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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memory and monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hawkwood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%98%B8%ED%81%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C" title="존 호크우드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 호크우드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4" title="Ջոն Հոքվուդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Հոքվուդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Acuto" title="Giovanni Acuto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni Acuto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93" title="ג'ון הוקווד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון הוקווד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Acutus" title="Ioannes Acutus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Acutus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・ホークウッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ホークウッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хоквуд, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хоквуд, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Џон Хоквуд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Хоквуд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Hawkwood" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="จอห์น ฮอว์ควูด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ฮอว์ควูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·霍克伍德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·霍克伍德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q323446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">14th-century English soldier and condottiero</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg/250px-Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg/375px-Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg/500px-Paolo_Uccello_044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>1436 <a href="/wiki/Funerary_Monument_to_Sir_John_Hawkwood" title="Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood">fresco depicting Sir John Hawkwood</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Duomo, Florence</a>. With Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotto-esque</a> <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabra</a> decorated frame added by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi" title="Lorenzo di Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a> in 1524. The Latin inscription reads: <i>Ioannes Acutus eques brittanicus dux aetatis suae cautissimus et rei militaris peritissimus habitus est</i> ("John Hawkwood, British knight, most prudent leader of his age and most expert in the art of war").</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_hawkwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_hawkwood.jpg/250px-John_hawkwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_hawkwood.jpg/375px-John_hawkwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_hawkwood.jpg/500px-John_hawkwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Engraving based on fresco of John Hawkwood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg/220px-Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg/330px-Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg/440px-Blason_John_Hawkwood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Hawkwood: <i><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron</a> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">sable</a> three <a href="/wiki/Escallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Escallop">escallops</a> of the field</i>, as seen on his fresco in the Duomo, Florence</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sir John Hawkwood</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1323 – 17 March 1394) was an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> soldier who served as a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> leader or <i><a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a></i> in Italy. As his name was difficult to pronounce for non-English-speaking contemporaries, there are many variations of it in the historical record. He often referred to himself as <i>Haukevvod</i> and in Italy, he was known as <b>Giovanni Acuto</b>, literally meaning "John Sharp" (or "John the Astute") in reference to his "cleverness or cunning".<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names" title="List of Latinised names">Latinised</a> as <i>Johannes Acutus</i> ("John Sharp").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recorded forms are <i>Aucgunctur</i>, <i>Haughd</i>, <i>Hauvod</i>, <i>Hankelvode</i>, <i>Augudh</i>, <i>Auchevud</i>, <i>Haukwode</i> and <i>Haucod</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His exploits made him a man shrouded in myth in both England and Italy. Much of his enduring fame results from the surviving large and prominent <a href="/wiki/Funerary_Monument_to_Sir_John_Hawkwood" title="Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood">fresco portrait of him</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Duomo, Florence</a>, made in 1436 by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, seen every year by 4½ million<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tourists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawkwood is believed to have been born in about 1323 at <a href="/wiki/Sible_Hedingham" title="Sible Hedingham">Sible Hedingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, the second son of Gilbert Hawkwood. Modern accounts often incorrectly portray him as living in poverty as a child, but Gilbert Hawkwood was, in reality, a tanner and minor landowner<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of "considerable wealth".<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> His father had property in both Sible Hedingham and <a href="/wiki/Finchingfield" title="Finchingfield">Finchingfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Other sources state that his father was a tailor, but this was likely a mistranslation from his Italianized name, Acuto (or sharp, as in needles).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of information has created many myths about his childhood. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> chronicler <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Villani" title="Filippo Villani">Filippo Villani</a> claimed that the reason his last name was "Hawkwood" was because when his mother was in labour she demanded to give birth in a forest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did not reside at his parental home for long, and he moved to London to be apprenticed to a tailor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawkwood began his career in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> in France under King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbowman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> It has been argued that he participated in both the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> in 1346 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> in 1356.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> After Poitiers, he joined the <a href="/wiki/White_Company" title="White Company">White Company</a>, an infamous band of mercenaries, with whom he crossed into Italy in 1361 and became its captain in 1363. Although Hawkwood was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a>, there is no clear evidence by whom or where. Some sources say he was knighted by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Prince">Black Prince</a> after the Battle of Poitiers, but there is no historical record of this. In Italy, however, all major <i>condottieri</i> were classified as knights. After arriving in Italy he fought for numerous factions such as the Pope, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and Florence for the rest of his life, ending his career in Florence. </p><p>During Hawkwood's career he was usually paid in gold <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florins</a>, the most widely used currency of the time. In the 30 years that he served as a captain, Hawkwood's earnings ranged between 6,000 and 80,000 florins annually (in comparison, a skilled Florentine craftsman at the same time earned 30 florins a year).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercenary_in_France">Mercenary in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mercenary in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a> on 8 May 1360, many free companies began to form. The largest, the Great Company (later popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Company" title="White Company">White Company</a> or the English Company), was formed in eastern France. Hawkwood joined this and eventually rose to be its commander. During his time, the band moved to <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>. The company seized <a href="/wiki/Pont-Saint-Esprit" title="Pont-Saint-Esprit">Pont-Saint-Esprit</a> near Avignon on the night of 28 or 29 December 1360, ultimately holding it for three months. This blocked the collection point for taxes to pay for the ransom of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">King John</a>, who was taken in the Battle of Poitiers. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Pope Innocent VI</a> wrote to the group seeking peace, in a letter which identified Hawkwood as its leader. The group was unresponsive to the Pope's plea and continued to harass the fort, which resulted in the company's <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>. In March 1361, the company and the Pope made peace through a deal to contract them to fight for him "across the Pyrenees in Spain and across the Alps in Italy", with the promise of guaranteed military service, thus splitting the group.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Hawkwood joined the group travelling to Italy. </p><p>However, before the company arrived in Italy under papal orders, it joined the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Montferrat">Marquis of Montferrat</a> and his war against <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy">Amadeus VI</a>, ruling <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Savoy">count of Savoy</a>. It successfully attacked <a href="/wiki/Savigliano" title="Savigliano">Savigliano</a> and Rivarolo, and remained in Savoyan territory for a year. Amadeus made his last stand in 1362 in Lanzo and lost to the company. This victory motivated the Marquis of Montferrat to sign a contract with the company on 22 November, stating they would now fight the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a> under him.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51–55">: 51–55 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serving_Italian_factions">Serving Italian factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serving Italian factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawkwood and his company arrived in Italy during the power vacuum following the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Great Schism</a> of the papacy, and many different political figures were vying for power. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisan</a>–Florentine War was the beginning of Hawkwood's military career there, as he assumed command of the Pisan army in the winter of 1364–65, at the age of almost forty.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina" title="Battle of Cascina">Battle of Cascina</a> determined the war. Before the war, John Hawkwood and the Pisan army had met at <a href="/wiki/House_of_Malatesta" title="House of Malatesta">Malatesta</a>. Hawkwood's tactics in this battle are what distinguished him as a military commander, even though he lost it. He took account of the terrain and conditions of the battlefield and positioned his army accordingly. However, the turning point came when the opposing commander ordered an enveloping move that cut Hawkwood off from the rest of his army. Hawkwood ordered his army to retreat. The modern perception of the battle is romanticised, as it is claimed as a heroic stand against great odds. Yet the defeat is likely to have been due to young, undisciplined soldiers fighting on Hawkwood's side.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109–113">: 109–113 </span></sup> </p><p>The second telling battle in Hawkwood's career was <a href="/wiki/Rubiera" title="Rubiera">Rubiera</a> on 2 June 1372, fought between papal forces and <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti" title="Bernabò Visconti">Bernabò Visconti</a>. Both sides had concluded a formal truce, but in reality, they were gathering more troops. Hawkwood and Visconti commanded a force of a thousand lancers with no infantry. The papal forces were larger: 1,200 lancers as well as infantry. Hawkwood outflanked and outmanoeuvred his enemy and took most of the high-ranking officers captive. The victory shows Hawkwood's ability as a commander, although it had no significant political results and ended in a truce between the Visconti and the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 141–143">: 141–143 </span></sup> </p><p>One of Hawkwood's more important roles was in the Great Raid on <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, which shows the connections of the <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero"><i>condottiere</i></a> and the political prosperity of the Italian states. The raid led directly to war between Florence and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> and boosted Hawkwood's career in fame and wealth. Frustrated by not being paid by the Pope, Hawkwood marched along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia" title="Via Aemilia">Via Emilia</a> towards Tuscany and Florence. Two Tuscan ambassadors met him to conclude a truce, for which they paid him 130,000 florins.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 164">: 164 </span></sup> He continued to march through various territories, such as Pisa, Siena and <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, where he continually pressed for money. Many believed these raids were under orders from the Pope, and so they led to a defensive league between Florence and Milan. Siena, Pisa, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, Arezzo and Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I of Naples</a> soon followed and joined the defensive league against the company and the Pope. No matter who was responsible for the raid, Hawkwood's raid proved the <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>, which eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Saints" title="War of the Eight Saints">War of Eight Saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 171">: 171 </span></sup> </p><p>In the War of Eight Saints in 1375, Hawkwood and his company began fighting for Pope Gregory XI against Florence. In December, he went to <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello" title="Città di Castello">Città di Castello</a> on orders to put down a rebellion, but ended up capturing the city, which was not what the frustrated Pope had intended, but Hawkwood did so in an attempt to extract payment from the Pope. As a result, Gregory "had little choice but to formally invest him with it, in return for uncompensated services."<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 181">: 181 </span></sup> After capturing Città di Castello, Hawkwood rode to <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a> on 12 February 1376, on orders from the papal governor for protection because he feared revolt. While at Faenza, Hawkwood attempted to lay siege to the neighbouring town of Granarola, but was forced to retreat to Faenza. The papal governor opened the gates to Hawkwood, who once he had entered demanded that the inhabitants surrender their arms. Being unpaid by the Pope, they sacked the town instead. On hearing this, the opposing side, Florence, bribed Hawkwood not to fight and offered him a pension, as well as forgiveness for all betrayals and wrongdoings that he had committed against Florence. Yet Hawkwood remained with the Pope. Later he took part in the Massacre at <a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a>, to which he was called to help enforce a decree promising forgiveness to citizens who laid down their arms. Thus Hawkwood and his men joined in the attack on the unarmed civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 189–190">: 189–190 </span></sup> This was a turning point in Hawkwood's career, after which he left papal service and began working with Milan, Florence and their allies. </p><p>Hawkwood would eventually sign a contract with Florence after a quarrel with his father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti" title="Bernabò Visconti">Bernabò Visconti</a>. After winning a battle against <a href="/wiki/John_Horvat" title="John Horvat">John Horvatí</a>, Hawkwood and Lutz Landau crossed paths with Horvatí and stole some prey from his hunt. Bernabò was unsettled with this, and consequently stripped Hawkwood of Milanese land received in his wife's dowry. Thereafter Florence hired Hawkwood, the Landau brothers and their company for eight months, but the contract lasted much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 205–208">: 205–208 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_with_Florence">Last years with Florence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Last years with Florence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1385, Hawkwood was over 60 years old, with land holdings in both Italy and England. Although he was officially a citizen of Florence, he never was allowed to enter the city. Most of his duties under Florence were defensive, and he had not fought in a major battle for over a decade. However, in the winter of 1385–86, war broke out between <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. The most important engagement in the war was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castagnaro" title="Battle of Castagnaro">Battle of Castagnaro</a>, which has been described as Hawkwood's "finest victory and one of the greatest feats of military prowess of the era".<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 261">: 261 </span></sup> During the battle, Hawkwood saw that the Veronese's left flank was exposed and ordered his men to advance, and in this way, secured victory for him and his Paduan allies. The <i>Paduan Chronicle</i> stated that 4,620 fighting men were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 265">: 265 </span></sup> </p><p>Hawkwood's role in the <a href="/wiki/First_Florentine%E2%80%93Milanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Florentine–Milanese War">1390–92 war against Milan</a> was his last major military campaign. No new glory was won except for an exceptional and wise retreat while in Milanese territory. His last military deed was to help repulse an opposing mercenary company under <a href="/wiki/Biordo_Michelotti" title="Biordo Michelotti">Biordo Michelotti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberico_Broglia_di_Chieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberico Broglia di Chieri (page does not exist)">Alberico Broglia di Chieri</a> and "other unemployed soldiers", which he and his men successfully drove back.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 302–309">: 302–309 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawkwood had two wives. Little is known of the first, except that she was probably English, and she gave birth to at least one child, a daughter named Antiochia, who married into a prominent English Essex family, the Coggeshales.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Through her daughter <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(died_1437)#First_marriage" title="John Tyrrell (died 1437)">Alice Coggeshall</a>, Hawkwood was an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Inchiquin" title="Baron Inchiquin">Earls of Inchiquin</a>. </p><p>His second marriage is well documented. He was married in 1377 to Donnina Visconti, an illegitimate daughter of the great Milanese ruler <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%B2_Visconti" title="Bernabò Visconti">Bernabò Visconti</a>. It was a political match; she is described as a "forceful character, in the mould of her father and the Visconti women in general".<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Some sources say that he was almost on equal terms with her which was very uncommon for that period of time, and he even let her run part of his finances. They had four children: Janet, Catherine, Anna and John. </p><p>It is also clear that Hawkwood had many mistresses and illegitimate children, like many men in his profession. Two of his documented illegitimate sons were John and Thomas Hawkwood. Hawkwood used favours from the Pope to obtain John an ecclesiastical appointment in London, while Thomas was taken hostage in 1376 in Bologna and returned to England, where he started a career as a mercenary captain.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some say that Hawkwood could neither read nor write, based on one event in which he had his contract with Florence read aloud to him in 1385. Yet this practice was not uncommon for captains of his status, and it should be suggested that he could read or write. In one correspondence with the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Armagnac" title="Count of Armagnac">Count of Armagnac</a>, the Flemish chronicler, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a>, wrote that reading matter was either "read or had read to him."<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Based on this, it is reasonable to claim some education for Hawkwood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although descriptions of other <i>condottieri</i> exist, a consistent description of John Hawkwood is never clearly stated. In a modern account by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jay_Deiss" title="Joseph Jay Deiss">Joseph Jay Deiss</a>, Hawkwood is said to have been a "heavy set sort, a young ox in the shoulders, powerful of arm and hand... His brown eyes were large, calculating and set wide apart under heavy brows. His nose was long, irregular and came to a point... His straight chestnut hair clung carelessly."<sup id="cite_ref-deiss_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deiss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only clear source for Hawkwood's appearance is a fresco by Paolo Uccello. The portrait is not a first-hand image, but a copy of an earlier portrayal. A physical description is hard to derive from it, as it shows Hawkwood sitting on a horse in partial armour. Recent scholarship has suggested, "Hawkwood's very pose is suspect... the composition was probably a piece of Florentine propaganda, intended to convey the image of the obedient captain conducting an inspection of troops."<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Given this information by various authors, there is no reliable description of his physical appearance, and evidence from pictures must be treated with caution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his life, the main traits used to describe Hawkwood were craft and brutality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Evidence of his craft was seen in his tactics, which included feigned retreats, ambushes and the use of false information. For example, before fleeing Milanese territory in 1391, Hawkwood accepted his opponent's challenge to meet on the battlefield the next morning. However, Hawkwood "picked up camp and quietly escaped through back routes, placing his battle standards and banners high on the trees so that the enemy would assume he was still there. He then detached a contingent of his men and placed them in the woods to entrap the enemy as it pursued [him]."<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> His troops would rape women, murder peasants and dismember their enemies. This has brought Hawkwood's religious faith into question. He was known to sack monasteries and holy places, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_San_Galgano" title="Abbey of San Galgano">Abbey of San Galgano</a>. He even harassed the Pope in Avignon, but there is also evidence that he was not completely godless, as he requested a portable altar for Mass while on campaign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Trease" title="Geoffrey Trease">Geoffrey Trease</a> gives "fidelity" as his main characteristic, because of his persistent commitment to fulfilling orders from his employers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is untrue, as he often flouted contracts and disobeyed employers. In one case, he abandoned the Milanese army twice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir John Hawkwood died on 17 March 1394 at his home in Florence before he was able to retire to England.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 314">: 314 </span></sup> His funeral on 20 March was followed by an elaborate burial ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">Duomo</a>. It is recorded that the town fathers "furnished three banners with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">arms</a> of Florence and a helmet with a golden <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lion</a> holding a lily in its claw as the <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a>", and his personal brigade sent "fourteen <a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">caparisoned</a> warhorses, bearing the Englishmen's personal banner, sword, shield and helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 314">: 314 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_and_monuments">Memory and monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memory and monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, under the <a href="/wiki/Albizzi" title="Albizzi">Albizzi</a> government, it had been intended to build a marble tomb for Hawkwood, but the money was lacking. In 1436, the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> hired Paolo Uccello to paint the Duomo. Uccello painted a <a href="/wiki/Funerary_Monument_to_Sir_John_Hawkwood" title="Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood">portrait of Hawkwood</a> that survives today in the third bay of the northern wall. He is seen on a grey-green horse with a commander's baton, dressed in partial armour. Uccello used a technique called <i>terra verde</i> to attempt to emulate a bronze statue in painting.<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 318">: 318 </span></sup> The Latin inscription reads: <i>Ioannes Acutus eques brittanicus dux aetatis suae cautissimus et rei militaris peritissimus habitus est</i> ("John Hawkwood, British knight, most prudent leader of his age and most expert in the art of war"). </p><p>Hawkwood is also honoured at St Peter's Church, <a href="/wiki/Sible_Hedingham" title="Sible Hedingham">Sible Hedingham</a>, in England. The structure has canopied arches where there is a symbolic painting of a hawk on an arch, under which is a low altar, where there had also been a representative painting, now disappeared, of Hawkwood standing in prayer between his two wives. It had Hawkwood saying, "Son of God, remember me", while the first wife said, "Mother of mine, remember me", and the second wife, "Mother of Christ, remember me".<sup id="cite_ref-caf_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 328">: 328 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s 1891 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Company" title="The White Company">The White Company</a></i> is loosely based on John Hawkwood and his exploits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Polk_Angellotti" title="Marion Polk Angellotti">Marion Polk Angellotti</a> wrote a novel, <i>Sir John Hawkwood: A Tale of the White Company in Italy</i> in 1911, which was followed by eight short stories about Hawkwood which appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)" title="Adventure (magazine)">Adventure</a></i> magazine between 1911 and 1915. The novel and all eight short stories have recently been collected for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon Dickson</a> wrote a series of several novels called the <i><a href="/wiki/Childe_Cycle" title="Childe Cycle">Childe Cycle</a></i> making reference to and featuring John Hawkwood as a character. The novels include <i>The Final Encyclopedia</i> (1984) and <i>The Chantry Guild</i> (1988).</li></ul> <ul><li>Hawkwood features in the novel <i>The Red Velvet Turnshoe</i> by Cassandra Clark, published by John Murray in 2009 as part of her 'Abbess of Meaux' series.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jack Ludlow (pen name of David Donachie) wrote the 2016 novel <i>Hawkwood</i>, which incorporates known facts about Hawkwood's life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tommy Ohtsuka's manga <i>Hawkwood</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has partly based its protagonist on John Hawkwood, taking his name, profession and grasp of military acumen.</li> <li>Sir John Hawkwood is the hero of an eponymous independently published (2021-2023) series by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Griff_Hosker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griff Hosker (page does not exist)">Griff Hosker</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hubert Cole wrote a trilogy of novels based on Hawkwood's life: <i>Hawkwood</i> (1967), <i>Hawkwood in Paris</i> (1969) and <i>Hawkwood and the Towers of Pisa</i> (1973).</li></ul> <ul><li>John Hawkwood is also a character in the miniatures wargame Infinity by Corvus Belli, where he leads the White Company mercenary group.</li></ul> <ul><li>Sir John Hawkwood features extensively in the historical fiction series (heavily researched I believe) "The Chivalry Series" by Christian Cameron. Hawkwood is a major character alongside Cameron's main fictional character Sir Wiliam Gold and along with other historical elements deals with the White Company and the campaigning in France and Italy.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1985 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a> fictional historical film <i><a href="/wiki/Flesh_and_Blood_(1985_film)" title="Flesh and Blood (1985 film)">Flesh and Blood</a></i> features an English mercenary captain called "Hawkwood" (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)" title="Jack Thompson (actor)">Jack Thompson</a>), but is set in 1501, more than a century after the real John Hawkwood's death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caf_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaferro2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Caferro" title="William Caferro">Caferro, William</a> (2006). <i>John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801883231" title="Special:BookSources/9780801883231"><bdi>9780801883231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hawkwood%3A+An+English+Mercenary+in+Fourteenth-Century+Italy&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801883231&rft.aulast=Caferro&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as inscribed on his fresco</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caferro, William, <i>John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth Century Italy</i>, Baltimore, 2006, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theflorentine.net/2013/01/31/future-forward-museum/">"Future-forward museum"</a>. 30 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future-forward+museum&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theflorentine.net%2F2013%2F01%2F31%2Ffuture-forward-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12693">"Hawkwood, Sir John (D. 1394), military commander"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12693">10.1093/ref:odnb/12693</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkwood%2C+Sir+John+%28D.+1394%29%2C+military+commander&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12693&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-12693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, F. S. (2005) <i>The Devil's Broker</i>. Fourth Estate Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Elogia</i>. Giovio. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elogia&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Giovio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazzeno, L. W. (2017). John Hawkwood. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deiss-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deiss_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeiss1966" class="citation book cs1">Deiss, Joseph Jay (1966). <i>Captains of Fortune</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captains+of+Fortune&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Cromwell+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Deiss&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrease1971" class="citation book cs1">Trease, Geoffrey (1971). <i>Condottiere: Soldiers of Fortune</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condottiere%3A+Soldiers+of+Fortune&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart%2C+and+Winston&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trease&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngellotti2010" class="citation book cs1">Angellotti, Marion Polk (2010). <i>The Black Death: The Saga of Sir John Hawkwood and the Adventures of the White Company</i>. Black Dog Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928619-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928619-89-5"><bdi>978-1-928619-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%3A+The+Saga+of+Sir+John+Hawkwood+and+the+Adventures+of+the+White+Company&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-928619-89-5&rft.aulast=Angellotti&rft.aufirst=Marion+Polk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Cassandra (2009). <i>The Red Velvet Turnshoe</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719522918" title="Special:BookSources/9780719522918"><bdi>9780719522918</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824605477">824605477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Velvet+Turnshoe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824605477&rft.isbn=9780719522918&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow2016" class="citation book cs1">Ludlow, Jack (2016). <i>Hawkwood</i>. London: Allison & Busby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749019532" title="Special:BookSources/9780749019532"><bdi>9780749019532</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965118168">965118168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawkwood&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965118168&rft.isbn=9780749019532&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF大塚2011" class="citation book cs1">大塚, トミイ (2011). <i>ホークウッド</i>. Japan: メディアファクトリー. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784040665689" title="Special:BookSources/9784040665689"><bdi>9784040665689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%83%89&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9784040665689&rft.aulast=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A1%9A&rft.aufirst=%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalestracci2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balestracci, Duccio (2003). <i>Le armi, i cavalli, l'oro. Giovanni Acuto e i condottieri nell'Italia del Trecento</i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-6807-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-6807-5"><bdi>978-88-420-6807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+armi%2C+i+cavalli%2C+l%27oro.+Giovanni+Acuto+e+i+condottieri+nell%27Italia+del+Trecento&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-420-6807-5&rft.aulast=Balestracci&rft.aufirst=Duccio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaferro2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Caferro" title="William Caferro">Caferro, William</a> (2006). <i>John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-century Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8323-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hawkwood%3A+An+English+Mercenary+in+Fourteenth-century+Italy&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8323-1&rft.aulast=Caferro&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Stephen (2008). <i>Sir John Hawkwood: Chivalry and the art of War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-752-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-752-5"><bdi>978-1-84415-752-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Hawkwood%3A+Chivalry+and+the+art+of+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-752-5&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriella2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabriella, A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019013305/http://www.condottieridiventura.it/index.php/lettera-a/444-giovanni-acuto.htm">"Giovanni Acuto"</a>. <i>condottieridiventura.it</i>. Note biografiche di Capitani di Guerra e di Condottieri di Ventura operanti in Italia nel 1330-1550 (<i>"Biographical notes of Warlords and Condottieri operating in Italy 1330-1350"</i>) (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://condottieridiventura.it/giovanni-acuto-john-hawkwood/">the original</a> on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=condottieridiventura.it&rft.atitle=Giovanni+Acuto&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gabriella&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcondottieridiventura.it%2Fgiovanni-acuto-john-hawkwood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders">Saunders, Frances Stonor</a> (2004). <i>Hawkwood: The Diabolical Englishman</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21909-4"><bdi>978-0-571-21909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawkwood%3A+The+Diabolical+Englishman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-571-21909-4&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Frances+Stonor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeader_&_Marcotti1889" class="citation book cs1">Leader, John Temple; Marcotti, Giuseppe (2005) [1889]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901032206/http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/ARTICLES/hawkwood.htm"><i>Sir John Hawkwood: Story of a Condottiere</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>: De Re Militari Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/hawkwood.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Hawkwood%3A+Story+of+a+Condottiere&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=De+Re+Militari+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=John+Temple&rft.au=Marcotti%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deremilitari.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fhawkwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeader1889" class="citation book cs1">Leader, Scott, trans. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sirjohnhawkwood00scotgoog#page/n10/mode/2up"><i>Sir John Hawkwood (L. Acuto), Story of A Condottiere, Translated From The Italian of John Temple-Leader, Esq. & Sig. Giuseppe Marcotti</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Hawkwood+%28L.+Acuto%29%2C+Story+of+A+Condottiere%2C+Translated+From+The+Italian+of+John+Temple-Leader%2C+Esq.+%26+Sig.+Giuseppe+Marcotti&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=Scott%2C+trans.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsirjohnhawkwood00scotgoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Distant_Mirror" title="A Distant Mirror">A Distant Mirror</a></i> (Chapter 10)</li> <li>Kenneth Fowler – <i>Sir John Hawkwood</i>, Oxford <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Stephen (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/stephen-cooper/unsung-villain-reputation-condottiere">"An Unsung Villain: The Reputation of a Condottiere"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>56</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=An+Unsung+Villain%3A+The+Reputation+of+a+Condottiere&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fstephen-cooper%2Funsung-villain-reputation-condottiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christopher Starr – <i>Medieval Mercenary: Sir John Hawkwood of Essex</i>, Essex Record Office (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hawkwood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hawkwood,_Sir_John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hawkwood, Sir John">Hawkwood, Sir John</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenLee1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a>, eds. (1891). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hawkwood, John de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hawkwood,_John_de">"Hawkwood, John de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkwood%2C+John+de&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hawkwood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316074215/http://www.castellodimontecchiovesponi.it/">Castel of Montecchio Vesponi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynotes.info/john-hawkwood-an-english-captain-in-italy-2550/">John Hawkwood: An English Captain in Italy, The History Notes website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://condottieridiventura.it/john-hawkwoods-influence-on-italian-military-history/">Giovanni Acuto: John Hawkwood’s Influence On Italian Military History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Hat" title="Company of the Hat">Company of the Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnia_della_Stella" title="Compagnia della Stella">Compagnia della Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnia_di_San_Giorgio" title="Compagnia di San Giorgio">Compagnia di San Giorgio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Rose" title="Company of the Rose">Company of the Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Company_(German)" title="Great Company (German)">Great Company (German)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_Company" title="Navarrese Company">Navarrese Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tard-Venus" title="Tard-Venus">Tard-Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Company" title="White Company">White Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seguin_de_Badefol" title="Seguin de Badefol">Seguin de Badefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Baglioni" title="Gian Paolo Baglioni">Gian Paolo Baglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Flor" title="Roger de Flor">Roger de Flor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hawkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francois_Hennequin" title="Francois Hennequin">Francois Hennequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Landau" title="Konrad von Landau">Konrad von Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camus_Bour" title="Camus Bour">Camus Bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswey" title="John Creswey">John Creswey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascot_de_Maul%C3%A9on" title="Bascot de Mauléon">Bascot de Mauléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astorre_I_Manfredi" title="Astorre I Manfredi">Astorre I Manfredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Meschin" title="Petit Meschin">Petit Meschin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro" title="Federico da Montefeltro">Federico da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braccio_da_Montone" title="Braccio da Montone">Braccio da Montone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Briquet" title="Robert Briquet">Robert Briquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra%27_Moriale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fra' Moriale">Fra' Moriale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernat_de_Rocafort" title="Bernat de Rocafort">Bernat de Rocafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagre_l%27Escot" title="Hagre l'Escot">Hagre l'Escot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sterz" title="Albert Sterz">Albert Sterz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbart_Talbardon" title="Talbart Talbardon">Talbart Talbardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bour_de_Breteuil" title="Bour de Breteuil">Bour de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_San_Superano" title="Pedro de San Superano">Pedro de San Superano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Urslingen" title="Werner von Urslingen">Werner von Urslingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_la_Salle" title="Bernard de la Salle">Bernard de la Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Urtubia" title="Juan de Urtubia">Juan de Urtubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodrisio_Visconti" title="Lodrisio Visconti">Lodrisio Visconti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apros" title="Battle of Apros">Apros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brignais" title="Battle of Brignais">Brignais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_delle_Mosche" title="Battle of Campo delle Mosche">Campo delle Mosche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Canturino" title="Battle of Canturino">Canturino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cyzicus" title="Battle of the Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros" title="Battle of Halmyros">Halmyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parabiago" title="Battle of Parabiago">Parabiago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2377" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323446#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078197473">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8846902">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1823332/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfJgB68jPbTFPHXWbyBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123222133">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85355833">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146252854">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146252854">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01065961">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6084374">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p287937526">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8048339">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636483005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29480">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007354553705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="HAWKWOOD, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/john-hawkwood_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/123222133.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123222133">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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