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Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I._Nature_and_significance_of_play_as_a_cultural_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-II._The_play_concept_as_expressed_in_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#II._The_play_concept_as_expressed_in_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>II. The play concept as expressed in language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-II._The_play_concept_as_expressed_in_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Play-category,_play-concept,_play-function,_play-word_in_selected_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play-category,_play-concept,_play-function,_play-word_in_selected_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Play-category, play-concept, play-function, play-word in selected languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play-category,_play-concept,_play-function,_play-word_in_selected_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-III._Play_and_contest_as_civilizing_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#III._Play_and_contest_as_civilizing_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>III. Play and contest as civilizing functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-III._Play_and_contest_as_civilizing_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IV._Play_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IV._Play_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>IV. Play and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IV._Play_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three_play-forms_in_the_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_play-forms_in_the_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Three play-forms in the lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_play-forms_in_the_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V._Play_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V._Play_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>V. Play and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V._Play_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VI._Playing_and_knowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VI._Playing_and_knowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>VI. Playing and knowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VI._Playing_and_knowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VII._Play_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VII._Play_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>VII. Play and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VII._Play_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VIII._The_elements_of_mythopoiesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VIII._The_elements_of_mythopoiesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>VIII. The elements of mythopoiesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VIII._The_elements_of_mythopoiesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IX._Play-forms_in_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IX._Play-forms_in_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>IX. Play-forms in philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IX._Play-forms_in_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X._Play-forms_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X._Play-forms_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>X. Play-forms in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X._Play-forms_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XI._Western_civilization_sub_specie_ludi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XI._Western_civilization_sub_specie_ludi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>XI. Western civilization sub specie ludi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XI._Western_civilization_sub_specie_ludi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XII._Play-element_in_contemporary_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XII._Play-element_in_contemporary_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>XII. Play-element in contemporary civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XII._Play-element_in_contemporary_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreword_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreword_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreword controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreword_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Homo Ludens</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens" title="Homo Ludens – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homo Ludens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="انسان بازیگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان بازیگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%AA%A8_%EB%A3%A8%EB%8D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="호모 루덴스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호모 루덴스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens" title="Homo Ludens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homo Ludens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens" title="Homo Ludens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homo Ludens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikkiv%C3%A4_ihminen" title="Leikkivä ihminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leikkivä ihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ludens" title="Homo ludens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homo ludens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens" title="Homo Ludens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homo Ludens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens" title="Homo Ludens – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Homo Ludens" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E4%BA%BA" title="遊戲人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="遊戲人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA" title="游戏的人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="游戏的人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Homo Ludens <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens&rft.author=%5B%5BJohan+Huizinga%5D%5D&rft.date=1938&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%7CRoutledge+%26+Kegan+Paul%5D%5D%2C+London%2C+1949%3B+%5B%5BBeacon+Press%5D%5D%2C+Boston%2C+1950&rft.place=%5B%5BNetherlands%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Huizinga,_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Joan_Huizinga%2C_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg/220px-Joan_Huizinga%2C_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Joan_Huizinga%2C_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg/330px-Joan_Huizinga%2C_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Joan_Huizinga%2C_Homo_ludens_maitrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="633" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the French edition, <a href="/wiki/Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallimard">Gallimard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>, London, 1949; <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>, Boston, 1950, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1938<sup id="cite_ref-PolmarAllen2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolmarAllen2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1949</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Homo Ludens</b></i> is a book originally published in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-Skweres2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skweres2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Dutch historian and cultural theorist <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It discusses the importance of the play element of culture and society.<sup id="cite_ref-GrabowSpreckelmeyer2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrabowSpreckelmeyer2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huizinga suggests that play is primary to and a necessary (though not sufficient) condition of the generation of culture. The Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludens</i></span> is the present active participle of the verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludere</i></span>, which itself is cognate with the noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludus</i></span>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ludus</i></span> has no direct equivalent in English, as it simultaneously refers to sport, play, school, and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._Nature_and_significance_of_play_as_a_cultural_phenomenon">I. Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: I. Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>Play is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Huizinga begins by making it clear that animals played before humans. One of the most significant (human and cultural) aspects of play is that it is <a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">fun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huizinga identifies 5 characteristics that play must have:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Play is free, is in fact <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>.</li> <li>Play is not "ordinary" or "real" life.</li> <li>Play is distinct from "ordinary" life both as to locality and duration.</li> <li>Play creates order, is order. Play demands order absolute and supreme.</li> <li>Play is connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained from it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Huizinga shows that in ritual dances a person 'becomes' a kangaroo. There is a difference in how western thought expresses this concept and how "primitive" religions view this. Scholars of religion use western terminology to describe non western concepts. </p><p>"He has taken on the "essence" of the kangaroo, says the savage; he is playing the kangaroo, say we. The savage, however, knows nothing of the conceptual distinctions between "being" and "playing"; he knows nothing of "identity'\ "image" or "symbol"." <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way Huizinga suggests the universally understood concept of play is more fitting to both societies to describe this phenomenon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="II._The_play_concept_as_expressed_in_language">II. The play concept as expressed in language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: II. The play concept as expressed in language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>Word and idea are not born of scientific or logical thinking but of creative language, which means of innumerable languages—for this act of "conception" has taken place over and over again.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Huizinga has much to say about the words for play in different languages. Perhaps the most extraordinary remark concerns the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin language</a>. "It is remarkable that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludus</i></span>, as the general term for play, has not only not passed into the Romance languages but has left hardly any traces there, so far as I can see... We must leave to one side the question whether the disappearance of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludus</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludere</i></span> is due to phonetic or to semantic causes."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of all the possible uses of the word "play" Huizinga specifically mentions the equation of play with, on the one hand, "serious strife", and on the other, "erotic applications".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Play-category,_play-concept,_play-function,_play-word_in_selected_languages"><span id="Play-category.2C_play-concept.2C_play-function.2C_play-word_in_selected_languages"></span>Play-category, play-concept, play-function, play-word in selected languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Play-category, play-concept, play-function, play-word in selected languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huizinga attempts to classify the words used for play in a variety of natural languages. The chapter title uses "play-concept" to describe such words. Other words used with the "play-" prefix are play-function and play-form. The order in which examples are given in natural languages is as follows: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3)</dt> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδιά</span></span> — pertaining to children's games,</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄθυρμα</span></span> — associated with the idea of the trifling, the nugatory,</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀγών</span></span> — for matches and contests.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4)</dt> <dd>krīdati — denoting the play of animals, children, adults,</dd> <dd>divyati — gambling, dicing, joking, jesting, ...,</dd> <dd>vilāsa — shining, sudden appearance, playing and pursuing an occupation,</dd> <dd>līlayati — light, frivolous insignificant sides of playing.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3)</dt> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">玩</span></span> (wán) — is the most important word covering children's games and much much more,</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">爭</span></span> (zhēng) — denoting anything to do with contests, corresponds exactly to the Greek <i>agon</i>,</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">賽</span></span> (sài) — organized contest for a prize.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2)</dt> <dd>koani — all children's games and also in the erotic sense of "dallying",</dd> <dd>kachtsi — organized play.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1)</dt> <dd><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">遊ぶ</span></span> (asobu) — is a single, very definite word, for the play function.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></dt> <dd>la’ab (a root, cognate with la’at) — play, laughing, mocking,</dd> <dd>la’iba (Arabic) — playing in general, making mock of, teasing,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>la’ab (Aramaic) — laughing and mocking,</dd> <dd>sahaq (Hebrew) — laughing and playing.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (1)</dt> <dd><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludus</i></span> — from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ludere</i></span>, covers the whole field of play<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="III._Play_and_contest_as_civilizing_functions">III. Play and contest as civilizing functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: III. Play and contest as civilizing functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>The view we take in the following pages is that culture arises in the form of play, that it is played from the very beginning... Social life is endued with supra-biological forms, in the shape of play, which enhances its value.<sup id="cite_ref-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Huizinga does not mean that "play turns into culture". Rather, he sets play and culture side by side, talks about their "twin union", but insists that "play is primary".<sup id="cite_ref-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this chapter, Huizinga highlights the antagonistic aspect of play and its "civilizing function". Using the research of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granet" title="Marcel Granet">Marcel Granet</a>, Huizinga describes the festal practices of ancient Chinese clans, who incorporated various contests in their celebrations and rituals. These contests, in essence, divided the clan internally into what are known by anthropologists as <i>phratriai</i>, and these internal divisions become a social hierarchy, laying the groundwork for more "complex" civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When describing antagonistic relationships between clans (as opposed to internally), Huizinga mentions the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a></i>. He writes,</p><blockquote><p>In its most typical form as found among the <a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl_First_Nation" title="Kwakiutl First Nation">Kwakiutl</a> tribe the potlatch is a great solemn feast, during which one of two groups, with much pomp and ceremony, makes gifts on a large scale to the other group for the express purpose of showing its [the gift-giving group's] superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The potlatch is meant to be a frivolous, wasteful, even destruction display of superiority, and accounts are given of rival clans ruining their estates, killing their livestock and slaves, and even -- in one instance -- a spouse. Instances of this practice can be traced all over the world and throughout history, even in sacred texts; for example, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> claimed that "the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> is the story of a gigantic potlach" (quoted by Huizinga).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tying his reflections on the potlach to his underlying thesis regarding play, Huizinga claims that</p><blockquote><p>the potlatch is, in my view, the agonistic "instinct" pure and simple. [All instances of the potlatch] must be regarded first and foremost as a violent expression of the human need to fight. Once this is admitted we may call them, strictly speaking, "play" -- serious play, fateful and fatal play, bloody play, sacred play, but nonetheless that playing which, in archaic society, raises the individual or the collective personality to a higher power.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The remainder of this chapter is devoted to an analysis of the idea of virtue (άρετή) as it relates to αγων and play. Competition affords members of a community to win accolades, esteem, and honor, and honor, according to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, is what allows people "to persuade themselves of their own worth, their virtue." From this, Huizinga concludes that "virtue, honor, nobility, and glory fall at the outset within the field of competition, which is that of play." This connection between virtue (άρετή) and play affords Huizinga the connection he needs to link play with civilization: </p><blockquote><p>Training for aristocratic living leads to training for life in the State and for the State. Here too άρετή is not as yet entirely ethical. It still means above all the <i>fitness</i> of the citizen for his tasks in the <i>polis</i>, and the idea it originally contained of exercise by means of contests still retains much of its old weight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The remainder of the chapter is devoted to providing literary and mythological examples of contests that have served the civilizing function, with reference being made to <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, and many others. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IV._Play_and_law">IV. Play and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IV. Play and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>The judge's wig, however, is more than a mere relic of antiquated professional dress. Functionally it has close connections with the dancing masks of savages. It transforms the wearer into another "being". And it is by no means the only very ancient feature which the strong sense of tradition so peculiar to the British has preserved in law. The sporting element and the humour so much in evidence in British legal practice is one of the basic features of law in archaic society. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_play-forms_in_the_lawsuit">Three play-forms in the lawsuit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Three play-forms in the lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huizinga puts forward the idea that there are "three play-forms in the lawsuit" and that these forms can be deduced by comparing practice today with "legal proceedings in archaic society":<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the game of chance,</li> <li>the contest,</li> <li>the verbal battle.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V._Play_and_war">V. Play and war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: V. Play and war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>Until recently the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of nations">law of nations</a>" was generally held to constitute such a system of limitation, recognizing as it did the ideal of a community with rights and claims for all, and expressly separating the state of war—by declaring it—from peace on the one hand and criminal violence on the other. It remained for the theory of "<a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>" to banish war's cultural function and extinguish the last vestige of the play-element.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This chapter occupies a certain unique position not only in the book but more obviously in Huizinga's own life. The first Dutch version was published in 1938 (before the official outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>). The Beacon Press book is based on the combination of Huizinga's English text and the German text, published in Switzerland 1944. Huizinga died in 1945 (the year the Second World War ended). </p> <ol><li>One wages war to obtain a decision of holy validity.<sup id="cite_ref-HuizingaWarFactors_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuizingaWarFactors-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An armed conflict is as much a mode of justice as divination or a legal proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-HuizingaWarFactors_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuizingaWarFactors-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>War itself might be regarded as a form of divination.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The chapter contains some pleasantly surprising remarks: </p> <ol><li>One might call society a game in the formal sense, if one bears in mind that such a game is the living principle of all civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the absence of the play-spirit civilization is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VI._Playing_and_knowing">VI. Playing and knowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VI. Playing and knowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>For archaic man, doing and daring are power, but knowing is magical power. For him all particular knowledge is sacred knowledge—esoteric and wonder-working wisdom, because any knowing is directly related to the cosmic order itself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The riddle-solving and death-penalty motif features strongly in the chapter. </p> <ul><li>Greek tradition: the story of the seers Chalcas and Mopsos.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VII._Play_and_poetry">VII. Play and poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: VII. Play and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p><i>Poiesis</i>, in fact, is a play-function. It proceeds within the play-ground of the mind, in a world of its own which the mind creates for it. There things have a different physiognomy from the one they wear in "ordinary life", and are bound by ties other than those of logic and causality.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>For Huizinga, the "true appellation of the archaic poet is <i><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a></i>, the possessed, the God-smitten, the raving one".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the many examples he gives, one might choose Unferd who appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VIII._The_elements_of_mythopoiesis">VIII. The elements of mythopoiesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: VIII. The elements of mythopoiesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>As soon as the effect of a metaphor consists in describing things or events in terms of life and movement, we are on the road to personification. To represent the incorporeal and the inanimate as a person is the soul of all myth-making and nearly all poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Mythopoiesis is literally myth-making (see <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_thought" title="Mythopoeic thought">Mythopoeic thought</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IX._Play-forms_in_philosophy">IX. Play-forms in philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: IX. Play-forms in philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>At the centre of the circle we are trying to describe with our idea of play there stands the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Greek sophist</a>. He may be regarded as an extension of the central figure in archaic cultural life who appeared before us successively as the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine-man" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine-man">medicine-man</a>, seer, <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaumaturge">thaumaturge</a> and poet and whose best designation is <i><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a></i>. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X._Play-forms_in_art">X. Play-forms in art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: X. Play-forms in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>Wherever there is a catch-word ending in <i>-ism</i> we are hot on the tracks of a play-community.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Huizinga has already established an indissoluble bond between play and poetry. Now he recognizes that "the same is true, and in even higher degree, of the bond between play and music"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when he turns away from "poetry, music and dancing to the plastic arts" he "finds the connections with play becoming less obvious".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But here Huizinga is in the past. He cites the examples of the "architect, the sculptor, the painter, draughtsman, ceramist, and decorative artist" who in spite of her/his "creative impulse" is ruled by the discipline, "always subjected to the skill and proficiency of the forming hand".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, if one turns away from the "<i>making</i> of works of art to the manner in which they are received in the social milieu",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the picture changes completely. It is this social reception, the struggle of the new "-ism" against the old "-ism", which characterises the play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XI._Western_civilization_sub_specie_ludi">XI. Western civilization sub specie ludi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: XI. Western civilization sub specie ludi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <div class="poem"> <p>We have to conclude, therefore, that civilization is, in its earliest phases, played.<br /> It does not come <i>from</i> play like a baby detaching itself from the womb:<br /> it arises <i>in</i> and <i>as</i> play, and never leaves it.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XII._Play-element_in_contemporary_civilization">XII. Play-element in contemporary civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: XII. Play-element in contemporary civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote> <p>In American politics it [the play-factor present in the whole apparatus of elections] is even more evident. Long before the two-party system had reduced itself to two gigantic teams whose political differences were hardly discernible to an outsider, electioneering in America had developed into a kind of national sport.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when he plays." (On the Aesthetic Education of Man — <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"It is ancient wisdom, but it is also a little cheap, to call all human activity 'play'. Those who are willing to content themselves with a metaphysical conclusion of this kind should not read this book." (from the Foreword, unnumbered page)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Homo Ludens</i> is an important part of the history of <a href="/wiki/Game_studies" title="Game studies">game studies</a>. It influenced later scholars of play, like <a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a>. The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Magic_circle_(virtual_worlds)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic circle (virtual worlds)">magic circle</a> was inspired by <i>Homo Ludens</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreword_controversy">Foreword controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreword controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huizinga makes it clear in the foreword of his book that he means the play element <i>of</i> culture, and not the play element <i>in</i> culture. He writes that he titled the initial lecture on which the book is based, "The Play Element of Culture". This title was repeatedly corrected to "in" Culture, a revision he objected to. The English version modified the subtitle of the book to <i>"A Study of the Play-Element <b>in</b> Culture"</i>, contradicting Huizinga's stated intention. The translator explains in a footnote in the Foreword, <i>"Logically, of course, Huizinga is correct; but as English prepositions are not governed by logic I have retained the more euphonious ablative in this sub-title."</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Huizinga, Johan (1938). Homo Ludens: Proeve Ener Bepaling Van Het Spelelement Der Cultuur. Groningen, Wolters-Noordhoff cop. 1985. Original Dutch edition.</li> <li>Huizinga, J. (1949). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element of Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Huizinga, Johan (1955). Homo ludens; a study of the play-element of culture. Boston: Beacon Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807046814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807046814">978-0807046814</a>.</li> <li>Huizinga, Johan (2014). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element of Culture. Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-706-4">978-1-61427-706-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Homo_faber" title="Homo faber">Homo faber</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Play_and_Games" title="Man, Play and Games">Man, Play and Games</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PolmarAllen2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolmarAllen2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_PolmarThomas_B._Allen2012" class="citation book cs1">Norman Polmar; Thomas B. Allen (15 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30gRAGjXrIIC&pg=PA927"><i>World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945</i></a>. Courier Corporation. pp. 927–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47962-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47962-0"><bdi>978-0-486-47962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+the+Encyclopedia+of+the+War+Years%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=927-&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47962-0&rft.au=Norman+Polmar&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30gRAGjXrIIC%26pg%3DPA927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skweres2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skweres2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtur_Skweres2016" class="citation book cs1">Artur Skweres (25 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBNVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11"><i>Homo Ludens as a Comic Character in Selected American Films</i></a>. Springer. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47967-5"><bdi>978-3-319-47967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens+as+a+Comic+Character+in+Selected+American+Films&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47967-5&rft.au=Artur+Skweres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBNVDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1944" class="citation web cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040138/http://art.yale.edu/file_columns/0000/1474/homo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf">"Homo Ludens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>art.yale.edu</i>. Switzerland: Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.yale.edu/file_columns/0000/1474/homo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=art.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Homo+Ludens&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.yale.edu%2Ffile_columns%2F0000%2F1474%2Fhomo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrabowSpreckelmeyer2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrabowSpreckelmeyer2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_GrabowKent_Spreckelmeyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Grabow; Kent Spreckelmeyer (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iU6vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"><i>The Architecture of Use: Aesthetics and Function in Architectural Design</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01646-3"><bdi>978-1-135-01646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Use%3A+Aesthetics+and+Function+in+Architectural+Design&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-135-01646-3&rft.au=Stephen+Grabow&rft.au=Kent+Spreckelmeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiU6vBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latin-dictionary.org/JM-Latin-English-Dictionary/">"JM Latin English Dictionary | Free Latin Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.latin-dictionary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.latin-dictionary.org&rft.atitle=JM+Latin+English+Dictionary+%7C+Free+Latin+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latin-dictionary.org%2FJM-Latin-English-Dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starting from his remark on Professor Buytendijk's use of the word "love-play", Huizinga remarks that in his own opinion "it is not the act as such that the spirit of language tends to conceive as play; rather the road thereto, the preparation for and introduction to 'love', which is often made enticing by all sorts of playing. This is particularly true when one of the sexes has to rouse or win the other over to copulating". Today one uses the word <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">foreplay</a> to describe this "love-play". Huizinga, 1955, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga acknowledges the assistance of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/duyvendak.html">Professor Duyvendak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218094635/http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/duyvendak.html">Archived</a> 18 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s "friendly help [which allows him] to say something about the Chinese expressions for the play-function". Huizinga 1955, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The information on the Blackfoot language used by Huizinga comes from <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.C._Uhlenbeck" class="extiw" title="nl:C.C. Uhlenbeck">Professor Christianus Cornelis Uhlenbeck</a>. Huizinga 1955, p. 33. See the book <i>Montana 1911: A Professor and his Wife among the Blackfeet</i> for further details behind this contribution of the Blackfoot Indian language to Homo Ludens.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga acknowledges the assistance of Professor <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rahder" title="Johannes Rahder">Johannes Rahder</a>, Huizinga 1955, p.34. Having identified a single word, Huizinga then goes on to explain that the matter is more complicated, Specifically, he mentions <i>bushido</i> (which was enacted in play-forms) and later <i>asobase-kotoba</i> (literally play-language — for polite speech, the mode of address used in conversation with persons of higher rank).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga makes a point of noting that this Arabic word is used for the "playing" of a musical instrument, as in some modern European languages. Huizinga 1955, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga then makes a point of noting that <i>jocus</i>, <i>jocari</i> does not mean play proper in classical Latin. Huizinga 1955, p. 35. The primary reason for making this point here is that later he shall note the disappearance of <i>ludus</i> to be supplanted by <i>jocus</i> in the emergence of the Romance languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huizinga1955PlayAndCulture_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1949" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1949). <i>Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7100_0578_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 7100 0578 4"><bdi>0 7100 0578 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens%3A+A+Study+of+the+Play-Element+in+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0710005784&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1949" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1949). <i>Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7100_0578_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 7100 0578 4"><bdi>0 7100 0578 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens%3A+A+Study+of+the+Play-Element+in+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0710005784&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1949" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1949). <i>Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7100_0578_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 7100 0578 4"><bdi>0 7100 0578 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens%3A+A+Study+of+the+Play-Element+in+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0710005784&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1949" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1949). <i>Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7100_0578_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 7100 0578 4"><bdi>0 7100 0578 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens%3A+A+Study+of+the+Play-Element+in+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0710005784&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1949" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1949). <i>Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7100_0578_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 7100 0578 4"><bdi>0 7100 0578 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Ludens%3A+A+Study+of+the+Play-Element+in+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0710005784&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1995, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuizingaWarFactors-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuizingaWarFactors_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuizingaWarFactors_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note from the translator: "Huizinga's own English MS. replaces this third factor by 'the cessation of normal social conditions'." Huizinga 1955, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 109. Details of the contest are not easy to come by. Just after the fall of Troy, Mopsos meets Chalcas. Chalcas points to a fig tree and asks him: How many figs are there on that fig tree over there? Mopsos answers 9; Chalcas say 8. Chalcas is wrong and drops dead on the spot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au-grand-jardin.info/augrandjardin/b/banian/symboles.htm">Symboles, mythes et légendes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629184716/http://www.au-grand-jardin.info/augrandjardin/b/banian/symboles.htm">Archived</a> 29 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Date of last access 10 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga, p. 121. The spelling of <a href="/wiki/Unferd" class="mw-redirect" title="Unferd">Unferd</a> is sometimes given as Unferth in other texts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizing 1955, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The quotation is taken from Chapter XII The Play-element in Contemporary Civilization. It seems appropriate to bring it forward to Chapter X Play-forms in Art to characterize the naturally occurring <i>-isms</i> of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and so on. One wonders if Huizinga also had in mind the politically occurring <i>-isms</i> of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> and so on. Huizinga 1955, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga 1955, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1944" class="citation web cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040138/http://art.yale.edu/file_columns/0000/1474/homo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf">"Homo Ludens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>art.yale.edu</i>. Switzerland: Routledge. pp. ix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.yale.edu/file_columns/0000/1474/homo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=art.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Homo+Ludens&rft.pages=ix&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.yale.edu%2Ffile_columns%2F0000%2F1474%2Fhomo_ludens_johan_huizinga_routledge_1949_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Huizinga, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merton.bellarmine.edu/files/original/b0899cfad820ab8ad7033952b7a022ba1d7cab9d.pdf"><i>Homo Ludens</i> (second printing)</a>; Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_Ludens&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Huizinga, Johan. <i>Homo Ludens</i>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a> (1 June 1971). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-4681-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-4681-7">0-8070-4681-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1955" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1955). <i>Homo ludens; a study of the play-element in culture</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4681-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-4681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+ludens%3B+a+study+of+the+play-element+in+culture&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4681-4&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton-smith,_Brian2001" class="citation cs2">Sutton-smith, Brian (2001), <i>The ambiguity of play</i>, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00581-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00581-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00581-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46602137">46602137</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ambiguity+of+play&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46602137&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00581-5&rft.au=Sutton-smith%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelmina_Maria_Uhlenbeck-MelchiorMary_Eggermont-MolenaarChristianus_Cornelius_UhlenbeckAlice_Beck_Kehoe2005" class="citation cs2">Wilhelmina Maria Uhlenbeck-Melchior; Mary Eggermont-Molenaar; Christianus Cornelius Uhlenbeck; Alice Beck Kehoe; <a href="/wiki/Klaas_van_Berkel" title="Klaas van Berkel">Klaas van Berkel</a>; Inge Genee (2005), <i>Montana 1911: A Professor and his Wife among the Blackfeet</i>, translated by Mary Eggermont-Molenaar, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-114-4"><bdi>978-1-55238-114-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180772936">180772936</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+1911%3A+A+Professor+and+his+Wife+among+the+Blackfeet&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180772936&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-114-4&rft.au=Wilhelmina+Maria+Uhlenbeck-Melchior&rft.au=Mary+Eggermont-Molenaar&rft.au=Christianus+Cornelius+Uhlenbeck&rft.au=Alice+Beck+Kehoe&rft.au=Klaas+van+Berkel&rft.au=Inge+Genee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo+Ludens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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