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href="#In_the_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In the House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senate_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senate_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States Senate career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_Senate_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States Senate career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senate_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1968:_unseating_Brewster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1968:_unseating_Brewster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Election of 1968: unseating Brewster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1968:_unseating_Brewster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_(1969–1975):_conflict_with_Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1969–1975):_conflict_with_Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First term (1969–1975): conflict with Nixon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1969–1975):_conflict_with_Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1974:_challenge_from_Mikulski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1974:_challenge_from_Mikulski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Election of 1974: challenge from Mikulski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1974:_challenge_from_Mikulski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1975–1981):_unease_with_the_growth_of_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1975–1981):_unease_with_the_growth_of_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Second term (1975–1981): unease with the growth of conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1975–1981):_unease_with_the_growth_of_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1980:_uncertain_party_renomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1980:_uncertain_party_renomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Election of 1980: uncertain party renomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1980:_uncertain_party_renomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_term_(1981–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_term_(1981–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Final term (1981–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_term_(1981–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathias_and_the_American_Space_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathias_and_the_American_Space_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mathias and the American Space program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathias_and_the_American_Space_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_post-Senate_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_post-Senate_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and post-Senate life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_post-Senate_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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data-title="چارلز متیاس، جونیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס מתיאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס מתיאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathias,_Jr." title="Charles Mathias, Jr. – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Mathias, Jr." data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تشارلز ماثياس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز ماثياس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathias_Jr." title="Charles Mathias Jr. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Mathias Jr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Mathias" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Mathias_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Mathias (disambiguation)">Senator Mathias (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles Mathias</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesmathiasjr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Charlesmathiasjr.jpg/220px-Charlesmathiasjr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Charlesmathiasjr.jpg/330px-Charlesmathiasjr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Charlesmathiasjr.jpg/440px-Charlesmathiasjr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Senate Rules Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Wendell Ford</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Maryland06 !"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 6th congressional district">6th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Foley" title="John R. Foley">John R. Foley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. Glenn Beall Jr.</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-07-24</span>)</span>July 24, 1922<br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 25, 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-01-25)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Frederick,_Maryland)" title="Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick, Maryland)">Mount Olivet Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ann Bradford</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore">University of Maryland, Baltimore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr.</b> (July 24, 1922 – January 25, 2010) was an American politician and attorney from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he served in both chambers of the United States Congress as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1961 to 1969 and as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1969 to 1987. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a> from 1959 to 1961. </p><p>After studying law and serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Mathias worked as a lawyer and was elected to the state legislature in 1958. In 1960, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland" title="Western Maryland">Western Maryland</a>. He was re-elected three times (1962, 1964, 1966), serving in the House for eight years, where he aligned himself with the then-influential <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> wing of the Republican Party. </p><p>Mathias was elected to the Senate in 1968, unseating the incumbent Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a>, who twenty years earlier had been his roommate while attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland School of Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>. He continued his record as a liberal Republican in the Senate, and frequently clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> wing of his party. For a few months in late 1975 and early 1976, Mathias considered running an insurgent presidential campaign in an attempt to stave off the increasing influence of conservative Republicans led by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. </p><p>His confrontations with conservatives cost him several leadership positions in the Senate, including chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a>. Despite isolation from his conservative colleagues, Mathias played an influential role in fostering <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> civil rights, ending the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, preserving the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and constructing the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a>. He retired from the Senate in 1987, having served in Congress for twenty-six years (eight years in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and eighteen years in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>). As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, he remains the last Republican to have served as a U.S. Senator from Maryland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathias was born in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, the son of Theresa (née Trail) and Charles McCurdy Mathias. His father was politically active, and he was a descendant of several Maryland legislators, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Trail" title="Charles Edward Trail">Charles Edward Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Frederick High School (Maryland)">Frederick High School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias graduated from <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1944. He went on to attend <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and received a law degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland School of Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Mathias enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and served at the rank of seaman apprentice. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in 1944 and served sea duty in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, including the recently devastated <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, from 1944 until he was released from active duty in 1946. Following the war, Mathias rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Navy)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias briefly served as assistant <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Maryland" title="Attorney General of Maryland">Attorney General of Maryland</a> from 1953 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1954 to 1959, he worked as the <a href="/wiki/City_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="City Attorney">City Attorney</a> of Frederick, where he supported civil rights for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. He played a role in desegregating the local Opera House movie theater, which restricted African American seating to the back of the theater. Mathias also worked to relocate the Frederick post office and helped protect a park in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a>, serving from 1959 to 1960. As a delegate, he voted in favor of Maryland ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which secured African American rights following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. With his support, the legislature ratified the amendment in 1959, nearly 100 years after it was first introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Mathias married Ann Bradford, whom he met at a birthday party for his law school roommate <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a>. Ann Bradford (1928–2012) was the daughter of former <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Robert F. Bradford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their children included sons Robert and Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesjan25_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesjan25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_House_of_Representatives">In the House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 4, 1960, Mathias declared his candidacy for the House seat of <span data-sort-value="Maryland06 !"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 6th congressional district">Maryland's 6th congressional district</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-5Jan1960_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-5Jan1960-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He officially began his campaign in March, establishing <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> and controls on <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> as two of his priorities should he be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-13Mar1960_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-13Mar1960-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary elections</a> of May 1960, Mathias handily defeated his two rivals, garnering a 3–1 margin of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-18May1960_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-18May1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias' opponent in the general election was <a href="/wiki/John_R._Foley" title="John R. Foley">John R. Foley</a>, a former judge who had unseated <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Hyde" title="DeWitt Hyde">DeWitt Hyde</a> in a Democratic landslide in the state two years prior. Both candidates attacked each other's voting records, with Foley accusing Mathias of skipping more than 500 votes in the House of Delegates and having the "worst Republican record in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-22Sept1960_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-22Sept1960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias previously accused Foley of voting "present" (a de facto abstention) in the House too often, and argued Foley's inaction led to <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">higher taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-11Aug1960_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-11Aug1960-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias prevailed over Foley on election day in November 1960, unseating the one-term incumbent and becoming the first representative from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County</a> since <a href="/wiki/Milton_Urner" title="Milton Urner">Milton Urner</a> in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen-9Nov1960_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen-9Nov1960-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his eight-year career in the House, Mathias established himself as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, which was the most influential at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Acts of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the author of the "Mathias Amendment" to the unsuccessful 1966 civil rights bill on <a href="/wiki/Open_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Open housing">open housing</a>, which would have excluded dwellings of four or fewer families from the proposed open housing law.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning environmental issues, Mathias sponsored legislation to make the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a> a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>, and supported other conservation initiatives along the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes-11Feb1968_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-11Feb1968-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on the District of Columbia">Committee on the District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homan-6Nov1968_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homan-6Nov1968-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the D.C. Committee, Mathias was a proponent of establishing <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">home rule in the District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-20Jan1969_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-20Jan1969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Senate_career">United States Senate career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States Senate career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danielbrewster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Danielbrewster.jpg/220px-Danielbrewster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Danielbrewster.jpg/330px-Danielbrewster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Danielbrewster.jpg/440px-Danielbrewster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Mathias defeated incumbent Democrat <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a>, despite the Democratic Party's 3–1 advantage in registered voters.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1968:_unseating_Brewster">Election of 1968: unseating Brewster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election of 1968: unseating Brewster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1968">elections of 1968</a>, Mathias' name was frequently mentioned as a potential challenger to Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a>, his college roommate. Fellow Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> of <span data-sort-value="Maryland01 !"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 1st congressional district">Maryland's 1st congressional district</a></span> was also considering a run at Brewster's seat, but was dissuaded by Republican party leaders in the state in favor of a Mathias candidacy. Their decision was largely due to the <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> of Mathias' seat. As representative of the 6th district, he already had established <a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">name recognition</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, metropolitan areas, the more densely populated and liberal areas of the state. Morton's seat was anchored in the more rural <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland" title="Eastern Shore of Maryland">Eastern Shore</a>. Mathias' seat was also more likely to stay in Republican hands. While Morton's seat had been in Republican hands for all but four years since 1947 due to its <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> bent, it still voted for Democrats downballot. Mathias had also established a more liberal voting record, which was argued to serve him better in a state with a 3-1 Democratic advantage in registered voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen-2Jan1968_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen-2Jan1968-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias officially declared his candidacy for the Senate on February 10, 1968, calling for troop reductions in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and identifying <a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">urban blight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, and improving <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> as major issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes-11Feb1968_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-11Feb1968-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the campaign drew on, the two primary issues became the war and crime. Mathias argued that the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">extensive bombing campaigns in North Vietnam</a> should be reduced, while Brewster had argued for increasing bombardment. Brewster adopted a hard line stance on law and order, while Mathias advocated addressing the precipitating causes of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and the low standard of living in urban <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">Campaign finances</a> were also an issue, with controversy erupting over Brewster's receipt of $15,000 in campaign contributions from his Senate staff and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Homan-6Nov1968_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homan-6Nov1968-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, 1968, Mathias was elected, garnering 48% of the vote to Brewster's 39% and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/George_P._Mahoney" title="George P. Mahoney">George P. Mahoney</a>'s 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(1969–1975):_conflict_with_Nixon"><span id="First_term_.281969.E2.80.931975.29:_conflict_with_Nixon"></span>First term (1969–1975): conflict with Nixon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First term (1969–1975): conflict with Nixon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathias began his first term in the Senate in January 1969 and laid out his legislative agenda soon thereafter. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia">District of Columbia committee</a>, where he argued in favor of <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">home rule in the district</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">providing D.C. residents full representation</a> in both chambers of Congress. Both were positions he carried over from his career in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-20Jan1969_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-20Jan1969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1970 he finally gained passage of legislation creating the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as chair of the Special Committee on Termination of the National Emergency from 1971 to 1977, which produced <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_93-549" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Report 93-549">Senate Report 93-549</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of his first term, Mathias was frequently at odds with his conservative colleagues in the Senate and the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> administration. In June 1969, Mathias joined with fellow liberal Republican <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Hugh Scott</a> of Pennsylvania in threatening a "rebellion" unless the Nixon administration worked harder to protect <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich-2Jan1968_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-2Jan1968-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also warned against Republicans using the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a>" of attracting conservative <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> voters at the expense of moderate or liberal voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias voted against two controversial Nixon <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> nominees, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth" title="Clement Haynsworth">Clement Haynsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a>, neither of whom was confirmed. Mathias was also an early advocate for setting a timetable for withdrawal of troops from Vietnam, and was against the bombing campaigns Nixon launched into <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1972, Mathias became the first Republican on <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>'s Judiciary subcommittee and one of only a few in the nation to support investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate Scandal">Watergate Scandal</a>, which was still in its early stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Osnos-18Oct1972_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osnos-18Oct1972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias' disagreements with the administration became well-known, causing columnists <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Rowland Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a> to name him the "new supervillain... in President Nixon's doghouse".<sup id="cite_ref-EvansNovak-5dec1971_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansNovak-5dec1971-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans and Novak also commented that "not since [<a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a>] was defeated with White House connivance has any Republican so outraged Mr. Nixon and his senior staff as Mathias. The senator's liberalism and tendency to bolt party lines have bred animosity in the inner sanctum".<sup id="cite_ref-EvansNovak-5dec1971_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansNovak-5dec1971-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their differing ideologies, there was speculation that Mathias was going to be "purged" from the party by Nixon in a similar manner as Goodell in 1971, but these threats disappeared after the Watergate scandal escalated. By the numbers, Mathias sided with the Nixon administration 47% of the time, and voted with the majority of his Republican colleagues in the Senate 31% of the time, during his first term.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_campaigns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nixon_campaigns.jpg/220px-Nixon_campaigns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nixon_campaigns.jpg/330px-Nixon_campaigns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Nixon_campaigns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Mathias frequently clashed ideologically with the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> Administration.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1974, the group <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> rated Mathias the most liberal member of the GOP in the Senate based on twenty key votes in the 1973 legislative session. At 90 percent, his score was higher than most Democrats in the Senate, and was fourth highest amongst all members. Issues considered when rating senators included their positions on <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a>, D.C. home rule, <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">tax reform</a>, and reducing overseas troop levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich-7Jan1974_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-7Jan1974-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> gave Mathias a 100% on issues important to them, and the <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a> agreed with Mathias on 32 out of 45 key <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">labor</a> votes. Conversely, the conservative group Americans for Constitutional Action stated Mathias agreed with their positions only 16% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1974:_challenge_from_Mikulski">Election of 1974: challenge from Mikulski</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election of 1974: challenge from Mikulski"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a Republican representing heavily Democratic Maryland, Mathias faced a potentially difficult re-election bid for the <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1974 United States Senate election in Maryland">1974 election</a>. State Democrats nominated <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> City Councilwoman who was well known to residents in her city as a <a href="/wiki/Social_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activist">social activist</a>, but with limited name recognition in the rest of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker-6Nov1974_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-6Nov1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias was renominated by Republicans, fending off a primary election challenge from conservative doctor Ross Pierpont. Pierpont was never a substantial threat to Mathias, whose lack of competition was due in part to fallout from the Watergate scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barker-11Sep1974_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-11Sep1974-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Mikulski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barbara_Mikulski.jpg/170px-Barbara_Mikulski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barbara_Mikulski.jpg/255px-Barbara_Mikulski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Barbara_Mikulski.jpg/340px-Barbara_Mikulski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a> challenged Mathias for his seat in 1974.</figcaption></figure><p>As an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a>, Mathias refused to accept any contribution over $100 to "avoid the curse of big money that has led to so much trouble in the last year".<sup id="cite_ref-Richards-3Feb1974_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-3Feb1974-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he still managed to raise over $250,000, nearly five times Mikulski's total. Ideologically, Mikulski and Mathias agreed on many issues, such as closing tax loopholes and easing taxes on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. On two issues, however, Mathias argued to reform Congress and the U.S. tax system to address inflation and corporate price fixing, contrary to Mikulski.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker-6Nov1974_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-6Nov1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retrospect, <i>The Washington Post</i> felt the election was "an intelligent discussion of state, national, and foreign affairs by two smart, well-informed people".<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-22Oct1980_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-22Oct1980-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Maryland voters, Mathias benefited from his frequent disagreements with the Nixon administration and his liberal voting record. On November 5, 1974, he was re-elected by a 57% to 43% margin, though he lost badly in Baltimore City and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Baltimore County, Maryland">Baltimore County</a>, where Mikulski was popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker-6Nov1974_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-6Nov1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikulski would win his seat 12 years later in <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1986 United States Senate election in Maryland">1986</a> after Mathias retired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_(1975–1981):_unease_with_the_growth_of_conservatism"><span id="Second_term_.281975.E2.80.931981.29:_unease_with_the_growth_of_conservatism"></span>Second term (1975–1981): unease with the growth of conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second term (1975–1981): unease with the growth of conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Mathias co-introduced legislation with Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Adlai Stevenson III</a> that would prohibit <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> to South Vietnam after June 30, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_306_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_306-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg/220px-1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg/330px-1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg/440px-1976_Republican_National_Convention-cropped_to_Reagan_and_Ford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>Mathias expressed concern over the growing influence of conservatives in the Republican Party during the 1976 campaign between <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mathias expressed concerns with the state of his party leading up to the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>, specifically its shift further to the right. Referring to the nomination contest between <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, Mathias remarked that the party leadership was placed "in further isolation, in an extreme—almost fringe—position". On November 8, 1975, he hinted at entering some presidential primary elections to steer the party away from what he saw as a strong conservative trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-9Nov1975_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-9Nov1975-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few months, Mathias continued to show signs of entering the election, but never campaigned aggressively and lacked any political organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson-8Feb1976_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-8Feb1976-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columnist <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> commented that Mathias was "contemplating a race—a stroll, really—for the presidency", in reference to his staid campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Will-25Jan1976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will-25Jan1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four months of consideration, Mathias decided in March 1976 to not seek the presidency, and asked for his name to be withdrawn from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> primary ballot, where it had been added automatically. He had also been considering an independent bid, but said raising money would be too difficult under campaign finance laws. Upon his withdrawal, Mathias stated he would work with the Republican Party in the upcoming elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson-3Mar1976_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-3Mar1976-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite his pledge to support the Republican candidate, Mathias' criticism of the party did not wane, stating that "over and over again during the primaries, I have felt uncomfortably like a member of the chorus in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson-26Jun1976_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-26Jun1976-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further criticism of his party's neglect of liberal voters, Mathias commented: </p> <blockquote> <p>I've had to deal with some hard truths... People don't like to hear we've got only 18 percent of the electorate. They pretend it's not important that our following among blacks, and young people, and urban communities is not what it should be... But I feel it's of the greatest importance that if there's to be a Republican Party, we look these facts in the face.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan-19Aug1976_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-19Aug1976-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strom_Thurmond.jpg/170px-Strom_Thurmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strom_Thurmond.jpg/255px-Strom_Thurmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strom_Thurmond.jpg/340px-Strom_Thurmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> blocked Mathias from serving as ranking member of the Judiciary Committee.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mathias' candidacy consideration did not endear him to the conservative wing of the Maryland Republican Party organization. In June 1976, he lost a vote by state Republicans to determine who would represent Maryland on the platform committee at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 Republican National Convention</a>. Instead, the group chose George Price, a conservative member of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a> from Baltimore County. At one point, Mathias was close to being denied attendance to the convention altogether as an at-large delegate, but a last minute compromise ensured all Republican congressional representatives seats as at-large delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson-26Jun1976_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-26Jun1976-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias maintained a low profile during the convention, and received harsh criticism from some of the conservative delegates from Maryland who attended.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan-19Aug1976_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-19Aug1976-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the new Congress in 1977, Mathias was in line for several potential committee promotions to <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a>. However, Mathias' outspoken criticism of the party in the previous election cycle aroused enmity amongst his colleagues. On the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a>, Mathias had the most seniority of any other member except <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, who already held another ranking membership on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services Committee</a>. Only one ranking membership was allowed per senator, so Thurmond resigned his ranking membership on the Armed Services Committee to circumvent Mathias serving as ranking member of the Judiciary Committee. Mathias was also prevented from assuming leadership positions on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Government_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Government Operations">Government Operations Committee</a> following a power struggle, and on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights. On the latter subcommittee, Mathias had more seniority than any other member. However, party leaders were uneasy with the idea of allowing Mathias to team up with liberal Democrat and subcommittee chairman <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a>, and voted instead for <a href="/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">William L. Scott</a> as ranking member.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansNovak-23March1977_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansNovak-23March1977-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1980:_uncertain_party_renomination">Election of 1980: uncertain party renomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Election of 1980: uncertain party renomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center,_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center%2C_1980.jpg/220px-Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center%2C_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center%2C_1980.jpg/330px-Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center%2C_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Charles_Mathias_visiting_NIH_Gerontology_Research_Center%2C_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Senator Mathias exhibits his grip strength with a hand dynamometer during a tour of the Gerontology Research Center testing laboratories of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>After these slights, speculation was raised that Mathias would leave the Republican Party, especially as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1980">1980 elections</a> were approaching. Several prominent conservatives in the state, such as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representatives">U.S. Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">Marjorie Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauman" title="Robert Bauman">Robert Bauman</a>, were considering challenging Mathias for his seat. In contrast, the Democratic side of the aisle had fewer challengers, suggesting Mathias would win renomination more easily if he were to switch parties.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansNovak-23March1977_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansNovak-23March1977-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mathias chose to remain as a Republican, and teamed up with eight other Republican senators to express their dissatisfaction with the hard-line wing of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs-22Nov1977_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-22Nov1977-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias later stated that he had never seriously considered switching parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it came time to nominate members to the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 Republican National Convention</a>, Maryland Republicans voted for Mathias and Bauman as co-chairmen of the delegation to represent the liberal and conservative wings of the party, respectively. The 1980 nomination contest lacked the "fierce ideological bickering that marked the 1976 state convention", in which Mathias was nearly excluded as a delegate.<sup id="cite_ref-Barringer-2June1980_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barringer-2June1980-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial concerns that a strong conservative would run in the 1980 Republican primary, Mathias did not face any major opposition for his seat. He easily won his party's nomination, and was re-elected by a substantial margin in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-5Nov1980_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-5Nov1980-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Democratic counterpart in the election, State Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Conroy" title="Edward T. Conroy">Edward T. Conroy</a>, positioned himself as more conservative than Mathias. Conroy also made <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">national defense</a> the primary issue of his campaign, where he accused Mathias of being weak. Mathias countered, stating he had voted for over $1.1 trillion in defense spending during his career in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-22Oct1980_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-22Oct1980-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By winning easy re-election, Mathias became the first Maryland Republican to win election to a third Senate term, and also the only Republican to win the city of Baltimore up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also secured support from several precincts of Baltimore's Democratic political machine, and several labor unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-5Nov1980_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-5Nov1980-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_term_(1981–1987)"><span id="Final_term_.281981.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Final term (1981–1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final term (1981–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1981, Mathias sought the chairmanship of the Judiciary Committee but was relegated to the relatively mundane chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed chairman of the Government Operations Subcommittee on Government Efficiency and the District of Columbia, and accepted a seat on the influential <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations Committee</a>, though he had to sacrifice his seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations Committee</a> to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-4Dec1980_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-4Dec1980-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Mathias chaired a bipartisan Senate inquiry into the methods used by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a> corruption investigation, which found that dozens of officials had been named for accepting bribes without basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton-21Jul1982_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-21Jul1982-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Printing">Joint Committee on Printing</a> from 1981 to 1983 and 1985 to 1987, and as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Library">Joint Committee on the Library</a> from 1983 to 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore,_24_Jul_1982.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG/220px-Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG/330px-Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG/440px-Charles_Mathias_speaking_at_ceremony_for_USS_Baltimore%2C_24_Jul_1982.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Mathias speaking at the commissioning ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(SSN-704)" title="USS Baltimore (SSN-704)">USS <i>Baltimore</i></a> attack submarine, July 24, 1982.</figcaption></figure><p>Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1986">1986 elections</a>, it was unclear whether Mathias would seek a fourth term. His support of President Reagan was lukewarm, which had further isolated him ideologically from his Republican colleagues. One delegate at the Maryland state party convention had even called Mathias "liberal swine" for his record. Additionally, his frequent difficulties in securing a committee chairmanship along with his low attendance rate were raising questions regarding his ability. However, Mathias was showing signs of seeking re-election in 1985, and dismissed any claims of ineffectiveness. Mathias claimed "within a matter of minutes, I can talk to any member of the Cabinet; and I could go see them within 24 hours.... It was no accident that the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> was mentioned in the President's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>. That took a lot of hard work".<sup id="cite_ref-Muscatine-9Jul1984_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscatine-9Jul1984-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg/220px-Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg/330px-Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg/440px-Senator_Mathias_attending_President_Reagan%27s_swearing_in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Senator Mathias attending President Reagan's swearing in.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this term, Mathias was also president of the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a> from 1985 to 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial indications otherwise, Mathias announced on September 27, 1985, that he would not seek a fourth term. His announcement concerned Republican party officials in the state, who feared that local Republicans had poorer election chances without Mathias at the top of the ticket. At the national level, Mathias' announcement came shortly after news that Republican <a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a> of Nevada would be retiring as well. The departure of two Republican senators from swing or Democratic-leaning states was treated by Republican party leaders as a poor sign of the party's chances in the upcoming elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawara-28Sept1985_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawara-28Sept1985-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Chavez" title="Linda Chavez">Linda Chavez</a> won the Republican primary for the Senate seat, but lost the general election in a landslide to Mikulski. </p><p>Mathias remained active in his final days in the Senate, playing an important role in removing a <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> provision in a 1986 Senate drug bill after threatening <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>, and in preparing <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">impeachment trial proceedings</a> against federal judge <a href="/wiki/Harry_E._Claiborne" title="Harry E. Claiborne">Harry E. Claiborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse-6Oct1986_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse-6Oct1986-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias' last day in the Senate was January 3, 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which point he was succeeded by Mikulski.<sup id="cite_ref-McQueen-5Nov1986_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McQueen-5Nov1986-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathias_and_the_American_Space_program">Mathias and the American Space program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mathias and the American Space program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathias strongly supported the American Space program. The Jimmy Carter administration was fairly inactive on space issues, stating that it was "neither feasible nor necessary" to commit to an Apollo-style space program, and his space policy included only limited, short-range goals. With regard to military space policy, the <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter space policy</a> stated, without much specification in the unclassified version, that "<i>The United States will pursue Activities in space in support of its right of self-defense.</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than five months after he became president, on the date of June 9, 1977, Carter wrote the following in his White House Diary: "We continued our budget meetings. It's obvious that the space shuttle is just a contrivance to keep NASA alive, and that no real need for the space shuttle was determined before the massive construction program was initiated."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On NASA's own 50th anniversary website, space historian <a href="/wiki/John_Logsdon" title="John Logsdon">John Logsdon</a> described the Carter presidency in less than flattering terms. "<i>Jimmy Carter was perhaps the least supportive of US human space efforts of any president in the last half-century</i>", Logsdon wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter's Vice President, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, called the Space Shuttle a "<i>senseless extravaganza</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1972. A senator from Minnesota at the time, Mondale had vigorously opposed early funding measures to begin development of the shuttle. His views exemplified those who believed the United States had more pressing needs for its money than chasing the stars. </p><p>In 1979, when <a href="/wiki/President_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="President Carter">President Carter</a> considered terminating the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>, given its technical and scheduling problems,<sup id="cite_ref-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias, who was in his second term (at the beginning of the new Congress in 1977, Mathias was in line for several potential committee promotions to ranking member) played a major role in saving it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1981 and 1985 Mathias also had a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">Jim Beggs</a>. </p><p>In June 1982 he was approached by Larry Mihlon, a former member of President Kennedy's space team, with an idea of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Grelle" title="Bernard Le Grelle">Bernard Le Grelle</a>, who had been appointed by the French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> as Director of the National Air and Space 1983 Bicentennial Organisation,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to set up a similar organization in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Mathias accepted to be the Chairman of the United States Organizing Committee of the 1983 Air and Space Bicentennial.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bicentennial Committee also included <a href="/wiki/President_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ronald Reagan">President Ronald Reagan</a>, Honorary Chairman and Vice-President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George Bush</a>, Honorary Vice-Chairman General <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fai.org/news/passing-fai-past-president-clifton-von-kann">Clifton von Kann</a> (Director), President of the National Aeronautic Association, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chennault" title="Anna Chennault">Anna Chennault</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Senator John Glenn</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, Apollo 17 astronaut and Senator <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Crossfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Crossfield">Scott Crossfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Boyne" title="Walter J. Boyne">Walter J. Boyne</a>, Acting Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>. </p><p>On July 12, 1982, Senator Mathias introduced S.J.Res.270, a joint Congressional resolution to designate 1983 as the Bicentennial of Air and Space Flight.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Resolution passed the House by Unanimous Consent on December 20, 1982, and was signed in the Senate on December 21, 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 3, 1983, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed the Official Proclamation to designate the year beginning January 1, 1983 as the Bicentennial of Air and Space Flight, which became Public Law (No: 97-413).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg/220px-Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg/330px-Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg/440px-Vice-President_Bush_at_the_Caucus_Room_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4599" data-file-height="5512" /></a><figcaption>Vice-President Bush at the Caucus Room ceremony.</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 9, 1982, Mathias, Mihlon and Le Grelle did organize a ceremony in the Senate caucus room to launch the Bicentennial Year.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event televised life, hosted by Vice-President Bush included a taped message from <a href="/wiki/President_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Reagan">President Reagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and featured first close-up coverage of <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> via life remote from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a> and last minute preparation for the final test flight of <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">Jim Beggs</a> of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Helms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Helms">Lynn Helms</a> of the FAA, Deputy Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a>, Deputy Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Guy_W._Fiske" title="Guy W. Fiske">Guy Fiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Fuqua" title="Don Fuqua">Don Fuqua</a>, Chairman of the House Science and Technology Committee, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chennault" title="Anna Chennault">Anna Chennault</a> and General Clifton von Kann also participated. </p><p>The event was attended by senior executives of the Departments of Commerce and Defense, diplomats and nearly one hundred journalists. It included a live television link with <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg/220px-President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg/330px-President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg/440px-President_Reagan_on_February_7th_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan's address in the East Room on February 7, 1983. Senator Mathias is behind the President looking sideways.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the suggestion of Mihlon and Le Grelle, Mathias, who, as a strong Reagan supporter, could see any cabinet member in 24 hours, asked the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> to organize a ceremony for the Bicentennial with <a href="/wiki/President_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ronald Reagan">President Ronald Reagan</a>. The White House ceremony commemorating the Bicentennial Year of Air and Space Flight was held on February 7, 1983. The President spoke at 1:15 p.m. in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a> to a group of leading figures in aviation, government, diplomacy, the military, and business. </p><p>Some of President Reagan's remarks (inspired by Larry Mihlon), reminded the style of <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">President Kennedy's address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort on September 12, 1962</a> : "As we celebrate the many events for this bicentennial, let's remember we're celebrating more than the building of flying machines. We're making choices that are shaping the world in which our children will live. Our commitment to air and space is a pledge to them that the quality of our lives will be better and their horizons broader because of technology, of vision, of human qualities that we bring in our generation to conquering the endless cosmic frontier which stretches before us. I've always believed that mankind is capable of greatness. We haven't even come close yet to reaching our potential. But it depends on us. God gave angels wings. He gave mankind dreams. And with His help, there's no limit to what can be accomplished."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a large model of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> off to the side of the podium, and following his remarks, the President, escorted by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, inspected the model. Following the President's remarks, Senator Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Chairman of the Bicentennial Committee, presented <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Boyne" title="Walter J. Boyne">Walter J. Boyne</a>, Acting Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, with the Air and Space Bicentennial symbol which flew in space with the <a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">Columbia shuttle</a> mission STS-5 in November 1982. The logo, signed by all four astronauts, was the subject of the first televised commercial from space when mission commander <a href="/wiki/Vance_Brand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vance Brand">Vance Brand</a> displayed it for television and briefly told the bicentennial story. The logo is part of the Museum's space collection. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png/220px-Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png/330px-Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png/440px-Senator_Mathias_with_Bernard_Le_Grelle.png 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="4505" /></a><figcaption>Senator Mathias with Bernard Le Grelle in the Paris Bicentennial Headquarters – December 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1982, Senator Mathias as Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> made an official visit to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in Paris. He had a private lunch with Le Grelle and his friend Daniel Jouve, during which they suggested the possibility to have a Space Shuttle at the 1983 Paris Air Show. Mathias found the idea excellent and wrote on December 27, 1982, to "the Honorable James M. Beggs", Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration : "Dear Jim, It has been suggested that the greatest advertisement for American Technology that could be conceived would be to have a Space Shuttle at the 1983 Paris Air Show as a part of the Air and Space Bicentennial. There are undoubtedly substantial costs involved, but also benefits even harder to calculate. My question at this time is not whether we can afford it, but whether it is physically possible. As ever signature.".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 17, 1983, James M. Beggs wrote back: "<i>Dear Senator Mathias: Having a Space Shuttle Orbiter at the 1983 Paris Air Show as you suggested in your letter of December 27, would, indeed, be a tremendous advertisement for American technology. ... The only Orbiter available is the Enterprise (CV-101), that was used for the approach and landing tests in 1977. Currently, it is planned to be used by the Air Force for certain ground tests at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) starting next year. Further, the present condition of the Enterprise would require some refurbishments to make it suitable for exhibit. This of course can be done at some cost. The 747 aircraft is required, however, for each shuttle mission, and thus its availability at the time of the Air Show is dependent on the schedule. We are in the process of reassessing the schedule </i>in the wake of the recent problem with a hydrogen leak in the Challenger<i>. That reassessment should be completed soon. In summary, it is physically possible to provide the Enterprise (OV-101), for the Paris Air Show. Other factors, as you are already aware, such as cost and schedules, would have to be considered in making a decision. Sincerely, James M. Beggs Administrator.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to Mathias, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">space shuttle Enterprise</a> prototype was flown, in June 1983, atop the 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) during the 35th <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris International Air and Space Show</a>. </p><p>The "Americans" fenced off the Space craft until the night of the opening, when they flew it around the city at 3.000 feet for all of Paris to see. It flew over Roland Garros during the <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a>, who was playing in the quarter-finals, stopped playing, fell to knees, put up his hands and saluted the Space Shuttle while the crowd cheered in a standing ovation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1982, during a luncheon in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, Mihlon and Le Grelle came up with an idea to make the U.S. space program popular again (the launches of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a> being relegated to the eighth page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, for example) and to convince the American taxpayer that the 211 billion dollar project was worthwhile. The idea was to send a female schoolteacher on the Shuttle, from which she would teach children a lesson from space, a lesson that would be relayed to all the schools in the United States via the public television network <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. Mihlon and Le Grelle discussed the idea with Mathias, who enthusiastically sold the idea to <a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">Jim Beggs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. That is how Mathias originated the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project (TISP)</a>. </p><p>The project was announced by <a href="/wiki/President_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Reagan">President Reagan</a> on August 27, 1984. Not being members of <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA's Astronaut Corps</a>, the teacher and other civilian members of the crew would fly as <a href="/wiki/Payload_specialist" title="Payload specialist">Payload Specialists</a> and return to their civilian jobs after flight. More than 40,000 applications were mailed to interested teachers while 11,000 teachers sent completed applications to NASA. Each application included a potential lesson that would be taught from space while on the Space Shuttle and 114 applicants were notified of their selections and were gathered together for further a further selection process that narrowed the contenders down to ten finalists. These were then trained for a time, and in 1985 NASA selected <a href="/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe" title="Christa McAuliffe">Christa McAuliffe</a> to be the first teacher in space, with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Morgan" title="Barbara Morgan">Barbara Morgan</a> as her backup. McAuliffe was a high school social studies teacher from Concord, New Hampshire. She planned to teach two 15-minute lessons from the Space Shuttle. McAuliffe died in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a> (STS-51-L) on January 28, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_post-Senate_life">Legacy and post-Senate life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy and post-Senate life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._(1922%E2%80%932010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Charles_McCurdy_Mathias_Jr._%281922%E2%80%932010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="7728" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Mathias at Mount Olivet Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Mathias held a retirement party at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Convention_Center" title="Baltimore Convention Center">Baltimore Convention Center</a> on July 14, 1986, which had over 1,200 attendees. The proceeds from the event, at $150 per person, were used to establish a foreign studies program at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies">Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies</a> in his name. Mathias planned to teach at Johns Hopkins following his departure from the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenworthy-28Sept1985_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenworthy-28Sept1985-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Donald P. Baker of <i>The Washington Post</i> commented that Mathias' lasting reputation would be that of a maverick. Though he was elected to the House in 1960 as a moderate/conservative, his life in the Congress moved him to the center, and he frequently deviated from the party line and sided with Democrats. The fact that he "went out of his way to disassociate himself from [Ronald Reagan]" in the 1980 elections had hindered his chances at a chairmanship. Mathias also established a record on civil rights, having played an important role in passing a fair housing bill while he was in the House, and also in establishing a national holiday for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> He held liberal views on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, defense spending, and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, along with Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">John Warner</a> of Virginia, was one of the sponsors of a bill to authorize the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-9Nov1979_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-9Nov1979-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In discussing Mathias' retirement, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wicker" title="Tom Wicker">Tom Wicker</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> commented that "he was fair, flexible, concerned, able to rise above partisanship but not above responsibility". When Wicker asked him which senators he respected the most, Mathias listed <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> (D), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a> (R), <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a> (R), <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff Case">Cliff Case</a> (R), <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Phil Hart">Phil Hart</a> (D), <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a> (D), and <a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">George Aiken</a> (R), because "each one of those people would take an issue on his own responsibility... They'd simply come to the conclusion that this was the right thing for the country."<sup id="cite_ref-Wicker-16Nov1986_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicker-16Nov1986-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias was very troubled by the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinations</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="President John F. Kennedy">President John F. Kennedy</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Senator Robert Kennedy</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>). He played an important role in the Final Report, Book Five, "The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy : Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 1976".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On environmental issues, Mathias established a record as a strong advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. After touring the bay shoreline in 1973, he sponsored legislation that led to a study by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) two years later, which was one of the first reports that made the public aware of harmful levels of nutrients and toxins in the waters. As a result, the report was one of the catalysts for cleanup efforts, and evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierre-Feb2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierre-Feb2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford-26Nov1987_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-26Nov1987-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition, the Charles Mathias Laboratory, part of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, was established in 1988 as a research facility to analyze human impact on the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford-26Nov1987_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-26Nov1987-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the Mathias Medal was established by Maryland Sea Grant at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Center_for_Environmental_Science" title="University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science</a> as further acknowledgment of Mathias' environmental record.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, thirty years after he launched a study of the Chesapeake, Mathias was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> for the influential role he played initiating restoration efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Huslin-15June2003_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huslin-15June2003-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1987 to 1993, Mathias was a partner at the law firm of <a href="/wiki/Jones_Day" title="Jones Day">Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KaiserFoundationBio_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaiserFoundationBio-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Mathias was chosen by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> to lead a committee to supervise the operations of First American Bankshares, Inc. Prior to his arrival, First American had been secretly acquired by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a>, which resulted in a major banking scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwald-26Aug1991_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald-26Aug1991-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathias was appointed chairman of the board of First American in November 1992, replacing former U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-19Nov1992_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-19Nov1992-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued as chairman of First American until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-MDArchivesBio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDArchivesBio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his retirement, Mathias served on numerous boards and committees. He was a member of the Governor's Commission on State Taxes and Tax Structure (1989–1990), a member of the Maryland Civil War Heritage Commission (1992–1995), a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured</a>, co-chair of the Task Force on the Presidential Appointment and Senate Confirmation Process (1996), a member of the board of the George C. Marshall International Center, a member of the board of <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a>, a member of the board of <a href="/wiki/WorldSpace_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldSpace Satellite Radio">WorldSpace Satellite Radio</a>, and board member emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson Institute for International Studies">Watson Institute for International Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDArchivesBio_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDArchivesBio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Mathias served on the Board of Trustees of Enterprise Foundation (now <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Community_Partners" title="Enterprise Community Partners">Enterprise Community Partners</a>) from 1980 through 2001. </p><p>As of 2008, Mathias practiced law in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and was a resident of <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 28, 2008, Mathias endorsed Sen. <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo2008_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo2008-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias died from complications of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> at his home on January 25, 2010, at age 87.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesjan25_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesjan25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Frederick,_Maryland)" title="Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick, Maryland)">Mount Olivet Cemetery</a> in Frederick.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ebrahimian-Mar2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebrahimian-Mar2005_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEbrahimian2005" class="citation news cs1">Ebrahimian, Shirley (March 2005). "A Man for All Seasons". <i>Frederick Magazine</i>. p. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frederick+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Man+for+All+Seasons&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Ebrahimian&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorda2010" class="citation news cs1">Borda, Patti S. (January 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328175057/http://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/news/display.htm?storyid=100566">"Sen. 'Mac' Mathias, statesman, leaves legacy in Frederick"</a>. <i>Frederick News-Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/news/display.htm?storyid%3D100566">the original</a> on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frederick+News-Post&rft.atitle=Sen.+%27Mac%27+Mathias%2C+statesman%2C+leaves+legacy+in+Frederick&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft.aulast=Borda&rft.aufirst=Patti+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fredericknewspost.com%2Fsections%2Fnews%2Fdisplay.htm%3Fstoryid%253D100566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CongBio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000241">"Mathias, Charles McCurdy"</a>. United States Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathias%2C+Charles+McCurdy&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesjan25-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesjan25_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesjan25_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2010" class="citation news cs1">Clymer, Adam (January 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/us/politics/26mathias.html">"Charles Mathias, Former U.S. Senator, Dies at 87"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+Mathias%2C+Former+U.S.+Senator%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F26mathias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-5Jan1960-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-5Jan1960_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mathias of Frederick Files For Foley's Seat". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. January 5, 1960. p. A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+of+Frederick+Files+For+Foley%27s+Seat&rft.pages=A9&rft.date=1960-01-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-13Mar1960-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-13Mar1960_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Republican Candidate Begins Race". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. March 13, 1960. p. B15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Republican+Candidate+Begins+Race&rft.pages=B15&rft.date=1960-03-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-18May1960-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-18May1960_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Foley, Mathias Win in Maryland's Sixth". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. May 18, 1960. p. A19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Foley%2C+Mathias+Win+in+Maryland%27s+Sixth&rft.pages=A19&rft.date=1960-05-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-22Sept1960-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-22Sept1960_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Foley Assails Mathias On State Voting Record". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 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August 11, 1960. p. B5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Foley+Vote+Record+Hit+By+Mathias&rft.pages=B5&rft.date=1960-08-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisen-9Nov1960-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisen-9Nov1960_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisen1961" class="citation news cs1">Eisen, Jack (January 4, 1961). "Well-Wishers Inundate Mathias After he Takes Seat in Congress". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Well-Wishers+Inundate+Mathias+After+he+Takes+Seat+in+Congress&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1961-01-04&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-29Sep1985-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-29Sep1985_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1985" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Donald P (September 29, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525005800/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/139046412.html?dids=139046412:139046412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=SEP+29,+1985&author=By+Donald+P.+Baker+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=End+of+the+Electoral+Line+for+a+Maryland+Maverick&pqatl=google">"End of the Electoral Line for a Maryland Maverick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. C1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/139046412.html?dids=139046412:139046412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=SEP+29%2C+1985&author=By+Donald+P.+Baker+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=End+of+the+Electoral+Line+for+a+Maryland+Maverick&pqatl=google">the original</a> on May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Electoral+Line+for+a+Maryland+Maverick&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=1985-09-29&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Donald+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost_historical%2Faccess%2F139046412.html%3Fdids%3D139046412%3A139046412%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DSEP%2B29%252C%2B1985%26author%3DBy%2BDonald%2BP.%2BBaker%2BWashington%2BPost%2BStaff%2BWriter%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DEnd%2Bof%2Bthe%2BElectoral%2BLine%2Bfor%2Ba%2BMaryland%2BMaverick%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128">"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+7152.+PASSAGE.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F88-1964%2Fh128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113">"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+2516%2C+A+BILL+TO+ESTABLISH+PENALTIES+FOR+INTERFERENCE+WITH+CIVIL+RIGHTS.+INTERFERENCE+WITH+A+PERSON+ENGAGED+IN+ONE+OF+THE+8+ACTIVITIES+PROTECTED+UNDER+THIS+BILL+MUST+BE+RACIALLY+MOTIVATED+TO+INCUR+THE+BILL%27S+PENALTIES.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1967%2Fh113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87">"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TO+PASS+H.R.+6400%2C+THE+1965+VOTING+RIGHTS+ACT.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F89-1965%2Fh87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Perlstein, Rick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/nixonlandriseofp0000perl"><i>Nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of America</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Scribner. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland+%3A+the+rise+of+a+president+and+the+fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Scribner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonlandriseofp0000perl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-11Feb1968-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-11Feb1968_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-11Feb1968_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1968" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Bart (February 11, 1968). "Mathias Runs for Senate". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+Runs+for+Senate&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1968-02-11&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homan-6Nov1968-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homan-6Nov1968_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homan-6Nov1968_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoman1968" class="citation news cs1">Homan, Richard (November 6, 1968). "Upsets in 2 Nearby States Divide House Seats Evenly". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Upsets+in+2+Nearby+States+Divide+House+Seats+Evenly&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1968-11-06&rft.aulast=Homan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-20Jan1969-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-20Jan1969_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo-20Jan1969_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mathias to Introduce Home Rule Legislation". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. January 20, 1969. p. C1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+to+Introduce+Home+Rule+Legislation&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=1969-01-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisen-2Jan1968-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisen-2Jan1968_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisen1968" class="citation news cs1">Eisen, Jack (January 2, 1968). "Mathias Points for Senate". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+Points+for+Senate&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=1968-01-02&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-15Aug1974-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-15Aug1974_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1974" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Douglas (August 15, 1974). "Mathias Purge Threat Ends: White House Scandals Boost Senator's Re-election Bid". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. C1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+Purge+Threat+Ends%3A+White+House+Scandals+Boost+Senator%27s+Re-election+Bid&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=1974-08-15&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Law 91-664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelyea2001" class="citation web cs1">Relyea, Harold C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress%3A+National+Emergency+Powers&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2001-09-18&rft.aulast=Relyea&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpc.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F6216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-2Jan1968-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rich-2Jan1968_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1969" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Spencer (June 28, 1969). 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"GOP Senator Backs Sabotage Probe". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=GOP+Senator+Backs+Sabotage+Probe&rft.pages=A19&rft.date=1972-10-18&rft.aulast=Osnos&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansNovak-5dec1971-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EvansNovak-5dec1971_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansNovak-5dec1971_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlandRobert_Novak1971" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Rowland, Evans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a> (December 5, 1971). "Mathias: The New Goodell". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias%3A+The+New+Goodell&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=1971-12-05&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Evans&rft.au=Robert+Novak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-7Jan1974-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rich-7Jan1974_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1974" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Spencer (January 7, 1974). 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New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/306">306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-9Nov1975-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker-9Nov1975_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1975" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Donald P (November 9, 1975). 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"Mathias Joins Almost-Rans, Will Not Seek Presidency". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+Joins+Almost-Rans%2C+Will+Not+Seek+Presidency&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1976-03-03&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-26Jun1976-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson-26Jun1976_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson-26Jun1976_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1976" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Bill (June 26, 1976). "Dissident Mathias Denied GOP Platform Committee Post". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dissident+Mathias+Denied+GOP+Platform+Committee+Post&rft.pages=A5&rft.date=1976-06-26&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-19Aug1976-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan-19Aug1976_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan-19Aug1976_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1976" class="citation news cs1">Logan, Harold J (August 19, 1976). "Mathias' Convention Role Is Low-Key". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias%27+Convention+Role+Is+Low-Key&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1976-08-19&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Harold+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansNovak-23March1977-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EvansNovak-23March1977_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvansNovak-23March1977_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansRobert_Novak1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Evans, Rowland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a> (March 23, 1977). 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"Abscam Hearing Reveals 44 Were Unjustly Cited". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Abscam+Hearing+Reveals+44+Were+Unjustly+Cited&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1982-07-21&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muscatine-9Jul1984-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muscatine-9Jul1984_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuscatine1984" class="citation news cs1">Muscatine, Alison (July 9, 1984). "Mathias Swims Against the GOP's Tide". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mathias+Swims+Against+the+GOP%27s+Tide&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=1984-07-09&rft.aulast=Muscatine&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628135352/http://nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=2880">"Presidents from 1955 to 2014"</a>. NATO Parliamentary Assembly. 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"GOP's Mathias Says He Plans To Retire From Senate in '87". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=GOP%27s+Mathias+Says+He+Plans+To+Retire+From+Senate+in+%2787&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1985-09-28&rft.aulast=Sugawara&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhouse-6Oct1986-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse-6Oct1986_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1986" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (October 6, 1986). "Still a Distinctive Voice, but Soon an Echo". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. B8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Still+a+Distinctive+Voice%2C+but+Soon+an+Echo&rft.pages=B8&rft.date=1986-10-06&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQueen-5Nov1986-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McQueen-5Nov1986_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQueen1986" class="citation news cs1">McQueen, Michel (November 5, 1986). "Schaefer, Mikulski Lead Democratic Sweep at the Top". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Schaefer%2C+Mikulski+Lead+Democratic+Sweep+at+the+Top&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1986-11-05&rft.aulast=McQueen&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/nsc-37.htm">"Presidential Directive/NSC-37, "National Space Policy" May 11, 1978"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Directive%2FNSC-37%2C+%22National+Space+Policy%22+May+11%2C+1978.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fmilitary%2Fdocops%2Fnational%2Fnsc-37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2010" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Jimmy (2010). <i>White House Diary</i>. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429990653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429990653"><bdi>978-1429990653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+House+Diary&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1429990653&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ten_Presidents_and_NASA_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609074409/https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/10presidents.html">"Ten Presidents and NASA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/10presidents.html">the original</a> on June 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Presidents+and+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2F50th%2F50th_magazine%2F10presidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/07/a-cold-war-mystery-why-did-jimmy-carter-save-the-space-shuttle/">"Article ArsTechnica <i>A Cold War mystery: Why did Jimmy Carter save the space shuttle?</i> – 07/14/2016"</a>. July 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Article+ArsTechnica+A+Cold+War+mystery%3A+Why+did+Jimmy+Carter+save+the+space+shuttle%3F+%E2%80%93+07%2F14%2F2016&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F07%2Fa-cold-war-mystery-why-did-jimmy-carter-save-the-space-shuttle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Le Grelle conversations with Senator Mathias in Paris (1983) and Washington (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:French_Presidency_Press_release_-_Communiqu%C3%A9_de_presse_de_la_Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise_19_Novembre_1981_-_%221983_Bicentenaire_des_premiers_vols_humains.jpg">"French Presidency press release – Communiqué de presse de la Présidence de la République française 19 Novembre 1981 – "1983 Bicentenaire des premiers vols humains"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Presidency+press+release+%E2%80%93+Communiqu%C3%A9+de+presse+de+la+Pr%C3%A9sidence+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+fran%C3%A7aise+19+Novembre+1981+%E2%80%93+%221983+Bicentenaire+des+premiers+vols+humains%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AFrench_Presidency_Press_release_-_Communiqu%25C3%25A9_de_presse_de_la_Pr%25C3%25A9sidence_de_la_R%25C3%25A9publique_fran%25C3%25A7aise_19_Novembre_1981_-_%25221983_Bicentenaire_des_premiers_vols_humains.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/owners/united-states-organizing-committee-of-the-1983-air-and-space-bicentennial-the-290452">"United States Organizing Committee of the 1983 Air and Space Bicentennial, The Trademarks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Organizing+Committee+of+the+1983+Air+and+Space+Bicentennial%2C+The+Trademarks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrademarks.justia.com%2Fowners%2Funited-states-organizing-committee-of-the-1983-air-and-space-bicentennial-the-290452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Grelle1988" class="citation book cs1">Le Grelle, Bernard (1988). <i>Profession Lobbyman, Le Pouvoir des Coulisses</i>. Hachette. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2010132106" title="Special:BookSources/2010132106"><bdi>2010132106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profession+Lobbyman%2C+Le+Pouvoir+des+Coulisses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2010132106&rft.aulast=Le+Grelle&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/97th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/270">"S.J.Res.270 – A joint resolution to designate 1983 as the Bicentennial of Air and Space Flight"</a>. January 3, 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.J.Res.270+%E2%80%93+A+joint+resolution+to+designate+1983+as+the+Bicentennial+of+Air+and+Space+Flight&rft.date=1983-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F97th-congress%2Fsenate-joint-resolution%2F270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S.J._Resolution_270_to_designate_1983_as_the_%22Bicentennial_of_Air_and_Space_Flight%22_1982.jpg">"S.J. Resolution 270 to designate 1983 as the "Bicentennial of Air and Space Flight" – 12-07-1982"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.J.+Resolution+270+to+designate+1983+as+the+%22Bicentennial+of+Air+and+Space+Flight%22+%E2%80%93+12-07-1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AS.J._Resolution_270_to_designate_1983_as_the_%2522Bicentennial_of_Air_and_Space_Flight%2522_1982.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-5009-bicentennial-air-and-space-flight">"Bicentennial of Air and Space Flight, Proclamation by the President of the United States of America – January 3, 1983"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicentennial+of+Air+and+Space+Flight%2C+Proclamation+by+the+President+of+the+United+States+of+America+%E2%80%93+January+3%2C+1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-5009-bicentennial-air-and-space-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Caucus_Room.htm">"The Kennedy Caucus Room"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Caucus+Room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FCaucus_Room.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Senator Mathias inviting for the Caucus room ceremony <a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Senator_Mathias_inviting_for_the_Caucus_room_ceremony.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Senator_Mathias_inviting_for_the_Caucus_room_ceremony.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Original_text_for_prompter_use_of_the_taping_of_President_Reagan%E2%80%99s_remarks_for_the_Senate_Caucus_room_ceremony_-_October,_25_1982.png">"Original text for prompter use of the taping of President Reagan's remarks for the Senate Caucus room ceremony – October, 25 1982"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+text+for+prompter+use+of+the+taping+of+President+Reagan%27s+remarks+for+the+Senate+Caucus+room+ceremony+%E2%80%93+October%2C+25+1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AOriginal_text_for_prompter_use_of_the_taping_of_President_Reagan%25E2%2580%2599s_remarks_for_the_Senate_Caucus_room_ceremony_-_October%2C_25_1982.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Grelle1988" class="citation book cs1">Le Grelle, Bernard (1988). <i>Profession Lobbyman, Le Pouvoir des Coulisses</i>. Hachette. pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2010132106" title="Special:BookSources/2010132106"><bdi>2010132106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profession+Lobbyman%2C+Le+Pouvoir+des+Coulisses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2010132106&rft.aulast=Le+Grelle&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvPO2nSCTNM">"President Reagan's Remarks on Bicentennial Year of Air and Space Flight on February 7, 1983"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. June 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/BvPO2nSCTNM">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=President+Reagan%27s+Remarks+on+Bicentennial+Year+of+Air+and+Space+Flight+on+February+7%2C+1983&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBvPO2nSCTNM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-white-house-ceremony-commemorating-the-bicentennial-year-air-and-space-flight">"Remarks at a White House Ceremony Commemorating the Bicentennial Year of Air and Space Flight, February 7, 1983"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+at+a+White+House+Ceremony+Commemorating+the+Bicentennial+Year+of+Air+and+Space+Flight%2C+February+7%2C+1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fremarks-white-house-ceremony-commemorating-the-bicentennial-year-air-and-space-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_endorses_shuttle_and_education_programs_-_February,_25_1983.jpg">"Reagan endorses shuttle and education programs – February, 25 1983"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reagan+endorses+shuttle+and+education+programs+%E2%80%93+February%2C+25+1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AReagan_endorses_shuttle_and_education_programs_-_February%2C_25_1983.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Senator_Mathias_to_NASA_Administrator_Jim_Beggs.png">"Letter from Senator Mathias to NASA Administrator Jim Beggs"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+McC.+Mathias+Jr.&rft.pub=Maryland+State+Archives&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa.md.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F002000%2F002087%2Fhtml%2Fmsa02087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo2008-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo2008_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/27/AR2008102702407.html">"My Choice: Obama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. October 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=My+Choice%3A+Obama&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F27%2FAR2008102702407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/medusa/PDF/Frederick/F-3-274.pdf">"Mount Olivet Cemetery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Maryland Historical Trust</i>. February 26, 2019. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Historical+Trust&rft.atitle=Mount+Olivet+Cemetery&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.mht.maryland.gov%2Fmedusa%2FPDF%2FFrederick%2FF-3-274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mathias&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406101118/http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/Mathias/">Mathias Medal</a> by the Maryland Sea Grant at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Center_for_Environmental_Science" title="University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressM000241" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000241">"Charles Mathias (id: M000241)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Charles+Mathias+%28id%3A+M000241%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mathias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?267">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Foley" title="John R. Foley">John R. Foley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Maryland">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 6th congressional district">Maryland's 6th congressional district</a> </b><br />1961–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">Glenn Beall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tylor_Miller" title="Edward Tylor Miller">Edward Tylor Miller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1968 United States Senate election in Maryland">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1974 United States Senate election in Maryland">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1980 United States Senate election in Maryland">1980</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Chavez" title="Linda Chavez">Linda Chavez</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Maryland</a> </b><br />1969–1987 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">Joseph Tydings</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. Glenn Beall Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Senate Rules Committee</a> </b><br />1981–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell H. Ford">Wendell H. Ford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">United States senators from Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Potts" title="Richard Potts">Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper" title="Robert Goodloe Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_C._Hanson" title="Alexander C. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kent" title="Joseph Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart_(Maryland_politician)" title="David Stewart (Maryland politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)" title="Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy_(Maryland_politician)" title="Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Hamilton" title="William T. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._McComas" title="Louis E. McComas">McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Rayner" title="Isidor Rayner">Rayner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Jackson" title="William P. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Lee_I" title="Blair Lee I">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Bruce" title="William Cabell Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">P. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._P._Radcliffe" title="George L. P. Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall" title="J. Glenn Beall">Beall Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">J. Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">Beall Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks" title="Angela Alsobrooks">Alsobrooks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Henry (Maryland politician)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Maryland_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Maryland politician)">J. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hindman" title="William Hindman">Hindman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(Maryland_politician)" title="Robert Wright (Maryland politician)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Reed_(politician)" title="Philip Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">R. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Governor of Maryland)">E. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_F._Chambers" title="Ezekiel F. Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">R. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Spence" title="John S. Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leeds_Kerr" title="John Leeds Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vickers" title="George Vickers">Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Dennis" title="George R. Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_Groome" title="James Black Groome">Groome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_K._Wilson_II" title="Ephraim K. Wilson II">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Gibson" title="Charles H. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Wellington" title="George L. Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Smith" title="John Walter Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovington_Weller" title="Ovington Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">M. Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Butler" title="John Marshall Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules<br />(1870–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coit_Spooner" title="John Coit Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Overman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Neely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and Administration<br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maryland&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_87th–99th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)196" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maryland&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_87th–99th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s delegation(s) to the 87th–99th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Butler" title="John Marshall Butler">J. Butler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall" title="J. Glenn Beall">J. Beall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon" title="George Hyde Fallon">G. Fallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Friedel" title="Samuel Friedel">S. Friedel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lankford" title="Richard Lankford">R. Lankford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">D. Brewster</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Johnson" title="Thomas Francis Johnson">T. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall" title="J. Glenn Beall">J. Beall</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">D. Brewster</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon" title="George Hyde Fallon">G. Fallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Friedel" title="Samuel Friedel">S. Friedel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lankford" title="Richard Lankford">R. Lankford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carlton_R._Sickles" title="Carlton R. Sickles">C. Sickles</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">D. Brewster</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">J. Tydings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon" title="George Hyde Fallon">G. Fallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Friedel" title="Samuel Friedel">S. Friedel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carlton_R._Sickles" title="Carlton R. Sickles">C. Sickles</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Machen" title="Hervey Machen">H. Machen</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">D. Brewster</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">J. Tydings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon" title="George Hyde Fallon">G. Fallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Friedel" title="Samuel Friedel">S. Friedel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Machen" title="Hervey Machen">H. Machen</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gude" title="Gilbert Gude">G. Gude</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tydings" title="Joseph Tydings">J. Tydings</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Hyde_Fallon" title="George Hyde Fallon">G. Fallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Friedel" title="Samuel Friedel">S. Friedel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gude" title="Gilbert Gude">G. Gude</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hogan" title="Lawrence Hogan">L. Hogan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. G. Beall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. G. Beall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garmatz" title="Edward Garmatz">E. Garmatz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton"><i>R. Morton</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gude" title="Gilbert Gude">G. Gude</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hogan" title="Lawrence Hogan">L. Hogan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Byron" title="Goodloe Byron">G. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Oswald_Mills" title="William Oswald Mills"><i>W. Mills</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. G. Beall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gude" title="Gilbert Gude">G. Gude</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hogan" title="Lawrence Hogan">L. Hogan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Byron" title="Goodloe Byron">G. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Oswald_Mills" title="William Oswald Mills"><i>W. Mills</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauman" title="Robert Bauman"><i>R. Bauman</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Glenn_Beall_Jr." title="J. Glenn Beall Jr.">J. G. Beall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gude" title="Gilbert Gude">G. Gude</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Byron" title="Goodloe Byron">G. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauman" title="Robert Bauman">R. Bauman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman">G. Spellman</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Byron" title="Goodloe Byron">G. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauman" title="Robert Bauman">R. Bauman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman">G. Spellman</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">B. Mikulski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Newton_Steers" title="Newton Steers">N. Steers</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauman" title="Robert Bauman">R. Bauman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman">G. Spellman</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">B. Mikulski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Barnes" title="Michael D. Barnes">M. Barnes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Byron" title="Beverly Byron">B. Byron</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Spellman" title="Gladys Spellman"><i>G. Spellman</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">B. Mikulski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Barnes" title="Michael D. Barnes">M. Barnes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Byron" title="Beverly Byron">B. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_Dyson" title="Roy Dyson">R. Dyson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer"><i>S. Hoyer</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Long" title="Clarence Long">C. Long</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">B. Mikulski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Barnes" title="Michael D. Barnes">M. Barnes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Byron" title="Beverly Byron">B. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_Dyson" title="Roy Dyson">R. Dyson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">S. Hoyer</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Mathias</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">P. Sarbanes</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">P. Mitchell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Holt" title="Marjorie Holt">M. Holt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">B. Mikulski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Barnes" title="Michael D. Barnes">M. Barnes</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Byron" title="Beverly Byron">B. Byron</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_Dyson" title="Roy Dyson">R. Dyson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">S. Hoyer</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley" title="Helen Delich Bentley">H. D. Bentley</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q457455#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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