), <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (1556–1605), <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (1605–1627) and even <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (1658–1707).<a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a> Despite this, there were instances of religious bigotry during the Mughal rule towards Jains. <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> (1526–1530), the first Mughal emperor ordered the destruction of various Jain idols in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a> In 1567, Akbar <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567-1568)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-1568)">ravaged the fort of Chittor</a>. After the conquest of the fort, Akbar ordered the destruction of several Jain shrines and temples in Chittor.<a href="#cite_note-374">[363]</a> Similarly there were instances of desecration of Jain religious shrines under <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> and most notably under <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a> The Jain community were the traditional bankers and financiers, and this significantly impacted the Muslim rulers. However, they rarely were a part of the political power during the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort199885–86-376">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg/220px-Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg/330px-Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg/440px-Virchand_Gandhi_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>A poster of <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a>, who represented Jainism at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Shrimad_Rajchandra_Spiritual_Centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>A 34-foot-tall idol of <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dharampur,_Gujarat" title="Dharampur, Gujarat">Dharampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valsad_district" title="Valsad district">Valsad</a></figcaption></figure> A Gujarati Jain scholar, <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a>, represented Jainism at the first <a href="/wiki/World_Parliament_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="World Parliament of Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a> in 1893, held in America during the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>. He worked to defend the rights of Jains and wrote and lectured extensively on Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-it-377">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenCourt-378">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a>, a mystic, poet and philosopher from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> is believed to have attained jatismaran gnana (ability to recollect past lives) at the age of seven. Virchand Gandhi mentioned this feat at the Parliament of the World's Religions. <a href="#cite_note-KarbhariGāndhī1911-379">[368]</a> He is best known because of his association with Mahatma Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter2002145-380">[369]</a> They were introduced in Mumbai in 1891 and had various conversations through letters while Gandhi was in South Africa. Gandhi noted his impression of Shrimad Rajchandra in his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>, calling him his "guide and helper" and his "refuge in moments of spiritual crisis".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Shrimad Rajchandra composed <a href="/wiki/Atma_Siddhi" title="Atma Siddhi">Shri Atmasiddhi Shastra</a>, considered his magnum opus, containing the essence of Jainism in a single sitting of 1.5–2 hours.<a href="#cite_note-381">[370]</a> He expounds on the six fundamental truths of the soul:<a href="#cite_note-382">[371]</a> <ol><li>Self (soul) exists</li> <li>It is permanent and eternal</li> <li>It is the doer of its own actions</li> <li>It is the enjoyer or the sufferer of its actions</li> <li>Liberation exists</li> <li>There is a path to achieve liberation.</li></ol> Colonial era reports and Christian missions variously viewed Jainism as a sect of Hinduism, a sect of Buddhism, or a distinct religion.<a href="#cite_note-383">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1902283-384">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunavala193491–93-385">[374]</a> Christian missionaries were frustrated at Jain people without pagan creator gods refusing to convert to Christianity, while colonial era Jain scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a> defended Jainism against criticism and misrepresentation by Christian activists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200033-386">[375]</a> Missionaries of Christianity and Islam considered Jain traditions idolatrous and superstitious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett200863–68-387">[376]</a> These criticisms, states <a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a>, were flawed and ignored similar practices within sects of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort201012–16,_200–207,_218–219,_251_with_note_10-388">[377]</a> The British colonial government in India and Indian princely states promoted religious tolerance. However, laws were passed that made roaming naked by anyone an arrestable crime. This drew popular support from the majority Hindu population, but particularly impacted Digambara monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006348–349-389">[378]</a> The Akhil Bharatiya Jain Samaj opposed this law, claiming that it interfered with Jain religious rights. Acharya <a href="/wiki/Shantisagar" title="Shantisagar">Shantisagar</a> entered Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1927, but was forced to cover his body. He then led an India-wide tour as the naked monk with his followers, to various Digambara sacred sites, and was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006348–349-389">[378]</a> Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on Digambara monks by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and prompted their discontinuance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200456-390">[379]</a> The laws were abolished by India after independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006359–360-391">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Jain communities</a></div> Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit verbal root ji, which means to conquer. In the Jain context, monks have to conquer their senses and karma for liberation. Those who have succeeded are jinas (victors), which means an omniscient person who teaches the path of salvation, and their followers are Jains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200615-392">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[382]</a> The majority of Jains currently reside in India. With four to five million followers worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst201496-394">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010lix,_1395-395">[384]</a> Jainism is small compared to <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">major world religions</a>. Jains form 0.37% of <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a>'s population, mostly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (1.4 million in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-jaindemographics-396">[385]</a> 31.46% of Indian Jains), <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (13.97%), <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (13.02%) and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (12.74%). Significant Jain populations exist in <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (9.89%), <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (4.79%), <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a> (3.73%) and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Nadu</a> (2.01%).<a href="#cite_note-jaindemographics-396">[385]</a> Outside India, Jain communities can be found in most areas hosting <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">large Indian populations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Jainism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200943-397">[386]</a> Australia and <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMugambi2010108-398">[387]</a> Jainism also counts non-Indian converts; for example, it is spreading rapidly in <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a>, where more than 5,000 families have converted between 2010 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-399">[388]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Family_Health_Survey" title="National Family Health Survey">National Family Health Survey</a> (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16, Jains form the wealthiest community in India.<a href="#cite_note-400">[389]</a> According to its 2011 census, they have the country's highest literacy rate (87%) among those aged seven and older, and the most college graduates;<a href="#cite_note-401">[390]</a> excluding the retired, Jain literacy in India exceeded 97%. The female to male sex ratio among Jains is .940; among Indians in the 0–6 year age range the ratio was second lowest (870 girls per 1,000 boys), higher only than <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a>. Jain males have the highest work participation rates in India, while Jain females have the lowest.<a href="#cite_note-402">[391]</a> Jainism has been praised for some of its practices and beliefs. Greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a>, the leader of the campaign for Indian independence, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> stated regarding Jainism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolphRudolph1984171-403">[392]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahiṃsā so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As and when the benevolent principle of Ahiṃsā or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond, Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahiṃsā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanardan_Pandey199850-404">[393]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Chandana" title="Acharya Chandana">Chandanaji</a> became the first Jain woman to receive the title of <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerLongReading2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_9i_DwAAQBAJpgPA10_7,_10–]-405">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jainism" title="Outline of Jainism">Outline of Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Jains" title="List of ancient Jains">List of ancient Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> This view, however, is not shared by all Jain sub-traditions. For example, the Terapanthi Jain tradition, with about 250,000 followers, considers both good karma such as compassionate charity, and bad karma such as sin, as binding one's soul to worldly morality. It states that any karma leads to a negation of the "absolute non-violence" principle, given man's limited perspective. It recommends that the monk or nun seeking salvation must avoid hurting or helping any being in any form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel20021266–1267-65">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Jain literature, like Buddhist and Hindu literature, has also debated the aspects of violence and non-violence in food creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson20141–7-77">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> In Jainism, the ahiṃsā precept for a mendicant requires avoidance of touching or disturbing any living being including plants. It also mandates never swimming in water, nor lighting or fire or extinguish one, nor thrashing arms in the air as such actions can torment or hurt other beings that live in those states of matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892–894-72">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> The first is desavakasika (staying in a restrained surrounding, cutting down worldly activities). The third is posadhopavasa (fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles). The fourth is dana (giving alms to Jain monks, nuns or spiritual people).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998180–181-136">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> According to Dundas, samayika seems to have meant "correct behavior" in early Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002170-142">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Not to be confused with the four <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010a164–165-220">[215]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> That Which Is, known as the Tattvartha Sūtra to Jains, is recognized by all four Jain traditions as the earliest, most authoritative and comprehensive summary of their religion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmāsvāti1994xi–xiii-225">[219]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a> and other scholars, Buddhism too was not a rejection or rebellion against any ancient caste system and it too was focused on individual's liberation from rebirths and suffering. The caste system in Buddhist societies and monasteries outside India have been documented. Gombrich states, "Some modernists go so far as to say that the Buddha was against caste altogether: this is not the case, but is one of the mistakes picked up from western authors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2012344–353_with_footnotes-258">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts2007258–259-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorida2005134–137-259">[252]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Whether the begging utensils of a monk, such as robe and begging bowl, were justified and legitimate for a Jain monk and were not considered an impediment on the path to salvation, remained a bone of contention among various splinter groups within Jainism, and was partly responsible for the ultimate Digambara-Svetambara split, although it would be a grave oversimplification to reduce the roots of the split to just monks' robes and bowls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz201542–43-264">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1964275-293">[284]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Long notes that <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3abha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ṛṣabha (page does not exist)">Ṛṣabha</a>, the first Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism, means "bull," and that images of bulls are found at seals from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, speculating that they may be related to Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201353–54-335">[325]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/beliefs/dharma.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Jainism: Dharma"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Jainism%3A+Dharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjainism%2Fbeliefs%2Fdharma.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200920–22-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong200920–22_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2009">Long 2009</a>, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchana2020" class="citation web cs1">Archana, K. C. (23 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/jainism-gains-traction-in-japan-thousands-travel-to-india-to-transition-from-zen-to-jain-506991.html">"Jainism Gains Traction In Japan, Thousands Travel To India To Transition From Zen To Jain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864016" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864016"><bdi>9780810864016</bdi></a>. <q>Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351) is mentioned in Jain texts as showing favour to Jain scholars</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810864016&rft.au=Iqtidar+Alam+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGSKTttoa3IC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Truschke2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Truschke" title="Audrey Truschke">Audrey Truschke</a> (23 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/829943/what-aurangzeb-did-to-preserve-hindu-temples-and-protect-non-muslim-religious-leaders">"What Aurangzeb did to preserve Hindu temples (and protect non-Muslim religious leaders)"</a>. Scroll.in. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=What+Aurangzeb+did+to+preserve+Hindu+temples+%28and+protect+non-Muslim+religious+leaders%29&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.au=Audrey+Truschke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F829943%2Fwhat-aurangzeb-did-to-preserve-hindu-temples-and-protect-non-muslim-religious-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurt_TitzeKlaus_Bruhn1998" class="citation book cs1">Kurt Titze; Klaus Bruhn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC">Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1534-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1534-6</bdi></a>. <q>In 1527, the Urvahi Jinas were mutilated by the Mughal emperor Babar, a fact he records in his memoirs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+A+Pictorial+Guide+to+the+Religion+of+Non-violence&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1534-6&rft.au=Kurt+Titze&rft.au=Klaus+Bruhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloQkEIf8z5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Vallabh_Somani1976" class="citation book cs1">Ram Vallabh Somani (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ">History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.</a> Mateshwari. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2929852">2929852</a>. <q>A glaring example of this sort of feeling is the destruction of several Hindu and Jain shrines, made at Chittor, during the course of invasion by the forces of Akbar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mewar%2C+from+Earliest+Times+to+1751+A.D.&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Mateshwari&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2929852&rft.au=Ram+Vallabh+Somani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcIBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEATON2000" class="citation journal cs1">EATON, RICHARD M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198197">"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"</a>. Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283">10.1093/jis/11.3.283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2340">0955-2340</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198197">26198197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Temple+Desecration+and+Indo-Muslim+States&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-319&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0955-2340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26198197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283&rft.aulast=EATON&rft.aufirst=RICHARD+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26198197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort199885–86-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort199885–86_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort1998">Cort 1998</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-it-377"><a href="#cite_ref-it_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822022233/http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9374:virchand-gandhi--a-gandhi-before-gandhi-an-unsung-gandhi-who-set-course-for-his-namesake-&catid=25:community&Itemid=457">"Virchand Gandhi – a Gandhi before Gandhi An unsung Gandhi who set course for his namesake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Tribune" title="India Tribune">India Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9374:virchand-gandhi--a-gandhi-before-gandhi-an-unsung-gandhi-who-set-course-for-his-namesake-&catid=25:community&Itemid=457">the original</a> on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Tribune&rft.atitle=Virchand+Gandhi+%E2%80%93+a+Gandhi+before+Gandhi+An+unsung+Gandhi+who+set+course+for+his+namesake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatribune.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D9374%3Avirchand-gandhi--a-gandhi-before-gandhi-an-unsung-gandhi-who-set-course-for-his-namesake-%26catid%3D25%3Acommunity%26Itemid%3D457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenCourt-378"><a href="#cite_ref-OpenCourt_378-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1902" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Mrs. Charles (April 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-IeAQAAIAAJ&q=gandh&pg=PA51">The Open Court, Vol. 16, Nr. 4 "The Death of Mr. Virchand R. Gandhi"</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Court_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open Court Publishing Company">The Open Court Publishing Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Court%2C+Vol.+16%2C+Nr.+4+%22The+Death+of+Mr.+Virchand+R.+Gandhi%22&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1902-04&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-IeAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgandh%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarbhariGāndhī1911-379"><a href="#cite_ref-KarbhariGāndhī1911_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagu_F._KarbhariVīrchand_Rāghavajī_Gāndhī1911" class="citation book cs1">Bhagu F. Karbhari; Vīrchand Rāghavajī Gāndhī (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5kWQQAACAAJ">The Jain Philosophy: Collected and Ed. by Baghu F. Karbhari</a>. N.M. Tripathi & Company. pp. 116–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jain+Philosophy%3A+Collected+and+Ed.+by+Baghu+F.+Karbhari&rft.pages=116-120&rft.pub=N.M.+Tripathi+%26+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Bhagu+F.+Karbhari&rft.au=V%C4%ABrchand+R%C4%81ghavaj%C4%AB+G%C4%81ndh%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5kWQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalter2002145-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalter2002145_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalter2002">Salter 2002</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2006" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Kristi L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647405338">The A to Z of Jainism</a>. New Delhi: Vision Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7094-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7094-690-5"><bdi>81-7094-690-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647405338">647405338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647405338&rft.isbn=81-7094-690-5&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F647405338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoshi" class="citation book cs1">Doshi, Manu. Srimad Rajachandra's Atma-Siddhi (in Gujarati and English). Koba: Srimad Rajachandra Adhyatmik Sadhana Kendra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad+Rajachandra%27s+Atma-Siddhi+%28in+Gujarati+and+English%29&rft.pub=Koba%3A+Srimad+Rajachandra+Adhyatmik+Sadhana+Kendra&rft.aulast=Doshi&rft.aufirst=Manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatavadekar1867" class="citation book cs1">Bhatavadekar, Gajanan Krishna (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AEJAAAAQAAJ">Report on the Census of the Baroda Territories 1881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. 31 note 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Baroda+Territories+1881&rft.pages=31+note+140&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Bhatavadekar&rft.aufirst=Gajanan+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AEJAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1902283-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1902283_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins1902">Hopkins 1902</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunavala193491–93-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunavala193491–93_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunavala1934">Sunavala 1934</a>, pp. 91–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200033-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200033_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini2000">Jaini 2000</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett200863–68-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett200863–68_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackett2008">Hackett 2008</a>, pp. 63–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort201012–16,_200–207,_218–219,_251_with_note_10-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort201012–16,_200–207,_218–219,_251_with_note_10_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCort2010">Cort 2010</a>, pp. 12–16, 200–207, 218–219, 251 with note 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006348–349-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006348–349_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006348–349_389-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlügel2006">Flügel 2006</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200456-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200456_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004">Natubhai Shah 2004</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006359–360-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006359–360_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlügel2006">Flügel 2006</a>, pp. 359–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200615-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200615_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangave2006">Sangave 2006</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr2020" class="citation book cs1">Jr, Donald S. Lopez (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ">Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21478-8"><bdi>978-0-691-21478-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Religions+in+Practice%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21478-8&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.+Lopez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9LgDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst201496-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorst201496_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoorst2014">Voorst 2014</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010lix,_1395-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010lix,_1395_395-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010">Melton & Baumann 2010</a>, p. lix, 1395. </li> <li id="cite_note-jaindemographics-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaindemographics_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaindemographics_396-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html">"C-1 Population By Religious Community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_General_%26_Census_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Home Affairs">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-1+Population+By+Religious+Community&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fc-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200943-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200943_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMugambi2010108-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMugambi2010108_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMugambi2010">Mugambi 2010</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhapia2020" class="citation web cs1">Chhapia, Hemali (23 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thousands-of-japanese-making-a-smooth-transition-from-zen-to-jain/articleshow/74262195.cms">"Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223131538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thousands-of-japanese-making-a-smooth-transition-from-zen-to-jain/articleshow/74262195.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Japanese+making+a+smooth+transition+from+Zen+to+Jain&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft.aulast=Chhapia&rft.aufirst=Hemali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fthousands-of-japanese-making-a-smooth-transition-from-zen-to-jain%2Farticleshow%2F74262195.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishore2018" class="citation web cs1">Kishore, Roshan (13 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-and-punjab-richest-states-jain-wealthiest-community-national-survey/story-sakdd3MBOfKhU2p5LrNVUM.html">"Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035739/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-and-punjab-richest-states-jain-wealthiest-community-national-survey/story-sakdd3MBOfKhU2p5LrNVUM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Delhi+and+Punjab+richest+states%2C+Jain+wealthiest+community%3A+National+survey&rft.date=2018-01-13&rft.aulast=Kishore&rft.aufirst=Roshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fdelhi-and-punjab-richest-states-jain-wealthiest-community-national-survey%2Fstory-sakdd3MBOfKhU2p5LrNVUM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2016" class="citation news cs1">Jain, Bharti (31 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jains-have-highest-percentage-of-literates-Census-data/articleshow/53942863.cms">"Jains have highest percentage of literates: Census 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129153443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jains-have-highest-percentage-of-literates-Census-data/articleshow/53942863.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Jains+have+highest+percentage+of+literates%3A+Census+2011&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Bharti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FJains-have-highest-percentage-of-literates-Census-data%2Farticleshow%2F53942863.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/04-Distribution_by_Religion.pdf">"Distribution of Population by Religions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191803/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/04-Distribution_by_Religion.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+Population+by+Religions&rft.pub=Census+of+India%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2FAd_Campaign%2Fdrop_in_articles%2F04-Distribution_by_Religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolphRudolph1984171-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolphRudolph1984171_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudolphRudolph1984">Rudolph & Rudolph 1984</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanardan_Pandey199850-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanardan_Pandey199850_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanardan_Pandey1998">Janardan Pandey 1998</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerLongReading2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_9i_DwAAQBAJpgPA10_7,_10–]-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerLongReading2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_9i_DwAAQBAJpgPA10_7,_10–]_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillerLongReading2019">Miller, Long & Reading 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9i_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">7, 10–</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2007" class="citation cs2">Alberts, Wanda (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvwKWS3VKfcC">Integrative Religious Education in Europe: A Study-of-Religions Approach</a>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-097134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-097134-7"><bdi>978-3-11-097134-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrative+Religious+Education+in+Europe%3A+A+Study-of-Religions+Approach&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-097134-7&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Wanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvwKWS3VKfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleton2016" class="citation cs2">Appleton, Naomi (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QWcDQAAQBAJ">Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Kings and Other Heroes</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05574-7"><bdi>978-1-317-05574-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Characters+in+Jain%2C+Buddhist+and+Hindu+Narrative%3A+Gods%2C+Kings+and+Other+Heroes&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-05574-7&rft.aulast=Appleton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QWcDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Udai_Prakash_Arora" title="Udai Prakash Arora">Arora, Udai Prakash</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4VeYJdww2YC">Udayana</a>, Anamika Publishers & Distributors, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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(1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFDAAAAYAAJ">Aintām Ulakat Tamil̲ Mānāṭu-Karuttaraṅku Āyvuk Kaṭṭuraikaḷ</a>, International Association of Tamil Research</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aint%C4%81m+Ulakat+Tamil%CC%B2+M%C4%81n%C4%81%E1%B9%ADu-Karuttara%E1%B9%85ku+%C4%80yvuk+Ka%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADuraika%E1%B8%B7&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Tamil+Research&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WFDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb1996" class="citation cs2">Babb, Lawrence A. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8HcBvE8XJ4C">Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91708-8"><bdi>978-0-520-91708-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absent+Lord%3A+Ascetics+and+Kings+in+a+Jain+Ritual+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91708-8&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8HcBvE8XJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2012" class="citation cs2">Bailey, William (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7_GBgAAQBAJ">The Theological Universe</a>, Bailey Publishing, PA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-23861-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-312-23861-9"><bdi>978-1-312-23861-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological+Universe&rft.pub=Bailey+Publishing%2C+PA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-312-23861-9&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7_GBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Balcerowicz" title="Piotr Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz, Piotr</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC">Essays in Jain Philosophy and Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1977-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1977-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Jain+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1977-1&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcRpfZcIhLoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2009" class="citation cs2">Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009), Jainism and the definition of religion (1st ed.), Mumbai: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Granth_Karyalay" title="Hindi Granth Karyalay">Hindi Granth Karyalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88769-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88769-29-2"><bdi>978-81-88769-29-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+the+definition+of+religion&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hindi+Granth+Karyalay&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-88769-29-2&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2015" class="citation cs2">Balcerowicz, Piotr (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ">Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53853-0"><bdi>978-1-317-53853-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Asceticism+in+India%3A+%C4%80j%C4%ABvikism+and+Jainism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53853-0&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfOPCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Barnett" title="Lincoln Barnett">Barnett, Lincoln</a>; et al. 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(2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC">Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538502-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538502-1&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Dalal, Roshen</a> (2010a) [2006], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC">The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</a>, Penguin books], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+books%5D&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010b" class="citation cs2">Dalal, Roshen (2010b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Das" title="Sisir Kumar Das">Das, Sisir Kumar</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC">A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399%3A+From+Courtly+to+the+Popular&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>, ed. 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(ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865718-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jainism+and+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+Lib.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865718-9&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2006" class="citation cs2">Dundas, Paul (2006), Olivelle, Patrick (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC">Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires+%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1876" class="citation cs2">Fergusson, James (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXZAAAAAYAAJ">A History of Architecture in All Countries: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day</a>, vol. 3, John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+in+All+Countries%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXZAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan1989" class="citation cs2">Finegan, Jack (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BrDXAAAAMAAJ">An Archaeological History of Religions of Indian Asia</a>, Paragon House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913729-43-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913729-43-4"><bdi>978-0-913729-43-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+History+of+Religions+of+Indian+Asia&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-913729-43-4&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrDXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida2005" class="citation cs2">Florida, Robert E. 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(eds.), Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-223-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-223-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terapanth+%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara+Jain+Tradition&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-223-3&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2005" class="citation cs2">Flügel, Peter (2005), King, Anna S.; <a href="/wiki/John_Brockington" title="John Brockington">Brockington, John</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7438/1/Present_Lord_2003.pdf">"Present Lord: Simandhara Svami and the Akram Vijnan Movement"</a> (PDF), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in the Indic Religions, New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2801-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intimate+Other%3A+Love+Divine+in+the+Indic+Religions&rft.atitle=Present+Lord%3A+Simandhara+Svami+and+the+Akram+Vijnan+Movement&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2801-7&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F7438%2F1%2FPresent_Lord_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Fl%C3%BCgel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Flügel (page does not exist)">Flügel, Peter</a>, ed. 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(2008), Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual, vol. 12, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empathy+for+Pain+in+Vedic+Ritual&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+International+College+for+Advanced+Buddhist+Studies%2C+Kokusai+Bukky%C5%8Dgaku+Daigakuin+Daigaku&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Izawa&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainFischer1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Jain" title="Jyotindra Jain">Jain, Jyotindra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Fischer" title="Eberhard Fischer">Fischer, Eberhard</a> (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC">Jain Iconography</a>, vol. 12, Brill, <a 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(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0805-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0805-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-TxcO9dfrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanti_Lal_Jain1998" class="citation cs2">Jain, Shanti Lal (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abcofjainismcomp0000jain/page/51">ABC of Jainism</a>, Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC">Gender and Salvation: Jain Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06820-9"><bdi>978-0-520-06820-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Salvation%3A+Jain+Debates+on+the+Spiritual+Liberation+of+Women&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06820-9&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRA-uoUFz3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C">The Jain Path of Purification</a>, Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1578-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jain+Path+of+Purification&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1578-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. 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(1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw8OUSfQbV4C">Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1309-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1309-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmless+Souls%3A+Karmic+Bondage+and+Religious+Change+in+Early+Jainism+with+Special+Reference+to+Um%C4%81sv%C4%81ti+and+Kundakunda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1309-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw8OUSfQbV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2000" class="citation cs2">Johnston, William M. 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(2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>, Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005" class="citation cs2">Jones, Lindsay (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of religion</a>, Macmillan Reference, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865733-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865733-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865733-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jMOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2011" class="citation cs2">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsMVDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976764-9"><bdi>978-0-19-976764-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976764-9&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsMVDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelting2009" class="citation cs2">Kelting, M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Debates%3A+Jain+responses+to+theological+challenges+at+the+Mughal+court&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1311-1344&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146540567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X14000055&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmāsvāti1994" class="citation cs2">Umāsvāti, Umaswami (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rw4RwN9Q1kC">That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia)</a>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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A. (1992) [First edition 1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT">Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi)</a> (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+%28English+Translation+of+Srimat+Pujyapadacharya%27s+Sarvarthasiddhi%29&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Jwalamalini+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FReality_JMT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC">Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra</a> (1st ed.), Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1"><bdi>978-81-903639-2-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Umasvami%27s+Tattvarths%C5%ABtra&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-2-1&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLmx9bvtglkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC">Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation</a>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5"><bdi>978-81-903639-4-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Amritchandra%27s+Purushartha+Siddhyupaya%3A+Realization+of+the+Pure+Self%2C+With+Hindi+and+English+Translation&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-4-5&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iyUu4Fc2-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2013" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC">Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha</a>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2"><bdi>978-81-903639-5-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Nemichandra%27s+Dravyasa%E1%B9%83graha&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-5-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9CJ3jZpcqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2016" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87AnDAAAQBAJ">Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra: The Jewel-casket of Householder's Conduct</a>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-9-0"><bdi>978-81-903639-9-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Samantabhadra%27s+Ratnakarandaka-%C5%9Br%C4%81vak%C4%81c%C4%81ra%3A+The+Jewel-casket+of+Householder%27s+Conduct&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-9-0&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87AnDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTukol1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/T._K._Tukol" title="T. K. Tukol">Tukol, Justice T.K.</a> (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SallekhanaIsNotSuicide">Sallekhanā is Not Suicide</a> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>: L.D. Institute of Indology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sallekhan%C4%81+is+Not+Suicide&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=L.D.+Institute+of+Indology&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Tukol&rft.aufirst=Justice+T.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSallekhanaIsNotSuicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJainism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> 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4.04% 165.594 3 Template:Navbox"," 3.50% 143.438 461 Template:Main_other"," 2.95% 121.184 1 Template:IAST"," 2.85% 117.044 1 Template:Transliteration"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.692","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22114217,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppleton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchana2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArora2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArunachalam1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudrey_Truschke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabb1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerowicz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerowicz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcerowicz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagu_F._KarbhariVīrchand_Rāghavajī_Gāndhī1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatavadekar1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillimoria1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesche2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotekar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurjor_Avari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButaliaSmall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaillat2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1929b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharitrapragya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhapia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeBeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCort2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoshi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEATON2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusson1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinegan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorida2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlügel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlügel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlügel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFohr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFynes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorisse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGough2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranoff1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirakawa1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiriyanna1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqtidar_Alam_Khan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzawa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobi1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainFischer1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJambuvijaya2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanardan_Pandey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansmaJain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuergensmeyer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavitha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavitha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelting2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeownPrebish2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurt_TitzeKlaus_Bruhn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkhamLohr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFaul2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerLongReading2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishraRay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugambi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatubhai_Shah1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayanar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemicandraBalbir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesfield1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandya2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPechilisRaj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Jackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPushpa_Prasad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintanilla2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQvarnström2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Bhushan_Prasad_Singh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Vallabh_Somani1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankinMardia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolphRudolph1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.A._Jain1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvadori1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraswati1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSehdev_Kumar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSettar1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanti_Lal_Jain1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaGhosal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawDemy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomonHiggins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunavala1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundararajanMukherji1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitze1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruschke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTukol1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmāsvāti1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorst2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorst2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYandell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Glasenapp1925\"] = 1,\n [\"ahiṃsā\"] = 1,\n [\"aparigraha\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 151,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 116,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox religious building\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 28,\n [\"Major Jain temples\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple images\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 427,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 4,\n [\"Source-attribution\"] = 7,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","19.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","400","13.8"],["?","280","9.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","9.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","100","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","2.8"],["[others]","660","22.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mzm7s","timestamp":"20241124175431","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jainism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jainism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9232","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9232","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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