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<span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Top level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_descriptor_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_descriptor_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Volume descriptor set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_descriptor_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Path tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directories_and_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directories_and_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Directories and files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directories_and_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_and_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_and_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extensions and improvements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions_and_improvements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions and improvements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions_and_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SUSP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SUSP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>SUSP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SUSP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rock Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Torito" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Torito"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>El Torito</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Torito-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joliet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joliet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Joliet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joliet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Romeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Apple extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disc images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ISO 9660</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88_9660" title="أيزو 9660 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيزو 9660" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88_%DB%B9%DB%B6%DB%B6%DB%B0" title="ایزو ۹۶۶۰ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزو ۹۶۶۰" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%93_9660" title="आईएसओ 9660 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईएसओ 9660" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ISO 9660" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815645#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File system for CD-R and CD-ROM optical discs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ISO 9660</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1988<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">8 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cross platform</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Compact disc (<a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><b>Digital Versatile Disc (<a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><b>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></b></li> <li><b>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></b></li> <li><b>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ISO 9660</b> (also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>-119</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> for <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">optical disc</a> media. The file system is an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> available from the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO). Since the specification is available for anybody to purchase,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implementations have been written for many <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. </p><p>ISO 9660 traces its roots to the <i>High Sierra Format</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which arranged file information in a dense, sequential layout to minimize nonsequential access by using a hierarchical (eight levels of directories deep) tree file system arrangement, similar to <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> file systems and <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>. To facilitate cross platform compatibility, it defined a minimal set of common file attributes (directory or ordinary file and time of recording) and name attributes (name, extension, and version), and used a separate system use area where future optional extensions for each file may be specified. High Sierra was adopted in December 1986 (with changes) as an international standard by <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> as ECMA-119<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and submitted for fast tracking to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, where it was eventually accepted as ISO 9660:1988.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO9660_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO9660-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent amendments to the standard were published <a href="#History">in 2013 and 2020</a>. </p><p>The first 16 sectors of the file system are empty and reserved for other uses. The rest begins with a <i>volume descriptor set</i> (a header block which describes the subsequent layout) and then the path tables, directories and files on the disc. An ISO 9660 compliant disc must contain at least one <i>primary volume descriptor</i> describing the file system and a <i>volume descriptor set terminator</i> which is a volume descriptor that marks the end of the descriptor set. The primary volume descriptor provides information about the volume, characteristics and metadata, including a root directory record that indicates in which sector the root directory is located. Other fields contain metadata such as the volume's name and creator, along with the size and number of logical blocks used by the file system. Path tables summarize the directory structure of the relevant directory hierarchy. For each directory in the image, the path table provides the directory identifier, the location of the extent in which the directory is recorded, the length of any extended attributes associated with the directory, and the index of its parent directory path table entry. </p><p>There are several extensions to ISO 9660 that relax some of its limitations. Notable examples include <i>Rock Ridge</i> (Unix-style permissions and longer names), <i>Joliet</i> (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, allowing non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a> to be used), <i>El Torito</i> (enables CDs to be <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootable</a>) and the <i>Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</i> (file characteristics specific to the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a>, file backup date and more). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact discs</a> were originally developed for recording musical data, but soon were used for storing additional digital data types because they were equally effective for archival <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass data storage</a>. Called <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>, the lowest level format for these type of compact discs was defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Yellow Book</a></i> specification in 1983. However, this book did not define any format for organizing data on CD-ROMs into logical units such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, which led to every CD-ROM maker creating its own format. In order to develop a CD-ROM <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> standard (<i>Z39.60</i> - <i>Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange</i>), the <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Standards_Organization" title="National Information Standards Organization">National Information Standards Organization</a> (NISO) set up Standards Committee SC EE (Compact Disc Data Format) in July 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1989_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September/<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> October 1985 several companies invited experts to participate in the development of a working paper for such a standard. </p><p>In November 1985, representatives of computer hardware manufacturers gathered at the High Sierra Hotel and Casino (currently called the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Lake_Tahoe" title="Golden Nugget Lake Tahoe">Golden Nugget Lake Tahoe</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Stateline,_Nevada" title="Stateline, Nevada">Stateline, Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group became known as the <i>High Sierra Group</i> (<i>HSG</i>). Present at the meeting were representatives from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), <a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi, Ltd.">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LaserData&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LaserData (page does not exist)">LaserData</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microware" title="Microware">Microware</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_Technology_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reference Technology Inc. (page does not exist)">Reference Technology Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TMS_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TMS Inc. (page does not exist)">TMS Inc.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoTools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VideoTools (page does not exist)">VideoTools</a> (later Meridian<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Xebec_Corporation" title="Xebec Corporation">Xebec</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yelick (page does not exist)">Yelick</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The meeting report evolved from the <i>Yellow Book</i> CD-ROM standard, which was so open ended it was leading to diversification and creation of many incompatible data storage methods. The <i>High Sierra Group Proposal</i> (<i>HSGP</i>) was released in May 1986, defining a file system for CD-ROMs commonly known as the High Sierra Format. </p><p>A draft version of this proposal was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Computer Manufacturers Association">European Computer Manufacturers Association</a> (ECMA) for standardization. With some changes, this led to the issue of the initial edition of the ECMA-119 standard in December 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-119-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-119-1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ECMA submitted their standard to the <a href="/wiki/International_Standards_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standards Organization">International Standards Organization</a> (ISO) for <i>fast tracking</i>, where it was further refined into the ISO 9660 standard. For compatibility the second edition of ECMA-119 was revised to be equivalent to ISO 9660 in December 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-119-2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-119-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ISO 9660:1988</i> was published in 1988. The main changes from the High Sierra Format in the ECMA-119 and ISO 9660 standards were international extensions to allow the format to work better on non-US markets. </p><p>In order not to create incompatibilities, NISO suspended further work on Z39.60, which had been adopted by NISO members on 28 May 1987. It was withdrawn before final approval, in favour of ISO 9660.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1989_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Industrial Standard">JIS</a> X 0606:1998 was passed in Japan in 1998 with much-relaxed file name rules using a new "enhanced volume descriptor" data structure. The standard was submitted for ISO 9660:1999 and supposedly fast-tracked, but nothing came out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, several operating systems and disc authoring tools (such as <a href="/wiki/Nero_Burning_ROM" title="Nero Burning ROM">Nero Burning ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mkisofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkisofs">mkisofs</a> and <a href="/wiki/ImgBurn" title="ImgBurn">ImgBurn</a>) now support the addition, under such names as "ISO 9660:1999", "ISO 9660 v2", or "ISO 9660 Level 4". In 2013, the proposal was finally formalized in the form of ISO 9660/Amendment 1, intended to "bring harmonization between ISO 9660 and widely used '<a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a> Specification'."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2017, a 3rd Edition of ECMA-119 was published that is technically identical with ISO 9660, Amendment 1.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma119.3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma119.3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, ECMA published a 4th version of ECMA-119, integrating the Joliet text as "Annex C". </p><p>In 2020, ISO published Amendment 2, which adds some minor clarifying matter, but does not add or correct any technical information of the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is the rough overall structure of the ISO 9660 file system. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-byte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-byte (page does not exist)">Multi-byte</a> values can be stored in three different formats: <a href="/wiki/Little-endian" class="mw-redirect" title="Little-endian">little-endian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big-endian" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-endian">big-endian</a>, and in a concatenation of both types in what the specification calls "both-byte" order. Both-byte order is required in several fields in the volume descriptors and directory records, while path tables can be either little-endian or big-endian.<sup id="cite_ref-iso9660-simplified_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso9660-simplified-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_level">Top level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Top level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ISO 9660 file system </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>System area (32,768 B) </td> <td><i>Unused by ISO 9660</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Data area </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volume descriptor set </td></tr> <tr> <td>Path tables, directories and files </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>system area</i>, the first 32,768 data bytes of the disc (16 sectors of 2,048 bytes each), is unused by ISO 9660 and therefore available for other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-iso9660-simplified_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso9660-simplified-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is suggested that they are reserved for use by <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootable media</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a CD-ROM may contain an alternative file system descriptor in this area, and it is often used by <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid CD">hybrid CDs</a> to offer <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>-specific and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>-specific content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_descriptor_set">Volume descriptor set</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volume descriptor set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>data area</i> begins with the <i>volume descriptor set</i>, a set of one or more <i>volume descriptors</i> terminated with a <i>volume descriptor set terminator</i>. These collectively act as a <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> for the data area, describing its content (similar to the <a href="/wiki/BIOS_parameter_block" title="BIOS parameter block">BIOS parameter block</a> used by <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> formatted disks). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Volume descriptor set </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Volume descriptor #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volume descriptor #N </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volume descriptor set terminator </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each volume descriptor is 2048 bytes in size, fitting perfectly into a single Mode 1 or Mode 2 Form 1 sector. They have the following structure: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Volume descriptor (2,048 bytes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Part </th> <td>Type </td> <td>Identifier </td> <td>Version </td> <td>Data </td></tr> <tr> <th>Size </th> <td>1 byte </td> <td>5 bytes (always 'CD001') </td> <td>1 byte (always 0x01) </td> <td>2,041 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The data field of a volume descriptor may be subdivided into several fields, with the exact content depending on the type. Redundant copies of each volume descriptor can also be included in case the first copy of the descriptor becomes corrupt. </p><p>Standard volume descriptor types are the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Basic volume descriptor types </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Value </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>Boot record volume descriptor </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Primary volume descriptor </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Supplementary volume descriptor, or enhanced volume descriptor </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Volume partition descriptor </td></tr> <tr> <td>255 </td> <td>Volume descriptor set terminator </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An ISO 9660 compliant disc must contain at least one <i>primary volume descriptor</i> describing the file system and a <i>volume descriptor set terminator</i> for indicating the end of the descriptor sequence. The <i>volume descriptor set terminator</i> is simply a particular type of volume descriptor with the purpose of marking the end of this set of structures. The primary volume descriptor provides information about the volume, characteristics and metadata, including a root directory record that indicates in which sector the root directory is located. Other fields contain the description or name of the volume, and information about who created it and with which application. The size of the logical blocks which the file system uses to segment the volume is also stored in a field inside the primary volume descriptor, as well as the amount of space occupied by the volume (measured in number of logical blocks). </p><p>In addition to the primary volume descriptor(s), <i>supplementary volume descriptors</i> or <i>enhanced volume descriptors</i> may be present. </p> <ul><li>Supplementary volume descriptors describe the same volume as the primary volume descriptor does, and are normally used for providing additional code page support when the standard code tables are insufficient. The standard specifies that <a href="/wiki/ISO_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2022">ISO 2022</a> is used for managing code sets that are wider than 8 bytes, and that <a href="/wiki/ISO_2375" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2375">ISO 2375</a> escape sequences are used to identify each particular code page used. Consequently, ISO 9660 supports international single-byte and multi-byte character sets, provided they fit into the framework of the referenced standards. However, ISO 9660 does not specify any code pages that are guaranteed to be supported: all use of code tables other than those defined in the standard itself are subject to agreement between the originator and the recipient of the volume.</li> <li>Enhanced volume descriptors were introduced in ISO 9660, Amendment 1. They relax some of the requirements of the other volume descriptors and the directory records referenced by them: for example, the directory depth can exceed eight, file identifiers need not contain '.' or file version number, the length of a file and directory identifier is maximized to 207.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path_tables">Path tables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Path tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Path tables summarize the directory structure of the relevant directory hierarchy. For each directory in the image, the path table provides the directory identifier, the location of the extent in which the directory is recorded, the length of any extended attributes associated with the directory, and the index of its parent directory path table entry. The parent directory number is a 16-bit number, limiting its range from 1 to 65,535.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directories_and_files">Directories and files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Directories and files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iso9660directoryTree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Iso9660directoryTree.png/220px-Iso9660directoryTree.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Iso9660directoryTree.png/330px-Iso9660directoryTree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Iso9660directoryTree.png/440px-Iso9660directoryTree.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the ISO 9660 directory structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Directory entries are stored following the location of the root directory entry, where evaluation of filenames is begun. Both directories and files are stored as <a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">extents</a>, which are sequential series of sectors. Files and directories are differentiated only by a file attribute that indicates its nature (similar to <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>). The attributes of a file are stored in the directory entry that describes the file, and optionally in the extended attribute record. To locate a file, the directory names in the file's path can be checked sequentially, going to the location of each directory to obtain the location of the subsequent subdirectory. However, a file can also be located through the path table provided by the file system. This path table stores information about each directory, its parent, and its location on disc. Since the path table is stored in a contiguous region, it can be searched much faster than jumping to the particular locations of each directory in the file's path, thus reducing seek time. </p><p>The standard specifies three nested levels of interchange (paraphrased from section 10): </p> <ul><li>Level 1: File names are limited to eight characters with a three-character extension. Directory names are limited to eight characters. Files may contain one single file section.</li> <li>Level 2: File Name + '.' + File Name extension or Directory Name may not exceed 31 characters in length (sections 7.5 and 7.6). Files may contain one single file section.</li> <li>Level 3: No additional restrictions than those stipulated in the main body of the standard. Files are also allowed to consist of multiple non-contiguous sections (with some restrictions as to order).</li></ul> <p>Additional restrictions in the body of the standard: The depth of the directory hierarchy must not exceed 8 (root directory being at level 1), and the path length of any file must not exceed 255. (section 6.8.2.1). </p><p>The standard also specifies the following name restrictions (sections 7.5 and 7.6):<sup id="cite_ref-ISO9660_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO9660-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All levels restrict file names in the mandatory file hierarchy to upper case letters, digits, underscores ("_"), and a dot. (See also section 7.4.4 and Annex A.)</li> <li>If no characters are specified for the File Name then the File Name Extension shall consist of at least one character.</li> <li>If no characters are specified for the File Name Extension then the File Name shall consist of at least one character.</li> <li>File names shall not have more than one dot.</li> <li>Directory names shall not use dots at all.</li></ul> <p>A CD-ROM producer may choose one of the lower Levels of Interchange specified in chapter 10 of the standard, and further restrict file name length from 30 characters to only 8+3 in file identifiers, and 8 in directory identifiers in order to promote interchangeability with implementations that do not implement the full standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All numbers in ISO 9660 file systems except the single byte value used for the GMT offset are unsigned numbers. As the length of a file's <a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">extent</a> on disc is stored in a 32 bit value,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it allows for a maximum length of just over 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> (more precisely, one byte less than 4 <a href="/wiki/GiB" class="mw-redirect" title="GiB">GiB</a>). It is possible to circumvent this limitation by using the multi-extent (fragmentation) feature of ISO 9660 Level 3 to create ISO 9660 file systems and single files up to 8 TB. With this, files larger than 4 GiB can be split up into multiple extents (sequential series of sectors), each not exceeding the 4 GiB limit. For example, the free software such as <a href="/wiki/InfraRecorder" title="InfraRecorder">InfraRecorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/ImgBurn" title="ImgBurn">ImgBurn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mkisofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkisofs">mkisofs</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Roxio_Toast" title="Roxio Toast">Roxio Toast</a> are able to create ISO 9660 file systems that use multi-extent files to store files larger than 4 GiB on appropriate media such as recordable DVDs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> supports multiple extents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since amendment 1 (or ECMA-119 3rd edition, or "JIS X 0606:1998 / ISO 9660:1999"), a much wider variety of file trees can be expressed by the EVD system. There is no longer any character limit (even 8-bit characters are allowed), nor any depth limit or path length limit. There still is a limit on name length, at 207. The character set is no longer enforced, so both sides of the disc interchange need to agree via a different channel.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma119.3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma119.3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions_and_improvements">Extensions and improvements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extensions and improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several extensions to ISO 9660 that relax some of its limitations. Notable examples include <i>Rock Ridge</i> (Unix-style permissions and longer names), <i>Joliet</i> (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, allowing non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a> to be used), <i>El Torito</i> (enables CDs to be <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootable</a>) and the <i>Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</i> (file characteristics specific to the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a>, file backup date and more). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SUSP">SUSP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: SUSP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>System Use Sharing Protocol</i> (SUSP, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> P1281) provides a generic way of including additional properties for any directory entry reachable from the primary volume descriptor (PVD). In an ISO 9660 volume, every directory entry has an optional <i>system use area</i> whose contents are undefined and left to be interpreted by the system. SUSP defines a method to subdivide that area into multiple system use fields, each identified by a two-character signature tag. The idea behind SUSP was that it would enable any number of independent extensions to ISO 9660 to be created and included on a volume without conflicting. It also allows for the inclusion of property data that would otherwise be too large to fit within the limits of the system use area. </p><p>SUSP defines several common tags and system use fields: </p> <ul><li><code>CE</code>: Continuation area</li> <li><code>PD</code>: Padding field</li> <li><code>SP</code>: System use sharing protocol indicator</li> <li><code>ST</code>: System use sharing protocol terminator</li> <li><code>ER</code>: Extensions reference</li> <li><code>ES</code>: Extension selector</li></ul> <p>Other known SUSP fields include: </p> <ul><li><code>AA</code>: Apple extension, preferred</li> <li><code>BA</code>: Apple extension, old (length attribute is missing)</li> <li><code>AS</code>: Amiga file properties</li> <li><code>ZF</code>: zisofs compressed file, usually produced by program mkzftree or by libisofs. Transparently decompressed by Linux kernel if built with CONFIG_ZISOFS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>AL</code>: records <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended File Attributes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">ACLs</a>. Proposed by <a href="/wiki/Libburnia" title="Libburnia">libburnia</a>, supported by libisofs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Apple extensions do not technically follow the SUSP standard; however the basic structure of the AA and AB fields defined by Apple are <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward compatible</a> with SUSP; so that, with care, a volume can use both Apple extensions as well as RRIP extensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_Ridge">Rock Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rock Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol</i> (RRIP, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> P1282) is an extension which adds <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> semantics. The availability of these extension properties allows for better integration with <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard takes its name from the fictional town <i>Rock Ridge</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Saddles" title="Blazing Saddles">Blazing Saddles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RRIP extensions are, briefly: </p> <ul><li>Longer file names (up to 255 bytes) and fewer restrictions on allowed characters (support for lowercase, etc.)</li> <li>UNIX-style <a href="/wiki/Unix_permissions#Traditional_Unix_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix permissions">file modes</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_id" class="mw-redirect" title="User id">user ids</a> and group ids, and file <a href="/wiki/Timestamp" title="Timestamp">timestamps</a></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Device_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Device file system">device files</a></li> <li>Deeper directory hierarchy (more than 8 levels)</li> <li>Efficient storage of <a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">sparse files</a></li></ul> <p>The RRIP extensions are built upon SUSP, defining additional tags for support of POSIX semantics, along with the format and meaning of the corresponding system use fields: </p> <ul><li><code>RR</code>: Rock Ridge extensions in-use indicator (note: dropped from standard after version 1.09)</li> <li><code>PX</code>: POSIX file attributes</li> <li><code>PN</code>: POSIX device numbers</li> <li><code>SL</code>: symbolic link</li> <li><code>NM</code>: alternate name</li> <li><code>CL</code>: child link</li> <li><code>PL</code>: parent link</li> <li><code>RE</code>: relocated directory</li> <li><code>TF</code>: time stamp</li> <li><code>SF</code>: sparse file data</li></ul> <p><i>Amiga Rock Ridge</i> is similar to RRIP, except it provides additional properties used by <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>. It too is built on the SUSP standard by defining an "AS"-tagged system use field. Thus both Amiga Rock Ridge and the POSIX RRIP may be used simultaneously on the same volume. Some of the specific properties supported by this extension are the additional <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-bits for files. There is support for attribute "P" that stands for "pure" bit (indicating re-entrant command) and attribute "S" for script bit (indicating <a href="/wiki/Batch_file" title="Batch file">batch file</a>). This includes the protection flags plus an optional comment field. These extensions were introduced by Angela Schmidt with the help of Andrew Young, the primary author of the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol and System Use Sharing Protocol. The first publicly available software to master a CD-ROM with Amiga extensions was <a href="/w/index.php?title=MakeCD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MakeCD (page does not exist)">MakeCD</a>, an Amiga software which Angela Schmidt developed together with Patrick Ohly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Torito">El Torito</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: El Torito"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>El Torito</i> is an extension designed to allow <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a> a computer from a CD-ROM. It was announced in November 1994<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first issued in January 1995 as a joint proposal by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and BIOS manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix Technologies</a>. According to legend, the El Torito CD/DVD extension to ISO 9660 got its name because its design originated in an <a href="/wiki/El_Torito" title="El Torito">El Torito</a> restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ISO_9660&params=33.684722_N_117.852547_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°41′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°51′09″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.684722°N 117.852547°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.684722; -117.852547</span></span></span></a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial two authors were Curtis Stevens, of Phoenix Technologies, and Stan Merkin, of IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 32-bit PC BIOS will search for boot code on an ISO 9660 CD-ROM. The standard allows for booting in two different modes. Either in hard disk emulation when the boot information can be accessed directly from the CD media, or in floppy emulation mode where the boot information is stored in an <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">image file</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, which is loaded from the CD and then behaves as a virtual floppy disk. This is useful for computers that were designed to boot only from a floppy drive. For modern computers the "no emulation" mode is generally the more reliable method. The BIOS will assign a BIOS drive number to the CD drive. The drive number (for <a href="/wiki/INT_13H" title="INT 13H">INT 13H</a>) assigned is any of 80<sub>hex</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> emulation), 00<sub>hex</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> emulation) or an arbitrary number if the BIOS should not provide emulation. Emulation is useful for booting older <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> from a CD, by making it appear to them as if they were booted from a hard or floppy disk.<sup id="cite_ref-osdev_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdev-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> systems also accept El Torito records, as platform 0xEF. The record is expected to be a disk image containing a FAT filesystem, the filesystem being an <a href="/wiki/EFI_System_Partition" class="mw-redirect" title="EFI System Partition">EFI System Partition</a> containing the usual <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\EFI</code> directory. The image should be marked for "no emulation", though it does not actually work like the BIOS "no emulation" mode, in which the BIOS would load the image in memory and execute the code from there.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El Torito can also be used to produce CDs which can boot up <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> operating systems, by including the <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a> bootloader on the CD and following the <a href="/wiki/Multiboot_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiboot Specification">Multiboot Specification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osdev_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osdev-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the El Torito spec alludes to a "Mac" platform ID, PowerPC-based Apple Macintosh computers don't use it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joliet">Joliet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Joliet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Joliet</i> is an extension specified and endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and has been supported by all versions of its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> since <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a><sup id="cite_ref-mskb125630_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskb125630-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary focus is the relaxation of the filename restrictions inherent with full ISO 9660 compliance. Joliet accomplishes this by supplying an additional set of filenames that are encoded in <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a>BE (<a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>BE in practice since Windows 2000). These filenames are stored in a special supplementary volume descriptor, that is safely ignored by ISO 9660-compliant software, thus preserving backward compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-mskb125630_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskb125630-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specification only allows filenames to be up to 64 <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters in length. However, the documentation for <a href="/wiki/Mkisofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkisofs">mkisofs</a> states filenames up to 103 characters in length do not appear to cause problems.<sup id="cite_ref-mkisofs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mkisofs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft has documented it "can use up to 110 characters."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference lies in whether CDXA extension space is used.<sup id="cite_ref-mkisofs_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mkisofs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joliet allows Unicode characters to be used for all text fields, which includes file names and the volume name. A "Secondary" volume descriptor with type 2 contains the same information as the Primary one (sector 16 offset 40 bytes), but in <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2BE</a> in sector 17, offset 40 bytes. As a result of this, the volume name is limited to 16 characters. </p><p>Many current PC operating systems are able to read Joliet-formatted media, thus allowing exchange of files between those operating systems even if non-Roman characters are involved (such as Arabic, Japanese or Cyrillic), which was formerly not possible with plain ISO 9660-formatted media. Operating systems which can read Joliet media include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-mskb125630_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskb125630-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft recommends the use of the Joliet extension for developers targeting Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-mskb125630_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskb125630-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romeo">Romeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Romeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Romeo</i> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Adaptec" title="Adaptec">Adaptec</a> and allows the use of long filenames up to 128 characters, written directly into the primary volume descriptor using the current <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">code page</a>. This format is built around the workings of Windows 9x and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> "CDFS" drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Romeo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romeo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a Windows installation of a different language opens a <i>Romeo</i> disk, the lack of code page indication will cause non-ASCII characters in file names to become <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">Mojibake</a>. For example, "ü" may become "³". A different OS may encounter a similar problem or refuse to recognize these noncompliant names outright. </p><p>The same code page problem technically exists in standard ISO 9660, which allows open interpretation of the supplemental and enhanced volume descriptors to any character encoding subject to agreement. However, the primary volume descriptor is guaranteed to be a small subset of ASCII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple_extensions">Apple extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apple extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> authored a set of extensions that add <a href="/wiki/ProDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ProDOS">ProDOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a> (the primary contemporary file systems for the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>) properties to the filesystem. Some of the additional metadata properties include:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Date of last backup</li> <li>File type</li> <li>Creator code</li> <li>Flags and data for display</li> <li>Reference to a <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource fork</a></li></ul> <p>In order to allow non-Macintosh systems to access Macintosh files on CD-ROMs, Apple chose to use an extension of the standard ISO 9660 format. Most of the data, other than the Apple specific metadata, remains visible to <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> that are able to read ISO 9660. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_extensions">Other extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For operating systems which do not support any extensions, a name translation file <code>TRANS.TBL</code> must be used. The <code>TRANS.TBL</code> file is a plain <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> text file. Each line contains three fields, separated by an arbitrary amount of <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a>: </p> <ul><li>The file type ("F" for file or "D" for directory);</li> <li>The ISO 9660 filename (including the usually hidden ";1" for files); and</li> <li>The extended filename, which may contain spaces.</li></ul> <p>Most implementations that create TRANS.TBL files put a single space between the file type and ISO 9660 name and some arbitrary number of tabs between the ISO 9660 filename and the extended filename. </p><p>Native support for using <code>TRANS.TBL</code> still exists in many ISO 9660 implementations, particularly those related to <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. However, it has long since been superseded by other extensions, and modern utilities that create ISO 9660 images either cannot create TRANS.TBL files at all, or no longer create them unless explicitly requested by the user. Since a TRANS.TBL file has no special identification other than its name, it can also be created separately and included in the directory before filesystem creation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a> standard is an extension to the ISO 9660 format that adds support for multiple <a href="/wiki/Session_(CD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Session (CD)">sessions</a> on a disc. Since ISO 9660 is by design a read-only, pre-mastered file system, all the data has to be written in one go or "session" to the medium. Once written, there is no provision for altering the stored content. ISO 13490 was created to allow adding more files to a writeable disc such as <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> in multiple sessions. </p><p>The ISO 13346/ECMA-167 standard was designed in conjunction to the ISO 13490 standard. This new format addresses most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660, and a subset of it evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">Universal Disk Format</a> (UDF), which was adopted for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>. The volume descriptor table retains the ISO9660 layout, but the identifier has been updated.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disc_images">Disc images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Disc images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_image" title="Optical disc image">Optical disc images</a> are a common way to electronically transfer the contents of CD-ROMs. They often have the <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> <code>.iso</code> (<code>.iso9660</code> is less common, but also in use) and are commonly referred to as "ISOs".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platforms">Platforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most operating systems support reading of ISO 9660 formatted discs, and most new versions support the extensions such as Rock Ridge and Joliet. Operating systems that do not support the extensions usually show the basic (non-extended) features of a plain ISO 9660 disc. </p><p>Operating systems that support ISO 9660 and its extensions include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>: access with extensions, such as <a href="/wiki/MSCDEX" title="MSCDEX">MSCDEX.EXE</a> (Microsoft CDROM Extension), <a href="/wiki/NWCDEX" class="mw-redirect" title="NWCDEX">NWCDEX.EXE</a> or CORELCDX.EXE</li> <li>Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows ME">Windows ME</a>: can read ISO 9660 Level 1, 2, 3, and <a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li>Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, and newer Windows versions, can read ISO 9660 Level 1, 2, 3, <a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a>, and ISO 9660:1999. <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> may also mistake UDF format for CDFS. for more information see <a href="/wiki/Universal_Disc_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Disc Format">UDF</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>: ISO 9660 Level 1, 2, 3, Joliet, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a>, and ISO 9660:1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">Apple GS/OS</a>: ISO Level 1 and 2 support via the HS.FST File System Translator.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> 7 to 9: ISO Level 1, 2. Optional free software supports <a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a> (including ISO Level 3): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alex-castro.com/jokeridge/">Joke Ridge</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tempel.org/joliet/">Joliet Volume Access</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (all versions): ISO Level 1, 2, <a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> Extensions. Level 3 is not currently supported, although users have been able to mount these discs<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> supports the "AS" extensions (which preserve the Amiga protection bits and file comments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTRIX" class="mw-redirect" title="ULTRIX">ULTRIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (operating system)">Zeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> supports only ISO 9660 Interchange levels 1–3, with <i>no</i> extensions<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> support for optical media written on a PC is patchy. Most CD-Rs/RWs work perfectly, however DVD+-Rs/RWs/RAMs are entirely hit and miss running RISC OS 4.02, RISC OS 4.39 and RISC OS 6.20<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disc_image_software" title="Comparison of disc image software">Comparison of disc image software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk image emulator">Disk image emulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">List of ISO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid CD">Hybrid CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_23" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 23">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 23</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9660:ed-1:v1:en">"ISO 9660:1988(en), Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange"</a>. <i>ISO (International Organization for Standardization)</i>. ISO. 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+%28International+Organization+for+Standardization%29&rft.atitle=ISO+9660%3A1988%28en%29%2C+Information+processing+%E2%80%93+Volume+and+file+structure+of+CD-ROM+for+information+interchange&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso%3A9660%3Aed-1%3Av1%3Aen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Working Paper for Information Processing: Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange". <i>Optical Information Systems</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>49. January 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optical+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Working+Paper+for+Information+Processing%3A+Volume+and+File+Structure+of+CD-ROM+for+Information+Interchange&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1987-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm">"Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange"</a>. Ecma International. December 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volume+and+File+Structure+of+CDROM+for+Information+Interchange&rft.pub=Ecma+International&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Fstandards%2FEcma-119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO9660-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO9660_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO9660_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange</i> (corrected ed.). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1 September 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+and+File+Structure+of+CD-ROM+for+Information+Interchange&rft.place=Geneva&rft.edition=corrected&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization+%28ISO%29&rft.date=1988-09-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1989-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1989_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1989_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Evan_Peters" title="Paul Evan Peters">Peters, Paul Evan</a> (July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6767/ISQ_vol1_no3_Jul89.pdf">"CD-ROM Standards: The Fate of Z39.60"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Information Standards Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Standards_Organization" title="National Information Standards Organization">National Information Standards Organization</a> (NISO): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-0031">1041-0031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118095423/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6767/ISQ_vol1_no3_Jul89.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Standards+Quarterly&rft.atitle=CD-ROM+Standards%3A+The+Fate+of+Z39.60&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1989-07&rft.issn=1041-0031&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Paul+Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niso.org%2Fapps%2Fgroup_public%2Fdownload.php%2F6767%2FISQ_vol1_no3_Jul89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelliwell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Helliwell, John (14 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuXmVNll5JEC&pg=PA154">"Premium Reference Tool of the '90s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">150–</span>164<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Premium+Reference+Tool+of+the+%2790s&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1986-10-14&rft.aulast=Helliwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuXmVNll5JEC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManesAndrews1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Manes" title="Stephen Manes">Manes, Stephen</a>; Andrews, Paul (1993). <i>Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-42075-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-42075-7"><bdi>0-385-42075-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gates%3A+How+Microsoft%27s+Mogul+Reinvented+an+Industry%E2%80%94and+Made+Himself+the+Richest+Man+in+America&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-385-42075-7&rft.aulast=Manes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1987" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Gregg (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US">"The Future of CD-ROM"</a>. <i>Explorer</i>. <b>7</b> (3). Atari Explorer Publications: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US/page/n20">19</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorer&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+CD-ROM&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1987-06&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAtari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMA-119-1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-119-1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-119_1st_edition_december_1986.pdf">"Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). December 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+ECMA-119%3A+Volume+and+File+Structure+of+CDROM+for+Information+Interchange&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FECMA-119_1st_edition_december_1986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMA-119-2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-119-2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-119_2nd_edition_december_1987.pdf">"Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (reprinted 2nd ed.). September 1998 [December 1987]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+ECMA-119%3A+Volume+and+File+Structure+of+CDROM+for+Information+Interchange&rft.edition=reprinted+2nd&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FECMA-119_2nd_edition_december_1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/the-invention-of-compact-discs-scit-07123456/"><i>The Invention of Compact Discs</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Compact+Discs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Fthe-invention-of-compact-discs-scit-07123456%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064954/http://www.chipchapin.com/CDMedia/cdrom6.php3">"Chip's CD Media Resource Center: CD-ROM page 6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipchapin.com/CDMedia/cdrom6.php3">the original</a> on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chip%27s+CD+Media+Resource+Center%3A+CD-ROM+page+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chipchapin.com%2FCDMedia%2Fcdrom6.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pismotec.com/cfs/iso9660-1999.html">"JIS X 0606:1998 / ISO 9660:1999 Draft Specification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JIS+X+0606%3A1998+%2F+ISO+9660%3A1999+Draft+Specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpismotec.com%2Fcfs%2Fiso9660-1999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO 9660, Amendment 1 (ISO 9660:1988/Amd.1:2013(E))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecma119.3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecma119.3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecma119.3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-119.pdf">"Standard ECMA-119"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecma International</i>. Ecma. p. vii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecma+International&rft.atitle=Standard+ECMA-119&rft.pages=vii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST%2FEcma-119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO 9660, Amendment 2 (ISO 9660:1988/Amd.2:2020(E))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso9660-simplified-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso9660-simplified_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso9660-simplified_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pierrelib.pagesperso-orange.fr/filesystems/iso9660_simplified.html">"ISO9660 Simplified for DOS/Windows"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO9660+Simplified+for+DOS%2FWindows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpierrelib.pagesperso-orange.fr%2Ffilesystems%2Fiso9660_simplified.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brankin.com/main/technotes/Notes_ISO9660.htm">"ISO9660"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO9660&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brankin.com%2Fmain%2Ftechnotes%2FNotes_ISO9660.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO9660 sections 6.9 and 9.4.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO 9660 section 9.1.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPete2006" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Pete (2 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-bugs/2006-April/017786.html">"kern/95222: File sections on ISO9660 level 3 CDs ignored"</a>. <i>freebsd-bugs</i> (Mailing list).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=kern%2F95222%3A+File+sections+on+ISO9660+level+3+CDs+ignored&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.au=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.freebsd.org%2Fpipermail%2Ffreebsd-bugs%2F2006-April%2F017786.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/fs/isofs/Kconfig">"linux/fs/isofs/Kconfig"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.apple.com/technotes/fl/fl_36.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Note+FL36%3A+Apple+Extensions+to+ISO+9660&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Ftechnotes%2Ffl%2Ffl_36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-167.pdf">"ECMA-167 - Volume and File Structure for Write-Once and Rewritable Media using Non-Sequential Recording for Information Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMA-167+-+Volume+and+File+Structure+for+Write-Once+and+Rewritable+Media+using+Non-Sequential+Recording+for+Information+Interchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST%2FEcma-167.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standards.com/StandardsDownloads/birth.html">"Birth Announcement: ISO/IEC 13346 and ISO/IEC 13490"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+Announcement%3A+ISO%2FIEC+13346+and+ISO%2FIEC+13490&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standards.com%2FStandardsDownloads%2Fbirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin2018" class="citation web cs1">Gavin, Brady (25 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/356714/what-is-an-iso-file-and-how-do-i-open-one/">"What Is An ISO File (And How Do I Use Them)?"</a>. <i>How-To Geek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=What+Is+An+ISO+File+%28And+How+Do+I+Use+Them%29%3F&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F356714%2Fwhat-is-an-iso-file-and-how-do-i-open-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juiced.gs/wp-content/uploads/juicedv9i2.pdf">"The Virtual GS: Using ISO disk images in Apple II emulators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Juiced.GS Volume 9, Issue 2. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+GS%3A+Using+ISO+disk+images+in+Apple+II+emulators&rft.pub=Juiced.GS+Volume+9%2C+Issue+2&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuiced.gs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fjuicedv9i2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hints.macworld.com/article.php?story=2004041301593855">"Work with PC-created Joliet Level 3 CDs"</a>. 16 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+with+PC-created+Joliet+Level+3+CDs&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhints.macworld.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D2004041301593855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119173826/http://hoffmanlabs.org/vmsfaq/vmsfaq_014.html#index_x_893">"The OpenVMS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"</a>. Hoffman Labs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoffmanlabs.org/vmsfaq/vmsfaq_014.html#index_x_893">the original</a> on 19 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+OpenVMS+Frequently+Asked+Questions+%28FAQs%29&rft.pub=Hoffman+Labs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoffmanlabs.org%2Fvmsfaq%2Fvmsfaq_014.html%23index_x_893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansBucklandLefer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Evans" title="Harold Evans">Evans, Harold</a>; Buckland, Gail; <a href="/wiki/David_Lefer" title="David Lefer">Lefer, David</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theymadeamericaf00evan"><i>They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown and Co.">Little, Brown and Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-27766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-27766-2"><bdi>978-0-316-27766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Made+America%3A+From+the+Steam+Engine+to+the+Search+Engine%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Innovators&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-316-27766-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Buckland%2C+Gail&rft.au=Lefer%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheymadeamericaf00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambertRopiequet1986" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Steve; Ropiequet, Suzanne, eds. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cdrom00lamb"><i>CD ROM - The New Papyrus: The current and future state of the art</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914845-74-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914845-74-8"><bdi>0-914845-74-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CD+ROM+-+The+New+Papyrus%3A+The+current+and+future+state+of+the+art&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-914845-74-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcdrom00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9660&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=17505&ICS1=35&ICS2=220&ICS3=30">"ISO 9660"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+9660&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fen%2FCatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail%3FCSNUMBER%3D17505%26ICS1%3D35%26ICS2%3D220%26ICS3%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm">"ECMA-119"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECMA-119&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Fstandards%2FEcma-119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span> This is the ECMA release of the ISO 9660:1988 standard, available as a free download</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527031632/http://users.telenet.be/it3.consultants.bvba/handouts/ISO9960.html">"Summary of the ISO 9660 Specifications"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.pandora.be/it3.consultants.bvba/handouts/ISO9960.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+ISO+9660+Specifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.pandora.be%2Fit3.consultants.bvba%2Fhandouts%2FISO9960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717142714/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~pje/iso9660.html">"Description of data structures in ISO-9660"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~pje/iso9660.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+data+structures+in+ISO-9660&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumnus.caltech.edu%2F~pje%2Fiso9660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freecode.com/projects/iat/">"ISO 9660 Analyzer Tool (iat)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Freecode" title="Freecode">Freecode</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freecode&rft.atitle=ISO+9660+Analyzer+Tool+%28iat%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreecode.com%2Fprojects%2Fiat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317214944/http://www.ymi.com/ymi/node/5">"RRIP History: About Young Minds, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ymi.com/ymi/node/5">the original</a> on 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RRIP+History%3A+About+Young+Minds%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ymi.com%2Fymi%2Fnode%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404132301/http://www.ymi.com/ymi/sites/default/files/pdf/Systems%20Use%20P1281.pdf">"SUSP (IEEE P1281) Draft Standard 1.12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 8 July 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ymi.com/ymi/sites/default/files/pdf/Systems%20Use%20P1281.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUSP+%28IEEE+P1281%29+Draft+Standard+1.12&rft.date=1994-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ymi.com%2Fymi%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FSystems%2520Use%2520P1281.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043745/http://www.ymi.com/ymi/sites/default/files/pdf/Rockridge.pdf">"RRIP (IEEE P1282) Draft Standard 1.12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 8 July 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ymi.com/ymi/sites/default/files/pdf/Rockridge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RRIP+%28IEEE+P1282%29+Draft+Standard+1.12&rft.date=1994-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ymi.com%2Fymi%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FRockridge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estamos.de/makecd/Rock_Ridge_Amiga_Specific">"Amiga Extensions on Rock Ridge: "Documents related to MakeCD program"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 5 December 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amiga+Extensions+on+Rock+Ridge%3A+%22Documents+related+to+MakeCD+program%22&rft.date=1996-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estamos.de%2Fmakecd%2FRock_Ridge_Amiga_Specific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218195330/http://download.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/sb/specscdrom.pdf">"The "El Torito" Bootable CD-ROM Format Specification, Version 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/sb/specscdrom.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22El+Torito%22+Bootable+CD-ROM+Format+Specification%2C+Version+1.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.intel.com%2Fsupport%2Fmotherboards%2Fdesktop%2Fsb%2Fspecscdrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415092739/http://www.kernel.org/git/?p=boot/syslinux/syslinux.git;a=blob;hb=HEAD;f=core/isolinux.asm">ISOLINUX source code</a> (see isolinux.asm line 294 onward)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ralf/pub/WWW/files.html">"Ralf Brown's interrupt list"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralf+Brown%27s+interrupt+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2Fafs%2Fcs.cmu.edu%2Fuser%2Fralf%2Fpub%2FWWW%2Ffiles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span> (see int 13h in interrupt.b, esp. functions 4a to 4d)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://littlesvr.ca/isomaster/eltoritosuppl.php">"EL Torito Specification Supplement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EL+Torito+Specification+Supplement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flittlesvr.ca%2Fisomaster%2Feltoritosuppl.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span>, discusses shortcomings of the standard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5758352">US Patent 5758352 - Common name space for long and short filenames</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pismotechnic.com/cfs/jolspec.html">"Joliet Specification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joliet+Specification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pismotechnic.com%2Fcfs%2Fjolspec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+9660" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_systems" title="Template:File systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_systems" title="Template talk:File systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standards_of_Ecma_International195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Template talk:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma_International_Standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecma International Standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Standards_of_Ecma_International195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Standards of <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows" title="Application Programming Interface for Windows">APIW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">OpenXPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecma_International_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/100px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/150px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ecma_International_Logo.svg/200px-Ecma_International_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (tape)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">Advanced Intelligent Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">Linear Tape-Open</a> (Ultrium-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems (disk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD File System</a> (CDFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_3D" title="Universal 3D">Universal 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">E4X</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">Full BASIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio link interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number451" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_fuse" title="Automotive fuse">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000_family" title="ISO 9000 family">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000_family" title="ISO 14000 family">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092" title="ISO 19092">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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