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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Revivalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rukmini Devi Arundale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰুক্মিণী দেৱী অৰুণ্ডেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰুক্মিণী দেৱী অৰুণ্ডেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রুক্মিণী দেবী অরুণ্ডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুক্মিণী দেবী অরুণ্ডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D6%87%D5%AB" title="Ռուքմինի Դևի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուքմինի Դևի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="रुक्मिणी देवी अरुंडेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुक्मिणी देवी अरुंडेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi" title="Rukmini Devi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rukmini Devi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿದೇವಿ ಅರುಂಡೇಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿದೇವಿ ಅರುಂಡೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="रुक्मिणी देवी अरुन्डेल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रुक्मिणी देवी अरुन्डेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="രുഗ്മിണി ദേവി അരുണ്ഡേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രുഗ്മിണി ദേവി അരുണ്ഡേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="रुक्मिणीदेवी अरुंडेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुक्मिणीदेवी अरुंडेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="روكمينى ديفى ارونديل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روكمينى ديفى ارونديل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%94%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%87" title="ରୁକ୍ମଣୀ ଦେବୀ ଔଣ୍ଡଳେ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୁକ୍ମଣୀ ଦେବୀ ଔଣ୍ଡଳେ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰੁਕਮਣੀ ਦੇਵੀ ਅਰੁੰਡੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਕਮਣੀ ਦੇਵੀ ਅਰੁੰਡੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rukmini Devi Arundale" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱤᱬᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱰᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱠᱢᱤᱬᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱰᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="رڪمڻي ديوي اروندويلي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رڪمڻي ديوي اروندويلي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ருக்மிணி தேவி அருண்டேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ருக்மிணி தேவி அருண்டேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="రుక్మిణీదేవి అరండేల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రుక్మిణీదేవి అరండేల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="رکمنی دیوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رکمنی دیوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rukmini Devi Arundale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukmini_Devi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rukmini_Devi.jpg/220px-Rukmini_Devi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Rukmini_Devi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rukmani Neelakanta Sastri</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-02-29</span>)</span>29 February 1904<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-02-24)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent India">Independent India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1920–1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/George_Arundale" title="George Arundale">George Arundale</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1920)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> (1956)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows">Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship</a> (1967)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1952 – 2 April 1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha">Nominated</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rukmini Devi Arundale</b> (née <b>Sastri</b>; 29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986)<sup id="cite_ref-r3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">theosophist</a>, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, and an activist for <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. </p><p>She was the first woman in Indian history to be nominated as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>. The most important revivalist of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style prevalent amongst the temple dancers, the <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasis</a>, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts. </p><p>She espoused the cause of <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharata Natyam</a> which was considered a vulgar art form in the early 1920s. Recognising its beauty and value, she not only learned the dance, but also presented it on stage despite strong public protests. </p><p>Rukmini Devi features in <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s list of '100 People Who Shaped India'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_Awards_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows">Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship</a> in 1967. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_marriage">Early life and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rukmini Devi was born in a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 29 February 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Her father, Neelakanta Sastri, was an engineer with the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works Department">Public Works Department</a> and a scholar, and her mother Seshammal was a music enthusiast.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a transferable job and the family moved frequently. He was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in 1901. Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Sri_Ram" title="Nilakanta Sri Ram">Nilakanta Sri Ram</a>, later became the President of the Theosophical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deeply influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophical Movement</a> as a follower of Dr <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, Neelakanta Shastri moved to Adyar, Chennai after retirement, where he built his home near the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a>. It was here that young Rukmini was exposed to not just theosophical thought, but also to new ideas on culture, theatre, music, and dance. Her meeting with the prominent British theosophist Dr <a href="/wiki/George_Arundale" title="George Arundale">George Arundale</a>—a close associate of Annie Besant and later the principal of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>—led to her building a lasting bond with him.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They married in 1920 when she turned 16 and he was 26 years her senior at 42, much to the shock of the then conservative society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After marriage, she traveled around the world, meeting fellow theosophists and also forging friendships with the educator <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>, and the poet <a href="/wiki/James_Cousins" title="James Cousins">James Cousins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, she became the President of the All-India Federation of Young Theosophists, and the President of the World Federation of Young Theosophists in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, the famous Russian ballerina <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlova" title="Anna Pavlova">Anna Pavlova</a> visited Bombay and the Arundale couple went to her performance, and later happened to travel on the same ship as her, to Australia where she was to perform next; over the course of the journey their friendship grew, and soon Rukmini Devi started learning dance from one of Anna's leading solo dancers, <a href="/wiki/Cleo_Nordi" title="Cleo Nordi">Cleo Nordi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later, at the behest of Anna, that Rukmini Devi turned her attention to discovering traditional Indian dance forms which had fallen to disrepute, and dedicated the rest of her life to their revival.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revivalism">Revivalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revivalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, at the Annual Conference of Madras Music Academy, she saw for the first time, a performance of the dance form called the <i>Sadhir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later she learnt the dance from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mylapore_Gowri_Amma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylapore Gowri Amma (page does not exist)">Mylapore Gowri Amma</a> and finally with the help of <a href="/wiki/E._Krishna_Iyer" title="E. Krishna Iyer">E Krishna Iyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 'Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai'. In 1935, Rukmini Devi gave her first public performance at the 'Diamond Jubilee Convention of the Theosophical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg/220px-Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg/330px-Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg/440px-Kalakshetra_Academy_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Office of <i>Kalakshetra Academy</i> at <a href="/wiki/Besant_Nagar" title="Besant Nagar">Besant Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1936, she along with her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-r1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established <a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakshetra">Kalakshetra</a>, an academy of dance and music, built around the ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Gurukul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurukul">Gurukul</a> system, at <a href="/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar (Chennai)">Adyar</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. Today the academy is a deemed university under the Kalakshetra Foundation and is situated in its new in 100-acre (0.40 km<sup>2</sup>) campus in <a href="/wiki/Tiruvanmiyur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvanmiyur">Tiruvanmiyur</a>, Chennai, where it shifted, in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst its noted students are <a href="/wiki/Radha_Burnier" title="Radha Burnier">Radha Burnier</a>, Sarada Hoffman, <a href="/wiki/Anjali_Mehr" title="Anjali Mehr">Anjali Mehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjukta_Panigrahi" title="Sanjukta Panigrahi">Sanjukta Panigrahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.V._Chandrasekhar" class="mw-redirect" title="C.V. Chandrasekhar">C V Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leela_Samson" title="Leela Samson">Leela Samson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally known as <i>sadhir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">சதிராட்டம்</span>), the Indian classical dance form of <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> owes its current name, to E Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale, who had been instrumental in modifying mainly the <a href="/wiki/Pandanallur_style" title="Pandanallur style">Pandanallur style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> and bringing it to the global attention, and removing the extraneous sringaar and erotic elements from the dance, which were the legacy of its <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a> association in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon she changed the very face of the dance, by introducing musical instruments, like violin,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set and lighting design elements, and innovative costumes, and jewellery inspired by the temple sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as for her teacher she approached noted gurus in various arts and classical dances, for her productions, Rukmini Devi approached noted scholars for inspiration and classical musicians and artists, for collaboration, the result was the creation some of pioneering dance dramas-based on Indian epics like the <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with famous dance dramas like, 'Sita Swayamvaram', 'Sri Rama Vanagamanam', 'Paduka Pattabhishekam' and 'Sabari Moksham', followed by 'Kutrala Kuruvanji', 'Ramayana', 'Kumara Sambhavam', 'Gita Govindam' and 'Usha Parinayam'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools based on the <a href="/wiki/Montessori" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori">Montessori method</a> were first started in India,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Dr George Arundale invited Dr <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> to start courses in the 'Besant Theosophical High School' in 1939, and later also established, the 'Besant Arundale Senior Secondary School', The College of Fine Arts, The Besant Theosophical High School, The Maria Montessori School for Children, The Craft Education and Research Centre and the U V Swaminatha Iyer Library, within the <a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakshetra">Kalakshetra</a> campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rukmini Devi was nominated as a member of the Indian Parliament's Council of States (the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>) in April 1952 and re-nominated in 1956. She was the first Indian woman to be nominated in Rajya Sabha.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keenly interested in animal welfare, she was associated with various humanitarian organisations, and as a member of the Rajya Sabha, was instrumental for the legislation for the <a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act,1960" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960">Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act</a> and for later setting up of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a>, under her chairmanship in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She remained on the board until her demise in 1986. </p><p>She did much work to promote <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> in the country. She was vice-president of <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a> for 31 years from 1955, until her death.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> offered to nominate her for the post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> twice, which she turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, 'Kalamkari Centre' (pencraft) was set up at Kalakshetra to revitalise the ancient Indian craft of textile printing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On encouragement from <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a>, she encouraged natural dyeing and weaving at <a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra_Foundation" title="Kalakshetra Foundation">Kalakshetra.</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died on 24 February 1986 in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Rukmini_Devi_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Rukmini Devi on a 1987 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1994, an Act of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a> recognised the Kalakshetra Foundation as an '<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of National Importance">Institute of National Importance</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Year-long celebrations, including lectures, seminars and festivals marked her 100th birth anniversary, on 29 February, in 2004 at Kalakshetra and elsewhere in many parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-r2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the campus the day was marked by special function in which old students gathered from across India and the world, in a day of songs and recitals.<sup id="cite_ref-tr_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on 29 February, a photo exhibition on her life opened at the Lalit Kala Gallery in New Delhi, and on the same day, then President <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam">APJ Abdul Kalam</a> released a photo-biography, written and compiled by Dr <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Kothari" title="Sunil Kothari">Sunil Kothari</a> with a foreword by former president <a href="/wiki/R_Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R Venkataraman">R Venkataraman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Google honored Rukmini Devi on her 112th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">doodle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in the month marking the 80th year of the Kalakshetra Foundation held, 'Remembering Rukmini Devi’ festival of music and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google also featured her in the 2017 Google Doodle for International Women's Day.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1955, Rukmini Devi Arundale was elected Vice President of <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>, IVU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a> (1957)</li> <li>Desikothama (1972), Viswa Bharati University</li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows">Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship</a></li> <li>Prani Mitra (1968), <i>Friend of All Animals</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidas_Samman" title="Kalidas Samman">Kalidas Samman</a> (1984), Govt of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li>D. Lit. (Honoris Causa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indira_Kala_Sangit_Vishwavidyalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya (page does not exist)">Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khairagarh" title="Khairagarh">Khairagarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li>Queen Victoria Silver Medal, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li>Addition to the roll of honour by The World Federation for the Protection of animals, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, United States</li> <li>Scrolls of Honour, County and City of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_women_in_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian women in dance">Indian women in dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">List of animal rights advocates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-r3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Shoba and Gangadean, Ashok (January 31, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naatya.org/rda/RDAPressRelease.htm">Rukmini Devi Arundale Centenary Celebration at Haverford College, February 28, 2004</a>. Naatya.org. Retrieved on 10 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raman, N. Pattabhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509024046/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/rukmini.html">Rukmini Devi</a>. <i>India Today</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padma_Awards-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padma_Awards_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf">"Padma Awards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Though Rukmini Devi's mother was supportive of her decision (her father had passed away by then), there were strong protests from relatives and the community. The public protest was so bad that the couple was forced to marry in Mumbai. Dr. Besant stood by them. At her instance, the governor of Madras hosted a reception for the Arundales when they returned. 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"Catalysing Craft- Women who shaped the way". <i>India International Centre Quarterly</i>. <b>39</b> (3/4): 168–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+International+Centre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Catalysing+Craft-+Women+who+shaped+the+way&rft.chron=winter+2012+%E2%80%93+spring+2013&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=168-185&rft.date=2012%2F2013&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Ritu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhokar2017" class="citation news cs1">Khokar, Ashish Mohan (28 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/a-performance-that-became-the-turning-point-for-performing-arts/article22296707.ece">"Seed for the banyan tree was sown on this day: on Rukmini Devi"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Seed+for+the+banyan+tree+was+sown+on+this+day%3A+on+Rukmini+Devi&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.aulast=Khokar&rft.aufirst=Ashish+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdance%2Fa-performance-that-became-the-turning-point-for-performing-arts%2Farticle22296707.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalakshetra.in/act.pdf">Kalakshetra Foundation Act 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215102340/http://www.kalakshetra.in/act.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ministry of Law And Justice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tr-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040419163600/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/04/stories/2004030400180100.htm">"A legend lives on... It was time to pay tribute to Rukmini Devi Arundale, the czarina of dance"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+legend+lives+on...+It+was+time+to+pay+tribute+to+Rukmini+Devi+Arundale%2C+the+czarina+of+dance.&rft.date=2004-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmp%2F2004%2F03%2F04%2Fstories%2F2004030400180100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103085459/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/02/22/stories/2004022200380500.htm">"Her spirit still reigns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 22 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Her+spirit+still+reigns&rft.date=2004-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmag%2F2004%2F02%2F22%2Fstories%2F2004022200380500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829172954/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/27/stories/2003022700330100.htm">"Time to celebrate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 27 February 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/27/stories/2003022700330100.htm">the original</a> on 29 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Time+to+celebrate&rft.date=2003-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmp%2F2003%2F02%2F27%2Fstories%2F2003022700330100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev158.html">Centenary celebrations</a> nartaki.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/google-pays-tribute-to-famous-bharatnatyam-dancer-rukmini-devi-arundale-on-her-birthday-1282270">"Google Pays Tribute To Famous Bharatanatyam Dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale On Her Birthday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 29 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+Pays+Tribute+To+Famous+Bharatanatyam+Dancer+Rukmini+Devi+Arundale+On+Her+Birthday&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fgoogle-pays-tribute-to-famous-bharatnatyam-dancer-rukmini-devi-arundale-on-her-birthday-1282270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/rukmini-devis-112th-birthday/">"Archived Google Doodle honouring Rukmini Devi"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Archived+Google+Doodle+honouring+Rukmini+Devi&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Frukmini-devis-112th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanthanam2016" class="citation news cs1">Santhanam, Radhika (25 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/kalakshetra-celebrates-its-80th-year/article8280926.ece">"Kalakshetra celebrates its 80th year"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kalakshetra+celebrates+its+80th+year&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft.aulast=Santhanam&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fkalakshetra-celebrates-its-80th-year%2Farticle8280926.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARukmini+Devi+Arundale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/international-womens-day-2017/">International Women's Day 2017</a>. Google.com (8 March 2017). Retrieved on 2018-12-10.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Art and culture in Indian life</i>. Kerala University Press, Trivandrum 1975</li> <li>Sarada, S.: <i>Kalakshetra-Rukmini Devi, reminiscences</i>. Kala Mandir Trust, Madras 1985</li> <li><i>India’s 50 Most Illustrious Women</i> by Indra Gupta. Icon Publications, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88086-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-88086-19-3">81-88086-19-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Selections, Some selected speeches & writings of Rukmini Devi Arundale</i>. Kalakshetra Foundation, Chennai 2003.</li> <li>Rukmini Devi Arundale: Birth Centenary Volume, edited by Shakuntala Ramani. <i>Chennai, Kalakshetra Foundation, 2003</i>,</li> <li>Kalakshetra Foundation (Hrsg.): <i>Shraddanjali, brief pen portraits of a galaxy of great people who laid the foundations of Kalakshetra</i>. Kalakshetra Foundation, Chennai 2004</li> <li>Photo Biography of Rukmini Devi, Sunil Kothari. <i>Chennai, The Kalakshetra Foundation, 2004</i>.</li> <li>Meduri, Avanthi (Hrsg.): <i>Rukmini Devi Arundale (1904–1986), A Visionary Architect of Indian Culture and the Performing Arts</i>. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-2740-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-2740-6">81-208-2740-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Samson" title="Leela Samson">Samson, Leela</a> (2010). <i>Rukmini Devi: A Life</i>, Delhi: Penguin Books, India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-08264-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-08264-3">0-670-08264-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical Society founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">C.W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker" title="Gottfried de Purucker">Gottfried de Purucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">A. P. Sinnett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Walter Evans-Wentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Wachtmeister" title="Constance Wachtmeister">Constance Wachtmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Theosophists">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mahatma_Letters_to_A.P._Sinnett" title="The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett">The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_texts" title="Category:Theosophical texts">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_records" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">Mental body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Brotherhood">Universal Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blavatsky_Lodge" title="Blavatsky Lodge">Blavatsky Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)">Lucifer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)">Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophical_Movement" title="The Theosophical Movement">The Theosophical Movement</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In relation to ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Plane (cosmology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954–1959)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1954%E2%80%931959" title="Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1954–1959"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1954%E2%80%931959" title="Template talk:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1954–1959"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1954%E2%80%931959" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1954–1959"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954–1959)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> award recipients (1954–1959)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Swaroop_Bhatnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar">Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Iyer_Ganapati" title="Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati">Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnan_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Jnan Chandra Ghosh">Jnan Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_Sharan_Gupt" title="Maithili Sharan Gupt">Maithili Sharan Gupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Jha" title="Amarnath Jha">Amarnath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariamanickam_Srinivasa_Krishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan">Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani" title="Hussain Ahmed Madani">Hussain Ahmed Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Malihabadi" title="Josh Malihabadi">Josh Malihabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikunthbhai_Mehta" title="Vaikunthbhai Mehta">Vaikunthbhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palden_Thondup_Namgyal" title="Palden Thondup Namgyal">Palden Thondup Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Narahari_Rao" title="V. Narahari Rao">V. Narahari Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Sen_(civil_servant)" title="Sukumar Sen (civil servant)">Sukumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1955</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Chand_Badhwar" title="Fateh Chand Badhwar">Fateh Chand Badhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Mohan_Banerjee" title="Lalit Mohan Banerjee">Lalit Mohan Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Khanolkar" title="V. R. Khanolkar">V. R. Khanolkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Das_Khungar" title="Sunder Das Khungar">Sunder Das Khungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Krushna_Parija" title="Prana Krushna Parija">Prana Krushna Parija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapati_Hanumantha_Rao" title="Madapati Hanumantha Rao">Madapati Hanumantha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneklal_Sankalchand_Thacker" title="Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker">Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshekhar_Basu" title="Rajshekhar Basu">Rajshekhar Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyan_Chand" title="Dhyan Chand">Dhyan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_Yar_Jung" title="Zain Yar Jung">Zain Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Nayudu" title="C. K. Nayudu">C. K. Nayudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthulakshmi Reddi">Muthulakshmi Reddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Sen" title="Kanwar Sen">Kanwar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir_Singh_(writer)" title="Vir Singh (writer)">Vir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Srinivasan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Srinivasan">K. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1957</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikhan_Lal_Atreya" title="Bhikhan Lal Atreya">Bhikhan Lal Atreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagappa_Chettiar" title="Alagappa Chettiar">Alagappa Chettiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazari_Prasad_Dwivedi" title="Hazari Prasad Dwivedi">Hazari Prasad Dwivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abid_Hussain" title="Abid Hussain">Abid Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Hussain_Khan" title="Mushtaq Hussain Khan">Mushtaq Hussain Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_N._Menon" title="Lakshmi N. Menon">Lakshmi N. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Radha Kumud Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andal_Venkatasubba_Rao" title="Andal Venkatasubba Rao">Andal Venkatasubba Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikrishna_Narayan_Ratanjankar" title="Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar">Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Sahay" title="Shyam Nandan Sahay">Shyam Nandan Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">Govind Sakharam Sardesai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiswar_Sen" title="Basiswar Sen">Basiswar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar_Varma" title="Siddheshwar Varma">Siddheshwar Varma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajkumar_of_Vizianagram" title="Maharajkumar of Vizianagram">Vijaya Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Roy_Choudhury" title="D. P. Roy Choudhury">D. P. Roy Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeahangir_Ghandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeahangir Ghandy">Jeahangir Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Hardikar" title="N. S. Hardikar">N. S. Hardikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyakudi_Ramanuja_Iyengar" title="Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar">Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="K. P. S. Menon (senior)">K. P. S. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._N._Nambiar" title="A. C. N. Nambiar">A. C. N. Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poola_Tirupati_Raju" title="Poola Tirupati Raju">Poola Tirupati Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalendumati_Shah" title="Kamalendumati Shah">Kamalendumati Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanut_Singh" title="Hanut Singh">Rao Raja Hanut Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustom_Jal_Vakil" title="Rustom Jal Vakil">Rustom Jal Vakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Narayan_Vyas" title="Surya Narayan Vyas">Surya Narayan Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darashaw_Nosherwan_Wadia" title="Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia">Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Bhaduri" title="Sisir Bhaduri">Sisir Bhaduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Jivraj_Mehta" title="Hansa Jivraj Mehta">Hansa Jivraj Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammal_Sambandha_Mudaliar" title="Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar">Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppattur_R._Venkatachala_Murthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi">Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaurao_Patil" title="Bhaurao Patil">Bhaurao Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvanthi_Rama_Rau" title="Dhanvanthi Rama Rau">Dhanvanthi Rama Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Sidhanta" title="Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta">Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Vasudevachar" title="Mysore Vasudevachar">Mysore Vasudevachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhargavaram_Viththal_Varerkar" title="Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar">Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Yazdani" title="Ghulam Yazdani">Ghulam Yazdani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div># Posthumous conferral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)">1954–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)">2020–2029</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Template:Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Template talk:Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship">Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Ali_Khan" title="Hafiz Ali Khan">Hafiz Ali Khan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyakudi_Ramanuja_Iyengar" title="Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar">Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikudi_Sambasiva_Iyer" title="Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer">Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjanibai_Malpekar" title="Anjanibai Malpekar">Anjanibai Malpekar</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gopeshwar_Banerjee" title="Gopeshwar Banerjee">Gopeshwar Banerjee</a> (1962)</li> <li>D. Annaswami Bhagavathar (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papanasam_Sivan" title="Papanasam Sivan">Papanasam Sivan</a> (1962)</li> <li>Swami Prajnanananda (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikrishna_Narayan_Ratanjankar" title="Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar">Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichu_Sambamoorthi" title="Pichu Sambamoorthi">Pichu Sambamoorthi</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhargavaram_Viththal_Varerkar" title="Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar">Mama Warerkar</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._L._Venkatarama_Iyer" title="T. L. Venkatarama Iyer">T. L. Venkatarama Aiyar</a> (1964)</li> <li>C. Saraswathi Bai (1964)</li> <li>Birendra Kishore Roy Choudhury (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Deodhar" title="B. R. Deodhar">B. R. Deodhar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Raghavan" title="V. Raghavan">V. Raghavan</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Rajamannar" title="P. V. Rajamannar">P. V. Rajamannar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayakrao_Patwardhan" title="Vinayakrao Patwardhan">Vinayakrao Patwardhan</a> (1965)</li> <li>Ganesh Hari Ranade (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilipkumar_Roy" title="Dilipkumar Roy">Dilipkumar Roy</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaideva_Singh" title="Jaideva Singh">Jaideva Singh</a> (1965)</li> <li>D. G. Vyas (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Bhattacharya" title="Ashutosh Bhattacharya">Ashutosh Bhattacharya</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Krishna_Iyer" title="E. Krishna Iyer">E. Krishna Iyer</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra" title="Sombhu Mitra">Sombhu Mitra</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar" title="Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar">Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musiri_Subramania_Iyer" title="Musiri Subramania Iyer">Musiri Subramania Iyer</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_Ghulam_Ali_Khan" title="Bade Ghulam Ali Khan">Bade Ghulam Ali Khan</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Kunchu_Kurup" title="Guru Kunchu Kurup">P. K. Kunju Kurup</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhu_Maharaj" title="Shambhu Maharaj">Shambhu Maharaj</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Satyanarayana_Sarma" title="V. Satyanarayana Sarma">V. Satyanarayana Sarma</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adya_Rangacharya" title="Adya Rangacharya">Adya Rangacharya</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalicharan_Pattnaik" title="Kalicharan Pattnaik">Kali Charan Patnaik</a> (1968)</li> <li>K. C. D. Brahaspati (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a> (1970)</li> <li>Dilip Chandra Vedi (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapada_Chakraborty" title="Tarapada Chakraborty">Tarapada Chakraborty</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnarao_Phulambrikar" title="Krishnarao Phulambrikar">Krishnarao Phulambrikar</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallapalli_Ananta_Krishna_Sharma" title="Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma">Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth" title="Shivaram Karanth">Shivaram Karanth</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnan_Prakash_Ghosh" title="Jnan Prakash Ghosh">Jnan Prakash Ghosh</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiklal_Parikh" title="Rasiklal Parikh">Rasiklal Parikh</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1975)</li> <li>Embar S. Vijayaraghavachariar (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santidev_Ghosh" title="Santidev Ghosh">Santidev Ghosh</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a> (1976)</li> <li>Hirjibhai Rustomji Doctor (1977)</li> <li>Tinuvengadu Subramania Pillai (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Puttaswamayya" title="B. Puttaswamayya">B. Puttaswamayya</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Laxman_Deshpande" title="Purushottam Laxman Deshpande">Purushottam Laxman Deshpande</a> (1979)</li> <li>D. T. Joshi (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Mutatkar" title="Sumati Mutatkar">Sumati Mutatkar</a> (1979)</li> <li>T. P. Kuppiah Pillai (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Narayana_Menon" title="V. K. Narayana Menon">V. K. Narayana Menon</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a> (1982)</li> <li>M. Kirupanandawari (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandravadan_Mehta" title="Chandravadan Mehta">Chandravadan Mehta</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyaram_Tiwari_(musician)" title="Siyaram Tiwari (musician)">Siyaram Tiwari</a> (1984)</li> <li>V. V. Swarna Venkatesa Deekshithar (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komal_Kothari" title="Komal Kothari">Komal Kothari</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Ramanathan_(musician)" title="S. Ramanathan (musician)">S. Ramanathan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Shivaputra Siddaramayya Komkali ‘Kumar Gandharva’</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpal_Dutt" title="Utpal Dutt">Utpal Dutt</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(dancer)" title="Ram Gopal (dancer)">Ram Gopal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a> (1991)</li> <li>T. S. Parthasarathy (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Lata_Sharma" title="Prem Lata Sharma">Prem Lata Sharma</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinalini_Sarabhai" title="Mrinalini Sarabhai">Mrinalini Sarabhai</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheswar_Neog" title="Maheswar Neog">Maheswar Neog</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Khan" title="Vilayat Khan">Vilayat Khan</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammannur_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Ammannur Madhava Chakyar">Ammannur Madhava Chakyar</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badal_Sarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Badal Sarkar">Badal Sarkar</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kittappa_Pillai" title="K. P. Kittappa Pillai">K. P. Kittappa Pillai</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar" title="Vijay Tendulkar">Vijay Tendulkar</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Karanth" title="B. V. Karanth">B. V. Karanth</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vempati_Chinna_Satyam" title="Vempati Chinna Satyam">Vempati Chinna Satyam</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanno_Khurana" title="Shanno Khurana">Shanno Khurana</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Narayana_Panicker" title="Kavalam Narayana Panicker">Kavalam Narayana Panicker</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandralekha_(dancer)" title="Chandralekha (dancer)">Chandralekha</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Devi" title="Annapurna Devi">Annapurna Devi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindhyabasini_Devi" title="Bindhyabasini Devi">Bindhyabasini Devi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramankutty_Nair" title="Ramankutty Nair">Ramankutty Nair</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_Sen" title="Tapas Sen">Tapas Sen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_Bhate" title="Rohini Bhate">Rohini Bhate</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Krishnan" title="T. N. Krishnan">T. N. Krishnan</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a> (2006)</li> <li>Gursharan Singh (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningthoukhongjam_Khelchandra" title="Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra">Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_Saxena" title="Sushil Kumar Saxena">Sushil Kumar Saxena</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Choudhury" title="Khaled Choudhury">Khaled Choudhury</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_Devi" title="Sitara Devi">Sitara Devi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Mehta" title="R. C. Mehta">R. C. Mehta</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgudi_Jayaraman" title="Lalgudi Jayaraman">Lalgudi Jayaraman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Lagoo" title="Shriram Lagoo">Shriram Lagoo</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamlesh_Dutt_Tripathi" title="Kamlesh Dutt Tripathi">Kamlesh Dutt Tripathi</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Murthy" title="T. K. Murthy">T. K. Murthy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Ramakrishna" title="Nataraja Ramakrishna">Nataraja Ramakrishna</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Fahimuddin_Dagar" title="Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar">Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Chandrasekaran" title="M. Chandrasekaran">M. Chandrasekaran</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Gopi" title="Kalamandalam Gopi">Kalamandalam Gopi</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Kambara" title="Chandrashekhara Kambara">Chandrashekhara Kambara</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisnam_Kanhailal" title="Heisnam Kanhailal">Heisnam Kanhailal</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukund_Lath" title="Mukund Lath">Mukund Lath</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Singhajit_Singh" title="Rajkumar Singhajit Singh">Rajkumar Singhajit Singh</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Subrahmanyam" title="Padma Subrahmanyam">Padma Subrahmanyam</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Rajam" title="N. Rajam">N. Rajam</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Thiyam" title="Ratan Thiyam">Ratan Thiyam</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Vinayakram" title="T. H. Vinayakram">T. H. Vinayakram</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Elkunchwar" title="Mahesh Elkunchwar">Mahesh Elkunchwar</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Rele" title="Kanak Rele">Kanak Rele</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Sathyanarayana" title="R. Sathyanarayana">R. Sathyanarayana</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas_Borkar" title="Tulsidas Borkar">Tulsidas Borkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Janakiraman" title="S. R. Janakiraman">S. R. Janakiraman</a> (2014)</li> <li>Vijay Kumar Kichlu (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Sathyu" title="M. S. Sathyu">M. S. Sathyu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Chandrasekhar" title="C. V. Chandrasekhar">C. V. Chandrasekhar</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Parikh" title="Arvind Parikh">Arvind Parikh</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedavalli" title="Vedavalli">R. Vedavalli</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Bajaj" title="Ram Gopal Bajaj">Ram Gopal Bajaj</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Kothari" title="Sunil Kothari">Sunil Kothari</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatin_Goswami" title="Jatin Goswami">Jatin Goswami</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a> (2018)</li> <li>T. K. Kalyanasundaram (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroja_Vaidyanathan" title="Saroja Vaidyanathan">Saroja Vaidyanathan</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadanam_Krishnankutty" title="Sadanam Krishnankutty">Sadanam Krishnankutty</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Jhaveri" title="Darshana Jhaveri">Darshana Jhaveri</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._C._Natarajan" title="A. K. C. Natarajan">A. K. C. Natarajan</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swapan_Chaudhuri" title="Swapan Chaudhuri">Swapan Chaudhuri</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malini_Rajurkar" title="Malini Rajurkar">Malini Rajurkar</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Gopalakrishnan" title="T. V. Gopalakrishnan">T. V. Gopalakrishnan</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Gupt" title="Bharat Gupt">Bharat Gupt</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022–2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vinayak Khedekar (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Visweswaran" title="R. Visweswaran">R. Visweswaran</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunayana_Hazarilal" title="Sunayana Hazarilal">Sunayana Hazarilal</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_and_Radha_Reddy" title="Raja and Radha Reddy">Raja and Radha Reddy</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li>Dulal Roy (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Prakash_Sinha" title="Daya Prakash Sinha">Daya Prakash Sinha</a> (2022–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mansfield_Mitchell" title="Alfred Mansfield Mitchell">Alfred Mansfield Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stratton_(clergyman)" title="Joseph Stratton (clergyman)">Joseph Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_(animal_rights_group)" title="Voiceless (animal rights group)">Voiceless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465021#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106537093">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33079086">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1472240/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmg84kMMyWT4JHCPJqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129514705">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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