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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_and_Palatinate_of_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_and_Palatinate_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Henry_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Henry_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign of Henry IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Henry_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_V_and_the_Hundred_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_V_and_the_Hundred_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Henry V and the Hundred Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_V_and_the_Hundred_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_VI_and_the_fall_of_the_House_of_Lancaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_VI_and_the_fall_of_the_House_of_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Henry VI and the fall of the House of Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_VI_and_the_fall_of_the_House_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shakespeare's_history_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare's_history_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Shakespeare's history plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare's_history_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_education_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_education_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion, education and the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_education_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earls_and_Dukes_of_Lancaster_(first_creation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earls_and_Dukes_of_Lancaster_(first_creation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Earls and Dukes of Lancaster (first creation)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earls_and_Dukes_of_Lancaster_(first_creation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukes_of_Lancaster_(second_creation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukes_of_Lancaster_(second_creation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dukes of Lancaster (second creation)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukes_of_Lancaster_(second_creation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancastrian_Kings_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancastrian_Kings_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lancastrian Kings of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancastrian_Kings_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coats_of_Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coats_of_Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Coats of Arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coats_of_Arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coats of Arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coats_of_Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Descendants of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Henry_IV_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Henry_IV_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Descendants of Henry IV of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Henry_IV_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Henry_V_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Henry_V_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1.1</span> <span>Descendants of Henry V of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Henry_V_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Descendants of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancaster_badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancaster_badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Lancaster badges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancaster_badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Lancaster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_van_Lancaster" title="Huis van Lancaster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Huis van Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="أسرة لانكستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسرة لانكستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankaster_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Lankaster sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lankaster sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ланкастэры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ланкастэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ланкастърска династия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ланкастърска династия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(dinastija)" title="Lancaster (dinastija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lancaster (dinastija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Lancaster" title="Casa de Lancaster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Casa de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancasterov%C3%A9" title="Lancasterové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lancasterové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancastriaid" title="Lancastriaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lancastriaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Lancaster" title="Huset Lancaster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Huset Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_Lancaster" title="Haus Lancaster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haus Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancasteri_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Lancasteri dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lancasteri dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Οίκος του Λάνκαστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίκος του Λάνκαστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Lancaster" title="Casa de Lancaster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Casa de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankastroj" title="Lankastroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lankastroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_etxea" title="Lancaster etxea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lancaster etxea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دودمان لنکستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان لنکستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_Lancastre" title="Maison de Lancastre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maison de Lancastre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Lancaster" title="Casa de Lancaster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casa de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%AD%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EA%B0%80" title="랭커스터가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랭커스터가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լանքասթերներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լանքասթերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Lancaster" title="Dinastija Lancaster – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Lancaster" title="Wangsa Lancaster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_di_Lancaster" title="Casa di Lancaster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Casa di Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="בית לנקסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית לנקסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლანკასტერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლანკასტერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ланкастерлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ланкастерлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancastria_(domus_regnatrix)" title="Lancastria (domus regnatrix) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lancastria (domus regnatrix)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankasteru_dinastija" title="Lankasteru dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lankasteru dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankasteriai" title="Lankasteriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lankasteriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster-h%C3%A1z" title="Lancaster-ház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lancaster-ház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Династија Ланкастер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Династија Ланкастер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اسرة لانكستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسرة لانكستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerabat_Lancaster" title="Kerabat Lancaster – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerabat Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_Lancaster" title="Huis Lancaster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huis Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%9C%9D" title="ランカスター朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランカスター朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Lancaster" title="Huset Lancaster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Huset Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankasterlar" title="Lankasterlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lankasterlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huus_Lancaster" title="Huus Lancaster – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Huus Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancasterowie" title="Lancasterowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lancasterowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_de_Lencastre" title="Dinastia de Lencastre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia de Lencastre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Lancaster" title="Casa de Lancaster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casa de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ланкастеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ланкастеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoose_o_Lancaster" title="Hoose o Lancaster – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hoose o Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancasterovci" title="Lancasterovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lancasterovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ланкастери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ланкастери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(dinastija)" title="Lancaster (dinastija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lancaster (dinastija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(suku)" title="Lancaster (suku) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lancaster (suku)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Lancaster" title="Huset Lancaster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huset Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์แลงคัสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์แลงคัสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Lancaster Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lancaster Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ланкастери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ланкастери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="خاندان لنکاسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاندان لنکاسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%E1%BB%99c_Lancaster" title="Vương tộc Lancaster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương tộc Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="兰开斯特王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="兰开斯特王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="蘭卡斯特王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘭卡斯特王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Toronto strip clubs, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster_(strip_clubs)" title="House of Lancaster (strip clubs)">House of Lancaster (strip clubs)</a>. For the mansion in London, see <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">House of Lancaster</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/140px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/210px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/280px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br />First house<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/140px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/210px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/280px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br />Second house<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent house</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/20px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/40px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_moderne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/France_moderne.svg/20px-France_moderne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/France_moderne.svg/30px-France_moderne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/France_moderne.svg/40px-France_moderne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="641" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1267<span class="noprint">; 757 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1267</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster and Leicester</a> (first house)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> (second house)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current head</th><td class="infobox-data">Extinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> (first house)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> (second house)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolution</th><td class="infobox-data">1361 (last unbroken male heir)<br />1471 (extinction)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">1461 (first time)<br />1471 (final time and extinction)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a> <i>(legitimised)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Duke of Beaufort">House of Somerset</a> <i>(legitimised)</i></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>House of Lancaster</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a>. The first house was created when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Lancaster">Earldom of Lancaster</a>—from which the house was named—for his second son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> in 1267. Edmund had already been created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> in 1265 and was granted the lands and privileges of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>, after de Montfort's death and <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainder</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Edmund's son <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a>, inherited his father-in-law's estates and title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Earl of Lincoln">Earl of Lincoln</a> he became at a stroke the most powerful nobleman in England, with lands throughout the kingdom and the ability to raise vast private armies to wield power at national and local levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p371_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p371-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought him—and <a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry</a>, his younger brother—into conflict with their cousin King <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>, leading to Thomas's execution. Henry inherited Thomas's titles and he and his son, who was also called <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry</a>, gave loyal service to Edward's son King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>. </p><p>The second house of Lancaster was descended from <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, who married the heiress of the first house, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a>. Edward III married all his sons to wealthy English heiresses rather than following his predecessors' practice of finding continental political marriages for royal princes. <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, had no male heir so Edward married his son John to Henry's heiress daughter and John's third cousin <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a>. This gave John the vast wealth of the House of Lancaster. Their son <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry</a> usurped the throne in 1399, creating one of the factions in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. There was an intermittent dynastic struggle between the descendants of Edward III. In these wars, the term Lancastrian became a reference to members of the family and their supporters. The family provided England with three kings: <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> (r. 1399–1413), <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> (r. 1413–1422), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> (r. 1422–1461 and 1470–1471). </p><p>The house became extinct in the male line upon the death or murder in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> of Henry VI, following the battlefield execution of his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>, by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> in 1471. Lancastrian <a href="/wiki/Cognatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognatic">cognatic</a> descent—from John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster's daughter <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa</a>—continued in the royal houses of Spain and Portugal while the Lancastrian political cause was maintained by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>—a relatively unknown scion of the Lancastrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">Beauforts</a>—eventually leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>. The Lancastrians left a legacy through the patronage of the arts, most notably in founding <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. However, to historians' chagrin, it is <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s partly fictionalized history plays rather than medievalist scholarly research that has the greater influence on modern perceptions of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_Earls_of_Lancaster">Origin of the Earls of Lancaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the Earls of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> suppressed opposition from the English nobility in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>, Henry granted to his second son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> the titles and possessions forfeited by <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainder</a> of the barons' leader, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earldom of Leicester</a>, on 26 October 1265. Later grants included the first <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Earl of Lancaster">Earldom of Lancaster</a> on 30 June 1267 and that of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Ferrers" title="Earl Ferrers">Earl Ferrers</a> in 1301. Edmund was also <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">Count of Champagne</a> and Brie from 1276 by right of his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a> would later use his descent from Edmund to legitimise his claim to the throne, even making the spurious claim that Edmund was the elder son of Henry but had been passed over as king because of his deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Edmond1.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> of Edmund Crouchback</figcaption></figure><p> Edmund's second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">the King of Navarre</a>, placed him at the centre of the European aristocracy. Blanche's daughter <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a> was queen regnant of Navarre and through her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> was queen consort of France. Edmund's son <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas</a> became the most powerful nobleman in England, gaining the Earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Earl of Lincoln">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> through marriage to the heiress of <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln</a>. His income was £11,000 per annum—double that of the next wealthiest earl.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p371_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p371-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">coronation</a> of their cousin King <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a> on 25 February 1308; Thomas carried Curtana, the <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword of Mercy">Sword of Mercy</a>, and Henry carried the royal sceptre.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p363_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p363-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initially supporting Edward, Thomas became one of the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Ordainers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Ordainers">Lords Ordainers</a>, who demanded the banishment of <a href="/wiki/Piers_Gaveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Piers Gaveston">Piers Gaveston</a> and the governance of the realm by a baronial council. After Gaveston was captured, Thomas took the lead in his trial and execution at Warwick in 1312.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p375_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p375-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's authority was weakened by poor governance and defeat by the Scots at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a>. This allowed Thomas to restrain Edward's power by republishing the <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_1311" title="Ordinances of 1311">Ordinances of 1311</a>. Following this achievement Thomas took little part in the governance of the realm and instead retreated to <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p390_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Edward to regroup and re-arm, leading to a fragile peace in August 1318 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leake" title="Treaty of Leake">Treaty of Leake</a>. In 1321 Edward's rule again collapsed into civil war. Thomas raised a northern army but was defeated and captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boroughbridge" title="Battle of Boroughbridge">Battle of Boroughbridge</a> in March 1322. He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered but because he was Edward's cousin he was given a quicker death by beheading.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p400_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p400-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry joined the revolt of Edward's wife <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Mortimer</a> in 1326, pursuing and capturing Edward at <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a> in South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p400_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p400-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Edward's deposition at the Parliament of Kenilworth in 1326 and reputed murder at <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Castle" title="Berkeley Castle">Berkeley Castle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas's conviction was posthumously reversed and Henry regained possession of the Earldoms of Lancaster, Derby, Salisbury and Lincoln that had been forfeit for Thomas's treason. His restored prestige led to him knighting the young King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> before his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p422_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p422-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortimer lost support over the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh%E2%80%93Northampton" title="Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton">Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton</a> that formalised Scotland's independence, and his developing power in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> provoked jealousy from the barons. When Mortimer called a parliament to make his new powers and estates permanent with the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a> in 1328, Henry led the opposition and held a counter-meeting. In response, Mortimer ravaged the lands of Lancaster and checked the revolt. Edward III was able to assume control in 1330 but Henry's further influence was restricted by poor health and blindness for the last fifteen years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duchy_and_Palatinate_of_Lancaster">Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">County palatine</a></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile" style="width:19em;background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">English Royalty</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dukes_of_Lancaster_(second_creation)">Second House of Lancaster</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/225px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/300px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Plantagenet">Armorial of Plantagenet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left; background: #0000ff; border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt"><span style="color:white">John, Duke of Lancaster</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Lancaster,_Duchess_of_Exeter" title="Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter">Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry, Duke of Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine, Queen of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John, Earl of Somerset</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry, Bishop of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan, Countess of Westmorland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left; background: #0000ff; border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England"><span style="color:white">Henry IV</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry V, King of England">Henry V, King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">John, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence">Thomas, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_England" title="Blanche of England">Blanche, Electress Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_England" title="Philippa of England">Philippa, Queen of Denmark</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left; background: #0000ff; border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England"><span style="color:white">Henry V</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left; background: #0000ff; border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England"><span style="color:white">Henry VI</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding:0.3em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-left:0.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_House_of_Lancaster_sidebar" title="Template:Second House of Lancaster sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_House_of_Lancaster_sidebar" title="Template talk:Second House of Lancaster sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_House_of_Lancaster_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second House of Lancaster sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Henry's son, also named <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry</a>, was born at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Grosmont,_Monmouthshire" title="Grosmont, Monmouthshire">Grosmont</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> between 1299 and 1314.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the younger Henry's memoirs, he was better at <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">martial arts</a> than academic subjects and did not learn to read until later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler26_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was coeval with Edward III and was pivotal to his reign, becoming his best friend and most trusted commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p471b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p471b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was knighted in 1330, represented his father in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a> and fought in Edward's Scottish campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, Henry took part in several diplomatic missions and minor campaigns and was present at the great English victory in the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Battle of Sluys</a> in 1340.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler34_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler34-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he was required to commit himself as hostage in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> for Edward's considerable debts. He remained hostage for a year and had to pay a large ransom for his own release.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler35_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler35-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1345, Edward III launched a major, three-pronged attack on France. The <a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a> attacked from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, Edward from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and Henry from <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2012p471b_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2012p471b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving rapidly through the country, Henry confronted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_I,_1st_Comte_de_l%27Isle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertrand I, 1st Comte de l'Isle (page does not exist)">Comte d'Isle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Battle of Auberoche</a> and achieved a victory described as "the greatest single achievement of Lancaster's entire military career".<sup id="cite_ref-fowler58_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ransom from the prisoners has been estimated at £50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler61_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler61-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward rewarded Henry by including him as a founding knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKisack_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKisack-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even greater honour was bestowed on Lancaster when Edward created him <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a>. The title of duke was relatively new in England, with only Cornwall being a previous ducal title. Lancaster was also given <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">palatinate</a> status for the county of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, which entailed a separate administration independent of the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler173_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler173-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two other counties palatine; <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a> was an ancient ecclesiastical palatinate and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> was crown property. </p><p>In 1350, Henry was present at the naval victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Espagnols_sur_Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer">Winchelsea</a>, where he saved the life of the <a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Black Prince</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler193_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler193-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent 1351–2 on <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">crusade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Prussia</a> where a quarrel with <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Mild,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Otto, Duke of Brunswick</a>, almost led to a duel between the two men, which was only averted by the intervention of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler106_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler106-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As campaigning in France resumed, Henry participated in the last great offensive of the <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> campaign of 1359–60—the first phase of the Hundred Years' War—before returning to England where he fell ill and died, most likely of the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Castle" title="Leicester Castle">Leicester Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler217_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler217-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward III of England married <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, his third surviving son, to Henry's heiress <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a>. On Henry's death, Edward conferred on Gaunt the second creation of the title of Duke of Lancaster, which made Gaunt, after Edward, the wealthiest landowner in England. Gaunt enjoyed great political influence during his lifetime, but upon his death in 1399 his lands were confiscated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>. Gaunt's exiled son and heir Henry of Bolingbroke returned home and gathered military support in clear contravention of Richard's <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1397" title="Treason Act 1397">treason act of 1397</a>, which included a definition of treason of "or [to] ... raiseth People and rideth against the King to make War within his Realm ...". Although he claimed his aim was restoration of his Lancaster inheritance, this Act and Henry's knowledge of Richard's character—suspicious and vindictive—probably meant Henry knew that only by removing Richard from power could he be secure.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry unified popular opposition to Richard II, took control of the kingdom and Richard—recognising that he had insufficient support to resist—surrendered to Henry's forces at <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a>. Henry instigated a commission to decide who should be king. Richard was forced to abdicate and although Henry was not next in line, he was chosen by an unlawfully constituted parliament dominated by his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995p36_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995p36-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first unrest of his reign and a revolt by the Earls of Salisbury, Gloucester, Exeter and Surrey, Richard reputedly starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Saul1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saul1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some debate as to whether this was self-inflicted or ordered by Henry to end the risk of restoration without leaving incriminating marks on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuck2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_Henry_IV">Reign of Henry IV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Henry IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is much debate among historians about Henry's accession, in part because some see it as a cause of the Wars of the Roses. For many historians, the accession by force of the throne broke principles the Plantagenets had established successfully over two and a half centuries and allowed any magnate with sufficient power and Plantagenet blood to have ambitions to assume the throne. Richard had attempted to disinherit Henry and remove him from the succession. In response, Henry's legal advisors, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Thirning" title="William Thirning">William Thirning</a>, dissuaded Henry from claiming the throne by right of conquest and instead look for legal justification.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortimer2012p297_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortimer2012p297-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Henry established a committee to investigate his assertion that his mother had legitimate rights through descent from Edmund Crouchback, who he said was the elder son of Henry III of England but was set aside because of deformity, no evidence was found. The eight-year-old <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_5th_Earl_of_March" title="Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March">Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Heir_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir general">heir general</a> to Richard II by being the great-grandson of Edward III's second son, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, and also the son of Richard's last nominated heir. In desperation, Henry's advisors made the case that Henry was <a href="/wiki/Heir_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir male">heir male</a> to Henry III and this was supported by thirteenth-century entails.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortimer2012p298_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortimer2012p298-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortimer's sister <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne de Mortimer</a> married <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge</a>, son of Edward III's fourth son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund of Langley">Edmund of Langley</a>, consolidating Anne's place in the succession with that of the more junior <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995p235_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995p235-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, Mortimer was not considered a serious contender and, as an adult, he showed no interest in the throne. He instead loyally served the House of Lancaster. Mortimer informed Henry V when Conisburgh, in what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Plot" title="Southampton Plot">Southampton Plot</a>, attempted to place him on the throne instead of Henry's newly crowned son—their mutual cousin—leading to the execution of Conisburgh and the other plotters.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry IV was plagued with financial problems, the political need to reward his supporters, frequent rebellions and declining health—including <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Percy">Percy family</a> had been some of Henry's leading supporters, defending the North from Scotland largely at their own expense, but revolted in the face of lack of reward and suspicion from Henry. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)" title="Henry Percy (Hotspur)">Henry Percy (Hotspur)</a> was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shrewsbury" title="Battle of Shrewsbury">Battle of Shrewsbury</a>. In 1405, Hotspur's father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland</a>, supported <a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, in another rebellion, after which the elder Percy fled to Scotland and his estates were confiscated. Henry had Scrope executed in an act comparable to the murder of another Archbishop—<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>—by men loyal to Henry II. This would probably have led to Henry's excommunication, but the church was in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, with competing popes keen on Henry's support; it protested but took no action.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995p49_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995p49-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1408, Percy invaded England once more and was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bramham_Moor" title="Battle of Bramham Moor">Battle of Bramham Moor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1997p138_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1997p138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wales, <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>'s widespread rebellion was only suppressed with the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> in 1409, although sporadic fighting continued until 1421.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1995p293_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1995p293-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry IV was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p130_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> in 1422.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p133_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p133-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henry_V_and_the_Hundred_Years'_War"><span id="Henry_V_and_the_Hundred_Years.27_War"></span>Henry V and the Hundred Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Henry V and the Hundred Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1415%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)">Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Agincourt,_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Henry V's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> was a successful and ruthless monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama2656_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama2656-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was quick to re-assert the claim to the French throne he inherited from Edward III, continuing what was later called the Hundred Years' War. The war was not a formal, continuous conflict but a series of English raids and military expeditions from 1337 until 1453. There were six major royal expeditions; Henry himself led the fifth and sixth, but these were unlike the smaller, frequent, provincial campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies419_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies419-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Henry's first major campaign—and the fifth major royal campaign of the war—he invaded France, captured <a href="/wiki/Harfleur" title="Harfleur">Harfleur</a>, made a <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">chevauchée</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and won a near-total victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> despite being outnumbered, outmanoeuvred and low on supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama265_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama265-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his second campaign, he recaptured much of Normandy and in a treaty secured a marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a>. The terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes</a> were that Henry's and Catherine's heirs would succeed to the throne of France. This condition was contested by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Dauphin</a> and the momentum of the war changed. In 1421, Henry's brother <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas, Duke of Clarence">Thomas, Duke of Clarence</a>, was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Battle of Baugé</a>, and Henry V died of dysentery at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a> in 1422.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p133_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p133-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004a_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> was less than a year old but his uncles—led by Henry V's brother <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford</a>—continued the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Johndob_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johndob-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were more victories, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Battle of Verneuil</a>, but it was impossible to maintain campaigning at this level given the relative economic and manpower resources of England against France. <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>'s involvement helped the French remove the siege of Orleans<sup id="cite_ref-Davies76_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies76-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and win the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Battle of Patay</a> before Joan was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried as a witch and burnt at the stake. The Dauphin was crowned and continued the successful <a href="/wiki/Fabian_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian tactics">Fabian tactics</a> of avoiding full frontal assault and exploiting logistical advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995p82_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995p82-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henry_VI_and_the_fall_of_the_House_of_Lancaster">Henry VI and the fall of the House of Lancaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Henry VI and the fall of the House of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the House of Plantagenet">List of members of the House of Plantagenet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></div> <p>The Hundred Years' War caused political division between the Lancastrians and the other Plantagenets during the minority of Henry VI: Bedford wanted to maintain the majority of the Lancastrians' French possessions; <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester</a> wanted to hold only Calais; and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Beaufort">Cardinal Beaufort</a> desired a negotiated peace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gloucester's attacks on Beaufort forced the latter from public life but brought him little advantage as the Earl of Suffolk's influence over the king enabled him to direct policy for the rest of the decade. Gloucester remained heir presumptive but in 1441 his ambitious wife, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Cobham">Eleanor Cobham</a>, consulted astrologers on the likelihood of the king's death and was arrested for treasonable necromancy—although Gloucester was not implicated he was discredited forced into retirement. In 1447 Suffolk had him arrested and within days he died in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004b_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England's ally <a href="/wiki/Philip_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip III, Duke of Burgundy">Philip III, Duke of Burgundy</a> defected to Charles when the English ambassadors' refusal to renounce the claim to the French crown stalled negotiations, signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Arras (1435)">Treaty of Arras (1435)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir1995p86_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir1995p86-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French reorganised the superior numbers of their feudal levies into a modern professional army and retook Paris, Rouen, Bordeaux and Normandy. Victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a> in 1450 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a> in 1453 brought the war to an end with the House of Lancaster losing forever all its French holdings, except Calais and the Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VI proved to be a weak king and vulnerable to the over-mighty subjects who developed private armies of retainers. Rivalries often spilled over from the courtroom into armed confrontations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama266_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama266-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the common purpose of the war in France, Henry's cousin <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a>, used their networks to defy the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Castor_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry became the focus of discontent as the population, agricultural production, prices, the wool trade and credit declined in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks44_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks44-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to radical demands from the lower classes. In 1450, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a> raised a rebellion to force Henry to address the economic problems or abdicate his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir147_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir147-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising was suppressed but conflict remained between villagers, gentry and aristocracy. Society remained deeply unsettled and radical demands continued to be suppressed such as those from the yeoman brothers <a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold" title="John and William Merfold">John and William Merfold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mate156_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mate156-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg/220px-Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg/330px-Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg/440px-Choosing_the_Red_and_White_Roses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses_in_the_Old_Temple_Gardens" title="Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens">Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)" title="Henry Payne (artist)">Henry Payne</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1908): Symbolic representation of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> in art</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a> prompted criticism from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York</a>, because it included the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a> and an extended truce with France. York was Henry's cousin through his descent from Edward III sons Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Edmund, Duke of York. This gave York political influence but he was removed from English and French politics through his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-croftonrichduke_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croftonrichduke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On returning to England, York was conscious of the fate of Henry's uncle Humphrey at the hands of the Beauforts and suspicious that Henry intended to nominate <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a>, as heir presumptive, and recruited military forces. Armed conflict was avoided because York lacked aristocratic support and was forced to swear allegiance to Henry. However, when Henry later underwent a mental breakdown, York was named regent. Henry was trusting and not a man of war, but Margaret was more assertive and showed open enmity towards York—particularly after the birth of a male heir that resolved the succession question and assured her position.<sup id="cite_ref-croftonrichdukeeleven_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croftonrichdukeeleven-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Robin Storey, "If Henry's insanity was a tragedy; his recovery was a national disaster".<sup id="cite_ref-storey_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storey-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Henry's sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority but York and his relatives, the Nevilles, defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Goodman_(historian)" title="Anthony Goodman (historian)">Anthony Goodman</a> suggests that around 50 men were killed; among them were Somerset and two Percy lords, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford</a>, creating feuds that would confound reconciliation attempts despite the shock to the ruling class caused by the armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threatened with treason charges and lacking support, York, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a>, and Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, fled abroad. Henry was captured by the opposition when the Nevilles returned and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York joined them, surprising parliament by claiming the throne and then forcing through the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a> stating that Henry would remain as monarch for his lifetime and that York would succeed him. The disinheriting of <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Henry's son Edward</a> was unacceptable to Margaret so the conflict continued. York was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a> and his head was displayed at <a href="/wiki/Micklegate_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micklegate Bar">Micklegate Bar</a>, York, along with those of <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury—both of whom were captured and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir257_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir257-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret gained the support of the Scottish queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a>, and with a Scottish army she pillaged into southern England.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizens of London feared the city being plundered and enthusiastically welcomed York's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward, Earl of March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowned_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowned-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a> confirmed Edward's position and he was crowned.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disaffected with Edward's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a> and preferment of her formerly Lancastrian-supporting family, Warwick and Clarence defected to the Lancastrians. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Henry's son Edward to Anne, Warwick's daughter. Edward and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>, fled England. When they returned, Clarence switched sides at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a> and Warwick and his brother were killed. Henry, Margaret and Edward of Lancaster were caught at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> before they could escape back to France. Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, was executed on the battlefield and <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset">John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset</a>, was killed in the fighting—meaning that when his brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_4th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a>, was executed two days later, the Beaufort family became extinct in the legitimate male line. The captive Henry was murdered on 21 May 1471 in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and buried in <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">Chertsey Abbey</a>, extinguishing the House of Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-End_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakespeare's_history_plays"><span id="Shakespeare.27s_history_plays"></span>Shakespeare's history plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shakespeare's history plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>"This royal throne of kings, this sceptr’d isle,<br /> This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,<br /> This other Eden, demi-paradise,<br /> This fortress built by Nature for herself<br /> Against infection and the hand of war,<br /> This happy breed of men, this little world,<br /> This precious stone set in the silver sea,<br /> Which serves it in the office of a wall,<br /> Or as a moat defensive to a house<br /> Against the envy of less happier lands;<br /> This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England... </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John of Gaunt's speech in <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i>, <br />Act II, Scene I, 40–50<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Historians have been dismayed by Shakespeare's influence on the perception of the later medieval period exceeding that of academic research.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the chronology of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">history plays</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a>, they are dominated by eight plays in which members of the House of Lancaster play a significant part, voicing speeches on a par with those in <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plays are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV, Part 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">Henry IV, Part 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">Henry VI, Part 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">Henry VI, Part 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, the plays were constrained by the political and religious requirements of Tudor England. While they are factually inaccurate, they demonstrate how the past and the House of Lancaster are remembered in terms of myth, legend, ideas and popular misconceptions. Shakespeare avoided contentious political and religious issues to dubiously illustrate Tudor England as having rejected medieval conflict and entered an era of harmony and prosperity. The famous patriotic "sceptr'd isle" speech is voiced by John of Gaunt, a man who spent the majority of his life in Aquitaine, and is a piece of poetic licence that illustrates English prejudices. <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i> is one-sided with little sympathy for the French.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these historical lines illustrate historical myth rather than realism.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lancastrian <a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">cognatic descent</a> from John of Gaunt and Blanche's daughter Phillipa continued in the royal houses of Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillipa_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillipa-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of the Lancastrian court party coalesced support around <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>—a relatively unknown scion of the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufort family">Beauforts</a>. They had been amongst the most ardent supporters of the House of Lancaster and were descended illegitimately from John of Gaunt by his mistress <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a>. However John of Gaunt and Katherine subsequently married and their children were legitimated by the Pope and by Parliament during the reign of Richard II. Henry IV had tried to debar them from the succession by use of his royal prerogative to avoid competition with the House of Lancaster's claims to the throne but this was of limited effect. By some calculations of primogeniture, there were as many as 18 people—including both his mother and future wife—with what some might claim a better right to the throne. By 1510, this figure had increased with the birth of an additional 16 possible Yorkist claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudor148_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudor148-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the House of Lancaster extinct, Henry claimed to be the Lancastrian heir through his mother <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor</a>, was Henry VI's maternal half-brother. In 1485, Henry Tudor united increasing opposition within England to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> with the Lancastrian cause to take the throne. To further legitimise his claim, Henry married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>—Edward IV's daughter—and promoted the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a> as a dynasty of dual Lancastrian and Yorkist descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudor_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudor-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_education_and_the_arts"><span id="Religion.2C_education_and_the_arts"></span>Religion, education and the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion, education and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg/220px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg/330px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg/440px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_2011_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Lancastrians were both pious and well read. Henry IV was the first English king known to have possessed a vernacular Bible, supported the canonization of <a href="/wiki/John_Twenge" title="John Twenge">John Twenge</a>, gave a pension to the anchoress Margaret Pensax and maintained close relations with several Westminster recluses. His household accounts as king record conventional payments to large numbers of paupers (12,000 on Easter day 1406) and the intercession for him of twenty-four oratores domini regis at 2d each per day. However, his reliance on the church was both personal and political. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Archbishop Arundel</a> gave the Lancastrians vital support and carried other bishops with him. In return the church required support for religious orthodoxy against heresy. <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> were suppressed and heresy was made a capital offence in England under the statute of <a href="/wiki/De_haeretico_comburendo" class="mw-redirect" title="De haeretico comburendo">De haeretico comburendo</a> even though Henry could not afford to overly antagonize his supporters with Lollard sympathies, including those among his Lancastrian retainers.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2010_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the author of the Gesta Henrici quinti, Henry V aimed "to promote the honour of God, the extension of the Church, the deliverance of his country and the peace and tranquillity of kingdoms". He was deeply religious, engaged with ecclesiastical issues and saw that his role as king was to honour God, extend the church, fight heresy and defend the established social order. All his victories, especially Agincourt, were attributed to divine intervention. Henry V founded <a href="/wiki/Syon_Abbey" title="Syon Abbey">Syon Abbey</a> in 1415, as penance for his father's execution of Archbishop Scrope, and three monasteries in London: for <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgettine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgettine">Bridgettine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celestines" title="Celestines">Celestine</a> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-H5_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H5-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equally devout Henry VI continued the architectural patronage begun by his father, founding <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a> and leaving a lasting educational and architectural legacy in buildings including <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eton_College_Chapel" title="Eton College Chapel">Eton College Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eton_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eton-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lancastrian regime was founded and legitimised by formal lying that was both public and official. This has been described as "a series of unconstitutional actions" based "upon three major acts of perjury".<sup id="cite_ref-Sherbourne_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherbourne-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/K.B._McFarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="K.B. McFarlane">K.B. McFarlane</a> found it hard "to think of another moment of comparable importance in medieval English political history when the supply of information was so effectively manipulated as it was by Henry IV on this occasion".<sup id="cite_ref-McFarlane_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarlane-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lancastrians patronised poets for <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> purposes for years before Henry IV ascended the throne, including <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> who dedicated <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Duchess" title="The Book of the Duchess">The Book of the Duchess</a> to Blanche of Lancaster around 1368. In 1400, poets in the pay of Henry IV were directed to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> purposes. <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a> based his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronica_Tripertita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronica Tripertita (page does not exist)">Cronica Tripertita</a> on the official Lancastrian accounts of the usurpation:"The Record and Process of the Deposition of Richard II" from 1399. Gower also produced a number of further favourable works including "In praise of peace" which was dedicated to Henry IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earls_and_Dukes_of_Lancaster_(first_creation)"><span id="Earls_and_Dukes_of_Lancaster_.28first_creation.29"></span>Earls and Dukes of Lancaster (first creation)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Earls and Dukes of Lancaster (first creation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:22.5%">Earl/Duke</th> <th style="width:100px">Portrait</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Birth</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Marriage(s)</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Death </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster and Leicester</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Edmund_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmund-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmund Crouchback"><img alt="Edmund Crouchback" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg/100px-Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg/150px-Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg/200px-Contemporary_illustration_of_Edmund_Crouchback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </td> <td>16 January 1245<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a> </td> <td>(1) <a href="/wiki/Aveline_de_Forz" class="mw-redirect" title="Aveline de Forz">Aveline de Forz</a><br />1269<br />0 children<br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a><br />21 September 1271<br />4 children<br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Lancaster,_Lord_of_Beaufort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Lancaster, Lord of Beaufort (page does not exist)">John of Lancaster, Lord of Beaufort</a><br />Mary of Lancaster </td> <td>5 June 1296<br /><a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a><br />aged 51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuscript illustration of Thomas of Lancaster with Saint George."><img alt="Manuscript illustration of Thomas of Lancaster with Saint George." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg/100px-BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg/150px-BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg/200px-BodleianDouce231Fol1rEdCrouchbackAndStGeorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1278<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grismond_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grismond Castle (page does not exist)">Grismond Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a> </td> <td>Alice de Lacey<br />28 October 1294 – Divorced 1318<br />0 children </td> <td>22 March 1322<br /><a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a><br />Executed by order of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a><br />aged 43–44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(No portrait available)</span> </td> <td>1281<br /><a href="/wiki/Grosmont_Castle" title="Grosmont Castle">Grosmont Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maud_Chaworth" title="Maud Chaworth">Matilda de Chaworth</a><br />7 children<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry <i>of Grosmont</i>, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster,_Baroness_Wake_of_Liddell" title="Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell">Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Lancaster,_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster">Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Lancaster" title="Joan of Lancaster">Joan of Lancaster, Baroness Mowbray</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_of_Lancaster,_Prioress_of_Amesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel of Lancaster, Prioress of Amesbury (page does not exist)">Isabel of Lancaster, Prioress of Amesbury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Lancaster" title="Eleanor of Lancaster">Eleanor of Lancaster, Countess of Arundel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Lancaster" title="Mary of Lancaster">Mary of Lancaster, Baroness Percy</a> </td> <td>22 September 1345<br /><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a><br />aged 63–64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Lancaster and Leicester</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p77-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Henry,_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_(c.1440-1450),_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Henry%2C_Duke_of_Lancaster_-_William_Bruges%27s_Garter_Book_%28c.1440-1450%29%2C_f.8_-_BL_Stowe_MS_594_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1310<br /><a href="/wiki/Grosmont_Castle" title="Grosmont Castle">Grosmont Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Beaumont" title="Isabel of Beaumont">Isabel de Beaumont</a><br />1334<br />2 children<br /><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Maud, Countess of Leicester">Maud, Countess of Leicester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster</a> </td> <td>23 March 1361<br /><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Castle" title="Leicester Castle">Leicester Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a><br />aged 50–51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, 5th Countess of Lancaster and Leicester</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2004b_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2004b-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg/100px-Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg/150px-Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_John_of_Gaunt_and_Blanche_of_Lancaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="446" /></a></span> </td> <td>25 March 1345/1347<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a><br />daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a><br />19 May 1359<br />7 children<br /><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa, Queen of Portugal</a><br />John of Lancaster<br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Lancaster,_Duchess_of_Exeter" title="Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter">Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter</a><br />Edward of Lancaster<br />John of Lancaster<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV <i>Bolingbroke</i>, King of England</a><br />Isabel of Lancaster </td> <td>12 September 1369<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a><br />aged about 22 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dukes_of_Lancaster_(second_creation)"><span id="Dukes_of_Lancaster_.28second_creation.29"></span>Dukes of Lancaster (second creation)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dukes of Lancaster (second creation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:22.5%">Duke</th> <th style="width:100px">Portrait</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Birth</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Marriage(s)</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Death </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2004a124_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2004a124-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Earl by right of his wife, the title Duke of Lancaster was vacant because there were no male heirs. Created Duke by his father Edward III of England </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnofgaunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John of Gaunt"><img alt="John of Gaunt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/100px-Johnofgaunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/150px-Johnofgaunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/200px-Johnofgaunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>6 March 1340<br /><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a> </td> <td>(1) <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a><br />1359<br />7 children<br />See above<br /> (2) <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance of Castile</a><br />21 September 1371<br />2 children<br /><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine, Queen of Castile</a><br />John of Lancaster<br /> (3) <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a><br />13 January 1396<br />4 children<br /><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland</a> </td> <td>3 February 1399<br /><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Castle" title="Leicester Castle">Leicester Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a><br />aged 58 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lancastrian_Kings_of_England">Lancastrian Kings of England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lancastrian Kings of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:22.5%">Name</th> <th style="width:100px">Portrait</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Birth</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Marriage(s)</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Death</th> <th style="width:17.5%">Claim </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-HenryIV_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HenryIV-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry IV"><img alt="Henry IV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/100px-British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-British_-_Henry_IV_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span> </td> <td>3 April 1367<br /><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a> </td> <td>(1) <a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a><br />20 July 1380<br />seven children<br />Edward of Lancaster<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_England" title="Blanche of England">Blanche, Electress Palatine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_England" title="Philippa of England">Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden</a><br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joanna of Navarre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a><br />7 February 1403<br />no children </td> <td>20 March 1413<br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br />aged 45 </td> <td>Henry's claim was extremely tenuous. He claimed the throne through his mother's descent from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund</a> on the basis that he was older than <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> but had been set aside because of deformity. This was not widely accepted </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p130_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_V_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Henry_V_of_England.jpg/100px-Henry_V_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Henry_V_of_England.jpg/150px-Henry_V_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Henry_V_of_England.jpg/200px-Henry_V_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="449" /></a></span> </td> <td>16 September 1386<br /><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Castle" title="Monmouth Castle">Monmouth Castle</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Troyes_Cathedral" title="Troyes Cathedral">Troyes Cathedral</a><br />2 June 1420<br />one son<br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> </td> <td>31 August 1422<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a><br />aged 35 </td> <td>son of Henry IV<br />(agnatic primogeniture) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-HenryVI_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HenryVI-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VI"><img alt="Henry VI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/100px-British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-British_-_Henry_VI_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span> </td> <td>6 December 1421<br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a><br />son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titchfield_Abbey" title="Titchfield Abbey">Titchfield Abbey</a><br />22 April 1445<br />one son<br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a> </td> <td>21 May 1471<br /><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a><br />aged 49<br />(believed murdered) </td> <td>son of Henry V<br />(agnatic primogeniture) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family Tree: House of Lancaster </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a><br />(1207–1272)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1272</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i>EARL OF LANCASTER, 1267</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a><br />(1239–1307)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback<br /><b>1st Earl of Lancaster</b></a><br />(1245–1296)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">King Edward II</a><br />(1284–1327)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1307–1327</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas of Lancaster<br /><b>2nd Earl of Lancaster</b></a><br />(1278–1322)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry of Lancaster<br /><b>3rd Earl of Lancaster</b></a><br />(1281–1345)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0;"><i>DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1351</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a><br />(1312–1377)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont<br /><b>4th Earl of Lancaster</b><br /><b>Duke of Lancaster</b></a><br />(c.1310–1361)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0;"><i>DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1362</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt<br /><b>5th Earl of Lancaster</b><br /><b>1st Duke of Lancaster</b></a><br />(1340–1399)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a><br />(1345–1368)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort,<br /> 1st Earl of Somerset</a><br />(1371–1410)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF; border-color:#C00; border-width:2px">Henry Bolingbroke,<br /><b>2nd Duke of Lancaster</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">King Henry IV</a></b><br />(1367–1413)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1399–1413</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0;"><i>DUKE OF LANCASTER, 1399</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort<br />1st Duke of Somerset</a><br />(1404–1444)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CFFFFF; border-color:#C00; border-width:2px">Henry of Monmouth<br /><b>Duke of Lancaster</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">King Henry V</a></b><br />(1386–1422)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1413–1422</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort,<br />Countess of Richmond and Derby</a><br />(1443–1509)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England"><b>King Henry VI</b></a><br />(1421–1471)<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1422–1461</span></b><br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1470–1471</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#C00; border-width:2px"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a><br />(1457–1509)<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1485–1509</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, <br />Prince of Wales</a><br />(1453–1471)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coats_of_Arms">Coats of Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coats of Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet">List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">Part of this section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet">List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_des_Plantagen%C3%AAts" class="extiw" title="fr:Armorial des Plantagenêts">fr:Armorial des Plantagenêts</a></div> <table width="100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td width="206"><b>Armoiries</b> </td> <td width="206"><b>Écu</b> </td> <td><b>Nom et blasonnement</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_(1399-1413).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_%281399-1413%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1340-1367).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></b> (1367 † 1413), son of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a> grandson of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>. He deposed his cousin <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> and became king. <dl><dd><i>Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, d'azur semé de lys d'or </i>( <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">France ancien</a>)<i>; aux 2 et 3 de gueules à trois léopards d'or armés et lampassés d'azur </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In 1406, he simplified the French arms in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> : </p> <dl><dd><i>Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or </i>(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">France moderne</a>)<i>; aux 2 et 3, de gueules à trois léopards d'or armés et lampassés d'azur </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>He utilized as his supporters the lion of England and the antelope. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_(1413-1422).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></b> (1387 † 1422), King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine; son of Henry IV. <dl><dd><i>Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or </i>(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">France moderne</a>)<i>; aux 2 et 3, de gueules à trois léopards d'or armés et lampassés d'azur </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>He utilized the lion of England and the antilope badge of his father as supporters. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_(1422-1471).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VI_of_England_%281422-1471%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1470-1471).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></b> (1421 † 1471), king of England, lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine. In 1422, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes</a>, he was crowned king of France and changed his armouries. <dl><dd><i>Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or </i>(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">France moderne</a>)<i>; aux 2 et 3, de gueules à trois léopards d'or armés et lampassés d'azur </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Per pale, I d'azur three fleurs de lys d'or </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of France">France moderne</a>)<i>; au II Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or </i>(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of France">France moderne</a>)<i>; aux 2 et 3, de gueules à trois léopards d'or armés et lampassés d'azur </i>(<a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>He utilized the antelope badge of his grandfather as supporters. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster </td> <td align="center">1245–1296 </td> <td><i>Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, with a label of three points Azure each charged with three fleurs de lys Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_32_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_32-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry III and Queen Eleanor. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a> </td> <td align="center">1278–1322 </td> <td><i>Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, with a label of three points Azure each charged with three fleurs de lys Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_32_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_32-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a>. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Henry%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a> </td> <td align="center">1281–1345 </td> <td><i>Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, a baston Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_33_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster and Blanche of Artois. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> </td> <td align="center">1310–1361 </td> <td><i>Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, with a label of three points Azure each charged with three fleurs de lys Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_33_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and <a href="/wiki/Maud_Chaworth" title="Maud Chaworth">Maud Chaworth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt,_King_of_Castile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_of_Gaunt%2C_King_of_Castile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt</a>, Duke of Lancaster </td> <td align="center">1340–1399 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points ermine</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_77_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_77-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Quarterly, Castile and Leon, impaling, quarterly, France and England, a label of three points ermine</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_78-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Son of: King Edward III and Queen Philippa. <p>See: <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet#House_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet">House of Lancaster</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a> </td> <td align="center">1345–1369 </td> <td><i>England a label of France (Old Lancaster)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_77_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_77-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont</a>, Duke of Lancaster and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Beaumont" title="Isabel of Beaumont">Isabel of Beaumont</a>. <p>Married to: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; 1359–1369. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Castille_(English_heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Castille_%28English_heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance of Castile</a> </td> <td align="center">1354–1394 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, Castile and Leon (Kingdom of Castile)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_78-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: King <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla" title="María de Padilla">María de Padilla</a>. <p>Married to: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; 1371–1394. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_(de_Roet).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Katherine_Swynford_%28de_Roet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a> </td> <td align="center">1350–1403 </td> <td><i>Gules, three Catherine wheels Or (Roet)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_78-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: Payne de Roet. <p>Married to: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; 1396–1399. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:0.5em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour key<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Line of descent)</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#fffaf0; color:black;"> </span> Monarchs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f0fcff; color:black;"> </span> Paternal descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#fff8f8; color:black;"> </span> Maternal descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f8f4ff; color:black;"> </span> Consorts</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f0fff0; color:black;"> </span> Illegitimate descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f2f3f4; color:black;"> </span> Collaterals</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"><span id="Descendants_of_John_of_Gaunt.2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"></span>Descendants of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=T-20" title="Edit section: Descendants of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke,_Duke_of_Hereford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg/100px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg/150px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg/200px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke,_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg/100px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg/150px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg/200px-Arms_of_Henry_Bolingbroke%2C_Duke_of_Hereford_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a>, Duke of Hereford and Lancaster<br />(later King Henry IV) </td> <td align="center">1366–1413 </td> <td>As Duke of Hereford: <p><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of five points ermine (Richmond)</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Duke of Lancaster and Hereford: </p><p><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of five points two of ermine (Richmond) and three Azure flory Or (Lancaster)</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Son of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fff0"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_(Bastard).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>, Earl of Somerset </td> <td align="center">1373–1410 </td> <td><i>Per pale, Argent and Azure, over all on a bend Gules three lions passant guardant Or with a label of three points Azure each charges with three fleur de lys Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Illegitimate Son (legitimated in 1396) of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. <p>See: <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet#House_of_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coats of arms of the House of Plantagenet">House of Beaufort</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fff0"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a>, Cardinal of St. Eusebius and Bishop of Winchester </td> <td align="center">1374–1447 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Illegitimate Son (legitimated in 1396) of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fff0"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg/100px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg/150px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg/200px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg/100px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg/150px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg/200px-Arms_of_Thomas_Beaufort%2C_1st_Duke_of_Exeter_moderne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas Beaufort</a>, Duke of Exeter </td> <td align="center">1377–1426 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Azure and Ermine</i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Illegitimate Son (legitimated in 1396) of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants_of_Henry_IV_of_England">Descendants of Henry IV of England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=T-21" title="Edit section: Descendants of Henry IV of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 3px solid goldenrod; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="fffaf0"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1340-1367).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> </td> <td align="center">1366–1413 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_87_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_87-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Changed to <i>France moderne</i> in line with changes made in that kingdom: <i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_87_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_87-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Son of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. <p>In 1376, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">kings of France</a> altered the royal coat of arms, replacing the field <i>semée fleurs de lys</i> with three fleurs de lys, alluding to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. This new design is referred to as <i>France Moderne</i>, the previous one being <i>France Ancien</i>. From about 1400 the kings of England imitated this change. As modified, the monarchs of England continued to bear arms in this form until the crown union with Scotland in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke-Little1978205–222_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke-Little1978205–222-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First king of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Lancaster</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a> </td> <td align="center">1370–1394 </td> <td><i>Azure, a bend Argent between two cotise and six lions rampant Or (de Bohun)</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_7th_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford">Humphrey de Bohun</a>, Earl of Hereford and <a href="/wiki/Joan_de_Bohun,_Countess_of_Hereford" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan de Bohun, Countess of Hereford">Joan FitzAlan</a>. <p>Married to: Henry Bolingbroke (later King Henry IV); 1380–1394. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg/100px-Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg/150px-Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg/200px-Arms_of_Joan_of_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a> </td> <td align="center">1370–1437 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien and a baston gobony Argent and Gules (Evreux), 2nd and 3rd, Gules, a cross, a saltire and an orle of chain linked together Or (Navarre)</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a> of Navarre and <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre">Joan of Valois</a>. <p>Married to: King Henry IV; 1399–1413. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_(Modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry of Monmouth</a>, Prince of Wales<br />(later King Henry V) </td> <td align="center">1386–1422 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent</i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/100px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/150px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/200px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster</a>, Duke of Clarence </td> <td align="center">1387–1421 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points ermine, each with a canton Gules</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Bedford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster</a>, Duke of Bedford </td> <td align="center">1389–1435 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of five points, the two on the dexter side ermine and each of the other three charged with three fleurs de lys</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_92_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_92-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg/100px-Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg/150px-Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg/200px-Arms_of_Humphrey_of_Lancaster%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey of Lancaster</a>, Duke of Gloucester </td> <td align="center">1390–1447 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure Argent</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_92_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_92-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Descendants_of_Henry_V_of_England">Descendants of Henry V of England</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=T-22" title="Edit section: Descendants of Henry V of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 3px solid goldenrod; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="fffaf0"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center">King <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> </td> <td align="center">1386–1422 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_95_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_95-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg/100px-Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg/150px-Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg/200px-Arms_of_Catherine_of_Valois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a> </td> <td align="center">1401–1437 </td> <td><i>Azure, three fleur de lys Or (France moderne)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_95_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_95-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a> of France and <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a>. <p>Married to: King Henry V; 1420–1422. </p><p>Later married to: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a>; 1428?–1437, progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 3px solid goldenrod; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="fffaf0"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1470-1471).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center">King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> </td> <td align="center">1421–1471 </td> <td><i>France moderne, impaling, quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England</i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry V and Catherine of Valois. <p>Throne usurped by Edward, Earl of March, who became King Edward IV in 1461. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg/100px-Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg/150px-Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg/200px-Arms_of_Margaret_of_Anjou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a> </td> <td align="center">1430–1482 </td> <td><i>Quarterly of six, 1st, barry of eight Argent and Gules (Hungary), 2nd, Azure, sem</i>é<i>e of fleur de lys Or, a label of three points Gules (Naples), 3rd, Argent, a cross potent between four crosses Or (Jerusalem), 4th, Azure, sem</i>é<i>e of fleur de lys Or, a bordure Gules (Anjou), 5th Azure, sem</i>é<i>e of crosses crosslet fitch</i>é<i>e, two barbels addors</i>é<i>e Or (Bar), 6th, Or, on a bend Gules three allerions Argent (Lorraine)</i><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: King <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René</a> of Naples, Duke of Anjou and <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Duchess_of_Lorraine" title="Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine">Isabella of Lorraine</a>. <p>Married to: King Henry VI; 1445–1471. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_(Modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a>, Prince of Wales </td> <td align="center">1453–1471 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent</i><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: King Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. <p>Killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> 1471. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:0.5em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour key<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Line of descent)</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#fffaf0; color:black;"> </span> Monarchs</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f0fcff; color:black;"> </span> Paternal descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#fff8f8; color:black;"> </span> Maternal descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f8f4ff; color:black;"> </span> Consorts</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f0fff0; color:black;"> </span> Illegitimate descent</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;background-color:#f2f3f4; color:black;"> </span> Collaterals</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset"><span id="Descendants_of_John_Beaufort.2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset"></span>Descendants of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=T-30" title="Edit section: Descendants of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fff0"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_(Bastard).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset_%28Bastard%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/100px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/150px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg/200px-Arms_of_John_Beaufort%2C_1st_Earl_of_Somerset.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>, Earl of Somerset </td> <td align="center">1373–1410 </td> <td><i>Per pale, Argent and Azure, over all on a bend Gules three lions passant guardant Or with a label of three points Azure each charges with three fleur de lys Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Illegitimate Son (legitimated in 1396) of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Margaret_Holland,_Countess_of_Somerset.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg/100px-Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg/150px-Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg/200px-Arms_of_Margaret_Holland%2C_Countess_of_Somerset.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland,_Duchess_of_Clarence" title="Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence">Margaret Holland</a>, Countess of Somerset </td> <td align="center">1385–1439 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France ancien, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure, impaling, Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, within a bordure Argent</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holland,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent" title="Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent">Thomas Holland</a>, Earl of Kent and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Holland,_Countess_of_Kent" title="Alice Holland, Countess of Kent">Alice Holland</a>, Countess of Kent <p>Married to: John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset; 1399–1410 </p><p>Married to: Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence; 1411–1421 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufort_Arms_(France_modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/100px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/150px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/200px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>, Duke of Somerset </td> <td align="center">1403–1444 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_82_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_82-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset and Margaret Holland. </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg/100px-Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg/150px-Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg/200px-Arms_of_Margaret_Beauchamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beauchamp_of_Bletso" title="Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso">Margaret Beauchamp</a> </td> <td align="center">1406–1482 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure, impaling, Gules, on a fess Or a mullet Sable, between six martlets, three, two and one, of the second (Beauchamp)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_82_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_82-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: John Beauchamp of Bletso and Edith Stourton. <p>Married to: Sir Oliver St John, of Bletsoe; 1425–1437. </p><p>Married to: John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset; 1439–1444. </p><p>Married to: <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Welles,_6th_Baron_Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles">Lionel de Welles</a>, Baron Welles; 1447–1461. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufort_Arms_(France_modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/100px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/150px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/200px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg/100px-Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg/150px-Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg/200px-Arms_of_Lady_Margaret_Beaufort%2C_Countess_of_Richmond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a> </td> <td align="center">1443–1509 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_127-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Quarterly, France moderne and England, a bordure Azure charged alternatively with fleurs de lys and martlets Or, impaling, Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, within a bordure componée Argent and Azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_127-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Daughter of: John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Margaret Beauchamp. <p>Married to: Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond; 1455–1456. </p><p>Married to: Sir Henry Stafford; 1462–1471. </p><p>Married to: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley</a>, Earl of Derby; 1472–1504. </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f8f4ff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor,_Earl_of_Richmond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor</a>, Earl of Richmond </td> <td align="center">1430–1456 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, France moderne and England, a bordure Azure charged alternatively with fleurs de lys and martlets Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinches_127-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Son of: Sir <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a>. <p>Half brother to King Henry VI, legitimated by Parliament in 1453. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="21%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Arms </th> <th width="20%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Name </th> <th width="8%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Life </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Blazon </th> <th width="26%" bgcolor="#ccccff">Notes </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="fff8f8"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor,_Earl_of_Richmond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/100px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/150px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg/200px-Arms_of_Edmund_Tudor%2C_Earl_of_Richmond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, Earl of Richmond<br />(later King Henry VII) </td> <td align="center">1457–1509 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, France moderne and England, a bordure Azure charged alternatively with fleurs de lys and martlets Or</i><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England</i><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>Son of: Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Lady Margaret Beaufort. <p>Defeats King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, claims the throne as King Henry VII. </p><p>See: <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f0fcff"> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_(Princess).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/200px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg/100px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg/150px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg/200px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> </td> <td align="center">1466–1503 </td> <td><i>Quarterly, 1st, quarterly, 1st and 4th, France moderne, 2nd and 3rd England, 2nd and 3rd de Burgh, 4th Mortimer</i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Daughter of: King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. <p>Married to: King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>; 1486–1503. </p><p>Heiress of the House of York. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancaster_badges">Lancaster badges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lancaster badges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges of England</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a> derives from the gold rose badge of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>. Other members of his family used variants of the royal badge, with the king's brother, the Earl of Lancaster, using a red rose.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the Red Rose of Lancaster was the House of Lancaster's <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Evidence for this "wearing of the rose" includes land tenure records requiring service of a red rose yearly for a manor held directly from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, doubts as to whether the red rose was actually an emblem taken up by the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. Adrian Ailes has noted that the red rose "probably owes its popular usage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> quickly responding to the pre-existing Yorkist white rose in an age when signs and symbols could speak louder than words." </p><p>It also allowed Henry to invent and exploit his most famous heraldic device, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Rose">Tudor Rose</a>, combining the so-called Lancastrian red rose and the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a>. This floral union neatly symbolised the restoration of peace and harmony and his marriage in January 1486 to Elizabeth of York. It was a brilliant piece of simple heraldic propaganda."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Rose">Tudor Rose</a> is used as the plant badge of England (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster."><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/180px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/270px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/360px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red Rose Badge of Lancaster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monogram SS Badge of Henry IV."><img alt="Monogram SS Badge of Henry IV." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg/211px-Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg/317px-Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg/423px-Monogram_SS_Badge_of_Henry_IV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monogram SS Badge of Henry IV.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chained Antelope Badge of Henry V & VI."><img alt="Chained Antelope Badge of Henry V & VI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg/152px-Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg/229px-Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg/305px-Chained_Antelope_Badge_of_Henry_V_%26_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chained Antelope Badge of Henry V & VI.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hereford Swan Badge of Henry V."><img alt="Hereford Swan Badge of Henry V." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/183px-Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/274px-Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/366px-Hereford_Swan_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hereford Swan Badge of Henry V.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fire Beacon Badge of Henry V."><img alt="Fire Beacon Badge of Henry V." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/161px-Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/241px-Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg/321px-Fire_Beacon_Badge_of_Henry_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fire Beacon Badge of Henry V.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crossed Feather Badge of Henry VI."><img alt="Crossed Feather Badge of Henry VI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/150px-Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/225px-Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/300px-Crossed_Feather_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crossed Feather Badge of Henry VI.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panther Badge of Henry VI."><img alt="Panther Badge of Henry VI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/204px-Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/305px-Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg/407px-Panther_Badge_of_Henry_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panther Badge of Henry VI.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Background information on the Act that enable the House of Lancaster to accumulate its vast holdings can be found at <a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></li> <li>Further information on the Lancastrian descent in Portugal and Spain – <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa of Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Lencastre,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra">Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lencastre,_1st_Duke_of_Aveiro" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Aveiro">John of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Aveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_successions_to_the_English_and_British_Crown" title="Alternative successions to the English and British Crown">Alternative successions to the English Crown</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As descendants of the sovereign in the male line, the earls of Lancaster bore the arms of the kingdom differenced by a <i>label azure of three points each charged with three fleurs de lys Or</i>. The last male of this family — Henry of Grosmont — was granted a dukedom, which was then re-created for the second house.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arms of John of Gaunt, founder of the second house. The arms of the kingdom differenced by a <i>label ermine</i>. His royal descendants bore the arms undifferenced.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Weir2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p371-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p371_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p371_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbraith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith1982">Galbraith 1982</a>, pp. 223–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p363-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p363_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p375-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p375_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, pp. 375–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p390-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p390_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p400-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p400_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p400_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p422-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p422_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaugh2004">Waugh 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2008p77-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p77_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler26-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler26_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012p471b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p471b_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012p471b_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler30_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler34-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler34_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler35-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler35_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler58-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler58_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler61-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler61_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKisack-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKisack_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKisack1959">McKisack 1959</a>, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler173-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler173_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler193-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler193_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 193–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler106-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler106_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 106–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler217-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler217_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler1969">Fowler 1969</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2010_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2010_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownSummerson2010">Brown & Summerson 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995p36-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995p36_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, pp. 36–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saul1995-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saul1995_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaul1997">Saul 1997</a>, pp. 424–425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuck2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuck2004_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuck2004">Tuck 2004</a>, pp. 209–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortimer2012p297-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mortimer2012p297_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2012">Mortimer 2012</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortimer2012p298-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mortimer2012p298_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2012">Mortimer 2012</a>, pp. 298–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995p235-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995p235_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2008">Griffiths 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanson1995">Swanson 1995</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995p49-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995p49_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1997p138-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee1997p138_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, pp. 138–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1995p293-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1995p293_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1995">Davies 1995</a>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2008p130-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p130_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p130_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2008p133-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p133_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p133_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama2656-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schama2656_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama2000">Schama 2000</a>, pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies419-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies419_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, pp. 419–420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama265-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schama265_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama2000">Schama 2000</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004a-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004a_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarriss2004a">Harriss 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johndob-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johndob_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratford2004">Stratford 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies76-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies76_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, pp. 76–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995p82-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995p82_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarriss2004b">Harriss 2004b</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, pp. 72–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004b-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarriss2004b_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarriss2004b">Harriss 2004b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir1995p86-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir1995p86_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, pp. 86, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama266-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schama266_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama2000">Schama 2000</a>, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castor-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castor_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastor2000">Castor 2000</a>, pp. 3–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks44-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hicks44_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2010">Hicks 2010</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir147-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir147_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, pp. 147–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mate156-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mate156_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMate2006">Mate 2006</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-croftonrichduke-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croftonrichduke_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrofton2007">Crofton 2007</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-croftonrichdukeeleven-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croftonrichdukeeleven_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrofton2007">Crofton 2007</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-storey-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-storey_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorey1986">Storey 1986</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir257-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir257_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowned-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crowned_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-End-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-End_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 509</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelsey1992">Belsey 1992</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillipa-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillipa_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudor148-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tudor148_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudor-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tudor_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 146–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H5-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H5_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2010">Allmand 2010</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eton-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eton_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherbourne-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherbourne_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherborne1994">Sherborne 1994</a>, pp. 218, 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFarlane-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McFarlane_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcFarlane1972">McFarlane 1972</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrewer2012">Brewer 2012</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmund-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edmund_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd2004">Lloyd 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2004b-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2004b_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2004b">Walker 2004b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanche's year of birth is a matter of scholarly debate. <a href="#CITEREFLoschiavo1978">Loschiavo 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanche was traditionally believed to have died in 1369, but Palmer's evidence that she died the year before is now widely accepted by scholars. <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2004a124-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2004a124_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2004a">Walker 2004a</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenryIV-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HenryIV_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenryVI-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HenryVI_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2004">Griffiths 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaclaganLouda1999" class="citation book cs1">Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999). <i>Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe</i>. London: Little, Brown & Co. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-469-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-469-1"><bdi>1-85605-469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Line+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85605-469-1&rft.aulast=Maclagan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Louda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietstap1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rietstap" title="Johannes Rietstap">Rietstap, Johannes Baptist</a> (1861). <i>Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason</i>. G.B. van Goor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armorial+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%2C+contenant+la+description+des+armoiries+des+familles+nobles+et+patriciennes+de+l%27Europe%3A+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9+d%27un+dictionnaire+des+termes+du+blason&rft.pub=G.B.+van+Goor&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Rietstap&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Baptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_32-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_32_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_32_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_33-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_33_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_33_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_77-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_77_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_77_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_78-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_78_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197486_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches197481_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_87-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_87_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_87_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke-Little1978205–222-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke-Little1978205–222_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1978">Brooke-Little 1978</a>, pp. 205–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_92-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_92_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_92_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_95-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_95_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_95_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_82-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_82_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_82_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinches_127-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinches_127_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Bedingfeld and Peter Gwynn-Jones, Heraldry, Chartwell Books, 1993, page 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Cardogan Rothery, Concise Encyclopedia of Heraldry, Brackten Books, 1915, page 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Ailes, "Heraldry in Medieval England: Symbols of Politics and Propaganda,” in Heraldry, Pageantry, and Social Display in Medieval England, ed. Peter Cross and Maurice Keen (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 2002), 83–104 (101).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmand2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allmand, C. T. (2010). "Henry V (1386–1422)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12952">10.1093/ref:odnb/12952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+V+%281386%E2%80%931422%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12952&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelsey1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Belsey" title="Catherine Belsey">Belsey, Catherine</a> (1992). "Making History". In Holderness, Graham (ed.). <i>Shakespeare's history plays: Richard II to Henry V</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333549023" title="Special:BookSources/0333549023"><bdi>0333549023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+History&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+history+plays%3A+Richard+II+to+Henry+V&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0333549023&rft.aulast=Belsey&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2012" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, DS (2012). <i>John Gower, Poetry and Propaganda in Fourteenth-century England</i> (Volume 7 of Publications of the John Gower Society ed.). DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843843153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843843153"><bdi>978-1843843153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Gower%2C+Poetry+and+Propaganda+in+Fourteenth-century+England&rft.edition=Volume+7+of+Publications+of+the+John+Gower+Society&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1843843153&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke-Little1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Brooke-Little" title="John Brooke-Little">Brooke-Little, J.P., FSA</a> (1978) [1950], <i>Boutell's Heraldry</i> (Revised ed.), London: Frederick Warne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4"><bdi>0-7232-2096-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boutell%27s+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7232-2096-4&rft.aulast=Brooke-Little&rft.aufirst=J.P.%2C+FSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSummerson2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, Henry; Summerson, A. L (2010). "Henry IV (1367–1413)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12951">10.1093/ref:odnb/12951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+IV+%281367%E2%80%931413%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12951&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Summerson%2C+A.+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastor2000" class="citation book cs1">Castor, Helen (2000). <i>The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820622-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820622-4"><bdi>0-19-820622-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%2C+the+Crown%2C+and+the+Duchy+of+Lancaster%3A+Public+Authority+and+Private+Power%2C+1399%E2%80%931461&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-820622-4&rft.aulast=Castor&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrofton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crofton, Ian (2007). <i>The Kings and Queens of England</i>. Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-065-1"><bdi>978-1-84724-065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+and+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-065-1&rft.aulast=Crofton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1997). <i>Europe – A History</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6633-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6633-8"><bdi>0-7126-6633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7126-6633-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1999). <i>The Isles – A History</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-76370-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-76370-X"><bdi>0-333-76370-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-333-76370-X&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1995" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R R (1995). <i>The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280209-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280209-7"><bdi>0-19-280209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolt+of+Owain+Glyn+Dwr&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-280209-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1969" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Kenneth Alan (1969). <i>The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361</i>. Elek (Paul) (Scientific Books) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-30812-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-236-30812-2"><bdi>0-236-30812-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Lieutenant%3A+Henry+of+Grosmont%2C+First+Duke+of+Lancaster%2C+1310%E2%80%931361&rft.pub=Elek+%28Paul%29+%28Scientific+Books%29+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-236-30812-2&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1982" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Vivian Hunter (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingschroniclers0000galb"><i>Kings and chroniclers: essays in English medieval history</i></a></span>. Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/095068824X" title="Special:BookSources/095068824X"><bdi>095068824X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+chroniclers%3A+essays+in+English+medieval+history&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=095068824X&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Vivian+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingschroniclers0000galb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1981" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Anthony (1981). <i>The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05264-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05264-5"><bdi>0-415-05264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Military+Activity+and+English+Society%2C+1452%E2%80%9397&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-415-05264-5&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Griffiths, G. L. (2004). "Henry VI (1421–1471)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12953">10.1093/ref:odnb/12953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VI+%281421%E2%80%931471%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12953&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Griffiths, G. L. (2008). "Mortimer, Edmund (V), fifth earl of March and seventh earl of Ulster (1391–1425)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19344">10.1093/ref:odnb/19344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mortimer%2C+Edmund+%28V%29%2C+fifth+earl+of+March+and+seventh+earl+of+Ulster+%281391%E2%80%931425%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19344&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harriss, R. A. (2004a). "Thomas, duke of Clarence (1387–1421)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27198">10.1093/ref:odnb/27198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas%2C+duke+of+Clarence+%281387%E2%80%931421%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27198&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harriss, R. A. (2004b). "Humphrey, duke of Gloucester (1390–1447)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14155">10.1093/ref:odnb/14155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humphrey%2C+duke+of+Gloucester+%281390%E2%80%931447%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14155&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2010" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael (2010). <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300114232" title="Special:BookSources/9780300114232"><bdi>9780300114232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780300114232&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Dan (2012). <i>The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England</i>. HarperPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-745749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-745749-6"><bdi>978-0-00-745749-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+The+Kings+Who+Made+England&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-745749-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Christopher (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/This_Sceptred_Isle_(radio_series)" title="This Sceptred Isle (radio series)">This Sceptred Isle</a></i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-994-1"><bdi>978-1-84529-994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Sceptred+Isle&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-994-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lloyd, Simon (2004). "Edmund, first earl of Lancaster and first earl of Leicester (1245–1296)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8504">10.1093/ref:odnb/8504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund%2C+first+earl+of+Lancaster+and+first+earl+of+Leicester+%281245%E2%80%931296%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8504&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoschiavo1978" class="citation journal cs1">Loschiavo, L. A. (1978). "The birth of 'Blanche the Duchesse': 1340 <i>versus</i> 1347'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Chaucer Review</i>. <b>13</b>: 128–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chaucer+Review&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+%27Blanche+the+Duchesse%27%3A+1340+versus+1347%27&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=128-32&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Loschiavo&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMate2006" class="citation book cs1">Mate, Mavis (2006). <i>Trade and Economic Developments 1450–1550: The Experience of Kent, Surrey and Sussex</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-189-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-189-9"><bdi>1-84383-189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Economic+Developments+1450%E2%80%931550%3A+The+Experience+of+Kent%2C+Surrey+and+Sussex&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84383-189-9&rft.aulast=Mate&rft.aufirst=Mavis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane1972" class="citation book cs1">McFarlane, K.B. (1972). <i>Lancastrian kings and Lollard knights</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198223447" title="Special:BookSources/0198223447"><bdi>0198223447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancastrian+kings+and+Lollard+knights&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0198223447&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=K.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKisack1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/May_McKisack" title="May McKisack">McKisack, M.</a> (1959). <i>The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399</i>. Continuum Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441102690" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441102690"><bdi>978-1441102690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourteenth+Century%3A+1307%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-1441102690&rft.aulast=McKisack&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2012" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Ian (2012). <i>Medieval Intrigue: Decoding Royal Conspiracies</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441102690" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441102690"><bdi>978-1441102690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Intrigue%3A+Decoding+Royal+Conspiracies&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1441102690&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1974" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, J. J. N. (1974). "The historical context of the <i>Book of the Duchess</i>: a revision". <i>Chaucer Review</i>. <b>8</b>: 253–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chaucer+Review&rft.atitle=The+historical+context+of+the+Book+of+the+Duchess%3A+a+revision&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=253-61&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches1974" class="citation book cs1">Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). <i>The Royal Heraldry of England</i>. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900455-25-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-900455-25-X"><bdi>0-900455-25-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=Slough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.series=Heraldry+Today&rft.pub=Hollen+Street+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-900455-25-X&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John+Harvey&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Saul" title="Nigel Saul">Saul, Nigel</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardii00saul"><i>Richard II</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07003-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07003-9"><bdi>0-300-07003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+II&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07003-9&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardii00saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2000" class="citation book cs1">Schama, Simon (2000). <i>A History of Britain – At the edge of the world</i>. BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-53483-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-53483-4"><bdi>0-563-53483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain+%E2%80%93+At+the+edge+of+the+world&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-563-53483-4&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherborne1994" class="citation book cs1">Sherborne, James (1994). <i>War, Politics and Culture in 14th Century England</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852850868" title="Special:BookSources/1852850868"><bdi>1852850868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Politics+and+Culture+in+14th+Century+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1852850868&rft.aulast=Sherborne&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey1986" class="citation book cs1">Storey, Robin (1986). <i>The End of the House of Lancaster</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-290-7"><bdi>0-86299-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+House+of+Lancaster&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86299-290-7&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stratford, Jenny (2004). "John, duke of Bedford (1389–1435)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14844">10.1093/ref:odnb/14844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%2C+duke+of+Bedford+%281389%E2%80%931435%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14844&rft.aulast=Stratford&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1995" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, R.N. (1995). <i>Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215–c. 1515</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37950-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37950-4"><bdi>0-521-37950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Devotion+in+Europe%2C+c.+1215%E2%80%93c.+1515&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-37950-4&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tuck" title="Anthony Tuck">Tuck, Anthony</a> (2004). <i>Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England</i>. London: Fontana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-686084-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-686084-2"><bdi>0-00-686084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Nobility+1272%E2%80%931461%3A+Political+Conflict+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-00-686084-2&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Simon (2004a). "John, duke of Aquitaine and duke of Lancaster, styled king of Castile and León (1340–1399)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14843">10.1093/ref:odnb/14843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%2C+duke+of+Aquitaine+and+duke+of+Lancaster%2C+styled+king+of+Castile+and+Le%C3%B3n+%281340%E2%80%931399%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14843&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Simon (2004b). "Blanche of Lancaster (1346?–1368)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54463">10.1093/ref:odnb/54463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blanche+of+Lancaster+%281346%3F%E2%80%931368%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54463&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Waugh, Scott L. (2004). "Henry of Lancaster, third Earl of Lancaster and third Earl of Leicester (c.1280–1345)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12959">10.1093/ref:odnb/12959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+of+Lancaster%2C+third+Earl+of+Lancaster+and+third+Earl+of+Leicester+%28c.1280%E2%80%931345%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12959&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Scott+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1995" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (1995). <i>Lancaster & York – The Wars of the Roses</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6674-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6674-5"><bdi>0-7126-6674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancaster+%26+York+%E2%80%93+The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7126-6674-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2008). <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5"><bdi>978-0-09-953973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:House_of_Lancaster" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page51.asp">House of Lancaster</a> on the official website of the British monarchy</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">Royal house</a></b></div><div><b> House of Lancaster</b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Ruling house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">Kingdom of France</a> </b><br /><i>(disputed with the House of Valois)</i><br />1422–1453 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a><br />(senior line)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling house of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> </b><br />1399–1422 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling house of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </b><br />1399–1461 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling house of the Kingdom of England </b><br />1470–1471 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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York">York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="List of kings of Dál Riata">Fergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%93engus" title="House of Óengus">Óengus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Strathclyde" title="List of kings of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Mann and the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Galloway" title="Lord of Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Moray" title="House of Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverre" title="House of Sverre">Sverre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Bruce" title="Clan Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aberffraw" title="House of Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Cunedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dinefwr" title="House of Dinefwr">Dinefwr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gwynedd" title="House of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mathrafal" title="House of Mathrafal">Mathrafal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Gallchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Gallchobhair">Ó Gallchobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Domhnail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Domhnail">Ó Domhnail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Néill">Ó Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_M%C3%A1el_Sechlainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Máel Sechlainn">Ó Máel Sechlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Murchada">Mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Briain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Briain">Ó Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Lochlainn" title="Mac Lochlainn">Mac Lochlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair">Ó Conchobhair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_Conairi" title="Síl Conairi">Síl Conairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Ulaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Dáirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osraige" title="Osraige">Osraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach" title="Uí Fiachrach">Uí Fiachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bri%C3%BAin" title="Uí Briúin">Uí Briúin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Síl nÁedo Sláine">Síl nÁedo Sláine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in" title="Clann Cholmáin">Clann Cholmáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Chaisil" title="Eóganacht Chaisil">Chaisil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Glendamnach" title="Eóganacht Glendamnach">Glendamnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Raithlind" title="Eóganacht Raithlind">Raithlind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%BAnlainge" title="Uí Dúnlainge">Uí Dúnlainge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> (Norse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Ceinnselaig" title="Uí Ceinnselaig">Uí Ceinnselaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">Ó Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_dynasty" title="MacCarthy dynasty">Mac Carthaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor_Don" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor Don">Ó Conchobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne" title="Kingdom of Breifne">Ó Ruairc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgh" title="House of Burgh">Burgh</a> (Norman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald</a> (Norman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">Ó Domhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">Ó Néill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovan_dynasty" title="Crovan dynasty">Crovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105278#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/65153530953448701930">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/219935/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074278">United 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