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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق بشر در ترکمنستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بشر در ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme_au_Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Droits de l'homme au Turkménistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l'homme au Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის უფლებები თურქმენეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებები თურქმენეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Права человека в Туркменистане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права человека в Туркменистане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights in Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisoikeudet_Turkmenistanissa" title="Ihmisoikeudet Turkmenistanissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisoikeudet Turkmenistanissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Politics of Turkmenistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="People's Council of Turkmenistan">People's Council</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap">Chairperson: <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkmenistan" title="President of Turkmenistan">President</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_(Turkmenistan)" title="Cabinet of Ministers (Turkmenistan)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" title="Assembly of Turkmenistan">Assembly</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Assembly of Turkmenistan">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCn%C3%BD%C3%A4g%C3%B6zel_Gulmanowa" title="Dünýägözel Gulmanowa">Dünýägözel Gulmanowa</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="State Security Council of Turkmenistan">State Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Political parties</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan">Agrarian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Democratic Party of Turkmenistan">Democratic Party</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Industrialists_and_Entrepreneurs_of_Turkmenistan" title="Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan">Party of Industrialists and<br />Entrepreneurs</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li>Recent <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkmenistan" title="Elections in Turkmenistan">elections</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2012_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2012 Turkmenistan presidential election">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2017 Turkmenistan presidential election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Turkmenistan_presidential_election" title="2022 Turkmenistan presidential election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2018_Turkmen_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Turkmen parliamentary election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Turkmen_People%27s_Council_election" title="2021 Turkmen People's Council election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkmen_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Turkmen parliamentary election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Turkmenistan" title="Subdivisions of Turkmenistan">Administrative divisions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkmenistan" title="Regions of Turkmenistan">Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Turkmenistan" title="Districts of Turkmenistan">Districts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of cities in Turkmenistan">Cities</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkmenistan" title="Foreign relations of Turkmenistan">Foreign relations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Visa policy of Turkmenistan">Visa policy</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Politics of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:Politics of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>'s human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a>. </p><p>Since December 2006, under the Government of President <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>, no significant improvements regarding human rights and civil liberty have been observed by international human rights organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination_against_ethnic_minorities">Discrimination against ethnic minorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discrimination against ethnic minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Turkmen government's decision to cancel a <a href="/wiki/Dual-citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-citizenship">dual-citizenship</a> agreement with Russia in 2003 prompted thousands of <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">ethnic Russians</a> to leave Turkmenistan as they lost their <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those fleeing "in panic" reportedly feared being trapped in a state which has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens. Those without Russian <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a> may be forced to become <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a>, and fear that they may never be able to return to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For these who remained, estimated at 100,000, all Soviet-time diplomas, certificates and other official documents that were issued outside the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen SSR">Turkmen SSR</a> were nullified, drastically limiting the people's access to work. At the same time, universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian television is difficult to receive in Turkmenistan. The Russian-language radio station Mayak was taken off the air.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian newspapers were banned earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, an ethnic minority. The same happened to Uzbeks, whose language is no longer taught in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_bans">Notable bans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable bans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former <a href="/wiki/President_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="President for Life">Turkmenbashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> banned the playing of <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> listening to car radios,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> performing <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking</a> in public,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long hair on men,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even growing <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial hair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that the latter ban was enacted to enforce conformity of appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niyazov ordered the closure of all libraries outside the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News anchors, both men and women, were prevented from wearing any sort of make-up after Niyazov discovered he was unable to tell the difference between them when the presenters wore it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the bans of circuses and operas were reversed,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the former leader <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> banned the importation of cars and trucks produced before 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, Turkmenistan has signed the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty" title="Ottawa Treaty">Ottawa Treaty</a> on land mines, setting it apart from many of its neighbors (excluding Afghanistan).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> is guaranteed by article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Constitution of Turkmenistan</a>. However, like other human rights, in practice it does not exist. Former President <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a>'s book of spiritual writings, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ruhnama" title="Ruhnama">Ruhnama</a></i>, is imposed on all religious communities. According to <a href="/wiki/Forum_18" title="Forum 18">Forum 18</a>, despite international pressure, the authorities severely repress all religious groups, and the legal framework is so constrictive that many prefer to exist underground rather than have to pass through all of the official hurdles. <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> adherents are affected, in addition to groups such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses have been imprisoned and suffered beatings due to being conscientious objectors. For example, a 33-year-old member of the denomination was sentenced to a 4-year prison term after being found carrying religious literature at a train station in Dashoguz.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> has indicated that Jehovah's Witness in Turkmenistan have been prosecuted and imprisoned for refusing to perform compulsory military service, despite Turkmenistan's Constitution guaranteeing the right to "practice any religion alone or in association with others" and the right to "freedom of conviction and the free expression of those convictions". The UN committee noted, "The State party should take all necessary measures to review its legislation with a view to providing for alternative military service. The State party should also ensure that the law clearly stipulates that individuals have the right to conscientious objection to military service. Furthermore, the State party should halt all prosecutions of individuals who refuse to perform military service on grounds of conscience and release those individuals who are currently serving prison sentences."<sup id="cite_ref-ohchr-_turkmenistan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-_turkmenistan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A July 2003 issue of state-owned newspaper <i>Adalat</i>, published by the Ministry of Justice, printed a vitriolic attack against members of some religious groups, describing the groups as foreign and implying they were dangerous. There, the government continues to restrict the freedom of parents of Jehovah's Witnesses to raise their children in accordance with their religious beliefs. Also, copies of Christian literature were confiscated by the government, including the Bible; the government claiming that it was not authentic Christian religious literature. In 2003, some Jehovah's Witnesses were denied exit visas. Other Witnesses who were able to obtain exit visas were stopped after crossing a border and forced to return. Others were stopped and prevented from boarding a flight to another country because their names were included on a "black list" of citizens prohibited from leaving the country.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>'s <i>2005 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom</i> (released November 8, 2005) indicates persistent restrictions on religious freedoms in Turkmenistan, while categorizing it among countries that had made "significant improvements in the promotion of religious freedom." <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)">Chris Smith</a> stated, however, "The reforms that were instituted by the Niyazov regime over the past year did not go far enough, and even the report itself states that serious violations of religious freedom continue." <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> noted, "Turkmenistan and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> have clearly received more credit than the facts would warrant." The <a href="/wiki/U.N._Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Special Rapporteur">U.N. Special Rapporteur</a> on Freedom of Religion or Belief, <a href="/wiki/Asma_Jahangir" title="Asma Jahangir">Asma Jahangir</a>, appealed to the government of Turkmenistan in June 2003 and again in 2005 for an invitation to visit the country; an invitation was issued in 2008 and a one-week visit was completed in September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted that restrictions have tightened since 2016. In the same year it was ranked the 26th worst place in the world to be a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_expression">Freedom of expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All mass media in Turkmenistan is controlled by the State. In July 2010, President Berdimuhamedow announced plans to allow private newspapers in the country. Once launched, they were expected to focus on successful business stories.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>' 2006 World Press Freedom Index, Turkmenistan had the third-worst press freedom conditions in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. It is considered to be one of the ten most censored countries. Each broadcast under Niyazov began with a pledge that the broadcaster's tongue would shrivel if he slandered the country, flag, or president.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was president, Niyazov controlled all Turkmen media outlets, and personally appointed journalists. Controversy surrounds the death of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Ogulsapar_Myradowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogulsapar Myradowa">Ogulsapar Myradowa</a>, who was apparently tortured to death in September 2006 while in state detention.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_freedom_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Press_freedom_2022.svg/400px-Press_freedom_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Press_freedom_2022.svg/600px-Press_freedom_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Press_freedom_2022.svg/800px-Press_freedom_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption> <b>2022 Press Freedom Index</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005f9a; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Good situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8eb0d6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Satisfactory situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb035; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Noticeable problems</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff3022; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Difficult situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#83000b; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Very serious situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dcdcdc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not classified / No data</div></figcaption></figure> <p>It has been reported that journalists have been harassed by the government; some have been kept in prison and prosecuted with false accusations and unfair trials. Journalists frequently receive death threats.<sup id="cite_ref-deaththreats_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deaththreats-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activist Sazak Durdymuradov was detained in 2005 for collaborating with a French TV channel for a report on Turkmenistan. He was sentenced to eight years in jail under the accusation of "illegal acquisition, possession or sale of ammunition or firearms". <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> considers the accusations to be forged.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Helsinki_Foundation_for_Human_Rights" title="Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights">Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights</a> activists <a href="/wiki/Annakurban_Amanklychev" title="Annakurban Amanklychev">Annakurban Amanklychev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapardurdy_Khadzhiev" title="Sapardurdy Khadzhiev">Sapardurdy Khadzhiev</a> were arrested by Turkmen security forces on espionage charges, later changed to illegal firearm charges.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amnesty International considers them <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a> and named them a 2011 "priority case."<sup id="cite_ref-AI_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Front_Line_(NGO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Line (NGO)">Front Line</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RWB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><sup id="cite_ref-HW_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have all described the charges as fabricated. On 11 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" title="Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a> also called for their immediate release, stating that their detention was a violation of international law.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The freelance journalists collaborating with international media are being closely watched by the state's security departments. Correspondents for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> are under constant harassment and risk their life and liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 18, 2008, freelance journalist Sona Chuli Kuli was interrogated for several days under physiological pressure and forced to sign a statement agreeing not to collaborate with the international media.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual access to the Internet was first authorized in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and access has since increased. </p><p>Turkmenistan ranks among the most repressive and closed societies in the world. The Internet is heavily regulated and available only to a small fraction of the population. Censorship is ubiquitous and extensive. An investigation published in 2023 reveals the country blocks at least 122,000 domain names.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveillance is significant, and the few citizens who benefit from access to the Internet are closely monitored by state agencies. Self-censorship is common.<sup id="cite_ref-ONICountryProfiles_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONICountryProfiles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Websites run by human rights organizations and news agencies are blocked. Moreover, ordinary citizens have no access to the World Wide Web, and instead are limited to the use of the Turkmenet, an online community in Turkmen language, but effectively a censored version of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-RWBEnemies_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social networks such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> are not accessible through the Turkmenet.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to get around this censorship can lead to grave consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-RWBEnemies_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only Russian social networks Odnoklassniki and Mail Agent Chatting system are available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to this, there is a newly founded (27 March 2012) local Turkmen social network, E-Dostluk, which is currently accessible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Internet censorship in Turkmenistan was classified as pervasive in the political area and as selective in the social, conflict/security and internet tools areas by the <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> in December 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ONICountryProfiles_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONICountryProfiles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkmenistan was listed as an internet enemy by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-RWBEnemies_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_freedom">Political freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrSxoKJLTUA">Saparmurat Turkmenbashi sacks and arrests Prosecutor General Gurbanbibi Atajanova during live translation. She cries and pleads for her life</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xp_lKcMMWIY&list=PUyc9lD6VxBx33U4w_u5H25w">Turkmen president Berdymuhammedow oversees the arrests of Turkmen officials</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppaWfb_A1og">Second wave of arrests of Turkmen officials</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Any opposition to the government is considered treason and punishable by life imprisonment. Turkmenistan has many political prisoners, the most well-known of whom are <a href="/wiki/Batyr_Berdi%C3%BDew" title="Batyr Berdiýew">Batyr Berdiýew</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Dazgeldi_G%C3%BCndogdy%C3%BDew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ýazgeldi Gündogdyýew (page does not exist)">Ýazgeldi Gündogdyýew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boris_%C5%9Eyhmyradow" title="Boris Şyhmyradow">Boris Şyhmyradow</a>. They are not granted any access by the International Red Cross, OSCE, or any medical institutions. There have been rumours of their deaths, but these cannot be confirmed, and the whereabouts of most are unknown. </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammertguly_A%C3%BDmyradow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammertguly Aýmyradow (page does not exist)">Muhammertguly Aýmyradow</a> was freed after he completed his sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gulgeldy_Annaniyazov" title="Gulgeldy Annaniyazov">Gulgeldy Annaniyazov</a>, an opposition leader to Niyazov's government, was arrested in 1995 and released in 1999 after a presidential amnesty decree. He moved to Norway to live with refugee status. Back in Turkmenistan, he was arrested in June 2008 and sentenced to 11 years in jail following a closed-door trial; the charges against him are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovezgeldy_Ataev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovezgeldy Ataev (page does not exist)">Ovezgeldy Ataev</a>, former Speaker of Parliament, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akmurad_Redzhepov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akmurad Redzhepov (page does not exist)">Akmurad Redzhepov</a>, former head of the State Security Council, had closed-door trials and remain in prison. Amnesty International suspects that the reason for the imprisonments lies in the fact that both were potential political rivals of the current President <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Zatoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Zatoka (page does not exist)">Andrey Zatoka</a>, environmentalist and activist, citizen of Turkmenistan and Russia, was arrested on false charges for 46 days from December 2006 to January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to international pressure, Andrey was released and the sentence was canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, Andrey wrote a statement reporting that his and his friends' liberty could be in danger. He was being monitored and followed by the Turkmen authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 20, 2009, Andrey was arrested for the second time and sentenced to 5 years in prison for assault. In November 2009, after international pressure from environmental and human rights organisations and Russian authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zatoka was released upon payment of a fine, relinquishing his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_citizenship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen citizenship (page does not exist)">Turkmen citizenship</a> and immediate emigration from Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_brutality">Police brutality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Police brutality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arbitrary arrests and mistreatment of detained persons are common in Turkmenistan, as is torture to obtain confessions. In 2004, border guards shot and killed six people who were allegedly illegally crossing the border from Iran. There are reports of prisoners dying after having food and medical care withheld.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ogulsapar_Myradowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogulsapar Myradowa">Ogulsapar Myradowa</a>, a journalist and human rights activist, died violently in prison in September 2006. </p><p>In 2018's <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a>, Turkmenistan was condemned for "alleged torture", arbitrary arrests and detentions, involuntary confinement, imprisonment of political prisoners, severe corruption, lack of free and fair elections, and restrictions on freedom of religion, assembly, and movement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_situation">Historical situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following chart shows Turkmenistan's ratings since 1991 in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> reports, published annually by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">1</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical ratings </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0; border:none;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <td style="width:3em; text-align:left;">Year </td> <td style="width:3em;">Political Rights </td> <td style="width:3em;">Civil Liberties </td> <td style="width:3em;">Status </td> <td style="width:3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Turkmenistan#Turkmenistan_(1990–present)" title="List of leaders of Turkmenistan">President</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">2</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1991 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">6 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">5 </td> <td style="background:#ff9;">Partly Free </td> <td style="background:#ff9;"><a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1992 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1993 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1994 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1995 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1996 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1997 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1998 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">1999 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2000 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2001 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2002 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2003 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2004 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2005 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2006 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Saparmurat Niyazov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2007 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2008 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2009 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2010 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2011 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2012 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2013 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2014 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2015 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2016 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2017 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2018 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2019 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2020 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2021 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2022 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2023 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">7 </td> <td style="background:#99f;">Not Free </td> <td style="background:#99f;"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkmenistan" title="Capital punishment in Turkmenistan">Capital punishment in Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human trafficking in Turkmenistan">Human trafficking in Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">LGBT rights in Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owadan-depe_Prison" title="Owadan-depe Prison">Owadan-Depe</a> – famous Turkmen prison for dissidents</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> As of January 1.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurkmenistan2012" class="citation web cs1">Turkmenistan (2012-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023194732/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7723">"Turkmenistan | Country report | Freedom in the World | 2009"</a>. <i>Freedomhouse.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7723">the original</a> on 2011-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+%26%23124%3B+Country+report+%26%23124%3B+Freedom+in+the+World+%26%23124%3B+2009&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.au=Turkmenistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2009%26country%3D7723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Turkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175016/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119142.htm">"2008 Human Rights Report: Turkmenistan"</a>. <i>State.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2005+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+in+Turkmenistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2005%2F61681.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Turkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/u-s-charges-russia-iran-serious-rights-abuses-annual-report/29819531.html">"U.S. Charges Russia, Iran With Serious Rights Abuses In Annual Report"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 13 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=U.S.+Charges+Russia%2C+Iran+With+Serious+Rights+Abuses+In+Annual+Report&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fu-s-charges-russia-iran-serious-rights-abuses-annual-report%2F29819531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Turkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_House2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx">"Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+and+Territory+Ratings+and+Statuses%2C+FIW+1973-2024&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2024-02%2FCountry_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Turkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/">“Chronicles of Turkmenistan”</a> - Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifex.org/turkmenistan/">Turkmenistan: Spotlight, Highlights, At a Glance, Latest</a> - <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">International Freedom of Expression Exchange</a> (IFEX)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195821/http://en.rsf.org/report-turkmenistan%2C140.html">Turkmenistan</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RWB)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/turkmenistan-turkmenistan-12-03-2012,42069.html">Internet Enemies 2012: Turkmenistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313195534/http://en.rsf.org/turkmenistan-turkmenistan-12-03-2012,42069.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RWB)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/turkmenistan">Turkmenistan Project</a> - EurasiaNet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821102517/http://turkmenistan.usembassy.gov/hrr.html">Turkmenistan 2012 Human Rights Report</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forum18.org/Analyses.php?region=32">Turkmenistan Religious Freedom Survey</a>, March 2012 - <a href="/wiki/Forum_18" title="Forum 18">Forum 18 News Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130704184926/http://iwpr.net/report-news/turkmenistan-beard-ban-angers-students">Turkmenistan: Beard Ban Angers Students</a>, 21 February 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/webcast/unhrc/archive.asp?go=081209">Review of Turkmenistan</a>, 9 December 2008 - <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council#Universal_Periodic_Review_Working_Group" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Universal Periodic Review</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Asia416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Asia416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Human rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Timor-Leste" title="Human rights in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Template:Internet censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Internet censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet 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href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Burundi#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Communications in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Congo RO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Eritrea#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ethiopia#Censorship" title="Internet in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Liberia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya#Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Communications in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Internet censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Zimbabwe#Legal_and_regulatory_framework" title="Internet in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina#Censorship" title="Communications in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chile#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Colombia#Censorship" title="Internet in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greenland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Mexico#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Internet censorship in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Afghanistan" title="Internet in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain#Internet" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bangladesh#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cambodia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_East_Timor#Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Internet censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Internet censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Israel#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Japan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan#Internet_censorship" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait#Internet_freedom" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Mongolia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Nepal" title="Internet in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman#Internet_rights" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Internet censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Palestinian_territories#Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines#Internet" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Qatar#Legal_and_regulatory_framework" title="Internet in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Singapore" title="Internet censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Internet censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan#Internet_censorship" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Tajikistan#Surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Thailand" title="Internet censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Internet_censorship" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen" title="Internet in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia#Censorship" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Belgium#Internet_censorship" title="Internet in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bulgaria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Croatia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Czech_Republic#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia#Internet_surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_France" title="Internet censorship in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Germany" title="Internet censorship in Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">YouTube video blocking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Internet censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania#Censorship" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Moldova#Surveillance_and_filtering" title="Internet in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Poland#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Portugal#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Romania" title="Internet censorship in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Russia" title="Internet censorship in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Serbia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Slovenia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Spain#Internet_censorship_in_Spain" title="Internet in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Sweden#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Switzerland" title="Internet censorship in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Australia" title="Internet censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Internet censorship in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Papua_New_Guinea#Censorship" title="Communications in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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