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<span>Exterior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exterior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plan_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Plan and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_sculpture_for_the_exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_sculpture_for_the_exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Planned sculpture for the exterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_sculpture_for_the_exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Façade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Façade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Façade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Façade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_portal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_portal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main portal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_portal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Astronomical observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Crypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cracking_of_the_dome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cracking_of_the_dome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cracking of the dome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cracking_of_the_dome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cited books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Florence Cathedral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal_van_Florence" title="Katedraal van Florence – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katedraal van Florence" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="كاتدرائية فلورنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية فلورنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Fiore" title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensiya_kafedral%C4%B1" title="Florensiya kafedralı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Florensiya kafedralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فلورانسا کافدرالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلورانسا کافدرالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%E2%80%99%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Санта-Марыя-дэль-Ф’ёрэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санта-Марыя-дэль-Ф’ёрэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_(%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Санта Мария дел Фиоре (Флоренция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санта Мария дел Фиоре (Флоренция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_zu_Florenz" title="Dom zu Florenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dom zu Florenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_katedraal" title="Santa Maria del Fiore katedraal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore katedraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καθεδρικός ναός της Φλωρεντίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθεδρικός ναός της Φλωρεντίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Fiore" title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Katedralo Santa Maria del Fiore – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کلیسای جامع سانتا ماریا دل فیوره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع سانتا ماریا دل فیوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Cathédrale Santa Maria del Fiore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domtsjerke_fan_Flor%C3%A2ns" title="Domtsjerke fan Florâns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Domtsjerke fan Florâns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_Fl%C3%B3rans" title="Ardeaglais Flórans – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Flórans" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Fiore" title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral de Santa María del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A0%8C%EC%B2%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="피렌체 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피렌체 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5" title="Սանտա Մարիա դել Ֆիորե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանտա Մարիա դել Ֆիորե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firentinska_katedrala" title="Firentinska katedrala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Firentinska katedrala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Firenze" title="Katedral Firenze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mkirkjan_%C3%AD_Fl%C3%B3rens" title="Dómkirkjan í Flórens – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dómkirkjan í Flórens" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קתדרלת סנטה מריה דל פיורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת סנטה מריה דל פיורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფლორენციის საკათედრო ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლორენციის საკათედრო ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_Firenzey%C3%AA" title="Katedrala Firenzeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Katedrala Firenzeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedralis_Florentiae" title="Cathedralis Florentiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cathedralis Florentiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florences_katedr%C4%81le" title="Florences katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Florences katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenzei_d%C3%B3m" title="Firenzei dóm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Firenzei dóm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Фирентинска катедрала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фирентинска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="كاتدرائيه فلورنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائيه فلورنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Firenze" title="Katedral Firenze – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katedral Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal_van_Florence" title="Kathedraal van Florence – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathedraal van Florence" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="サンタ・マリア・デル・フィオーレ大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンタ・マリア・デル・フィオーレ大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Firenze)" title="Santa Maria del Fiore (Firenze) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore (Firenze)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2m_%C3%ABd_Santa_Mar%C3%ACa_dla_Fior" title="Dòm ëd Santa Marìa dla Fior – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dòm ëd Santa Marìa dla Fior" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Katedra Santa Maria del Fiore – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domul_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Domul Santa Maria del Fiore – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domul Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Санта-Мария-дель-Фьоре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санта-Мария-дель-Фьоре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralja_e_Firencias" title="Katedralja e Firencias – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katedralja e Firencias" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Florence Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firen%C5%A1ka_stolnica" title="Firenška stolnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Firenška stolnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Фирентинска катедрала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фирентинска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firentinska_katedrala" title="Firentinska katedrala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Firentinska katedrala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Santa Maria del Fiore" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_ng_Florencia" title="Katedral ng Florencia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katedral ng Florencia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புளோரன்ஸ் பேராலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளோரன்ஸ் பேராலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="อาสนวิหารฟลอเรนซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหารฟลอเรนซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floransa_Katedrali" title="Floransa Katedrali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Floransa Katedrali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Санта-Марія-дель-Фйоре – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санта-Марія-дель-Фйоре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_ch%C3%ADnh_t%C3%B2a_Firenze" title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Firenze – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Firenze" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_han_Florensya" title="Katedral han Florensya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katedral han Florensya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF" title="圣母百花圣殿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣母百花圣殿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="聖母百花大教堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖母百花大教堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="聖母百花大教堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖母百花大教堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florence_Cathedral&params=43_46_23_N_11_15_25_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°46′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°15′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.77306°N 11.25694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.77306; 11.25694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Tuscany, Italy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Tuscany, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Florence Cathedral</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore</i></span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Duomo di Firenze</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cathedral Sanctae Mariae Floris</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower, illuminated at night, showing the large red brick dome, a decorated white marble nave, and a vertical, white marble bell tower to the left. Mountains are visible in the background and a dark, low-lying city in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/220px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/330px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/440px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11662" data-file-height="8744" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brunelleschi's Dome, the nave, and Giotto's Campanile of the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore as seen from Michelangelo Hill</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence Cathedral is located in Florence"><img alt="Florence Cathedral is located in Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Florence_location_map.svg/250px-Florence_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Florence_location_map.svg/375px-Florence_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Florence_location_map.svg/500px-Florence_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.256%;left:48.982%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Florence Cathedral"><img alt="Florence Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Florence Cathedral</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Florence, Italy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Florence_Cathedral&params=43_46_23_N_11_15_25_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°46′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°15′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.77306°N 11.25694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.77306; 11.25694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duomofirenze.it/">Duomo Firenze</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1436</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Fabris" title="Emilio De Fabris">Emilio De Fabris</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1296</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1436</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">153 m (502 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">90 m (300 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> width</th><td class="infobox-data">38 m (125 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">114.5 m (376 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor area</th><td class="infobox-data">8,300 m<sup>2</sup> (89,000 sq ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Archdiocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Florence">Archdiocese of Florence</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Gambelli" title="Gherardo Gambelli">Gherardo Gambelli</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Historic Centre of Florence</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1982 <small>(6th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/174">174</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Florence Cathedral</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Duomo di Firenze</i>), formally the <b>Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower</b> (Italian: <i lang="it"><b>Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[katteˈdraːle<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsanta<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈriːa<span class="wrap"> </span>del<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfjoːre]</a></span>), is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence">Catholic Archdiocese of Florence</a>. Commenced in 1296 in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style to a design of <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> and structurally completed by 1436 with the dome engineered by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>'s exterior is faced with <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> marble <a href="/wiki/Wall_panel" title="Wall panel">panels</a> in various shades of green and pink, bordered by white, and features an elaborate 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> (west) façade by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Fabris" title="Emilio De Fabris">Emilio De Fabris</a>. </p><p>The cathedral complex, in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence" title="Piazza del Duomo, Florence">Piazza del Duomo</a>, includes the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Baptistery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a>. These three buildings are part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Historic_centre_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic centre of Florence">historic centre of Florence</a> and are a major tourist attraction of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches and its dome, when first built back in the 15th century, was the largest ever built in western Europe. Although it was later overtaken by <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, it still remains the largest dome ever constructed of bricks. The cathedral is the mother church of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence">Archdiocese of Florence</a>, whose archbishop is <a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Gambelli" title="Gherardo Gambelli">Gherardo Gambelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambassi2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambassi2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/220px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/330px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/440px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Duomo viewed from the heights of Piazzale Michelangelo</figcaption></figure> <p>Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of Florence's second cathedral dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Reparata" title="Saint Reparata">Saint Reparata</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett_36_37_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett_36_37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first was the <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo, Florence">Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze</a>, the first building of which was consecrated as a church in 393 by <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose of Milan">St. Ambrose of Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient structure, founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs, was crumbling with age, according to the 14th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Nuova_Cronica" title="Nuova Cronica">Nuova Cronica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett_36_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett_36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett_36_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett_36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period, such as <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena</a> where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed. </p><p>The city council approved <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>'s design for the new church in 1294.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Cambio was also architect of the church of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze">Santa Croce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome, with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata. The first stone was laid on 9 September 1296, by Cardinal Valeriana, the first <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> ever sent to Florence. The building of this vast project was to last 140 years; Arnolfo's plan for the eastern end, although maintained in concept, was greatly expanded in size. </p><p>After Arnolfo died in 1302, work on the cathedral slowed for almost 50 years. When the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Zenobius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Zenobius">Saint Zenobius</a> were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata, the project gained a new impetus. In 1331, the <a href="/wiki/Arte_della_Lana" title="Arte della Lana">Arte della Lana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">guild of wool merchants</a>, took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a> to oversee the work. Assisted by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a>, Giotto continued di Cambio's design. His major accomplishment was the building of the <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a>. When Giotto died on 8 January 1337, Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in 1348. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_di_bonaiuto,_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg/220px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg/330px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg/440px-Andrea_di_bonaiuto%2C_dettaglio_dal_cappoellone_degli_spagnoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The Duomo, as if completed, in a fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto, painted in the 1360s, before the commencement of the dome</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1349, action resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects, starting with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Talenti" title="Francesco Talenti">Francesco Talenti</a>, who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> and the side chapels. In 1359, Talenti was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Lapo_Ghini" title="Giovanni di Lapo Ghini">Giovanni di Lapo Ghini</a> (1360–1369) who divided the centre nave in four square bays. Other architects were <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arnoldi" title="Alberto Arnoldi">Alberto Arnoldi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_d%27Ambrogio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni d'Ambrogio (page does not exist)">Giovanni d'Ambrogio</a>, Neri di Fioravanti and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Orcagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Orcagna">Andrea Orcagna</a>. By 1375, the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down. The <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> was finished by 1380, and only the dome remained incomplete until 1436. </p><p>On 19 August 1418,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Arte della Lana announced an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural design competition</a> for erecting Neri's dome. The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, the latter of whom was supported by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo de Medici">Cosimo de Medici</a>. Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a <a href="/wiki/North_Doors_of_the_Florence_Baptistery" title="North Doors of the Florence Baptistery">pair of bronze doors</a> for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp. Brunelleschi won and received the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-arch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghiberti, appointed coadjutor, drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi's and, though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins, was promised equal credit, although he spent most of his time on other projects. When Brunelleschi became ill, or feigned illness, the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti. But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him. In 1423, Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erection of the dome had begun in 1420 and was finished in 1436. The cathedral was consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> on 25 March 1436, the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar. It was the first 'octagonal' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame. During the consecration in 1436, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a>'s motet <i><a href="/wiki/Nuper_rosarum_flores" title="Nuper rosarum flores">Nuper rosarum flores</a></i> was performed. </p><p>The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral, begun in the 14th century, was left unfinished after the initial works done by Arnolfo di Cambio, which led Lorenzo de' Medici to initiate a design competition for the façade between 1490 and 1491.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competition went ultimately nowhere, and the façade was not completed until 1887, when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris. The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century. </p><p>The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> (white), <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a> (green), Siena (red), Lavenza and a few other places. These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> the <a href="/wiki/Battistero_di_San_Giovanni_(Florence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)">Battistero di San Giovanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Bell_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto's Bell Tower">Giotto's Bell Tower</a>. There are two side doors: the <i>Doors of the Canonici</i> (south side) and the <i>Door of the Mandorla</i> (north side) with sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Nanni_di_Banco" title="Nanni di Banco">Nanni di Banco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a>. The six side windows, notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments, are separated by pilasters. Only the four windows closest to the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> admit light; the other two are merely ornamental. The <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows are round, a common feature in Italian Gothic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exterior">Exterior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_and_structure">Plan and structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plan and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMDFplan36.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SMDFplan36.gif/220px-SMDFplan36.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SMDFplan36.gif/330px-SMDFplan36.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SMDFplan36.gif/440px-SMDFplan36.gif 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the church with various extension phases</figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica, having a wide central nave of four square bays, with an aisle on either side. The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan, separated by two smaller polygonal chapels. The whole plan forms a Latin cross. The nave and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches resting on composite piers. </p><p>The dimensions of the building are enormous: building area 8,300 m<sup>2</sup> (89,340 sq ft), length 153 m (502 ft), width 38 m (125 ft), width at the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> 90 m (300 ft). The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 m (75 ft). The height of the dome is 114.5 m (375.7 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_domes_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest domes in the world">tallest dome in the world</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_sculpture_for_the_exterior">Planned sculpture for the exterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planned sculpture for the exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral the <a href="/wiki/Arte_della_Lana" title="Arte della Lana">Arte della Lana</a>, had plans to commission a series of twelve large <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> sculptures for the <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, then in his early twenties, was commissioned to carve a statue of David in 1408, to top one of the <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> of Florence Cathedral, though it was never placed there. <a href="/wiki/Nanni_di_Banco" title="Nanni di Banco">Nanni di Banco</a> was commissioned to carve a marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, at the same scale, in the same year. One of the statues was lifted into place in 1409, but was found to be too small to be easily visible from the ground and was taken down; both statues then languished in the workshop of the <i>opera</i> for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1410 <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> made the first of the statues, a figure of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>. In 1409–1411 Donatello made a statue of <i>Saint John the Evangelist</i> which until 1588 was in a niche of the old cathedral façade. Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five statues for the <a href="/wiki/Campanile_di_Giotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile di Giotto">campanile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> in Florence, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">Duomo</a>. These works are the <i>Beardless Prophet</i>; <i>Bearded Prophet</i> (both from 1415); the <i>Sacrifice of Isaac</i> (1421); <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Habacuc" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Habacuc">Habbakuk</a></i> (1423–25); and <i>Jeremiah</i> (1423–26); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details. A figure of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor <a href="/wiki/Agostino_di_Duccio" title="Agostino di Duccio">Agostino di Duccio</a> in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of David by Michelangelo was completed 1501–1504 although it could not be placed on the buttress because of its six-ton weight. In 2010 a fiberglass replica of "David" was placed for one day on the Florence cathedral. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donatello,_david_(marmo)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello first version of David (1408–09). Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Height 191 cm."><img alt="Donatello first version of David (1408–09). Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Height 191 cm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG/84px-Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG/125px-Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG/167px-Donatello%2C_david_%28marmo%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Donatello first version of <i>David</i> (1408–09). <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Museo Nazionale del Bargello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. Height 191 cm.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smf,_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible Statue of "Isaiah" by Nanni di Banco"><img alt="Possible Statue of "Isaiah" by Nanni di Banco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg/120px-Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg/180px-Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg/240px-Smf%2C_statua_in_nicchione_04_isaia_by_nanni_di_banco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possible Statue of "Isaiah" by Nanni di Banco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiovannievangelista.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello's colossal seated figure of Saint John the Evangelist; 1409–11"><img alt="Donatello's colossal seated figure of Saint John the Evangelist; 1409–11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sangiovannievangelista.jpg/106px-Sangiovannievangelista.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sangiovannievangelista.jpg/158px-Sangiovannievangelista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sangiovannievangelista.jpg/211px-Sangiovannievangelista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Donatello's colossal seated figure of <i>Saint John the Evangelist</i>; 1409–11</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A fiberglass replica of Michaelangelo's David statue [seen from the north]. This was the original placement planned for the statue."><img alt="A fiberglass replica of Michaelangelo's David statue [seen from the north]. This was the original placement planned for the statue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG/120px-David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG/180px-David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG/240px-David_sullo_sperone_del_duomo_di_firenze_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fiberglass replica of Michaelangelo's <i>David</i> statue [seen from the north]. This was the original placement planned for the statue.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dome">Dome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a hundred years of construction and by the beginning of the 15th century, the structure was still missing its <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>. The basic features of the dome had been designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296. His brick model, 4.6 m (15.1 ft) high, 9.2 m (30.2 ft) long, was standing in a side aisle of the unfinished building, and had long been sacrosanct.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It called for an octagonal dome higher and wider than any that had ever been built, with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight. <sup id="cite_ref-smarth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commitment to reject traditional <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">Gothic buttresses</a> had been made when Neri di Fioravanti's model was chosen over a competing one by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Lapo_Ghini" title="Giovanni di Lapo Ghini">Giovanni di Lapo Ghini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That architectural choice, in 1367, was one of the first events of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, marking a break with the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture#Characteristics_of_Gothic_churches_and_cathedrals" title="Gothic architecture">Medieval Gothic</a> style and a return to the classic Mediterranean dome. Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts. Furthermore, the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence, as the style was favored by central Italy's traditional enemies to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neri's model depicted a massive inner dome, open at the top to admit light, like Rome's <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, partly supported by the inner dome, but enclosed in a thinner outer shell, to keep out the weather. It was to stand on an unbuttressed octagonal <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">drum</a>. Neri's dome would need an internal defense against spreading (hoop stress), but none had yet been designed. </p><p>The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems. Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome for solutions. The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete, the formula for which had long since been forgotten. The Pantheon had employed structural <a href="/wiki/Centring" title="Centring">centring</a> to support the concrete dome while it cured.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could not be the solution in the case of a dome this size and would put the church out of use. For the height and breadth of the dome designed by Neri, starting 52 m (171 ft) above the floor and spanning 44 m (144 ft), there was not enough timber in Tuscany to build the scaffolding and forms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunelleschi chose to follow such design and employed a double shell, made of sandstone and marble. Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick, due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form, and with nothing under it during construction. To illustrate his proposed structural plan, he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> and Nanni di Banco, a model which is still displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a>. The model served as a guide for the craftsmen, but was intentionally incomplete, so as to ensure Brunelleschi's control over the construction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Florence).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/220px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/330px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/440px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the dome</figcaption></figure> <p>Brunelleschi's solutions were ingenious. The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains, serving as barrel hoops, embedded within the inner dome: one at the top, one at the bottom, with the remaining two evenly spaced between them. A fifth chain, made of wood, was placed between the first and second of the stone chains. Since the dome was octagonal rather than round, a simple chain, squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop, would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome. The chains needed to be rigid octagons, stiff enough to hold their shape, so as not to deform the dome as they held it together.<sup id="cite_ref-smarth_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of Brunelleschi's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties, all made of sandstone beams 43 cm (17 in) in diameter and no more than 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long. The rails were connected end-to-end with lead-glazed iron splices. The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome. The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome. The others are hidden. Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links, but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains, which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls. Brunelleschi also included vertical "ribs" set on the corners of the octagon, curving towards the center point. The ribs, 4 m (13 ft) deep, are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms, thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A circular masonry dome can be built without supports, called centering, because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression. In Florence, the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level, a feature that would hold the dome up eventually, but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet. Brunelleschi used a <a href="/wiki/Opus_spicatum" title="Opus spicatum">herringbone brick pattern</a> to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg/220px-Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg/330px-Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg/440px-Florence_duomo_fc02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Baptistery of St. John next to the cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles, being only 60 cm (2 ft) thick at the base and 30 cm (1 ft) thick at the top. To create such circles, Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations, creating nine masonry rings, which can be observed today from the space between the two domes. To counteract hoop stress, the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future. Brunelleschi, like all cathedral builders, had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built. To lift 37,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">tons</a> of material, including over 4 million bricks, he invented hoisting machines and <a href="/wiki/Lewisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewisson">lewissons</a> for hoisting large stones. These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi's chief contribution to architecture. Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier, it is his name, rather than Neri's, that is commonly associated with the dome. </p><p>Brunelleschi's ability to crown the dome with a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">lantern</a> was questioned and he had to undergo another competition, even though there had been evidence that Brunelleschi had been working on a design for a lantern for the upper part of the dome. The evidence is shown in the curvature, which was made steeper than the original model.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri. His design (now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo) was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> and eight high arched windows. Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446. Then, for 15 years, little progress was possible, due to alterations by several architects. The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi's friend <a href="/wiki/Michelozzo" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a> in 1461. The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross, containing holy relics, by <a href="/wiki/Verrocchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrocchio">Verrocchio</a> in 1469. This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 m (376 ft). This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down. It was replaced by an even larger one two years later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg/220px-Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg/330px-Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg/440px-Florence_duomo_fc10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cupola of the Dome</figcaption></figure> <p>The commission for this gilt copper ball [atop the lantern] went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio, in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. Fascinated by Filippo's [Brunelleschi's] machines, which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball, Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and, as a result, is often given credit for their invention.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leonardo might have also participated in the design of the bronze ball, as stated in the G manuscript of Paris "Remember the way we soldered the ball of Santa Maria del Fiore".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decorations of the drum gallery by <a href="/wiki/Baccio_D%27Agnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccio D'Agnolo">Baccio d'Agnolo</a> were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. </p><p>A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo, looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement, the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence. It is still the largest masonry dome in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio's copper ball atop the lantern. But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Façade"><span id="Fa.C3.A7ade"></span>Façade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Façade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco_gizdulich,_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze,_1999-2000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG/220px-Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG/330px-Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG/440px-Franco_gizdulich%2C_modello_della_facciata_medievale_del_duomo_di_firenze%2C_1999-2000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Model of the original medieval façade in the museum of the cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/330px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/440px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>Modern façade built in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The original façade, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto, was actually begun twenty years after Giotto's death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A mid-15th-century pen-and-ink drawing of this so-called Giotto's façade is visible in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Rustici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Rustici (page does not exist)">Codex Rustici</a>, and in the drawing of <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Poccetti" title="Bernardino Poccetti">Bernardino Poccetti</a> in 1587, both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo. This façade was the collective work of several artists, among them <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Orcagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Orcagna">Andrea Orcagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Gaddi" title="Taddeo Gaddi">Taddeo Gaddi</a>. This original façade was completed in only its lower portion and then left unfinished. It was dismantled in 1587–1588 by the Medici court architect <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a>, ordered by Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco I de' Medici</a>, as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times. Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo, behind the cathedral. Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. </p><p>The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo. A few new designs had been proposed in later years, but the models (of Giovanni Antonio Dosio, Giovanni de' Medici with <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pieroni" title="Alessandro Pieroni">Alessandro Pieroni</a> and Giambologna) were not accepted. The façade was then left bare until the 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brogi,_Carlo_(1850-1925)_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale,_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg/170px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg/255px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg/340px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._9537_-_Firenze_-_Porta_maggiore_della_Cattedrale%2C_prof._Augusto_Passaglia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Main portal by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Passaglia" title="Augusto Passaglia">Augusto Passaglia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg/170px-Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg/255px-Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg/340px-Santa_Reparata_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Reparata" title="Saint Reparata">Saint Reparata</a>, to whom the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Reparata,_Florence" title="Santa Reparata, Florence">previous cathedral</a> was dedicated, in the main portal</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864, a competition held to design a new façade was won by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Fabris" title="Emilio De Fabris">Emilio De Fabris</a> (1808–1883) in 1871. Work began in 1876 and was completed in 1887. This neo-gothic façade in white, green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral, Giotto's bell tower and the Baptistery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_portal">Main portal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main portal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903. They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna. The mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunettes</a> above the doors were designed by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barabino" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Barabino">Niccolò Barabino</a>. They represent (from left to right): <i>Charity among the founders of Florentine philanthropic institutions</i>; <i>Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist</i>; and <i>Florentine artisans, merchants and humanists</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> above the central portal contains a half-relief by <a href="/wiki/Tito_Sarrocchi" title="Tito Sarrocchi">Tito Sarrocchi</a> of <i>Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cassioli" title="Giuseppe Cassioli">Giuseppe Cassioli</a> sculpted the right-hand door. </p><p>On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with, in the middle, the Madonna with Child. Between the <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>, there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/170px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/255px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/340px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1685" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_maria_del_fiore,_navata_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG/220px-Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG/330px-Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG/440px-Santa_maria_del_fiore%2C_navata_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Interior</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/170px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/255px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/340px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Huge clock decorated by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg/220px-Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg/330px-Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg/440px-Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>Dante and the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg/170px-Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg/255px-Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg/340px-Andrea_del_Castagno_Fresco_Niccolo_da_Tolentino_Dom_Florenz-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="4879" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino" title="Niccolò da Tolentino">Niccolò da Tolentino</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Florence).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/170px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/255px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/340px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Judgement</i> by Vasari and Zuccari (from directly underneath)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Firenze)_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG/170px-03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG/255px-03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG/340px-03_2015_Giudizio_Universale-Cristo-Giorgio_Vasari-Federico_Zuccari-Cupola-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Firenze%29_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FOTO9275bis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Judgement</i> by Vasari and Zuccari</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG/170px-Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG/255px-Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG/340px-Firenze.Duomo.dome04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <i>The Last Judgement</i> by Vasari and Zuccari</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG/150px-Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG/225px-Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG/300px-Firenze.Duomo.monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Antonio d'Orso by <a href="/wiki/Tino_da_Camaino" class="mw-redirect" title="Tino da Camaino">Tino da Camaino</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> interior is vast and gives an empty impression. The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life, as preached by Girolamo Savonarola. </p><p>Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time, or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo, such as the magnificent <a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">cantorial</a> pulpits (the singing galleries for the choristers) of <a href="/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia" title="Luca della Robbia">Luca della Robbia</a> and Donatello. </p><p>As this cathedral was built with funds from the public, some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence:<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorenzo Ghiberti had a large artistic impact on the cathedral. Ghiberti worked with <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> on the cathedral for eighteen years and had a large number of projects on almost the whole east end. Some of his works were the stained glass designs, the bronze shrine of Saint Zenobius and marble revetments on the outside of the cathedral. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> Before the City of Florence</i> by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Michelino" title="Domenico di Michelino">Domenico di Michelino</a> (1465). This painting is especially interesting because it shows us, apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy, a view on Florence in 1465, a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funerary_Monument_to_Sir_John_Hawkwood" title="Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood">Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> (1436). This almost monochrome <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">transferred to canvas</a> in the 19th century, is painted in <i>terra verde</i>, a color closest to the patina of bronze.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Niccol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino">Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Castagno" title="Andrea del Castagno">Andrea del Castagno</a> (1456). This fresco, transferred on canvas in the 19th century, in the same style as the previous one, is painted in a color resembling marble. However, it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement. Both frescoes portray the <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a> as heroic figures riding triumphantly. Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening: they used two unifying points, one for the horse and one for the pedestal, instead a single unifying point.</li> <li>Busts of Giotto (by Benedetto da Maiano), Brunelleschi (by Buggiano – 1447), <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Squarcialupi" title="Antonio Squarcialupi">Antonio Squarcialupi</a> (a most famous organist). These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th centuries.</li></ul> <p>Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello (1443). This one-handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the <i>hora italica</i> (Italian time), a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours. This timetable was used until the 18th century. This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order.<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church is particularly notable for its 44 <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows, the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century. The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament, while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary. They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times, such as Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno.<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Christ crowning Mary as Queen</i>, the stained-glass circular window above the clock, with a rich range of coloring, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Gaddo_Gaddi" title="Gaddo Gaddi">Gaddo Gaddi</a> in the early 14th century. </p><p>Donatello designed the stained-glass window (<i>Coronation of the Virgin</i>) in the drum of the dome (the only one that can be seen from the nave). </p><p>The funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso (1323), bishop of Florence, was made by <a href="/wiki/Tino_da_Camaino" class="mw-redirect" title="Tino da Camaino">Tino da Camaino</a>, the most important funeral sculptor of his time. </p><p>The monumental crucifix, behind the Bishop's Chair at the high altar, is by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_da_Maiano" title="Benedetto da Maiano">Benedetto da Maiano</a> (1495–1497). The choir enclosure is the work of the famous <a href="/wiki/Bartolommeo_Bandinelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolommeo Bandinelli">Bartolommeo Bandinelli</a>. The ten-paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia, who has also two glazed <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> works inside the sacristy: <i>Angel with Candlestick</i> and <i>Resurrection of Christ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Zanobius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Zanobius">Saint Zanobius</a>, first bishop of Florence. Its silver shrine, a masterpiece of Ghiberti, contains the urn with his relics. The central compartment shows us one of his miracles, the reviving of a dead child. Above this shrine is the painting <i>Last Supper</i> by the lesser-known <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Balducci" title="Giovanni Balducci">Giovanni Balducci</a>. There was also a glass-paste mosaic panel <i>The Bust of Saint Zanobius</i> by the 16th-century miniaturist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_di_Giovanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte di Giovanni (page does not exist)">Monte di Giovanni</a>, but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo.<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many decorations date from the 16th-century patronage of the Grand Dukes, such as the pavement in colored marble, attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo (1520–26). Some pieces of marble from the façade were used, topside down, in the flooring (as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding).<sup id="cite_ref-King2001_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceiling of the dome is decorated with a representation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgement_(Vasari_and_Zuccari)" title="The Last Judgement (Vasari and Zuccari)">The Last Judgment</a></i>. Originally left whitewashed following its completion it was the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> who decided to have the ceiling of the dome painted. This enormous work, 3,600 metres² (38 750 ft²) of painted surface, was started in 1572 by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> and would not be completed until 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper portion, near the lantern, representing <i>The 24 Elders of Apocalypse</i> was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574. Federico Zuccari with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Carducci" title="Bartolomeo Carducci">Bartolomeo Carducci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Passignano" title="Domenico Passignano">Domenico Passignano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pieri" title="Stefano Pieri">Stefano Pieri</a> finished the other portions: (from top to bottom) <i>Choirs of Angels</i>; <i>Christ, Mary and Saints</i>; <i>Virtues, Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes</i>; and at the bottom of the cupola: <i>Capital Sins and Hell</i>. These frescoes are considered Zuccari's greatest work. But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques. Vasari had used <i><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">true fresco</a></i>, while Zuccari had painted <i><a href="/wiki/Fresco-secco" title="Fresco-secco">in secco</a></i>. During the restoration work, which ended in 1995, the entire pictorial cycle of <i>The Last Judgment</i> was photographed with specially designed equipment and all the information collected in a catalogue. All the restoration information along with reconstructed images of the frescos were stored and managed in the <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_florentinus" title="Thesaurus florentinus">Thesaurus Florentinus</a> computer system.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_observations">Astronomical observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Astronomical observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12,_fi,_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG/220px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG/330px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG/440px-Osservazione_del_solstizio_21.06.12%2C_fi%2C_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Observation of the solstice on 21 June 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1475 the Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Paolo_dal_Pozzo_Toscanelli" title="Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli">Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli</a> (who was also a mathematical tutor of Brunelleschi) pierced a hole in the dome at 91.05 metres (298.7 ft) above the pavement to create a meridian line.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height precluded the installation of a complete meridian line on the floor of the cathedral, but allowed a short section of approximately 10 metres (33 ft) to run between the main altar and the north wall of the transept. This allows for observation for around 35 days either side of the summer solstice. </p><p>Due to settlement in the building and also movements due to the outside temperature changes, the meridian line had limited astronomical value and fell into disuse until it was restored in 1755 by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ximenes" title="Leonardo Ximenes">Leonardo Ximenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meridian line was covered over by the <i>fabbricieri</i> in 1894 and unveiled again in 1997. A yearly re-enacement of the observation takes place on 21 June each year at 12.00 UT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crypt">Crypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_(13).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG/170px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG/255px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG/340px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2813%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974. The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Toker" title="Franklin Toker">Franklin Toker</a>: remains of Roman houses, an early Christian pavement, ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church. Close to the entrance, in the part of the crypt open to the public, is the tomb of Brunelleschi. While its location is prominent, the actual tomb is simple and humble. That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was held in by the Florentines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_burials">Other burials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenobius_of_Florence" title="Zenobius of Florence">Zenobius of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli" title="Giovanni Benelli">Giovanni Benelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Pope Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Pope Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cracking_of_the_dome">Cracking of the dome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cracking of the dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_(61458).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg/220px-Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg/330px-Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg/440px-Optical_illusion_on_the_floor_of_the_Duomo_Firenze_%2861458%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2735" /></a><figcaption>Perspective illusion on the floor of the cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The unreinforced masonry that Brunelleschi used to construct the dome is weak in tension which leads to cracking when tensile stresses exceed the limited masonry tensile strength. The material is especially susceptible to damage from seismic loading due to its heterogeneity and many surfaces between different materials (stones to mortar connection).<sup id="cite_ref-Souza_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souza-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cracking of the dome was observed even before its construction was completed. It is possible that the first cracks were caused by a strong earthquake in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-OCE_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first written evidence about the presence of cracks appears in a report by Gherardo Silvani report dated 18 September 1639 which refers to "peli" ("hairs").<sup id="cite_ref-OCE_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1694 Giambattista Nelli and Vincenzo Viviani surveyed the cracks with Nelli recording that there were two major cracks with a maximum width of 29 mm (1.1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-OCE_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed that the cracks were caused by the weight of the dome, and the resulting horizontal thrusts on the pillars. A commission, headed by Vincenzo Viviani, carried out investigations in 1695 and came to the conclusion that the cracking was due to the dead weight of the buildings. It was proposed that the dome be strengthened by installing four large iron belts; three on the outside of the dome between the bulging area of the dome and the circular windows, while the fourth would be installed internally in the second walkway between the two shells.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was similar to what had been done on the dome of St. Peter's in Rome. After a long debate, a decision was made to leave the dome as it was.<sup id="cite_ref-Montalbano_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first most complete survey of the cracks was published in 1757 by the Jesuit Leonardo Ximenes (1716–1786). In his document he described 13 different crack typologies.<sup id="cite_ref-OCE_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, Pier Luigi Nervi, who was head of a special commission established by the Opera del Duomo to study the cracking, observed that the cracks opened and closed with the seasons. In the winter, the dome's stone and bricks would contract causing the cracks to widen, while over the summer the materials would expand and the cracks would close up. While modern buildings by design incorporate expansion joints, the cathedral's dome does not include any and so subsequently developed its own expansion joints in the form of these cracks which allowed the structure to "breathe". To date they have not caused any catastrophic damage to the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955 the Opera del Duomo installed 22 mechanical deformometers, which were read four times a year to record the variations in the width of the major cracks in the inner dome. At the same time the dome's internal and external temperatures were also recorded. This remained in service until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoni_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975 a commission was appointed by the Italian government to safeguard the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Montalbano_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 a government culture agency decided to restore the frescoes. Brunelleschi left forty eight 600 mm (24 in) holes in the base of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are open on the inside and covered by the outer skin of the dome. It has long been assumed that the holes simply served as mounts for the scaffold used when frescoes were painted on the inside of the dome. While the holes had been able to support the scaffolding used for the creation of the frescos on the interior of the dome they were not strong enough for the network of modern metal scaffolding necessary to provide access for the restoration work undertaken on the frescos between 1979 and 1995. To strengthen the scaffolding, the private company contracted to build scaffolding for the work was allowed in 1982 to fill the holes with concrete so that steel beams could be anchored in them.<sup id="cite_ref-Montalbano_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 local architect Lando Bartoli noticed that additional cracks were forming around the sealed holes. It was theorized at the time that in summer the four major masses separated by the "A" cracks expanded into the fissures, but now, at the base of the dome, the masses come up against the unyielding concrete that now fills the 48 holes acts as a fulcrum which causes the energy that was once dissipated with the closing of the fissures and into the holes to be transferred into the upper areas of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However analysis by Andrea Chiarugi, Michele Fanelli and Giuseppetti (published in 1983) found that the principal source of the cracks was a dead-weight effect due to the geometry of the dome, its weight (estimated to be 25,000 tons)<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the insufficient resistance of the ring beam, while thermal variations, has caused fatigue loading and thus expanding of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Souza_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souza-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a well-known collapse mechanism typical of domed structures: a lowering of the top of the structure under its own weight with significant horizontal thrusts on the bearing elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoni_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 a commission established by the Italian Ministry of Cultural and Monumental Heritage accepted this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate about the filling of the scaffolding holes was finally settled in 1987 when it was demonstrated that closing the 48 holes had had no impact on the expansion and contraction of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey completed in 1984 counted a total of 493 cracks of various sizes, sorted into categories identified by the letters "A" through "D".<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Type A. These are sub-vertical major cracks that start from the ring beam and continue upwards for approximately two-thirds of the height of the dome; they pass through both the internal and external layer of the even webs and their range in thickness from 55 mm (2.2 in) to 60 mm (2.4 in) (webs 4 and 6) and 25 mm (0.98 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in) (webs 2 and 8).<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome has eight webs numbered counter clockwise from 1, which faces the main nave of the cathedral. These effectively divide the dome into quarters and never completely close in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a theory that the plaster used to patch the cracks over the years and crumbling building materials have jammed the fissures.<sup id="cite_ref-Suro_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Type B. These sub-vertical minor cracks are located near the circular windows.<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Type C. These are sub-vertical minor cracks that are present around the eight edges of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Type D. These are four sub-vertical minor cracks in the internal part of the odd webs. They do not pass through the width of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All have formed in a symmetrical pattern. </p><p>The development of the Type "A" cracks means that the dome now permanently behaves as four drifting half-arches linked below the upper <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abutments of these half-arches are constituted by the pillars, the chapels and the nave of the church. The differences in the cracking patterns between even and odd webs is believed to be due to variations in the stiffness of the supporting ring beam structure under the dome as it is supported by four heavy pillars which line up with the even webs while the odd webs are located over four arches which connect the pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-BBB_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987 a second and more comprehensive digital system (which automatically collects data every six hours) was installed by ISMES (in cooperation with the <i>Soprintendenza</i>, the local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Culture (Italy)">Ministry of Culture</a>, which is responsible for the conservation of all historical monuments in Florence). It consists of 166 instruments, among which are 60 thermometers measuring the masonry and air temperature at various locations, 72 inductive type displacement <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a> (deformometers) at various levels on the main cracks of the inner and outer domes; eight plumb-lines at the centre of each web, which measure the relative displacements between pillars and <a href="/wiki/Tambour" title="Tambour">tambour</a>; eight livellometers and two <a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">piezometers</a>, one near the web 4 and the other below the nave which register the variation of the underground water level.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoni_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A linear regression analysis of the recorded data has shown that the major cracks are widening by approximately 3 mm (0.12 in) per century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoni_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCE_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source quotes a movement of 5.5mm.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using software that had been used to model the structures of large dams, a computer model of the dome was developed in 1980 in a collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Italian National Agency for Electric Power</a> and Structural and Hydraulic Research Centre (CRIS) by a group of researchers led by Michele Fanelli and Gabriella Giuseppetti in cooperation with the Department of Civil Engineering of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, under the supervision of Andrea Chiarugi. Because of limited computational resources and for reasons of symmetry, only a quarter of the dome was modelled. The resulting finite elements analysis confirmed that the main cracks were essentially being created by self-weight of the dome. Since then series of numerical models of increasing complexity have been developed. To assist in monitoring of the dome an extensive photogrammetric and topographical survey of the entire dome was commissioned in 1992 by the <i>Soprintendenza</i>. The results of this survey were then used to further develop the finite elements model of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErmengem" class="citation web cs1">Ermengem, Kristiaan Van. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviewoncities.com/florence/duomo.htm">"Duomo di Firenze, Florence"</a>. <i>A View On Cities</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019100255/http://www.aviewoncities.com/florence/duomo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+View+On+Cities&rft.atitle=Duomo+di+Firenze%2C+Florence&rft.aulast=Ermengem&rft.aufirst=Kristiaan+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviewoncities.com%2Fflorence%2Fduomo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambassi2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gambassi2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambassi2024" class="citation news cs1">Gambassi, Giacomo (19 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avvenire.it/amp/chiesa/pagine/don-gherardo-gambelli-nuovo-arcivescovo-firenze">"La nomina. Chi è don Gambelli, il parroco missionario nuovo arcivescovo di Firenze"</a>. <i>www.avvenire.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.avvenire.it&rft.atitle=La+nomina.+Chi+%C3%A8+don+Gambelli%2C+il+parroco+missionario+nuovo+arcivescovo+di+Firenze&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.aulast=Gambassi&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avvenire.it%2Famp%2Fchiesa%2Fpagine%2Fdon-gherardo-gambelli-nuovo-arcivescovo-firenze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett_36_37-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_36_37_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlett, pp. 36–37; according to Bartlett, the people of Florence continued to call the cathedral by its former name for some time after reconstruction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarihi2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarihi, Güncelleme (23 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haber46.com.tr/guncel/michelangelo-ronesans-doneminde-floransanin-onde-gelen-medici-ailesinin-h343075.html">"Michelangelo Rönesans döneminde Floransanın önde gelen Medici Ailesinin özel bir isteği üzerine hangisini yapmıştır"</a>. <i>Haber46</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705121439/https://www.haber46.com.tr/guncel/michelangelo-ronesans-doneminde-floransanin-onde-gelen-medici-ailesinin-h343075.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haber46&rft.atitle=Michelangelo+R%C3%B6nesans+d%C3%B6neminde+Floransan%C4%B1n+%C3%B6nde+gelen+Medici+Ailesinin+%C3%B6zel+bir+iste%C4%9Fi+%C3%BCzerine+hangisini+yapm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.aulast=Tarihi&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCncelleme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haber46.com.tr%2Fguncel%2Fmichelangelo-ronesans-doneminde-floransanin-onde-gelen-medici-ailesinin-h343075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett_36-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_36_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_36_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlett, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1989" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Margaret (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0rnQEACAAJ">"Brunelleschi and Bureaucracy: The Tradition of Public Patronage at the Florentine Cathedral"</a>. <i>I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance</i>. <b>3</b>: 89–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4603662">10.2307/4603662</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4603662">4603662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159633596">159633596</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226103927/https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0rnQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=I+Tatti+Studies+in+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Brunelleschi+and+Bureaucracy%3A+The+Tradition+of+Public+Patronage+at+the+Florentine+Cathedral&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=89-115&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159633596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4603662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4603662&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2S0rnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrénMarx" class="citation web cs1">Krén, Emil; Marx, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wga.hu/html_m/a/arnolfo/7/croce2.html">"View of the nave and choir by ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Web_Gallery_of_Art" title="Web Gallery of Art">Web Gallery of Art</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226103930/https://www.wga.hu/html_m/a/arnolfo/7/croce2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=View+of+the+nave+and+choir+by+ARNOLFO+DI+CAMBIO&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Marx%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wga.hu%2Fhtml_m%2Fa%2Farnolfo%2F7%2Fcroce2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSannio2017" class="citation news cs1">Sannio, Simone (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207005430/https://italoamericano.org/story/2017-1-11/medici-palazzo-vecchio">"Inside the House of Medici (Part II): Palazzo Vecchio"</a>. <i>L'Italo-Americano</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italoamericano.org/story/2017-1-11/medici-palazzo-vecchio">the original</a> on 7 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Italo-Americano&rft.atitle=Inside+the+House+of+Medici+%28Part+II%29%3A+Palazzo+Vecchio&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Sannio&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italoamericano.org%2Fstory%2F2017-1-11%2Fmedici-palazzo-vecchio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Ross (2000). <i>Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture</i>. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1366-7"><bdi>978-0-8027-1366-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome%3A+How+a+Renaissance+Genius+Reinvented+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1366-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucconi1995" class="citation book cs1">Zucconi, Guido (1995). <i>Florence: An Architectural Guide</i>. San Giovanni Lupatoto, Vr, Italy: Arsenale Editrice srl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7743-147-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7743-147-9"><bdi>978-88-7743-147-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence%3A+An+Architectural+Guide&rft.place=San+Giovanni+Lupatoto%2C+Vr%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Arsenale+Editrice+srl&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-7743-147-9&rft.aulast=Zucconi&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldman, L. A. (n.d.). Florence Cathedral: The facade competition of 1476 - JSTOR. JSTOR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23204946">https://www.jstor.org/stable/23204946</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.firenze-online.com/visit/informations-florence.php?id=2">"Santa Maria Del Fiore Church (Dome) Firenze Italy"</a>. En.firenze-online.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025001234/http://en.firenze-online.com/visit/informations-florence.php?id=2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+Maria+Del+Fiore+Church+%28Dome%29+Firenze+Italy&rft.pub=En.firenze-online.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.firenze-online.com%2Fvisit%2Finformations-florence.php%3Fid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Seymour, Jr. "<i>Homo Magnus et Albus:</i> the Quattrocento Background for Michelangelo's <i>David</i> of 1501–04," <i>Stil und Überlieferung in der Kunst des Abendlandes</i>, Berlin, 1967, II, 96–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Janson">Janson</a>, pp. 3–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope-Hennessey, John (1958) <i>Italian Renaissance Sculpture,</i> London, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Poeschke">Poeschke</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour, 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/brunelleschis-dome.html">"Brunelleschi's Dome"</a>. Smarthistory at Khan Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116124256/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/brunelleschis-dome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome&rft.pub=Smarthistory+at+Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2Fbrunelleschis-dome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancaster, Lynne (2005) Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context, Cambridge University Press, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a fictional impression see PBS' <i>The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance, Birth of a Dynasty</i> (on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123032955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms">Archived</a> 23 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the 20:15 mark)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, Niel (2007) <i>Architecture Explained</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0756628687" title="Special:BookSources/0756628687">0756628687</a>. pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, pp. 70–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2014" class="citation web cs1">Mueller, Tom (10 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630022212/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140210-duomo-florence-brunelleschi-cathedral-architecture/">"Mystery of Florence's Cathedral Dome May Be Solved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140210-duomo-florence-brunelleschi-cathedral-architecture/">the original</a> on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+Florence%27s+Cathedral+Dome+May+Be+Solved&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F140210-duomo-florence-brunelleschi-cathedral-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525032445/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/mueller-text">"NationalGeographic.com 2014-02 Il Duomo Tom Mueller"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/mueller-text">the original</a> on 25 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NationalGeographic.com+2014-02+Il+Duomo+Tom+Mueller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fil-duomo%2Fmueller-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213855/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/design-video">"NationalGeographic.com 2014-02 Il Doumo Design Video"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/design-video">the original</a> on 27 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NationalGeographic.com+2014-02+Il+Doumo+Design+Video&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fil-duomo%2Fdesign-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gartner, Peter, <i>Filippo Brunelleschi 1377–1446</i>, p 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo Galluzzi, "Leonard de Vinci, engineer and architect", p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures vary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.archinform.net/projekte/939.htm">archINFORM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014357/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js">Archived</a> 20 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> gives a 45 m wide tambour, while <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000294">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i> gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola, others as little as 42 m.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King2001-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2001_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Ross (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelleschisdom00king_1"><i>Brunelleschi's Dome: The Story of the great Cathedral of Florence</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1366-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1366-1"><bdi>0-8027-1366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome%3A+The+Story+of+the+great+Cathedral+of+Florence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8027-1366-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrunelleschisdom00king_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shulman-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulman1989" class="citation web cs1">Shulman, Ken (3 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/03/arts/art-on-the-scaffolds-a-delicate-labor-in-the-duomo.html">"ART: On the Scaffolds, a Delicate Labor in the Duomo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203033550/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/03/arts/art-on-the-scaffolds-a-delicate-labor-in-the-duomo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ART%3A+On+the+Scaffolds%2C+a+Delicate+Labor+in+the+Duomo&rft.date=1989-12-03&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F03%2Farts%2Fart-on-the-scaffolds-a-delicate-labor-in-the-duomo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As referenced in "Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore: il cantiere di restauro 1980–1995" by <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Acidini_Luchinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Acidini Luchinat">Cristina Acidini Luchinat</a> and Riccardo Dalla Negra published by <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a> (Roma) in 1995 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8824039561" title="Special:BookSources/8824039561">8824039561</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbap-fi.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/223/progetti-e-iniziative-culturali">Thesaurus Florentinus project page (in Italian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517094921/http://www.sbap-fi.beniculturali.it/index.php?it%2F223%2Fprogetti-e-iniziative-culturali">Archived</a> 17 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggisitici di Firenze, Ministero dei Beni Culturali</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron1990" class="citation book cs1">Heilbron, John Lewis (1990). <i>The Sun in the Church. Cathedrals as Solar Observatories</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674005368" title="Special:BookSources/0674005368"><bdi>0674005368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun+in+the+Church.+Cathedrals+as+Solar+Observatories&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0674005368&rft.aulast=Heilbron&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12799091"><i>Del vecchio e nuovo gnomone fiorentino e delle osservazioni astronomiche fisiche ed architettoniche fatte nel verificarne la costruzione</i></a> (in Italian). Firenze: Stamperia Imperiale. 1757.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Del+vecchio+e+nuovo+gnomone+fiorentino+e+delle+osservazioni+astronomiche+fisiche+ed+architettoniche+fatte+nel+verificarne+la+costruzione&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Stamperia+Imperiale&rft.date=1757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D12799091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souza-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Souza_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Souza_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2014" class="citation conference cs1">Souza, Kelsey (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088">"Evolution of Structural Design and Potential Design Changes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on the Structural Cracking of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 54–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088_Proceedings_of_the_Workshop_on_the_Structural_Cracking_of_the_Cupola_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Structural+Design+and+Potential+Design+Changes&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+the+Structural+Cracking+of+the+Cupola+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265959088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCE-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCE_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCE_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCE_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCE_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCE_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoniCoïssonBlasi2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ottoni, Federica; Coïsson, Eva; Blasi, Carlo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272627028">"The Crack Pattern in Brunelleschi's Dome in Florence: Damage Evolution from Historical to Modern Monitoring System Analysis"</a>. <i>Advanced Materials Research</i>. 133–134. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications: 53–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.133-134.53">10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110287028">110287028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011444/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272627028_The_Crack_Pattern_in_Brunelleschi%27s_Dome_in_Florence_Damage_Evolution_from_Historical_to_Modern_Monitoring_System_Analysis">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials+Research&rft.atitle=The+Crack+Pattern+in+Brunelleschi%27s+Dome+in+Florence%3A+Damage+Evolution+from+Historical+to+Modern+Monitoring+System+Analysis&rft.volume=133%E2%80%93134&rft.pages=53-64&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.133-134.53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110287028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ottoni&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft.au=Co%C3%AFsson%2C+Eva&rft.au=Blasi%2C+Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272627028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCG1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCG1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoldiChiarugiGiuseppettiFanelli1993" class="citation journal cs1">Castoldi, A.; Chiarugi, Andrea; Giuseppetti, G.; Fanelli, A.; Petnni, G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=bse-re-003:1993:70::524">"Diagnosis and strengthening of the Brunelleschi Dome"</a>. <i>IABSE Reports</i>. <b>70</b>. Zurich: ETH-Bibliothek: 440–448. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203033551/https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=bse-re-003:1993:70::524">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IABSE+Reports&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+strengthening+of+the+Brunelleschi+Dome&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=440-448&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Castoldi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Chiarugi%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Giuseppetti%2C+G.&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+A.&rft.au=Petnni%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dbse-re-003%3A1993%3A70%3A%3A524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montalbano-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montalbano_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montalbano_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montalbano_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontalbano1988" class="citation news cs1">Montalbano, William D. (21 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-21-mn-37484-story.html">"Piazza, Duomo Work: In Florence, It's Politics vs. Preservation"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203033550/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-21-mn-37484-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Piazza%2C+Duomo+Work%3A+In+Florence%2C+It%27s+Politics+vs.+Preservation&rft.date=1988-01-21&rft.aulast=Montalbano&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-01-21-mn-37484-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBB-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBB_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorriBettiBartol2010" class="citation book cs1">Borri, Claudio; Betti, Michele; Bartol, Gianni (2010). "Brunelleschi's dome in Florence: The masterpiece of a genius". In Zingoni, Alphose (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29045823"><i>Advances and Trends in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation</i></a> (Hardback). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 1317–1320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58472-2"><bdi>978-0-415-58472-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011443/https://www.academia.edu/29045823">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brunelleschi%27s+dome+in+Florence%3A+The+masterpiece+of+a+genius&rft.btitle=Advances+and+Trends+in+Structural+Engineering%2C+Mechanics+and+Computation&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=1317-1320&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58472-2&rft.aulast=Borri&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Betti%2C+Michele&rft.au=Bartol%2C+Gianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29045823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suro-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suro_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuro1987" class="citation news cs1">Suro, Roberto (28 July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/28/science/cracks-in-a-great-dome-in-florence-may-point-to-impending-disaster.html">"Cracks in a Great Dome in Florence May Point to Impending Disaster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. C3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526211146/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/28/science/cracks-in-a-great-dome-in-florence-may-point-to-impending-disaster.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cracks+in+a+Great+Dome+in+Florence+May+Point+to+Impending+Disaster&rft.pages=C3&rft.date=1987-07-28&rft.aulast=Suro&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F28%2Fscience%2Fcracks-in-a-great-dome-in-florence-may-point-to-impending-disaster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoni-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoni_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoni_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoni_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoni_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoni2014" class="citation conference cs1">Ottoni, Federica (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088">"Santa Maria del Fiore Dome: Crack Patten and Monitoring Systems"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on the Structural Cracking of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 25–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088_Proceedings_of_the_Workshop_on_the_Structural_Cracking_of_the_Cupola_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Santa+Maria+del+Fiore+Dome%3A+Crack+Patten+and+Monitoring+Systems&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+the+Structural+Cracking+of+the+Cupola+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Ottoni&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265959088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarugiFanelliGiuseppetti1983" class="citation conference cs1">Chiarugi, Andrea; Fanelli, Michele; Giuseppetti, G. (1983). "Analysis of a Brunelleschi-Type Dome Including Thermal Loads". <i>Proceeding of IABSE Symposium on Strengthening of Building Structure, Diagnosis and Therapy</i>. Zurich. pp. 169–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+a+Brunelleschi-Type+Dome+Including+Thermal+Loads&rft.btitle=Proceeding+of+IABSE+Symposium+on+Strengthening+of+Building+Structure%2C+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pages=169-178&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Chiarugi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+Michele&rft.au=Giuseppetti%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Como, Mario (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/4268/pdf">"Brunelleschi's Dome: A New Estimate of the Thrust and Stresses in the Underlying Piers"</a>. <i>Applied Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (4268). MDPI: 4268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11094268">10.3390/app11094268</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011444/https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/applsci/applsci-11-04268/article_deploy/applsci-11-04268-v3.pdf?version=1620871179">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome%3A+A+New+Estimate+of+the+Thrust+and+Stresses+in+the+Underlying+Piers&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4268&rft.pages=4268&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fapp11094268&rft.aulast=Como&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-3417%2F11%2F9%2F4268%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoliBetti2014" class="citation conference cs1">Bartoli, Gianni; Betti, Michele (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088">"The Numerical Analyses of Santa Maria del Fiore Dome: State of the Art"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on the Structural Cracking of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 37–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426011445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088_Proceedings_of_the_Workshop_on_the_Structural_Cracking_of_the_Cupola_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Numerical+Analyses+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore+Dome%3A+State+of+the+Art&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+the+Structural+Cracking+of+the+Cupola+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Bartoli&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=Betti%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265959088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_books">Cited books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cited books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1992" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). <i>The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance</i> (Paperback). Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-20900-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-20900-7"><bdi>0-669-20900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-669-20900-7&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Ross (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfcMAAAAQBAJ"><i>Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture</i></a>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620401941" title="Special:BookSources/9781620401941"><bdi>9781620401941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome%3A+How+a+Renaissance+Genius+Reinvented+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781620401941&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfcMAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepson2001" class="citation book cs1">Jepson, Tim (2001). <i>The National Geographic Traveler, Florence & Tuscany</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-215-9720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-215-9720-1"><bdi>978-90-215-9720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Geographic+Traveler%2C+Florence+%26+Tuscany&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-215-9720-1&rft.aulast=Jepson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillon1994" class="citation book cs1">Millon, Henry A., ed. (1994). <i>Italian Renaissance Architecture: from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27921-2"><bdi>978-0-500-27921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Renaissance+Architecture%3A+from+Brunelleschi+to+Michelangelo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27921-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontrésor2000" class="citation book cs1">Montrésor, Carlo (2000). <i>The Opera del Duomo, Museum in Florence</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandragora_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandragora (publisher) (page does not exist)">Mandragora</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opera+del+Duomo%2C+Museum+in+Florence&rft.pub=Mandragora&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Montr%C3%A9sor&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacconi2005" class="citation book cs1">Tacconi, Marica S. (2005). <i>Cathedral and Civic Ritual in Late Medieval and Renaissance Florence: The Service Books of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81704-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedral+and+Civic+Ritual+in+Late+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Florence%3A+The+Service+Books+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81704-2&rft.aulast=Tacconi&rft.aufirst=Marica+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirtz2005" class="citation book cs1">Wirtz, Rolf C. (2005). <i>Kunst & Architektur, Florenz</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Könemann (page does not exist)">Könemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8331-1576-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8331-1576-9"><bdi>3-8331-1576-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunst+%26+Architektur%2C+Florenz&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-8331-1576-9&rft.aulast=Wirtz&rft.aufirst=Rolf+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore: il cantiere di restauro 1980–1995, a cura di Cristina Acidini Luchinat e Riccardo Dalla Negra</i>. Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato (Roma). 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-240-3956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-240-3956-7"><bdi>978-88-240-3956-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cupola+di+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore%3A+il+cantiere+di+restauro+1980%E2%80%931995%2C+a+cura+di+Cristina+Acidini+Luchinat+e+Riccardo+Dalla+Negra&rft.pub=Istituto+poligrafico+e+Zecca+dello+Stato+%28Roma%29&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-240-3956-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/95227072">Library of Congress permalink</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevémy2013" class="citation book cs1">Devémy, Jean-François (2013). <i>Sur les traces de Filippo Brunelleschi, l'invention de la coupole de Santa Maria del Fiore à Florence</i>. Suresnes: Les Editions du Net. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-312-01329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-312-01329-9"><bdi>978-2-312-01329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sur+les+traces+de+Filippo+Brunelleschi%2C+l%27invention+de+la+coupole+de+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore+%C3%A0+Florence&rft.place=Suresnes&rft.pub=Les+Editions+du+Net&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-312-01329-9&rft.aulast=Dev%C3%A9my&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coupoledebrunellesch.wix.com/santamariadelfiore">in line presentation</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGärtner1998" class="citation book cs1">Gärtner, Peter J. (1998). <i>Filippo Brunelleschi 1377–1446</i>. Köln : Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0241-7"><bdi>978-3-8290-0241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filippo+Brunelleschi+1377%E2%80%931446&rft.pub=K%C3%B6ln+%3A+K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-0241-7&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/great-cathedral-mystery.html">"The Great Cathedral Mystery"</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a> TV documentary, 12 February 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoldiChiarugiGiuseppettiFanelli1987" class="citation journal cs1">Castoldi, A.; Chiarugi, A.; Giuseppetti, G.; Fanelli, A.; Petnni, G. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=bse-re-003:1987:56::9">"Static Monitoring System for the Brunelleschi Dome in Florence"</a>. <i>IABSE Reports</i>. <b>56</b>. Zurich: ETH-Bibliothek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IABSE+Reports&rft.atitle=Static+Monitoring+System+for+the+Brunelleschi+Dome+in+Florence&rft.volume=56&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Castoldi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Chiarugi%2C+A.&rft.au=Giuseppetti%2C+G.&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+A.&rft.au=Petnni%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dbse-re-003%3A1987%3A56%3A%3A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanelli2014" class="citation conference cs1">Fanelli, Michele (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265959088">"The Importance of Monitoring, Behaviour Analysis and Diagnostic Techniques in the Preservation of Great Historical Structures"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on the Structural Cracking of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Monitoring%2C+Behaviour+Analysis+and+Diagnostic+Techniques+in+the+Preservation+of+Great+Historical+Structures&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+the+Structural+Cracking+of+the+Cupola+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Fanelli&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265959088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamberini2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamberini, Diletta (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26454394">"La 'Concucia nana di Federico Zuccari: Critica d'arte in versi all'ombra del Giudizio Universaleer la cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore"</a>. <i>Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz</i> (in Italian). <b>59</b> (3). Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, Max-Planck-Institut: 362–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26454394">26454394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+des+Kunsthistorischen+Institutes+in+Florenz&rft.atitle=La+%27Concucia+nana+di+Federico+Zuccari%3A+Critica+d%27arte+in+versi+all%27ombra+del+Giudizio+Universaleer+la+cupola+di+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=362-87&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26454394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gamberini&rft.aufirst=Diletta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26454394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunt, Don, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bacweb.org/journal/2014_02/nib2.php">"Secrets of the Duomo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728183125/http://www.bacweb.org/journal/2014_02/nib2.php">Archived</a> 28 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Journal</i>, Issue 2, 2014, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Haines, Margaret (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/its.14_15.41781523">"Myth and Management in the Construction of Brunelleschi's Cupola"</a>. <i>Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance</i>. 14/15. Villa I Tatti: The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies: 47–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fits.14_15.41781523">10.1086/its.14_15.41781523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193315877">193315877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tatti+Studies+in+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Myth+and+Management+in+the+Construction+of+Brunelleschi%27s+Cupola&rft.volume=14%2F15&rft.pages=47-101&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fits.14_15.41781523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193315877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1086%2Fits.14_15.41781523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManettiBellucciBagnoli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Manetti, Giacomo; Bellucci, Marco; Bagnoli, Luca (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21552851.2019.1686036?journalCode=rabf21">"The construction of Brunelleschi's dome in Florence in the fifteenth century: between accountability and technologies of government"</a>. <i>Accounting History Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2). Taylor & Francis: 141–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21552851.2019.1686036">10.1080/21552851.2019.1686036</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F1175096">2158/1175096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211446113">211446113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+construction+of+Brunelleschi%27s+dome+in+Florence+in+the+fifteenth+century%3A+between+accountability+and+technologies+of+government&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-169&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F1175096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211446113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21552851.2019.1686036&rft.aulast=Manetti&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Bellucci%2C+Marco&rft.au=Bagnoli%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F21552851.2019.1686036%3FjournalCode%3Drabf21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2014" class="citation cs2">Mueller, Tom (February 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525032445/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/mueller-text">"Brunelleschi's Dome: How did a hot-tempered goldsmith with no formal architectural training create the most miraculous edifice of the Renaissance?"</a>, <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>, pp. 50–51, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/mueller-text">the original</a> on 25 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Brunelleschi%27s+Dome%3A+How+did+a+hot-tempered+goldsmith+with+no+formal+architectural+training+create+the+most+miraculous+edifice+of+the+Renaissance%3F&rft.pages=50-51&rft.date=2014-02&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fil-duomo%2Fmueller-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoniaBlasi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ottonia, Federica; Blasi, Carlo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271756310">"Results of a 60-Year Monitoring System for Santa Maria del Fiore Dome in Florence"</a>. <i>International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration</i>. <b>9</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: 7–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Architectural+Heritage%3A+Conservation%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Restoration&rft.atitle=Results+of+a+60-Year+Monitoring+System+for+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore+Dome+in+Florence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ottonia&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft.au=Blasi%2C+Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271756310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ricci, Massimo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sillabe.it/it/home/447-il-genio-di-filippo-brunelleschi-.html"><i>Il genio di Brunelleschi e la costruzione della Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore</i></a>, Livorno : Casa Editrice Sillabe S.r.l., April 2014. (<i>The genius of Filippo Brunelleschi and the construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore</i>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8347-691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8347-691-4">978-88-8347-691-4</a>. The book is the result of forty years of research on the secret technique with which Brunelleschi built the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. Ricci makes the case for the dome being an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_arch" title="Inverted arch">inverted arch</a> and uses a <a href="/wiki/Herringbone_pattern" title="Herringbone pattern">herringbone pattern</a> (<i>spina a pesce</i>) for the dome's bricks.</li> <li>Rice, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13880529/Music_in_the_Duomo_of_Florence_during_the_Reign_of_Pietro_Leopoldo_I_1765_1790_">"Music in the Duomo of Florence during the Reign of Pietro Leopoldo I (1765–1790)"</a></li> <li>Vereycken, Karel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schillerinstitute.org/educ/pedagogy/2013/vereycken-dome-1.html">"The Secrets of the Florentine Dome"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schiller_Institute" title="Schiller Institute">Schiller Institute</a></i>, 2013. (Translation from the French, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidariteetprogres.org/documents-de-fond-7/culture/les-secrets-du-dome-de-florence">"Les secrets du dôme de Florence"</a>, la revue <i>Fusion</i>, n° 96, Mai, Juin 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Florence)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence)">Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://duomo.firenze.it/en/home/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operaduomo.firenze.it/en">L'Opera del Duomo, Firenze</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/">Brunelleschi's Dome – en</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mega.it/eng/egui/monu/buq.htm">"The Cathedral"</a>. <i>The Florence Art Guide</i>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Florence+Art+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Cathedral&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mega.it%2Feng%2Fegui%2Fmonu%2Fbuq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/cathedral_of_florence.html">Museums in Florence – Cathedral and Giotto Belltower</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Horner, Susan; Horner, Joanna (27 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florin.ms/hwalks3.html">"Chapter III: The Cathedral – Exterior"</a>. <i>Walks in Florence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walks+in+Florence&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+The+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Exterior&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Horner%2C+Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florin.ms%2Fhwalks3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/panorama-interactive">NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014– 02 Il Duomo 360 Panorama View Interactive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405123940/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/panorama-interactive">Archived</a> 5 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/cutaway-interactive">NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014-02 Il Duomo Cutaway Interactive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331075730/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/cutaway-interactive">Archived</a> 31 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/piazza">ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014-02 ll Duomo Piazza 360 degree panorama interactive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010140/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/piazza">Archived</a> 23 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/domes-interactive">ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014-02 Il Duomo Compared to other Domes Interactive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301204822/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/il-duomo/domes-interactive">Archived</a> 1 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)"><i>David</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Archimedes" title="Garden of Archimedes">Garden of Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Bigallo" title="Loggia del Bigallo">Loggia del Bigallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Mercato_Nuovo" title="Loggia del Mercato Nuovo">Loggia del Mercato Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Pesce" title="Loggia del Pesce">Loggia del Pesce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_Rucellai" title="Loggia Rucellai">Loggia Rucellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Galileo" title="Museo Galileo">Museo Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Alinari_della_Fotografia" title="Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia">Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_San_Marco" title="Museo Nazionale di San Marco">Museo Nazionale di San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze" title="Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze">Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Specola" title="La Specola">La Specola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Florence" title="National Archaeological Museum, Florence">National Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_degli_Innocenti" title="Ospedale degli Innocenti">Ospedale degli Innocenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dell%27Arte_dei_Beccai" title="Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai">Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati" title="Palazzo Davanzati">Palazzo Davanzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Della_Stufa" title="Palazzo Della Stufa">Palazzo Della Stufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Gondi" title="Palazzo Gondi">Palazzo Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magi_Chapel" title="Magi Chapel">Magi Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_Museum_(Florence)" title="Porcelain Museum (Florence)">Museo delle Porcellane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spini_Feroni" title="Palazzo Spini Feroni">Palazzo Spini Feroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studiolo_of_Francesco_I" title="Studiolo of Francesco I">Studiolo of Francesco I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibbert_Museum" title="Stibbert Museum">Stibbert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasari_Corridor" title="Vasari Corridor">Vasari Corridor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlorenceCoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/60px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/90px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/120px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Basilicas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Basilicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">S Croce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroncelli_Chapel" title="Baroncelli Chapel">Baroncelli Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_Chapel" title="Pazzi Chapel">Pazzi Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">S Lorenzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">S Maria Novella</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornabuoni_Chapel" title="Tornabuoni Chapel">Tornabuoni Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence" title="Santissima Annunziata, Florence">SS Annunziata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence" title="San Marco, Florence">S Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">S Maria del Carmine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miniato_al_Monte" title="San Miniato al Monte">S Miniato al Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence" title="Santo Spirito, Florence">S Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Trinita" title="Santa Trinita">S Trinita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolini_Salimbeni_Chapel" title="Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel">Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel" title="Sassetti Chapel">Sassetti Chapel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Florence" title="Category:Churches in Florence">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badia_Fiorentina" title="Badia Fiorentina">Badia Fiorentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Battistero di San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Charterhouse" title="Florence Charterhouse">Certosa del Galluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ognissanti,_Florence" title="Ognissanti, Florence">Ognissanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratorio_dei_Vanchetoni" title="Oratorio dei Vanchetoni">Oratorio dei Vanchetoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Ges%C3%B9_Pellegrino" title="Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino">Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas,_Florence" title="Oratory of St Thomas Aquinas, Florence">Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio,_Florence" title="Sant'Ambrogio, Florence">S Ambrogio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Florence" title="Santi Apostoli, Florence">Ss Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Felicita,_Florence" title="Santa Felicita, Florence">S Felicita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Frediano_in_Cestello" title="San Frediano in Cestello">S Frediano in Cestello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gaetano,_Florence" title="San Gaetano, Florence">S Gaetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovannino_degli_Scolopi" title="San Giovannino degli Scolopi">S Giovannino degli Scolopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovannino_dei_Cavalieri" title="San Giovannino dei Cavalieri">S Giovannino dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacopo_sopr%27Arno" title="San Jacopo sopr'Arno">S Jacopo sopr'Arno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli,_Florence" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence">S Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maddalena_dei_Pazzi" title="Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi">S Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore,_Florence" title="Santa Maria Maggiore, Florence">S Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_del_Vescovo" title="San Martino del Vescovo">S Martino del Vescovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio,_Florence" title="San Pancrazio, Florence">S Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvatore_al_Vescovo" title="San Salvatore al Vescovo">S Salvatore al Vescovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvi" title="San Salvi">S Salvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Simone_e_Giuda,_Florence" title="Santi Simone e Giuda, Florence">Ss Simone e Giuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Ponte" title="Santo Stefano al Ponte">S Stefano al Ponte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towers (Torri)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torre_degli_Amidei" title="Torre degli Amidei">degli Amidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_degli_Alberti" title="Torre degli Alberti">degli Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Belfredelli" title="Torre dei Belfredelli">dei Belfredelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Della_Bella" title="Torre dei Della Bella">dei Della Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Gianfigliazzi" title="Torre dei Gianfigliazzi">dei Gianfigliazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Mannelli" title="Torre dei Mannelli">dei Mannelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Pulci" title="Torre dei Pulci">dei Pulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Riccardiana" title="Biblioteca Riccardiana">Biblioteca Riccardiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Institute_of_Florence" title="British Institute of Florence">British Institute of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabinetto_Vieusseux" title="Gabinetto Vieusseux">Gabinetto Vieusseux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz" title="Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz">Kunsthistorisches Institut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Library" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">National Central Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Florence" title="Fountain of Neptune, Florence">Fountain of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Dante" title="Monument to Dante">Monument to Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence" title="Theatres in Florence">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale,_Florence" title="Teatro Comunale, Florence">Teatro Comunale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Teatro Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Florence" title="List of squares in Florence">Squares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence" title="Piazza del Duomo, Florence">Piazza del Duomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Florence" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Florence">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Croce" title="Piazza Santa Croce">Piazza Santa Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Lorenzo" title="Piazza San Lorenzo">Piazza San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Michelangelo" title="Piazzale Michelangelo">Piazzale Michelangelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Camillo_Cavour" title="Via Camillo Cavour">Via Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(fort)" title="Belvedere (fort)">Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_da_Basso" title="Fortezza da Basso">Fortezza da Basso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens and parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardini_Gardens" title="Bardini Gardens">Bardini Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_dell%27Iris" title="Giardino dell'Iris">Giardino dell'Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_delle_Rose" title="Giardino delle Rose">Giardino delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_di_Firenze" title="Orto Botanico di Firenze">Orto Botanico di Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_delle_Cascine" title="Parco delle Cascine">Parco delle Cascine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">di Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Petraia" title="Villa La Petraia">La Petraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_at_Careggi" title="Villa Medici at Careggi">di Careggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medicea_L%27Ambrogiana" title="Villa Medicea L'Ambrogiana">Medicea L'Ambrogiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Poggio_Imperiale" title="Villa del Poggio Imperiale">del Poggio Imperiale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gamberaia" title="Villa Gamberaia">Gamberaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti" title="Villa I Tatti">I Tatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Il_Gioiello" title="Villa Il Gioiello">Il Gioiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">La Pietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rusciano" title="Villa Rusciano">Rusciano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_storico_fiorentino" title="Calcio storico fiorentino">Calcio storico fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino" title="Maggio Musicale Fiorentino">Maggio Musicale Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoppio_del_carro" title="Scoppio del carro">Scoppio del carro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Florence" title="Category:Districts of Florence">Districts of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Florence" title="Trams in Florence">Trams in Florence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Tuscany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Tuscany" title="Template:Landmarks of Tuscany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Tuscany" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Tuscany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Tuscany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Tuscany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Tuscany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of Tuscany</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Frediano" title="Basilica of San Frediano">Basilica of San Frediano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale_di_Pisa" title="Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa">Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassero_Senese" title="Cassero Senese">Cassero Senese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_dell%27Imperatore" title="Castello dell'Imperatore">Castello dell'Imperatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florence Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinigi_Tower" title="Guinigi Tower">Guinigi Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucca_Cathedral" title="Lucca Cathedral">Lucca Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Castle" title="Malaspina Castle">Malaspina Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblico" title="Palazzo Pubblico">Palazzo Pubblico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Dante,_Grosseto" title="Piazza Dante, Grosseto">Piazza Dante, Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza dei Miracoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Campo" title="Piazza del Campo">Piazza del Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence" title="Piazza del Duomo, Florence">Piazza del Duomo, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistoia_Cathedral" title="Pistoia Cathedral">Pistoia Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppi_Castle" title="Poppi Castle">Poppi Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prato_Cathedral" title="Prato Cathedral">Prato Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Pieve" title="Santa Maria della Pieve">Santa Maria della Pieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Baptistery_of_San_Giovanni" title="Siena Baptistery of San Giovanni">Siena Baptistery of San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filippo_Brunelleschi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Template:Filippo Brunelleschi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Template talk:Filippo Brunelleschi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filippo Brunelleschi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filippo_Brunelleschi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo, Florence</a> (begun c. 1419)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli,_Florence" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence">Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence</a> (1434–1437; unfinished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence" title="Santo Spirito, Florence">Santo Spirito, Florence</a> (ground broken, 1446)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florence Cathedral</a> (began work on the dome, 1446)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capponi_Chapel" title="Capponi Chapel">Capponi Chapel</a> (begun 1420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_Chapel" title="Pazzi Chapel">Pazzi Chapel</a> (1442–1443)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_degli_Innocenti" title="Ospedale degli Innocenti">Ospedale degli Innocenti</a> (begun 1419)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Parte_Guelfa" title="Palazzo di Parte Guelfa">Palazzo di Parte Guelfa</a> (hall of the first floor, 1430s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_(Brunelleschi)" title="Saint Peter (Brunelleschi)">Saint Peter</a></i> (c. 1412; attributed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi_Crucifix" title="Brunelleschi Crucifix">Crucifix</a></i> (c. 1410–1415)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6055_Brunelleschi" class="mw-redirect" title="6055 Brunelleschi">6055 Brunelleschi</a> (asteroid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi_(crater)" title="Brunelleschi (crater)">Brunelleschi</a> (Mercury crater)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">Medici</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191739#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122262587">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125475260">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4097998-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79027132">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Santa Maria del Fiore (katedrála : Florencie, Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2017960660&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90059289">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000144441&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=249694">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/8819">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267668005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620093906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000294">Structurae</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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