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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg/220px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg/330px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg/440px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol6v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">Israel</a>, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Psalter" title="Paris Psalter">Paris Psalter</a> (10th century).</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical ceremonies of introducing a new <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> by a ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, and further to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> (especially the "<a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coronations_in_antiquity" title="Special:EditPage/Coronations in antiquity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22">"Coronations in antiquity"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coronations+in+antiquity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> were believed to be <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine</a>. In the coronation ceremony, the pharaoh was transformed into a god by means of his union with the royal <i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">ka</a></i>, or life-force of the soul. All previous kings of Egypt had possessed this royal <i>ka</i>, and at his or her coronation, the monarch became divine as "one with the royal <i>ka</i> when his human form was overtaken by his immortal element, which flows through his whole being and dwells in it".<sup id="cite_ref-touregypt1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touregypt1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> This made him the son of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, the sun god, <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, the falcon god, and <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, the god of life, death and fertility. From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> on, the Pharaoh also came to be seen as the son of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amon</a>, the king of Egyptian gods, until his cult faded in later centuries. At his death, the king became fully divine, according to Egyptian belief, being assimilated with Osiris and Ra. </p><p>Upon the death of the reigning Pharaoh, his successor was named immediately, so that the nation's cosmic protection would continue unbroken. While the new monarch ascended the throne the very next day, the coronation ceremony did not take place until the first day of a new season, thus symbolising the beginning of a new era. The ceremony was usually carried out at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> by the high priest, who invested the new king with the necessary powers to continue his predecessors' work.<sup id="cite_ref-pharaoh1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaoh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a permanent reminder to his people of his divine birthright, the Pharaoh wore various elements of royal regalia that varied depending upon the particular period in Egyptian history. Among these were a false beard made from <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>'s hair, identifying him with the god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>; a sceptre shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a>'s crook known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></i>, which meant "ruler" and was often associated with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>; and a fly whip called the <i><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Nekhakha</a></i>, symbol of his power and authority. The new monarch also wore a <i>Shemset</i> apron, while his back was protected by a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>'s tail hanging from his belt, symbolic of strength, though this was later done away with.<sup id="cite_ref-touregypt2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touregypt2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> He was invested with a crown during his coronation: depending on the historic period, the king might have been given the White Crown, or <a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a> (the crown of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> or Red Crown (diadem of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a> or <i>Sekhemti</i> (the Double Crown, combining the White and the Red Crowns), the <a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a> or striped headcloth, or the <a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a> or Blue Crown. The <i>Pschent</i> was generally used for the highest state occasions,<sup id="cite_ref-pharaoh1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaoh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was conferred on all Pharaohs from at least the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> on.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Hedjet was combined with red <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a> feathers of the Osiris cult, the resulting diadem was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a> crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Kings in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Biblical Israel</a> were crowned and anointed, most often by (or at the behest of) a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">high priest</a>. In <a href="/wiki/I_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="I Samuel">I Samuel</a> 10:1, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a> anoints <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> to be Israel's first king, though there is no record of his being crowned. However, on Saul's death, a crown that was on his head is presented to David <a href="/wiki/II_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="II Samuel">II Samuel</a> 1:10. Later, in I Samuel 16:13, Samuel anoints <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> to replace him - but again there is no reference to a crown at that point. In <a href="/wiki/II_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="II Samuel">II Samuel</a> 12:30, David is crowned with the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonite</a> crown, after his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbah">Rabbah</a>, the Ammonite capital. <a href="/wiki/II_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="II Kings">II Kings</a> 9:1-6 tells of the anointing of <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> as king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> 2:17 relates the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> as consort of <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed account of a coronation in ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> is found in II Kings 11:12 and <a href="/wiki/II_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="II Chronicles">II Chronicles</a> 23:11, in which the seven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a> is crowned in a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> against the usurper <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a>. This ceremony took place in the doorway of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. The king was led to "his pillar", "as the manner was", where a crown was placed upon his head, and "the testimony" given to him, followed by anointing at the hands of the high priest and his sons. Afterwards, the people "clapped their hands" and shouted "God save the King" as trumpets blew, music played, and singers offered hymns of praise. All of these elements would find their way in some form or another into future European coronation rituals after the conversion of Europe to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> many centuries later, and all Christian coronation rites continue to borrow from these examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Persia">Ancient Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/170px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/255px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg/340px-Double_daric_330-300_obverse_CdM_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Double daric of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, Babylonia, 4th century BC: the Persian king running, holding a bow.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> wrote in his <i>Life of King <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes</a></i> that the Persian king was required to go to the ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> for his coronation ceremony. Once there, he entered a temple "to a warlike <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>, whom one might liken to <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>" (whose name is unknown today, nor can this temple be located), and there divested himself of his own robe, substituting the one worn by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a> at his crowning. After this, he had to consume a "frail" of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, eat <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> and drink a cup of sour <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>. Plutarch observed that "if they add any other rites, it is unknown to any but those that are present at them".<sup id="cite_ref-plutarch1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarch1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greece_and_Hellenistic_era">Classical Greece and Hellenistic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical Greece and Hellenistic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Atargatis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A Didrachm of <a href="/wiki/Bambyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambyce">Bambyce</a>, dated c. 342-331 BC, with a bust of <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a> wearing a turreted crown.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg/220px-Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg/330px-Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg/440px-Ai-Khanoum-gold_stater_of_Antiochos1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a> wearing a diadem.</figcaption></figure> <p>The depiction of crowned heads on the obverse of <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> becomes widespread from the 4th century onward. At first, these depict mainly deities, not kings, e.g. the Mother of Gods wearing the turreted crown (<a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kybele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kybele">Kybele</a> is often depicted wearing the "turret crown", and is also given the title of <i>Mater turrita</i> by <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Ovid</a>), Athena wearing a crowned helmet, or Zeus wearing a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a>. </p><p>In the early 3rd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> rulers begin to depict their own portraits on their coins, typically wearing a headband or <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> in the New Testament makes extensive use of the crown motif, associating it with shared rulership for the saints in heaven (2:10, 3:11, 4:4) conquering (6:2) and ultimate rulership (14:14, 19:12). This suggests that the association was clearly understood in the Graeco-Roman world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass_Crown" title="Grass Crown">Grass Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(headgear)" title="Corolla (headgear)">Corolla (headgear)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">Diadem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></div> <p>The original status of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Rome">Roman emperors</a> was in contrast to the kings of Rome who were expelled in the early years of the city, paving the way for a republic. Therefore, the Emperors were traditionally acclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> or by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> speaking for the armies as a whole, and were subsequently confirmed without any special ritual. The Eastern diadem was later introduced by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ellopos1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellopos1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not truly become part of the <i>imperator's</i> regalia until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, Roman sovereigns wore the purple <a href="/wiki/Paludamentum" title="Paludamentum">paludamentum</a>, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> as emblems of their office.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurelian strengthened the position of <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, whose <i>corona radiata</i> or "<a href="/wiki/Radiant_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant crown">radiant crown</a>" had become popular in depictions of emperors earlier in the 3rd century (<a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>) with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a>,.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (r. 285-305) greatly developed the ceremony surrounding the Roman Emperor; the quasi-republican ideals of Augustus' <i>primus inter pares</i> were abandoned for all but the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrarchs">Tetrarchs</a> themselves. Diocletian took to wearing a gold crown and jewels, and forbade the use of <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple</a> cloth to all but the Emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> reverted to the diadem (while he still was depicted <a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg" title="File:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg">alongside Sol Invictus</a>, he was no longer shown <i>as</i> Sol Invictus). Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, future Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the supreme symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the next century. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers;<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Future emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a similar manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> to physically place the crown on the emperor's head. Historians debate exactly when this first took place, but the precedent was clearly established by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a>, who was crowned by the Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Constantinople" title="Acacius of Constantinople">Acacius</a> in 473. This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, a further—and extremely vital—development in the liturgical <i>ordo</i> of crowning. After this event, according to the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, "the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop[ed]".<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_the_Middle_Ages">Transition to the Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transition to the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation#Middle_Ages" title="Coronation">Coronation § Middle Ages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coronation_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine coronation ritual">Byzantine coronation ritual</a>, from at least 795 on, incorporated a partial clothing of the new emperor in various items of special clothing prior to his entrance to the church, following which he entered the cathedral and received the prostrations of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senators</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patricians</a>. The Patriarch then read a set of lengthy prayers, as the sovereign was invested first with the <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a> and then finally with the crown. Following this, the emperor received <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> followed by further acts of homage.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the moment of his coronation, Byzantine emperor was regarded as holy; while the Patriarch was holding the crown over the emperor's head, the attending people repeatedly cried: <i>Holy!</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later centuries, after receiving their crown from the Patriarch, Byzantine emperors placed it upon their own head, symbolizing that their dominion came directly from God.<sup id="cite_ref-wister2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wister2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anointing was added to the ritual after the eleventh century, with the monarch receiving the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign of the Cross">Sign of the Cross</a> on their forehead from the Patriarch. The purple chlamys also disappeared from the rite during this time, being replaced with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandyas">mandyas</a></i>, or cope.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childebert_III_694_711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Childebert_III_694_711.jpg/170px-Childebert_III_694_711.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Childebert_III_694_711.jpg/255px-Childebert_III_694_711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Childebert_III_694_711.jpg/340px-Childebert_III_694_711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a> (r.694-711).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Byzantine coronation ceremony begins to influence the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kings_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian kings of Italy">Barbarian kingdoms</a> in the West with their <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> is traced in legend to Constantine himself (but more likely dates to the 8th or 9th century). In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic kingdom">Visigothic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sisenand" title="Sisenand">Sisenand</a> was crowned in 631, and in 672, <a href="/wiki/Wamba,_Visigothic_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Wamba, Visigothic king">Wamba</a> was the first occidental king to be anointed as well, by the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">Toledo</a>. </p><p>Two prayers for the coronation of Byzantine emperors are found in the Byzantine <i>Archieratikon</i> (Slavonic: <i>Chinovnik</i>). The second of these prayers is proceeded by the <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">diaconal</a> command: "Bow your heads to the Lord" and the assembly's response: "To you, O Lord." This pattern of two prayers corresponds to the ritual form found in the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> for the ordinations of bishops, priests and deacons and also for major blessings, such as the Great Blessing of Waters on the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a>. In some texts, the first prayer is associated with the act of clothing the emperor in the chlamys and the second with the act of crowning him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Byzantine coronation ritual underwent various changes throughout the centuries, these two prayers are found consistently in every version. They also occur in the Russian ritual for the crowning of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV</a>, and also in the ritual for the coronation of an <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> beginning with that of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonet" class="citation web cs1">Monet, Jefferson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage/page/521">521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3"><bdi>978-0-521-21592-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21592-3&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=John+Donnelly&rft.au=Desmond+J.+Clark&rft.au=Roland+Anthony+Oliver&rft.au=A.+D.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronations+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's Bible Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/smith_w/bibledict.html?term=Crown">s.v. 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In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coronation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronations+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, David S., <i>The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395</i>, Routledge, 2004, 237-8, citing <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, 1.19.1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corcoran, Simon. "Before Constantine." In <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i>, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 43. Potter, David S., <i>The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395</i>, Routledge, 2004, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CONSTANTINE VII PORPHYROGENITUS, DE CERIMONIIS AULAE BYZANTINAE, I, 38 (ed. Reiske, I, pp. 191-6; ed. Vogt, II, pp. 1-5, cc. 47-8; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/byzantium/Coronation_Ceremony.doc">"online copy"</a>. University of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=online+copy&rft.pub=University+of+Florida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clas.ufl.edu%2Fusers%2Fkapparis%2Fbyzantium%2FCoronation_Ceremony.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronations+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). <i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500</i>. USA: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000-1500&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97290-9&rft.aulast=Sedlar&rft.aufirst=Jean+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronations+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wister2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wister2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWister2002" class="citation web cs1">Wister, Fr. Robert J (2002-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirate.shu.edu/~wisterro/coronation.htm">"The Legitimation of Authority Divine and Human"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legitimation+of+Authority+Divine+and+Human&rft.date=2002-12-04&rft.aulast=Wister&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Robert+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpirate.shu.edu%2F~wisterro%2Fcoronation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronations+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Ann., XV, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Cerimoniis, Book 2, cc.1-2.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coronation_and_enthronement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coronation" title="Template:Coronation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coronation" title="Template talk:Coronation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coronation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coronation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coronation_and_enthronement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enthronement" title="Enthronement">enthronement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_crown" title="Coronation crown">Coronation crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_jewels" title="Crown jewels">Crown jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armill" title="Armill">Armill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger"><i>Globus cruciger</i> (orb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)" title="Mantle (royal garment)">Mantle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Items</li><li>rituals</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthronement" title="Enthronement">Enthronement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Africa" title="Coronations in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_the_Americas" title="Coronations in the Americas">the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Asia" title="Coronations in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Europe" title="Coronations in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Oceania" title="Coronations in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Ancient Egyptian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Bohemian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Bohemian monarch">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Emperor_of_Brazil" title="Coronation of the Emperor of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Bulgarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Bulgarian monarch">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Burmese_monarch" title="Coronation of the Burmese monarch">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Bokassa_I_and_Catherine" title="Coronation of Bokassa I and Catherine">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Danish_monarch" title="Coronation of the Danish monarch">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch" title="Inauguration of the Dutch monarch">Dutch</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon_and_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine">Napoleon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jy%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Rājyābhiṣeka">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_emperor" title="Enthronement of the Japanese emperor">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" title="Installation of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Nepalese_monarch" title="Coronation of the Nepalese monarch">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Norway" title="Coronations in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Osman" title="Sword of Osman">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Poland" title="Coronations in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Serbian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Serbian monarch">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Swedish_monarch" title="Coronation of the Swedish monarch">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">Thai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List of current</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_anthem" title="Coronation anthem">Coronation anthem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&oldid=1063922795">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronations_in_antiquity&oldid=1063922795</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coronation" 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