Organoids | September 2024 - Browse Articles

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Organoids | September 2024 - Browse Articles </title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="title" content="Organoids"> <meta name="description" content="Organoids, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Organoids" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Organoids, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(219,45,52,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(219,45,52,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(219,45,52,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(219,45,52,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(219,45,52,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Organoids - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/organoids"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;padding:0;"> <div style="float: right; text-align: right; position:relative; margin: 14px 1.7em 0 0"> Next Issue <div><a href="/2674-1172/3/4">Volume 3, December</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div style="margin: 13px 0 0 1.7em"> Previous Issue <div><a href="/2674-1172/3/2">Volume 3, June</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=organoids " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" selected='selected'> Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="3" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="3" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a class="lean" href="/journal/organoids">Organoids</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a class="lean" href="/2674-1172/3">Volume 3</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Issue 3</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width "> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/organoids"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/organoids-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="organoids-logo" title="Organoids" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=527" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Organoids</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Organoids</em> </a> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids"><em>Organoids</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=organoids">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/events">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/organoids/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/organoids" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="organoids" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="organoids" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="organoids" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="wo0-MfcNBaBW7FvlNQWhs1mJNSJqS4FkWFZlBVIWfDA"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="organoids"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2674-1172/3/4"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2674-1172/3"> Vol. 3 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2674-1172/2"> Vol. 2 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2674-1172/1"> Vol. 1 (2022) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main ul-spaced"> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <h1> <i>Organoids</i>, Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2024) – 5 articles </h1> <div style=""> <ul> <li>Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the <a href="/journal/organoids/toc-alert">table of contents alert mailing list</a>.</li> <li>You may <a href="/journal/organoids/toc-alert">sign up for e-mail alerts</a> to receive table of contents of newly released issues.</li> <li>PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free <a href="http://www.adobe.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adobe Reader</a> to open them.</li> </ul> </div> <form id="exportArticles" method="post" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="eDWIe2i7F6TG-I2lVzef2W5znMHC3Jp6_6GULzPFmsE"> <div class="ui-tabs-panel article-listing" style="padding: 0px;border: 0;"> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"], preferredFonts: "TeX", webFont:"TeX", imageFont:"TeX", undefinedFamily:"'Arial Unicode MS',serif", scale: 80, linebreaks: { automatic: true, width: "container" } }, "TeX": { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], multiLine: true, style: { "font-size": "90%", "text-align": "left", "color": "black", "padding": "1px 3px", "border": "1px solid" } } } }); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End",function () { $(".art-abstract").css("display", "block"); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="header listing-header"> <div class="listing-display-options1" id="selectView"> <div class="row generic-item indented1"> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Order results </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="listby" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="date" selected="selected"> Publication Date </option> <option value="cited" > Times Cited </option> <option value="viewed" > Times Viewed </option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Result details </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="view" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="default" selected="selected">Normal</option> <option value="abstract">Extended</option> <option value="compact">Compact</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="listing-apply" style="display: none;"> <input type="submit" value="Apply Settings" class="articleBrowserSubmit" data-url="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" id="articleBrowserView"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row listing-select-options1"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="exportPosition" name="export_position" value=""> <div class="indented1"> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_top"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_top"> </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1471095" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 44 pages, 3618 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/14/pdf?version=1725440506" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Vascular Organoids and Vessel-on-Chip" data-journal="organoids"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-1172/3/3/14">Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Vascular Organoids and Vessel-on-Chip</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gowtham Reddy Cheruku</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chloe Veronica Wilson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suriya Raviendran</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingzhong Xiao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Organoids</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 203-246; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030014">https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030014</a> - 4 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 1619 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recent advancements in vascular organoid (VO) and vessel-on-chip (VoC) technologies have revolutionized our approach to studying human diseases, offering unprecedented insights through more physiologically relevant models. VOs generated from human pluripotent stem cells exhibit remarkable self-organization capabilities, forming complex three-dimensional structures that closely <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/14/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recent advancements in vascular organoid (VO) and vessel-on-chip (VoC) technologies have revolutionized our approach to studying human diseases, offering unprecedented insights through more physiologically relevant models. VOs generated from human pluripotent stem cells exhibit remarkable self-organization capabilities, forming complex three-dimensional structures that closely mimic human blood vessel architecture and function, while VoCs are engineered with microfluidic systems that meticulously recreate the physical and functional attributes of blood vessels. These innovative constructs serve as powerful tools for investigating vascular development, disease progression, and therapeutic efficacy. By enabling the creation of patient-specific VOs and VoCs, they pave the way for personalized medicine approaches, allowing researchers to delve into genetic variations, intricate cellular interactions, and dynamic processes with exceptional resolution. The synergy between VOs and VoCs with newly developed cutting-edge technologies has further amplified their potential, unveiling novel mechanisms underlying human pathologies and identifying promising therapeutic targets. Herein, we summarize different types of VOs and VoCs and present an extensive overview on the generation and applications of VOs and VoCs. We will also highlight clinical and translational challenges and future perspectives around VOs and VoCs. <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/14">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/14/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1471095"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1471095"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1471095" data-cycle-prev="#prev1471095" data-cycle-progressive="#images1471095" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1471095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g001-550.jpg?1725440574" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1471095" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1471095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g002-550.jpg?1725440577'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1471095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g003-550.jpg?1725440579'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1471095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g004-550.jpg?1725440580'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1471095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g005-550.jpg?1725440582'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1471095-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g001-550.jpg?1725440574" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><b>Diagram showing the main methods to generate vascular organoids (VOs), Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a></b>. The basic protocol for VO generation from hPSCs to hiPSCs is based on a stepwise differentiation of hPSC (or hiPSC) aggregates with sequential changing of culture media and further differentiation into vascular networks in a 3D matrix, with a variety of modifications as reported by Wimmer et al. [<a href="#B15-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">15</a>], Schmidt et al. [<a href="#B16-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">16</a>], and Dailamy et al. [<a href="#B17-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">17</a>], respectively. It is worth noting that Penninger’s group [<a href="#B15-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B18-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">19</a>] reported the first generation of VOs from hPSCs, which was quickly adapted by other laboratories such as Romeo et al. [<a href="#B20-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">20</a>] and Nikolova et al. [<a href="#B21-organoids-03-00014" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. MIM, mesoderm induction medium (DMEM-F12, 2 mM, Ascorbic acid, 355 μM CHIR 99021, 10 μM BMP4); VGM, vascular growth medium (Neurobasal medium/DMEM-F12, N2B27, 2 mM Ascorbic acid, 100 ng/mL VEGF-A); OMM, organoid maintenance medium (Neurobasal medium/DMEM-F12, N2B27, 2 mM Ascorbic acid); VIM, vascular induction media (N2/B27 + VEGF + FSK); VMM, vascular maturation media (StemPro + 15%FBS + VEGF + bFGF).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g002-550.jpg?1725440577" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Schematic illustration of the key applications for vascular organoids (VOs)</b>. Increasing numbers of studies demonstrate a variety of promising applications for hPSC-derived VOs, including infectious disease pathogenesis (such as SARS-CoV2 and pathogenic bacteria), in vitro vascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening and drug toxicity testing, creating human VO biobanks for regenerative medicine, multi-omics analysis to probe novel insights into signaling pathways underlying vascular development and disease etiology, exploring key developmental events in human vascular systems, genetic engineering and editing for inherited disorders, and personalized and precision medicine. Diagram is created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g003-550.jpg?1725440579" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram illustrating the main strategies to generate vessel-on-chip (VoC) and potential applications of VoCs. Different functional vascular cells can be derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which are incorporated into various 3D microporous scaffolds to create functional VoCs using a variety of fabrication techniques and microfluidic strategies. These human VoCs offer a wide range of potential applications, encompassing various fields such as studying vascular physiology, pathology, and potential therapeutic interventions, exploring infectious disease pathogenesis, using for in vitro vascular disease modeling as well as high-throughput drug screening and drug toxicity testing, providing novel insights into vascular aging and angiogenesis, and creating human VoC biobanks for regenerative medicine. EC, endothelial cell; SMC, smooth muscle cells; SMART, substrate modification and replication by thermoforming. Diagram is created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g004-550.jpg?1725440580" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p><b>Schematic diagram illustrating the main strategies to generate vascularized organoids</b>. Potentially, multiple methods could be applied to generate vascularized tissue organoids such as in vivo transplantation of tissues-specific organoids into mice which allows for host vasculature integration, co-culturing either hiPSCs/hPSCs with mature endothelial cells or hPSC-derived tissues-specific cells with hPSC-derived endothelial cells, genetic engineering vascular-inducing transcription factors (TFs, such as ETV2) into tissue-specific organoids, including vascular induction factors (such as VEGF-A, WNTs, BMPs) into tissue-specific organoids, and different fusion strategies (co-incubating tissue-specific spheroids/EBs (embryonic body) with vascular spheroids/EBs with our without ECM scaffolds, or co-culturing tissue-specific organoids with vascular organoids (Vos)). Diagram is created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00014/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00014-g005-550.jpg?1725440582" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p><b>Schematic diagram illustrating human multiple organs-on-chip (MOoC)</b>. HiPSCs/hPSCs-derived tissue-specific cells or organoids could be integrated into a human MOoC system by using sophisticated microfluidic devices or systems. These MOoC systems recapitulate the complex physiological environments and interactions of multiple organ systems and better mimic humans, allowing for the study of complex physiological system-system interactions and diseases in a high-throughput controlled manner. BOs, brain organoids; COs, cardiac organoids; IOs, intestinal organoids; KOs, kidney organoids; LOs, lung organoids; POs, pancreatic organoids; VOs, vascular organoids. Diagram is created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1461011" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1461011" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1461011" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1461011" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/13/s1?version=1724248447"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 503 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 5929 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/13/pdf?version=1724248446" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Method to Study Migration and Invasion of Mouse Intestinal Organoids" data-journal="organoids"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Study Protocol</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-1172/3/3/13">A Method to Study Migration and Invasion of Mouse Intestinal Organoids</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valérie M. Wouters</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ciro Longobardi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Paul Medema</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Organoids</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 194-202; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030013">https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030013</a> - 21 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 897 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and it is the second leading cause of cancer death. In CRC, as in most cancers, the formation of metastasis through the migration and invasion of cancer cells to distant organs is associated <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/13/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and it is the second leading cause of cancer death. In CRC, as in most cancers, the formation of metastasis through the migration and invasion of cancer cells to distant organs is associated with a dismal prognosis. The study of the mechanisms associated with cancer, and, in particular, CRC, changed in the last decade due to the introduction of organoids. These represent a step forward in terms of complexity from cell lines and allowed the use of mouse models in cancer research to be limited. Although organoids faithfully model the cellular complexity of CRC, current protocols do not allow for the use of organoids in some crucial processes of metastasis, such as migration and invasion. In this study, a method to study migration and invasion using mouse intestinal organoids in vitro is presented. This protocol provides researchers with the opportunity to investigate the migratory behavior of organoid lines and study the impact of distinct mutations on the migratory and invasive capacity of cancer cells. <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/13">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/organoids/special_issues/5JAANIW6XT ">Organoids and Cancer Models</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/13/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1461011"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1461011"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1461011" data-cycle-prev="#prev1461011" data-cycle-progressive="#images1461011" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1461011-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g001-550.jpg?1724248570" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1461011" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1461011-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g002-550.jpg?1724248571'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1461011-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g003-550.jpg?1724248573'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1461011-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g004-550.jpg?1724248575'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1461011-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g001-550.jpg?1724248570" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the organoid transwell migration assay.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g002-550.jpg?1724248571" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Optimization of transwell migration assay with gradient dependent migration. (<b>A</b>). Schematic representation of cell lines transwell migration assay. (<b>B</b>) Schematic representation of organoid transwell migration assay using different chemoattractants placed in the lower chambers. (<b>C</b>) Quantification of KPN organoid transwell migration assay. Bar plots display the percentage of area of the membrane covered by cells. ns = not significant, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 in paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test. (<b>D</b>) Representative images of KPN organoid transwell migration assay using different chemoattractants placed in the lower chambers. Scale bar 330 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g003-550.jpg?1724248573" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of migration between different organoid models. (<b>A</b>) Representative images of A, K, KP and KPN organoid transwell migration assay. Scale bar 330 µm. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of A, K, KP and KPN organoid transwell migration assay. <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 ordinary one-way ANOVA test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00013/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00013-g004-550.jpg?1724248575" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Optimization of transwell invasion assay with Matrigel-coated membrane. (<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of organoid transwell invasion assay. (<b>B</b>) Representative images of KPN organoid transwell invasion assay 3 and 4 days after seeding. Scale bar 330 µm. (<b>C</b>) Quantification of KPN organoid transwell invasion assay 0, 3 and 4 days after seeding. ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 in Welch’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1448404" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 1328 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/12/pdf?version=1722580762" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Trophoblast Organoids: Capturing the Complexity of Early Placental Development In Vitro" data-journal="organoids"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-1172/3/3/12">Trophoblast Organoids: Capturing the Complexity of Early Placental Development In Vitro</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brady M. Wessel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jenna N. Castro</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victoria H. J. Roberts</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Organoids</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 174-193; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030012">https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030012</a> - 2 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1282 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> First trimester placental development comprises some of the most critical yet understudied events that impact fetal development. Improper placentation leads to a host of health issues that not only impact the fetal period but also influence offspring throughout their lives. Thus, a paradigm <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/12/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> First trimester placental development comprises some of the most critical yet understudied events that impact fetal development. Improper placentation leads to a host of health issues that not only impact the fetal period but also influence offspring throughout their lives. Thus, a paradigm to study early placental development is necessary, and this has spurred on the pursuit of new in vitro model systems that recapitulate specific aspects of placentation. One of the most complex and translationally valid models to arise are organoids, three-dimensional structures comprising multiple differentiated cell types that originate from a common progenitor population. Trophoblasts are the progenitor cells of the placenta, serving as the proliferative base for placental development. Recent advances have enabled the derivation of organoids from primary tissue, yet access to first trimester human samples is ethically constrained; derivation from established trophoblast stem cell lines is an alternative source. Organoids have already proven useful in generating insights into molecular events that underlie trophoblast differentiation, with the identification of new cell subtypes that are primed to differentiate down different paths. In this review, (1) we recap early pregnancy development events, (2) provide an overview of the cellular complexity of the placenta, (3) discuss the generation of organoids from tissue versus cellular sources, (4) highlight the value of translational animal models, and (5) focus on the complexities of the molecular regulation of trophoblast organoid development, differentiation, and function. <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/12">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/12/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1448404"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1448404"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1448404" data-cycle-prev="#prev1448404" data-cycle-progressive="#images1448404" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1448404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-ag-550.jpg?1722835484" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1448404" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1448404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g001-550.jpg?1722580912'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1448404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g002-550.jpg?1722580913'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1448404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g003-550.jpg?1722580915'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1448404-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-ag-550.jpg?1722835484" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g001-550.jpg?1722580912" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>First trimester trophoblast cell phenotypes. Schematic representation of the tip of an anchoring villous at the maternal/fetal interface. The fetal side is noted in white, while maternal decidua is noted in pink. Cellular anatomy is noted with the spatial distributions of all defined trophoblast cells shown.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g002-550.jpg?1722580913" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Overview of trophoblast organoid sources. Routes of access to trophoblast organoids. The trophoblast stem cell route has three starting points, all of which converge on TSC culture in 2D. Primary cell isolations from the placenta can be obtained from first trimester (<b>middle</b>) and term (<b>right</b>) samples. These tissues are both digested in a similar fashion to yield proliferative cytotrophoblast cells. All three routes converge when proliferative cytotrophoblast cells are placed into a 3D paradigm, yielding trophoblast organoids.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00012/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00012-g003-550.jpg?1722580915" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Signaling pathways in trophoblast organoids. A broad overview of key signaling pathways that are known to govern trophoblast differentiation in TOs. Media-manipulated pathways are shown with solid lines, whereas indirect/autocrine-activated signaling is shown with dashed lines. The contributions of TO media EVT#1 and EVT#2 (differing growth factor compositions) are shown with arrows. Inhibition of Wnt drives EVT differentiation. TGF-β is continuously inhibited in this model but may not always be.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1447515" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 1065 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/11/pdf?version=1722491457" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Organoids and 3D In Vitro Models as a Platform for Precision Medicine (PM): An Update" data-journal="organoids"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Opinion</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-1172/3/3/11">Organoids and 3D In Vitro Models as a Platform for Precision Medicine (PM): An Update</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Payal Ganguly</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Organoids</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 165-173; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030011">https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030011</a> - 1 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1143 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Globally, a number of diseases impact us and while treatment options exist, it is often found that similar treatments have variable effects on different patients with the same disease. Particularly in the case of conditions that are closely associated with genetics (like cancer), <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/11/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Globally, a number of diseases impact us and while treatment options exist, it is often found that similar treatments have variable effects on different patients with the same disease. Particularly in the case of conditions that are closely associated with genetics (like cancer), the intensity and results of a treatment vary between patients. Even for diseases like arthritis it is not uncommon for only a fraction of patients to achieve remission with the same therapeutic approach. With millions suffering from diseases like cancer and arthritis, precision medicine (PM) has been at the forefront of biomedical and pharmaceutical research since 2015. PM focusses on understanding the genetic and environmental factors affecting the patients and has several platforms. One of the platforms is the use of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, especially those derived from the patient themselves. These models, like organ-on-chip (OOC), organoid and spheroid models, 3D biomaterial scaffolds and others, have several advantages over traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture approaches. In this opinion paper, the author briefly discusses the different platforms used for PM. Then, the advantages that 3D in vitro models have over traditional 2D models and in vivo models are considered and an overview of their applications is provided. Finally, the author outlines the challenges and future directions and shares their opinion about using 3D in vitro models as a tool for PM towards enhanced patient outcomes. <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/11">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/11/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1447515"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1447515"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1447515" data-cycle-prev="#prev1447515" data-cycle-progressive="#images1447515" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1447515-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00011-g001-550.jpg?1722491531" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1447515" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1447515-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00011-g002-550.jpg?1722491532'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1447515-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00011-g001-550.jpg?1722491531" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Platforms for precision medicine.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00011/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00011-g002-550.jpg?1722491532" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Applications of organoids and 3D models in PM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1429307" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1429307" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1429307" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1429307" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/10/s1?version=1720162364"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 163 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 7889 KiB   </span> <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/10/pdf?version=1720751385" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Heparin-Binding Epidermal-like Growth Factor (HB-EGF) Reduces Cell Death in an Organoid Model of Retinal Damage" data-journal="organoids"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2674-1172/3/3/10">Heparin-Binding Epidermal-like Growth Factor (HB-EGF) Reduces Cell Death in an Organoid Model of Retinal Damage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michelle N. H. Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariya Moosajee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Najam A. Sharif</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>G. Astrid Limb</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karen Eastlake</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Organoids</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>3</em>(3), 148-164; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030010">https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3030010</a> - 5 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 3675 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In zebrafish and various mammalian species, HB-EGF has been shown to promote Müller glia proliferation and activation of repair mechanisms that have not been fully investigated in human retina. In the current study, 70- to 90-day-old human retinal organoids were treated with 20 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/10/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In zebrafish and various mammalian species, HB-EGF has been shown to promote Müller glia proliferation and activation of repair mechanisms that have not been fully investigated in human retina. In the current study, 70- to 90-day-old human retinal organoids were treated with 20 μM 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), and CRX, REC, NRL, PAX6, VIM, GFAP, and VSX2 gene and protein expression were assessed at various times points after treatment. Organoids with or without 4-OHT-induced damage were then cultured with HB-EGF for 7 days. We showed that 20 μM 4-OHT caused a reduction in the number of recoverin-positive cells; an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells; and downregulation of the photoreceptor gene markers CRX, NRL, and REC. Culture of organoids with HB-EGF for 7 days after 4-OHT-induced damage caused a marked reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells and small increases in the number of Ki67-positive cells and PAX6 and NOTCH1 gene expression. The current results suggest that treatment of human ESC-derived retinal organoids with 4-OHT may be used as a model of retinal degeneration in vitro. Furthermore, HB-EGF treatment of human retinal organoids increases proliferating Müller cells, but only after 4-OHT induced damage, and may be an indication of Muller reactivity in response to photoreceptor damage. Further studies will aim to identify factors that may induce Müller cell-mediated regeneration of the human retina, aiding in the development of therapies for retinal degeneration. <a href="/2674-1172/3/3/10">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/organoids/special_issues/BHTOZ2892T ">The Current Applications and Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Organoids</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3/10/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1429307"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1429307"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1429307" data-cycle-prev="#prev1429307" data-cycle-progressive="#images1429307" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g001-550.jpg?1720751458" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1429307" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g002-550.jpg?1720751463'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g003-550.jpg?1720751466'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g004-550.jpg?1720751470'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g005-550.jpg?1720751473'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1429307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g006-550.jpg?1720751474'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1429307-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g001-550.jpg?1720751458" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Morphological changes induced by 4-OHT in retinal organoids. (<b>A</b>) Phase contrast images of retinal organoids after 24 h treatment (black arrows) with or without the addition of different 4-OHT concentrations (10, 20, or 50 µM). Scale 200 μm. (blue arrows show bulging and loss of transparency) (<b>B</b>) Representative confocal images of retinal organoid cross-sections showing TUNEL-positive nuclei (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue) to indicate total cell nuclei. Scale 50 µm. ONL = outer nuclear layer; INL = inner nuclear layer. (<b>C</b>) Box plot shows the average thickness (µm) of retinal layers in organoids after treatment with or without 4-OHT (10 or 20 µM) over a 7-day period (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6). (<b>D</b>) Box plot shows the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in retinal organoids treated with 4-OHT (10 or 20 µM) as compared to those without treatment (control) over 7 days (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span> test. One-way ANOVA. Error bars represent SEM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g002-550.jpg?1720751463" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Photoreceptor degeneration induced by 4-OHT. (<b>A</b>) Representative confocal images of control retinal organoids and retinal organoids after 20 µM 4-OHT treatment for 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days. Sections show expression of recoverin (red) and cell death observed with TUNEL (green) staining. Cell nuclei were detected with DAPI (blue). (White arrows show rounded cells after damage) 40× magnification; scale 50 µm. ONL = outer nuclear layer; INL = inner nuclear layer. (<b>B</b>) Scatter plot shows the number of recoverin-positive cells (per mm<sup>2</sup>) in retinal organoids treated with 4-OHT (20 µM) as compared to those without treatment (control) at each time point (24 h, 3 days, 7 days). <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3; (each n represents 3 images). (<b>C</b>) Graphs show the relative log2-fold change (FC) in expression of the photoreceptor-related genes CRX, NRL, and REC after 4-OHT treatment for 24 h, 3 days, or 7 days as compared to untreated control organoids. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4. Error bars represent SEM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g003-550.jpg?1720751466" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Müller cell responses to 4-OHT treatment. (<b>A</b>,<b>E</b>) Representative confocal images of retinal organoids after 20 µM 4-OHT treatment for 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days. Sections show expression of (<b>A</b>) vimentin (green), Ki67 (red), and VSX2 (magenta) as well as (<b>E</b>) vimentin (green), GFAP (red), and SOX2 (magenta). Cell nuclei were detected with DAPI (blue). 40× magnification; scale 50 µm. ONL = outer nuclear layer; INL = inner nuclear layer. (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>) Dot plot shows the proportion of cells positive for Ki67 (<b>B</b>) and VSX2 (Chx10) (<b>C</b>) (per mm<sup>2</sup>) and those that were double positive for Ki67 and VSX2 (per mm<sup>2</sup>) (<b>D</b>) in retinal organoids treated with 4-OHT (20 µM) as compared to those without treatment (control) at each time point (24 h, 3 days, and 7 days). (<b>F</b>) Bar graphs show the measured intensity of GFAP staining from confocal images using ImageJ analysis and (<b>G</b>) the relative log2-fold change (FC) in expression of the Müller cell gliosis related gene GFAP after 4-OHT treatment for 24 h, 3 days, or 7 days as compared to untreated control organoids. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span> test; one-way ANOVA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g004-550.jpg?1720751470" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Examination of HB-EGF-treated organoids after 4-OHT-induced damage. Representative confocal images of retinal organoids treated with or without 4-OHT for 24 h followed by 7 days treatment with or without HB-EGF. (<b>A</b>) Sections were stained for cell death and photoreceptor marker expression using recoverin (red) and TUNEL (green) staining. Cell nuclei were detected with DAPI (blue). 40× magnification; scale 50 µm. ONL = outer nuclear layer; INL = inner nuclear layer. (<b>B</b>) Dot plots show the % of TUNEL-positive cells and proportion of recoverin-positive cells per mm<sup>2</sup> in treated and untreated organoids. (<b>C</b>) Box plot shows the average thickness (µm) of retinal layers in organoids 7 days post treatment. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span> test. One-way ANOVA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g005-550.jpg?1720751473" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Examination of Müller glia by immunofluorescence in organoids treated with 4-OHT followed by HB-EGF. Representative confocal images of retinal organoids treated with or without 4-OHT for 24 h followed by 7 days treatment with or without HB-EGF. Sections were stained for (<b>A</b>) vimentin (green), Ki67 (magenta), and VSX2 (red). (<b>C</b>) Müller cell responses based on positive staining for vimentin (green), Nestin (red), and SOX2 (magenta). Cell nuclei were detected with DAPI (blue). 40× magnification; scale 50 µm. ONL = outer nuclear layer; INL = inner nuclear layer. (<b>B</b>) Dot plots show the number of Ki67, VSX2, or double positive cells per mm<sup>2</sup> in retinal organoids with or without 4-OHT (20 µM) and/or HB-EGF treatment as compared to those without treatment (control) after 7 days. (<b>D</b>) Dot plot shows the number of SOX2-postive cells per mm<sup>2</sup> after treatments, and the intensity of nestin or vimentin fluorescence staining was obtained from confocal images using ImageJ analysis. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3. Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span> test; One-way ANOVA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/organoids/organoids-03-00010/article_deploy/html/images/organoids-03-00010-g006-550.jpg?1720751474" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Gene expression analysis of organoids treated with 4-OHT followed by HB-EGF. Graphs show the relative log2-fold change (FC) in expression of the HB-EGF pathway-related genes PAX6 and NOTCH1 in organoids treated with HB-EGF alone, 4-OHT alone, or 4-OHT and HB-EGF after 7 days as compared to untreated control organoids.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2674-1172/3/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div class="indented1"> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_bottom"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_bottom"> </div> <div style="border-top: 1px solid #ededed; height: 5px; margin-top: 15px;">   </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="columns large-12 medium-12 small-12"> Displaying articles 1-5 </div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__combined-for-large content__container__combined-for-large__last show-for-small"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-6 columns text-left"> Previous Issue <div><a href="/2674-1172/3/2">Volume 3, June</a></div> </div> <div class="small-6 columns text-right"> Next Issue <div><a href="/2674-1172/3/4">Volume 3, December</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="metrics-modal2" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row row-smallh3"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Issue View Metrics</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="issue_stats_div" style="margin-bottom: 1em;"> <div id="issue_stats_swf"></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/organoids">Organoids</a></em>, EISSN 2674-1172, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/organoids" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/organoids/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#142b327579642f6761767e7177602952667b793126245950445d3127553126243126263265617b602f327579642f767b706d297c606064672e3b3b6363633a7970647d3a777b793b2622232039252523263b273b273127553124553124551e1e" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpiorganoids&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2674-1172%2F3%2F3&via=Organoids_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2674-1172%2F3%2F3&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/3/3</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "organoids"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#middle-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script> <script > var loadArticles = true; var currentOffset = 0; function loadAllRemainingArticles() { var url = "/2674-1172/3/3/date/default/__offset__/1000"; url = url.replace(/__offset__/g, currentOffset); $(document.body).css({'cursor' : 'wait'}); $("<div>").load(url, function() { $(".jscroll").append($(this)); updateLoadedArticles(); $(document.body).css({'cursor' : 'default'}); $('.selectUnselectAll').removeClass("jscroll-override").change(); }); } function updateLoadedArticles() { if ($(".article-content.export-expanded").length > 0) { var listing = $(".article-listing"); listing.find("div.article-content, .export-element").not(".export-options-show").addClass("export-expanded"); } $(".cycle-slideshow").cycle({ log: false }); $('.popupgallery').each(function() { $(this).magnificPopup({ type: 'image', delegate: 'a', index: 2, image: { verticalFit: false }, gallery: { enabled: true } }); }); $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); } function loadMoreArticles() { if (loadArticles) { var url = "/2674-1172/3/3/date/default/__offset__/15"; url = url.replace(/__offset__/g, currentOffset); $("<div>").load(url, function() { $(".jscroll").append($(this)); updateLoadedArticles(); if (1 === $(this).find(".more").length) { currentOffset += 15; loadMoreArticles(); } else { $(".selectUnselectAll").removeClass("jscroll-override"); } }); } } $(document).ready(function() { if ($(".more").length > 0) { $(".selectUnselectAll").addClass("jscroll-override"); } $('.selectUnselectAll').change(function(e) { if ($(this).hasClass("jscroll-override")) { loadArticles = false; loadAllRemainingArticles(); } }); $.get('/2674-1172/3/3/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } var countWrapper = $(".js-stats-summary"); var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-views"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-downloads"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".js-stats-summary-citations"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); if ('elements' in jsondata) { $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#issue_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); $(".js-chart-data-available").show(); } else { $(".js-chart-data-unavailable").show(); } }); }); </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6e1fbd6e949f9e',t:'MTczMjMzMzA4MS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Organoids | September 2024 - Browse Articles