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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_utility_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media and utility services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_utility_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Madurai</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مادوراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادوراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="মাদুরাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদুরাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Madurai (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Madurai (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88" title="मदुरै – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदुरै" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_(lungsod)" title="Madurai (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Madurai (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Μαντουράι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντουράι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraj" title="Maduraj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maduraj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مادورای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادورای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87" title="મદુરાઇ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદુરાઇ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%91%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="마두라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마두라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Մադուրայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մադուրայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88" title="मदुरई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदुरई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="মদুরাই – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মদুরাই" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99" title="מאדוראי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאדוראי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88" title="ಮಧುರೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಧುರೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="მადურაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მადურაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraja" title="Maduraja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maduraja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurajus" title="Madurajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Madurajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madur%C3%A1j" title="Maduráj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maduráj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88" title="मदुरै – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मदुरै" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0" title="മധുര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മധുര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="मदुराई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मदुराई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="მადურაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მადურაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="مدينه مادوراى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه مادوراى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_(stad)" title="Madurai (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madurai (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88" title="मदुरै – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मदुरै" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87" title="मदुराइ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मदुराइ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="マドゥライ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マドゥライ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87" title="ମଦୁରାଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦୁରାଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduray" title="Maduray – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maduray" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਦੁਰਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦੁਰਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6" title="مادورائ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادورائ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مدورای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدورای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraj" title="Maduraj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maduraj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88" title="मधुरै – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मधुरै" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Мадурај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мадурај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="மதுரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88" title="మదురై – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మదురై" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3" title="มตุไร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มตุไร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мадурай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадурай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مدورئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدورئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Madurai" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E8%B5%96" title="马杜赖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马杜赖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E8%B5%96" title="马杜赖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马杜赖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q228405#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madurai&params=9.925200_N_78.119800_E_type:city_region:IN">9°55′31″N 78°07′11″E / 9.925200°N 78.119800°E / 9.925200; 78.119800</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tamil Nadu, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu, India. For the administrative district of Madurai, see <a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai district</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Tamil Nadu, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Madurai</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Madura (colonial)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg/288px-Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg/432px-Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg/576px-Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8375" data-file-height="4112" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Temple, Madurai">Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koodalazhagar_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg/133px-Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg/200px-Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg/266px-Koodalazhagar_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_(11875879403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg/151px-Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg/227px-Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg/302px-Thirumalai_nayakar_mahal_%2811875879403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4863" data-file-height="3221" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg/142px-Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg/213px-Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg/284px-Gandhi_Memorial_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_Junction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Madurai_Junction.jpg/142px-Madurai_Junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Madurai_Junction.jpg/213px-Madurai_Junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Madurai_Junction.jpg/284px-Madurai_Junction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Junction_railway_station" title="Madurai Junction railway station">Madurai Junction</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MaduraiAirport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/142px-MaduraiAirport.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/213px-MaduraiAirport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/284px-MaduraiAirport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1667" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai Airport</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/142px-A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/213px-A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/284px-A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vaigai_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai river">Vaigai river</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg/288px-Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg" decoding="async" width="288" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg/432px-Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg/576px-Thirupparankundram_Town_View.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6166" data-file-height="2810" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a> Aerial view</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Thoonga Nagaram (The City that never sleeps), Athens of the East, City of Jasmine, City of Festivals, Temple City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 275px; height: 275px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="275" data-zoom="6" data-lat="10.83" data-lon="78.6" data-overlays="["_9fbec117064fe99d574e26e996696b1abbf5919f"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/10.83/78.6/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,10.83,78.6,275x275.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Madurai&revid=1259193424&groups=_9fbec117064fe99d574e26e996696b1abbf5919f" width="275" height="275" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,10.83,78.6,275x275@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Madurai&revid=1259193424&groups=_9fbec117064fe99d574e26e996696b1abbf5919f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Madurai in Tamil Nadu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madurai&params=9.925200_N_78.119800_E_type:city_region:IN">9°55′31″N 78°07′11″E / 9.925200°N 78.119800°E / 9.925200; 78.119800</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/23px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/35px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/46px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">Madurai Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">V. Indirani Ponvasanth, DMK</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">303.97 km2 (117.36 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">134 m (440 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,017,865 <a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">44th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,465,625</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">31st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">625 xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India#Fixed_.28landline.29_numbers" title="Telephone numbers in India">0452</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-langoff-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">US$13.026 (equivalent to $15.34 in 2023)Billion<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maduraicorporation.co.in">maduraicorporation.co.in</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Madurai (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmʌdʊraɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MUH-doo-rai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Collins-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MAH-də-RY</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Tamil: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[mɐðuɾɐi̯]</a>), formerly known by its colonial name Madura is a major city in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Madurai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai District">Madurai District</a>, which is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">Madurai Municipal Corporation</a> established in 1 November 1866. As of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">third largest metropolis</a> in Tamil Nadu after <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> in terms of population and 27th largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">urban agglomeration in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Located on the banks of <a href="/wiki/River_Vaigai" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vaigai">River Vaigai</a>, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years.<a href="#cite_note-Geiger_1912_59-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[11]</a> It is often referred to as "Thoonga Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Madurai is closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>. The third <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangam">Tamil Sangam</a>, a major congregation of Tamil scholars, is said to have been held in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, the Greek ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, a minister of the Mauryan emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. Signs of human settlements and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> trade links dating back to 300 BCE are evident from excavations by <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Survey_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Survey of India">Archeological Survey of India</a> in Manalur.<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Madurai Nayaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Carnatic kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company's</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The city has a number of historical monuments, with the <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Temple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal</a> being the most prominent. Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, chemical and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-Hinduoct2007-16">[15]</a> Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Medical_College" title="Madurai Medical College">Madurai Medical College</a>, Homeopathic Medical College,<a href="#cite_note-college-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Law College, Madurai">Madurai Law College</a>, Agricultural College and Research Institute and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Madurai" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai">All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai</a>. The city covers an area of 147.97 km2 (57.13 sq mi) and had a population of 1,470,755 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Madurai2011census-18">[17]</a> The city is also the seat of a bench of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> It is one of the few towns and cities in <a href="/wiki/List_of_AMRUT_Smart_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu">List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu</a> selected for AMRUT Schemes <a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> from central government and the developmental activities are taken care by government of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Iravatham Mahadevan</a>, a 2nd-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> inscription refers to the city as matiray, an Old Tamil word meaning a "walled city".<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Madurai is one of the many temple towns known for Arshad in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The city is referred by various names including "Madurai", "Koodal", "Malligai Maanagar", "Naanmadakoodal" and "Thirualavai". It is believed that Madurai is the derivative of the word Marutham, which refers to the type of landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam Age">Sangam age</a>. A town in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul district</a> is called Vada Madurai (North Madurai) and another in <a href="/wiki/Sivagangai_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivagangai district">Sivagangai district</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Manamadurai" title="Manamadurai">Manamadurai</a>. The different names by which the city has been referred to historically are listed in the 7th-century poem Thiruvilayaadal Puraanam written by Paranjothi Munivar.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bard12-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> texts refer to Madurai as the "southern Mathura", probably similar to <a href="/wiki/Tenkasi" title="Tenkasi">Tenkasi</a> (southern Kashi).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Koodal means an assembly or congregation of scholarly people, referring to the three Tamil Sangams held at Madurai. Naanmadakoodal, meaning the junction of four towers, refers to the four major temples for which Madurai was known for.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a> The sangam literature mentions the <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a> at the centre of the city. Historians are of the opinion that <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a> finds mention in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE) in works like Madurai Kanchi by Mangudi Marudan, <a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripāṭal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliththokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliththokai">Kaliththokai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a>. Madurai Kanchi details the Thiruvonam festival celebrated in the temple. <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a> is revered in <a href="/wiki/Nalayira_Divya_Prabhandam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalayira Divya Prabhandam">Nalayira Divya Prabhandam</a>, the 5th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by <a href="/wiki/Periazhwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Periazhwar">Periyalvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirumalisai_Alvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumalisai Alvar">Thirumalisai Alvar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirumangai_Azhwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumangai Azhwar">Thirumangai Alvar</a>. The temple is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Divyadesam" class="mw-redirect" title="Divyadesam">Divya Desams</a>, one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like 108 Tirupathi Anthathi by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar and Koodal Sthala Purana. |date=September 2023}} <a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a>, the 7th- or 8th-century Tamil compositions on Shiva by the three prominent <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saivites" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivites">Saivites</a>), namely <a href="/wiki/Appar" title="Appar">Appar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sundarar" title="Sundarar">Sundarar</a> and Thirugnanasambandar,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> address the city as Thirualavai.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="view of city having temple towers seen through two trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg/220px-Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg/330px-Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg/440px-Martin_Madurai_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Hand coloured antique wood engraving drawn by W. Purser (1858) shows Madurai city and Meenakshi Temple as seen from the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai river">Vaigai river</a></figcaption></figure> The Buddhist text <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahavamsa</a> mentions Madurai in the context of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a>'s (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers. According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts, jewels and pearls, were sent from Sri Lanka to Madurai of ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandyan King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of maidens, craftsmen and a thousand families from the eighteen <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> were also sent to Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-Geiger_1912_59-11">[10]</a> Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a> The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, as it was a large and established city in the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Madurai is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>'s (370–283 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> like <a href="/wiki/Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" title="Maturaikkāñci">Maturaikkāñci</a> records the importance of Madurai as a capital city of the Pandyan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Madurai is mentioned in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> historians <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (61 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 112 CE), <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 90 – c. CE 168), those of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64/63 BCE – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24 CE),<a href="#cite_note-Bandopadhyay-38">[36]</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bard12-25">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandya_Kingdom_(south_India).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/220px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/330px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/440px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Pandyan dynasty at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="historic metal coin used for transaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan" title="Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan">Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan</a>, first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Sultanate of Madurai</a>, 1335–1339 CE</figcaption></figure> After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> which was ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a> around 590 CE.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The Pandyas were ousted from Madurai by the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> during the early 9th century. The city was fought over between the Cholas and the Pandyas during the 12th century, changing hands several times,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-Salma-43">[41]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Kulasekara_Pandyan_I" title="Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I">Kulasekara Pandian</a> (1268–1308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salma-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> in 1378 CE. Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Nayaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by <a href="/wiki/Chanda_Sahib" title="Chanda Sahib">Chanda Sahib</a> (1740 – 1754 CE), <a href="/wiki/Arcot_Nawab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot Nawab">Arcot Nawab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Yusuf_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed Yusuf Khan">Muhammed Yusuf Khan</a> (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-24">[22]</a> In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The British government made donations to the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi temple">Meenakshi temple</a> and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule. The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district.<a href="#cite_note-King73-47">[45]</a> In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British.<a href="#cite_note-Bard18-48">[46]</a> The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets – Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 under the Town Improvement Act of 1865.<a href="#cite_note-charter-50">[48]</a> The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government. The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration. Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> It was in Madurai, in 1921, that <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, pre-eminent leader of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included <a href="/wiki/N._M._R._Subbaraman" title="N. M. R. Subbaraman">N. M. R. Subbaraman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karumuttu_Thiagarajan_Chettiar" title="Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar">Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar</a> and Mohammad Ismail Sahib.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> under <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Shanars" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanars">Shanars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a> from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist <a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In 1971, the municipality of Madurai was upgraded to a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation_(India)" title="Municipal corporation (India)">Municipal Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muni-area-58">[56]</a> In 2011 the Corporation of Madurai expanded the area of its jurisdiction from seventy-two wards to one hundred wards, an increase in area from 51.82 square kilometres (12,810 acres) to 147.997 square kilometres (36,571 acres).<a href="#cite_note-Muni-area-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of city showing main streets in the centre of a city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg/220px-Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg/330px-Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg/440px-Madurai_Map_OSM002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>Map of Madurai showing core centre of the city and some important landmarks</figcaption></figure> Madurai is built around the <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodal Azhagar temple">Koodal Azhagar temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Temple</a>, which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of Madurai. The city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple.<a href="#cite_note-King72-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Nayak" title="Viswanatha Nayak">Viswanatha Nayak</a> (1529–64 CE), the first Madurai Nayak king, redesigned the city in accordance with the principles laid out by <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a> (Sanskrit: śilpa śāstra, also anglicised as silpa sastra meaning rules of architecture) related to urban planning. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated.<a href="#cite_note-King72-59">[57]</a> The temple <a href="/wiki/Prakaram" title="Prakaram">prakarams</a> (outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals.<a href="#cite_note-Bard12-25">[23]</a> The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets. With the advent of British rule during the 19th century, Madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town; with urbanisation, the social hierarchical classes became unified.<a href="#cite_note-King72-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and climate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:680px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaigai-MDU.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaigai River in Madurai"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaigai-MDU.jpg/672px-Vaigai-MDU.jpg" decoding="async" width="672" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaigai-MDU.jpg/1008px-Vaigai-MDU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaigai-MDU.jpg/1344px-Vaigai-MDU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1847" data-file-height="550" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaigai-MDU.jpg" title="File:Vaigai-MDU.jpg"> </a></div>Vaigai River in Madurai</div></div></div> The Corporation of Madurai has an area of 147.97 square kilometres or 57.13 square miles.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Madurai is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madurai&params=9.93_N_78.12_E_">9°56′N 78°07′E / 9.93°N 78.12°E / 9.93; 78.12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> It has an average elevation of 134 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river <a href="/wiki/Vaigai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai">Vaigai</a>, which runs in the northwest–southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves.<a href="#cite_note-corpgeninfo-63">[61]</a> The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai. The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Dam">Periyar Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Madurai lies southeast of the western ghats, and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly clay loam, while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city. Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> As is typical for Tamil Nadu, Madurai has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (BSh), although it borders closely upon a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Aw/As). Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year. Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dindigul" title="Dindigul">Dindigul</a>. The hottest months are from March to July. The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a slightly cooler climate from November to February. Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season. Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with <a href="/wiki/Northeast_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast monsoon">Northeast monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">Southwest monsoon</a>, with the former providing more rain during October to December.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85.76 cm.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 42 °C or 107.6 °F and a minimum of 26.3 °C or 79.3 °F, although temperatures up to 43 °C or 109.4 °F are not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Hinduapr2010-69">[67]</a> Winter temperatures range between 29.6 °C or 85.3 °F and 18 °C or 64.4 °F. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity.<a href="#cite_note-Hinduapr2010-69">[67]</a> The maximum temperature of 42 °C or 107.6 °F for the decade of 2001 to 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Hinduapr2010-69">[67]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Madurai (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1 (102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1 (107.8) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 (112.1) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8 (105.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.5 (112.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (0.17) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (0.17) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (0.49) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1 (2.29) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1 (1.54) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.0 (1.50) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.7 (3.37) </td> <td style="background: #2AFF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.7 (5.62) </td> <td style="background: #2DFF2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.8 (5.35) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3 (1.94) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">672.2 (26.46) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Indian Meteorological Department Mean (humidity 1981-2010)<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-73">[71]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai Airport</a> (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 (101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td> <td style="background: #F30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.3 (108.1) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4 (110.1) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8 (107.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.4 (110.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (0.17) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (0.59) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (3.18) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.7 (1.60) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1 (1.81) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.9 (3.66) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.0 (4.21) </td> <td style="background: #00F000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.1 (7.13) </td> <td style="background: #1DFF1D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.3 (5.76) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">843.3 (33.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Indian Meteorological Department Mean<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div>Madurai has been ranked 42nd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale collapsible collapsed" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">361,781</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">424,810</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">549,114</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">820,891</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">940,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">928,869</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,017,865</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <ul><li>1951 – 1981:<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></li> <li>1991:<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></li> <li>2001:<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></li> <li>2011:<a href="#cite_note-census2011-1">[1]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Madurai (2011)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent(%)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:85.83%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">85.83%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:8.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:5.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:0.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.47%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a> based on pre-expansion limits, the area covered under the Corporation of Madurai had a population of 1,017,865<a href="#cite_note-census2011-1">[1]</a> with a sex-ratio of 999 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> A total of 100,324 were under the age of six, constituting 51,485 males and 48,839 females. <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> accounted for 6.27% and 0.31% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 81.95%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<a href="#cite_note-Madurai2011census-18">[17]</a> The urban agglomeration of Madurai had a population of 1,465,625,<a href="#cite_note-UA_2011-80">[78]</a> and is the third largest in Tamil Nadu and the 31st in India.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> According to the religious census of 2011, Madurai had 85.83% <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, 8.54% <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, 5.18% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and 0.47% others.<a href="#cite_note-religion2011-83">[81]</a> Tamil is the main language, and the standard dialect is the Madurai Tamil dialect, and is spoken by 89.0% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman199243-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a>, is the largest minority language which is spoken by 5.4% of the population. Other significant minority languages include Telugu (2.7%) and Urdu (1.5%).<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Roman Catholics in Madurai are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai,<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-86">[84]</a> while Protestants are affiliated with the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise 32.6 per cent of the total population, much higher than the national average of 15.05 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city's upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">Panchayats</a> into the corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of <a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai district</a> into two, Madurai and <a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a> in 1984, and the subsequently of part of the city into the <a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni district</a> in 1997. The compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4.10 per cent during 1971–81 to 1.27 per cent during 1991–2004.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_politics">Administration and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administration and politics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:240"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center">Municipal Corporation Officials </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mayor</td> <td>Mrs.Indirani Ponvasanth<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Commissioner</td> <td>Visagan<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Deputy Mayor</td> <td>seat vacant<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center">Members of Legislative Assembly </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Central_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palanivel_Thiagarajan" title="Palanivel Thiagarajan">P.T.R. Palanivel Thiagarajan</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_East_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._Moorthy" title="P. Moorthy">P.Moorthy</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_North_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai North (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai North</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G._Thalapathi" title="G. Thalapathi">G. Thalapathi</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_South_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai South (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai South</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._Boominathan" title="M. Boominathan">M. Boominathan</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_West_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sellur_K._Raju" title="Sellur K. Raju">Sellur K. Raju</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-elections.in-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/V._V._Rajan_Chellappa" title="V. V. Rajan Chellappa">V. V. Rajan Chellappa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)">Thirumangalam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R._B._Udhayakumar" title="R. B. Udhayakumar">R.B .Udhayakumar</a><a href="#cite_note-cons-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center">Members of Parliament </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)">Madurai</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/S._Venkatesan" title="S. Venkatesan">S. Venkatesan</a><a href="#cite_note-MP-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)">Virudhunagar</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Manicka_Tagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicka Tagore">Manicka Tagore</a><a href="#cite_note-virudhunagar_mp-97">[95]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg/220px-Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg/330px-Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg/440px-Madurai_Corporation_Office.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Front view of the corporation office</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">municipality of Madurai</a> was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvement Act of 1865.<a href="#cite_note-charter-50">[48]</a> The municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896, when no elections were held due to violent factionalism. During the early years of independent India, the Madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Madurai was upgraded to a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> on 1 May 1971 as per the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> It is the second oldest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, after Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning, and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members, one each from the 100 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The city of Madurai is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a> by six elected members, one each for the Madurai East, Madurai West, Madurai North, Madurai Central, Madurai South and Thirupparankundram constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Most of Madurai city comes under the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Madurai Lok Sabha constituency">Madurai Lok Sabha constituency</a> and elects a member to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>, once every five years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> From 1957, the Madurai parliament seat was held by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> seven times in the 1962–67,<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> 1971–77,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> 1977–80,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> 1980–84,<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> 1984–89,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> 1989–91<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> and 1991 elections.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> won the seat three times during 1967–71,<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> 1999–2004<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> and 2004–09<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> general elections. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (1957–61),<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress_(Moopanar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)">Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)</a> (1996–98),<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (2009–2014)<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnertra Kazhagam</a> (2014–2020)<a href="#cite_note-MP-96">[94]</a> have each won once. Part of the city which falls under Thirupparankundram assembly constituency comes under the <a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency">Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-virudhunagar_mp-97">[95]</a> Law and order is enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police</a>, which, for administrative purposes, has constituted Madurai city as a separate district. The district is divided into four sub-divisions, namely Thallakulam, Anna Nagar, Thilagar Thidal and Town,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> with a total of 27 police stations.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The Madurai city police force is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of police">Commissioner of police</a>, assisted by Deputy Commissioners. Enforcement of law and order in the suburban areas are handled by the Madurai district police.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In 2008, the crime rate in the city was 283.2 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.1 per cent of all crimes reported in major cities in India, and it was ranked 19th among 35 major cities in India. As of 2008, Madurai recorded the second highest SLL (Special and Local Laws) crimes, at 22,728, among cities in Tamil Nadu. However, Madurai had the second lowest crime rate at 169.1 of all the cities in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The city is also the seat of a bench of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a>, one of only a few outside the state capitals of India. It started functioning in July 2004.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Madurai" title="Transport in Madurai">Transport in Madurai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg/220px-MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg/330px-MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg/440px-MGR_Bus_Stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>M.G.R. Bus Stand (Mattuthavani)</figcaption></figure> The National Highways <a href="/wiki/NH_7" class="mw-redirect" title="NH 7">NH 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/NH_45B" class="mw-redirect" title="NH 45B">NH 45B</a>, <a href="/wiki/NH_208" class="mw-redirect" title="NH 208">NH 208</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_49_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 49 (India, old numbering)">NH 49</a> pass through Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The state highways passing through the city are SH-32, SH-33 and SH-72, which connect various parts of Madurai district. Madurai is one of the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu State Highway network.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Madurai is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai)</a> and provides local and inter city bus transport across four districts namely Madurai, <a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Madurai has four major bus stands, namely, <a href="/wiki/Mattuthavani" title="Mattuthavani">Mattuthavani</a> Integrated Bus Terminus (MIBT), <a href="/wiki/Arappalayam" title="Arappalayam">Arappalayam</a>, Palanganatham and Periyar Bus stand.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> There are 12,754 registered three-wheeled vehicle called auto rickshaws which are commercially available for renting within the city.<a href="#cite_note-rto-129">[127]</a> Over the government operated city buses that are used for public transport, there are 236 registered private mini-buses that support local transportation.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Building having a portico and pillared halls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg/200px-Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg/300px-Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg/400px-Madurai_Rly_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Madurai Junction railway station, the main railway station of Madurai</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Junction">Madurai Junction</a> is an important railway junction in southern Tamil Nadu and constitutes a separate division of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> There are direct trains from Madurai connecting the important cities in Tamil Nadu like <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikudi" title="Karaikudi">Karaikudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai" title="Mayiladuthurai">Mayiladuthurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, Tiruttani, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupathi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virudhachalam" title="Virudhachalam">Virudhachalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indianrail-132">[130]</a> Madurai has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India.<a href="#cite_note-indianrail-132">[130]</a> Madurai has rail connectivity with important cities and towns in India.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The state government has announced the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Monorail">Madurai Monorail</a> in 2011;<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit">[update]</a>, it remains in planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaduraiAirport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/220px-MaduraiAirport.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/330px-MaduraiAirport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MaduraiAirport.JPG/440px-MaduraiAirport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Madurai International Airport, Avaniyapuram</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai International Airport</a>, first used by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1942.,<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> is located 12 kilometers from the city.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The airport was declared a <a href="/wiki/Customs_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs airport">customs airport</a> in 2012 allowing limited number of international flights.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> It offers domestic flights to some cities in India and international services to <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> on a daily basis started by <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express" title="Air India Express">Air India Express</a> since February 2018.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The carriers operating from the airport are <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express" title="Air India Express">Air India Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpiceJet" title="SpiceJet">SpiceJet</a>, <a href="/wiki/IndiGo" title="IndiGo">IndiGo</a> and <a href="/wiki/SriLankan_Airlines" title="SriLankan Airlines">SriLankan Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The airport handled 842,300 passengers between April 2015 and March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_College,_Madurai_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red coloured two floored historic college building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg/220px-The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg/330px-The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg/440px-The_American_College%2C_Madurai_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_College,_Madurai" title="American College, Madurai">American College</a>, started in 1881, is the oldest college in the city.</figcaption></figure> Madurai has been an academic centre of learning for Tamil culture, literature, art, music and dance for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Natgeo-143">[141]</a> All three assemblies of the Tamil language, the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangam">Tamil Sangam</a> (about the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> to the 3rd century CE), were said to have been held at Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-KVSR-144">[142]</a> Tamil poets of different epochs participated in these assemblies, and their compositions are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bandopadhyay-38">[36]</a> During the third Tamil sangam, the comparative merit of the poets was decided by letting the works float in the lotus tank of the temple. It was believed that a divine force would cause the work of superior merit to float on the surface, while the inferior ones would sink.<a href="#cite_note-Natgeo-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_College,_Madurai" title="American College, Madurai">American College</a> is the oldest college in Madurai, and was established in 1881 by American Christian missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lady_Doak_College" title="Lady Doak College">Lady Doak College</a>, established in 1948, is the oldest women's college in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiagarajar_College" title="Thiagarajar College">Thiagarajar College</a> (established in 1949), <a href="/wiki/Madura_College" title="Madura College">Madura College</a> (established in 1889),<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatima_College,_Madurai" title="Fatima College, Madurai">Fatima College</a> is a women's general degree college<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> (established in 1953),<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sourashtra_College,_Madurai" title="Sourashtra College, Madurai">Sourashtra College</a> (established in 1967) and <a href="/wiki/M.S.S._Wakf_Board_College" title="M.S.S. Wakf Board College">M.S.S. Wakf Board College</a> (established in 1964), Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College ( established in 1946),<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> are the oldest educational institutions of the city. <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Kamaraj_University" title="Madurai Kamaraj University">Madurai Kamaraj University</a> (originally called Madurai University), established in 1966, is a state-run university which has 109 affiliated arts and science colleges in Madurai and neighbouring districts. There are 47 approved institutions of the university in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges, self-financing colleges, constituent colleges, evening colleges and other approved institutions.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> There are seven polytechnical schools and five <a href="/wiki/Industrial_training_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial training institutes">Industrial training institutes</a> (ITIs) in Madurai, with the Government ITI and the Government Polytechnic for Women being the most prominent of them all. There are two government medical institutes in Madurai, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Medical_College" title="Madurai Medical College">Madurai Medical College</a> and Homoeopathic Medical College, Thirumangalam and 11 paramedical institutes. There are fifteen engineering colleges in Madurai affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Anna_University_of_Technology,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna University of Technology, Madurai">Anna University</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Thiagarajar_College_of_Engineering" title="Thiagarajar College of Engineering">Thiagarajar College of Engineering</a> being the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-college-17">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Law College, Madurai">Madurai Law College</a>, established in 1979, is one of the seven government law colleges in the state. It is administered by the Tamil Nadu Government Department of Legal Studies, and affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._Ambedkar_Law_University" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University">Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> There are three teacher training institutes, two music colleges, three management institutes and 30 arts and sciences colleges in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-college-17">[16]</a> The agricultural college and research institute in Madurai, started in 1965 by the state government, provides agricultural education to aspirants in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a>, a premier medical institution, is also under construction in Madurai and will cover 224 acres (910,000 m2) of land, at an estimated cost of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>1,264 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$150 million), and additionally allotted ₹736 crore (US$88 million) total around ₹2,000 crore (US$240 million) in the sub-urban Thoppur Madurai district.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_schools">Secondary schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary schools">edit</a>]</div> There are a total of 369 primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the city.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capron_Hall_Higher_Secondary_School,_Madurai" title="Capron Hall Higher Secondary School, Madurai">Capron Hall Higher Secondary School, Madurai</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Harveymills1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Harveymills1914.jpg/200px-Harveymills1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Harveymills1914.jpg/300px-Harveymills1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Harveymills1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Harvey Mills, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab,_Madurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg/200px-Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg/300px-Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg/400px-Honeywell_Technology_Solution_Lab%2C_Madurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Technology_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology development">technology development</a> centre<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> at Thirupparankundram</div></div></div></div></div> Madurai was traditionally an agrarian society, with rice paddies as the main crop. Cotton crop cultivation in the regions with black soil in Madurai district was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Nayaka</a> rule during the 16th century to increase the revenue from agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The paddy fields cultivated in the Vaigai delta across Madurai North, Melur, Nilakottai and Uthamapalayam are known as "double-crop paddy belts". Farmers in the district supplement their income with subsidiary occupations like dairy farming, poultry-farming, pottery, brick making, mat-weaving and carpentry.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Madurai is famed for its <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> plantations, called <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Malli" title="Madurai Malli">Madurai Malli</a>, primarily carried out at the foothills of <a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a> hills and traded at the Madurai morning flower market. An average of 2,000 farmers sell flowers daily at the flower market.<a href="#cite_note-Natgeo-143">[141]</a> With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Small_Scale_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Scale Industry">Small Scale Industries</a> (SSI) after 1991, the industrialisation of Madurai increased employment in the sector across the district from 63,271 in 1992–93 to 166,121 persons in 2001–02.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Madurai is one of the few rubber growing areas in South India,<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> and there are rubber-based industries in Madurai. Gloves, sporting goods, mats, other utility products and automobile rubber components are the most produced items by these industries. Automobile manufacturers are the major consumers of rubber components produced in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hinduoct2007-16">[15]</a> There are numerous textile, granite and chemical industries operating in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir gold">Kashmir gold granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_white_granite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir white granite">Kashmir white granite</a> are the trade names of two types of granite produced in Madurai. Madurai is promoted as a tier II city for <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">IT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">Industry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kappalur" title="Kappalur">Kappalur</a> which is sub-urban of Madurai is business hub for automotive industries such as KUN BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Isuzu, Volkswagen, Toyota, Mahindra, Tata, Maruti Suzuki, Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland, Jeep, Fiat India (FCA). The government has created Uchapatti-Thoppur satellite Township in Kappalur. <a href="/wiki/Small_Industries_Development_Corporation" title="Small Industries Development Corporation">Small Industries Development Corporation</a> Kappalur has many polymer and houseware manufacturing units. Some software companies have opened their offices in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_Technology_Parks_of_India" title="Software Technology Parks of India">Software Technology Parks of India</a>, an agency of the Government of India, has authorised several such companies to receive benefits under its national information technology development program. The state government proposed two IT-based <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> (SEZ) in Madurai, and these have been fully occupied by various IT companies, <a href="/wiki/HCLTech" title="HCLTech">HCLTech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> have their own campuses in ELCOT IT Park in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious sites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimar1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kazimar1.jpg/200px-Kazimar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kazimar1.jpg/300px-Kazimar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kazimar1.jpg/400px-Kazimar1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kazimar Big Mosque, the first and oldest mosque in the city</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg/200px-Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg/300px-Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg/400px-Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> at <a href="/wiki/Samanar_Hills" title="Samanar Hills">Samanar Hills</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a> is a historic <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> located on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_River" title="Vaigai River">Vaigai River</a> in Madurai, which is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city.<a href="#cite_note-KVSR-144">[142]</a> It is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a> and her consort, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as Sundareswarar.<a href="#cite_note-Natgeo-143">[141]</a> The complex houses 14 <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a>s (gateway towers) ranging from 45–50 metres (148–164 ft) in height, the tallest being the southern tower, 51.9 metres (170 ft) high. There are also two golden sculptured <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a> (shrines) over the sanctum of the main deities. The temple is a significant symbol for <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> and has been mentioned since antiquity in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>, though the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE.<a href="#cite_note-King72-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockman-168">[166]</a> The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day and around 25,000 during Fridays. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple.<a href="#cite_note-Abram-169">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_Temple" title="Koodal Azhagar Temple">Koodal Azhagar Temple</a> is a historic <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> located on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_River" title="Vaigai River">Vaigai River</a> in Madurai, which is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city. The temple is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a>. It has idols of the <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> (nine planet deities), which are otherwise found only in Shiva temples.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> the temple is glorified in the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a>, the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a> canon of the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 <a href="/wiki/Divyadesams" class="mw-redirect" title="Divyadesams">Divya Desams</a> dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Viyooga Sundarrajan, and his consort <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> as Mathuravalli.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja<a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a>, the gateway tower. The temple is originally believed to be built by the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>, with later additions by the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak">Madurai Nayaks</a> kings who commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallalagar temple">Kallalagar temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagar_Koyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagar Koyil">Alagar Koyil</a>, is a celebrated Vishnu temple 21 kilometres (13 mi) northeast of Madurai situated at the foothills of Solaimalai.<a href="#cite_note-tour-173">[171]</a> The deity, Kallazhagar, is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi and worshiped by Meenakshi, the presiding deity at the Meenakshi temple.<a href="#cite_note-Bandopadhyay-38">[36]</a> The festival calendars of these two temples overlap during the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam festival. The temple is glorified in the <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a>, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 5th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a>, who is worshiped as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Kallalagar</a>, and his consort <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> as Thirumagal. This temple is called as Thirumaliruncholai in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literatures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a> sung by Tamil <a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">Alvar</a> saints.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <a href="#cite_note-festivals-175">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pazhamudircholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a>, one of the other six abodes of the Hindu god Murugan, is located atop the Solaimalai hill.<a href="#cite_note-tour-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a> is a hill 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away from Madurai, where the Hindu god Murugan is believed to have married Deivanai. The temple is the first among the six holy abodes of Murugan, the <a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Arupadai Veedu</a>, literally "Six Battle Camps", and one of the most visited tourist spots in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The temple has a wide range of Hindu gods carved on the walls.<a href="#cite_note-tour-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazimar_Big_Mosque" title="Kazimar Big Mosque">Kazimar Big Mosque</a> is the first Muslim place of worship in the city. It was constructed under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Kazi</a> Syed Tajuddin, believed to be a descendant of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a>. He came from <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and received the piece of land from the Pandya ruler, Kulasekara Pandiyan during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Natgeo-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200352-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> It is claimed to be the oldest Islamic monument in Madurai. The dargah of <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Hazrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Hazrats">Madurai Hazrats</a> called as <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Maqbara" title="Madurai Maqbara">Madurai Maqbara</a> is located inside the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200352-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirupparankunram_Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupparankunram Dargah">Tirupparankunram Dargah</a> is the grave of an Islamic saint who came from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>; his festival is celebrated during <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> every Hijri year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200357-179">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goripalayam_Mosque" title="Goripalayam Mosque">Goripalayam Mosque</a> is located in Gorippalayam, the name of which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word Gor, meaning Grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200357-179">[177]</a> The graves of Hazrat Sulthan Alauddin Badhusha, Hazrat Sulthan Shamsuddeen Badhusha and Hazrat Sulthan Ghaibuddeen Badhusha are found here. The urus festival of this dargah is held on 15th night of the Islamic month of <a href="/wiki/Rabi_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi al-awwal">Rabi al-awwal</a> on every <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">hijri</a> year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200334-180">[178]</a> St. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Madurai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-86">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samanar_Malai" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanar Malai">Samanar Malai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panchapandavar_Malai" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchapandavar Malai">Panchapandavar Malai</a> are important <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> centres.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_tourism">Culture and tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture and tourism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_museum,_Madurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, one of the five Gandhi Sangrahalayas in India"><img alt="Three storied building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg/400px-Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg/600px-Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg/800px-Gandhi_museum%2C_Madurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="6750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_museum,_Madurai.jpg" title="File:Gandhi museum, Madurai.jpg"> </a></div>Gandhi Memorial Museum, one of the five Gandhi Sangrahalayas in India</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pillared halls of a historic building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/220px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/330px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg/440px-Tirumalai_Nayak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Pillared halls of Thirumalai Nayakar Palace, built during 1636 CE and a national monument</figcaption></figure> Madurai is popularly called Thoonga Nagaram meaning the city that never sleeps, on account of the active night life.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The city attracts a large number of tourists from within the country and abroad. About 9,100,000 tourists visited Madurai in 2010, out of which foreigners numbered 524,000.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The palace complex of <a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayak Palace</a> was constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style by <a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Nayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumalai Nayak">Thirumalai Nayakar</a> in 1636 CE. It is a national monument maintained by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department. The daily sound and light show organized by the department explains the virtues of King Thirumalai and the features of the palace.<a href="#cite_note-tour-173">[171]</a> The palace of Rani Mangamma has been renovated to house one of the five Gandhi Sanghralayas (<a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a>) in the country. It includes a part of the blood-stained garment worn by Gandhi when he was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> A visit by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> to the museum inspired him to lead peaceful protests against discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The Eco park, situated in Tallakulam, features fountains and lighting in trees using optical fibres.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Rajaji children park, maintained by the Corporation of Madurai, is situated between the Gandhi museum and the Tamukkam grounds – it has a visitor average of 5,000 per day during holidays and 2,000–3,000 on working days.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> MGR Race Course Stadium is an athletic stadium which has a synthetic track and a swimming pool.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Several National Meets are held here.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> It also hosts several international and national level <a href="/wiki/Kabbadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbadi">Kabbadi</a> Championships.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Railway grounds at Arasaradi, Medical college grounds & Madura College Grounds are the full-fledged cricket stadiums in the city. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illimuniated image of a temple tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg/220px-0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg/330px-0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg/440px-0_Madurai_Teppakulam_illuminated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariamman_Theppakkulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamman Theppakkulam">Mariamman Theppakkulam</a>, the temple tank of Mariamman temple</figcaption></figure> The people of Madurai celebrate numerous festivals, which include Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam, the Chittirai Festival and the <a href="/wiki/Car_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Car Festival">Car Festival</a>. The annual 10 day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, also called Chittirai festival, celebrated during April–May every year attracts 1 million visitors. Legend has it that Hindu god Vishnu, as Alagar, rode on a golden horse to Madurai to attend the celestial wedding of Meenakshi (Parvati) with Sundareswarar (Shiva).<a href="#cite_note-festivals-175">[173]</a> During the Cradle festival, the festive idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are taken in procession to a mirror chamber and set on a rocking swing for nine days.<a href="#cite_note-festivals-175">[173]</a> Avanimoolam festival is celebrated during the month of September when the 64 sacred games of Hindu god Shiva, thiruvilayadal are recited.<a href="#cite_note-festivals-175">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thepporchavam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thepporchavam">Thepporchavam</a> festival or float festival is celebrated in the month of January – February, on the full moon day of Tamil Month Thai to celebrate the birth anniversary of King Thirumalai Nayak. The decorated icons of the Meenakshi and her consort are taken out in a procession from the Meenakshi Temple to the Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons are floated in the tank on a raft decked with flowers and flickering lamps.<a href="#cite_note-tour-173">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a> is the most popular historical sport in Tamil Nadu, which is a part of the Pongal festival (harvest festival) celebrated during January. The bull taming event is held in the villages surrounding Madurai when people from the neighbouring villages throng the open grounds to watch man and bull pitting their strength against each other.<a href="#cite_note-festivals-175">[173]</a> Although the event was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in 2014, large protests in 2017 led to the sport's reinstatement.<a href="#cite_note-Bulls-191">[189]</a> Santhanakoodu festivals in Madurai are celebrated on various days during the Islamic calendar year to commemorate Islamic saints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShokoohy200354–57-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_utility_services">Media and utility services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media and utility services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai_High_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four floored building located on a road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madurai_High_Court.jpg/220px-Madurai_High_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madurai_High_Court.jpg/330px-Madurai_High_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madurai_High_Court.jpg/440px-Madurai_High_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Madurai Bench of Madras High Court</figcaption></figure> The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> and private channels like <a href="/wiki/Hello_FM" title="Hello FM">Hello FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suryan_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryan FM">Suryan FM</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_(Indian_radio_station)" title="Radio City (Indian radio station)">Radio City</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a><a href="#cite_note-Express-197">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> are the three principal English-language daily newspapers which have Madurai editions. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>, though not printed in the city, is another English-language daily newspaper available in the city.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The most read Tamil-language daily morning newspapers include <a href="/wiki/Dinamalar" title="Dinamalar">Dinamalar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Thanthi" title="Dina Thanthi">Dina Thanthi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinamani" title="Dinamani">Dinamani</a><a href="#cite_note-Express-197">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinakaran" title="Dinakaran">Dinakaran</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> – all these newspapers have editions from Madurai. There are also daily Tamil evening newspapers like <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Murasu" title="Tamil Murasu">Tamil Murasu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malai_Murasu" title="Malai Murasu">Malai Murasu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maalai_Malar" title="Maalai Malar">Maalai Malar</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> published in Madurai. Television broadcasting from Chennai for whole of Tamil Nadu was started on 15 August 1975.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by <a href="/wiki/DD_Direct_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="DD Direct Plus">DD Direct Plus</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> and other private service providers.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board</a> (TNEB). The city is the headquarters of the Madurai region of TNEB and along with its suburbs, forms the Madurai Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is further divided into six divisions.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Water supply is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">Madurai City Corporation</a> with overhead tanks and power pumps. In the period 2010–2011, a total of 950.6 lakh litres of water was supplied to 87,091 connections for households in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> About 400 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection, and the subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Corporation of Madurai All the major channels in Madurai are linked by the corporation to receive the flood water from primary, secondary and tertiary drains constructed along the roadsides to dispose of rain water. The sewer system was first established by the British in Madurai in 1924 to cover the core city area, which covers 30 per cent of the present city area. It was further expanded in 1959 and 1983 by a corporation plan. The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission" title="Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission">Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission</a> covered 90 per cent of households with underground drainage system.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Madurai comes under the Madurai telecom district of the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code division multiple access">Code division multiple access</a> (CDMA) mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides <a href="/wiki/Broadband_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband internet">broadband internet</a> service and Caller Line Identification (CLI) based internet service Netone.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> A regional passport office was opened on 17 December 2007 and caters to the needs of nine districts.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Rajaji_Hospital" title="Government Rajaji Hospital">Government Rajaji Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> A branch of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institutes_of_Medical_Sciences" title="All India Institutes of Medical Sciences">All India Institutes of Medical Sciences</a> in Thoppur, in the outskirts of the city, is set to be completed by 2022 as per Central government press release.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_metropolitan_area" title="Madurai metropolitan area">Madurai metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura,_Western_Australia" title="Madura, Western Australia">Madura, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaigai_Dam" title="Vaigai Dam">Vaigai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athisayam" title="Athisayam">Athisayam Theme park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The figure corresponds to the expanded city limits. According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 census</a>, the total city covering an area of 51.82 square kilometres (20.01 sq mi) had a population of 1,017,865.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2011-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3322_PART_B_DCHB_MADURAI.pdf">"Madurai District census handbook"</a> (PDF). Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803153908/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3322_PART_B_DCHB_MADURAI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madurai+District+census+handbook&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3322_PART_B_DCHB_MADURAI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/socio-economis-resource-profiling.html">"Socio-Economic Resources Profiling"</a>. Madurai Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222164714/http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/socio-economis-resource-profiling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=546+with+note+45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803400-1&rft.au=Edwin+Francis+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Padmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Padmaja (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA98">Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.au=T.+Padmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 119–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThirunavukkarasar2004" class="citation book cs1">Thirunavukkarasar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf">Aaram Thirumurai</a> (PDF). Online: Project Madurai. pp. 44–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205235038/http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aaram+Thirumurai&rft.place=Online&rft.pages=44-7&rft.pub=Project+Madurai&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Thirunavukkarasar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmadurai.org%2Fpm_etexts%2Fpdf%2Fpm0192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampantar_Tirumurai_12004" class="citation book cs1">Campantar Tirumurai 1 (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf">Moondram Thirumurai</a> (PDF). Online: Project Madurai. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205233644/http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moondram+Thirumurai&rft.place=Online&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Project+Madurai&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Campantar+Tirumurai+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmadurai.org%2Fpm_etexts%2Fpdf%2Fpm0173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampantar_Tirumurai_32004" class="citation book cs1">Campantar Tirumurai 3 (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0151.pdf">Muthal Thirumurai</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muthal+Thirumurai&rft.place=Online&rft.pages=56-8&rft.pub=Project+Madurai&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Campantar+Tirumurai+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmadurai.org%2Fpm_etexts%2Fpdf%2Fpm0151.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999). The embodiment of bhakti. 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Concept Publishing Company. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15537-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15537-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091022/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023. 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Puffin Books. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333544-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333544-3"><bdi>978-0-14-333544-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puffin+History+of+India+for+Children%2C+3000+BCE+%E2%80%93+CE+1947&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Puffin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-333544-3&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2gRUVIF2joC%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersenboom_Story1987" class="citation book cs1">Kersenboom Story, Saskia C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers">Nityasumaṅgalī: Devadasi Tradition in South India</a>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1527-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nityasuma%E1%B9%85gal%C4%AB%3A+Devadasi+Tradition+in+South+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1527-8&rft.aulast=Kersenboom+Story&rft.aufirst=Saskia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnityasumangalide0000kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubrahmanyam1979" class="citation book cs1">Balasubrahmanyam, Sirkali Ramaswamy (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ujVAAAAMAAJ">Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a>: Thomson Press. pp. 290–293. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/888754347">888754347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Chola+Temples%3A+Kulottunga+I+to+Rajendra+III+%28A.D.+1070-1280%29&rft.place=Faridabad&rft.pages=290-293&rft.pub=Thomson+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F888754347&rft.aulast=Balasubrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sirkali+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ujVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> (no preview) </li> <li id="cite_note-Salma-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salma_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salma_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed, Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA26">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth century</a>. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid+Eighteenth+century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+%28India%29+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Salma+Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.1995" class="citation book cs1">V., Vriddhagirisan (1995) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid">Nayaks of Tanjore</a>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0996-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0996-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nayaks+of+Tanjore&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0996-9&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=Vriddhagirisan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnayaksoftanjore0000vrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA253">A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</a>. London: Wimbledon Publishing Company. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142112/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA253">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Wimbledon+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.S.S.C.2011" class="citation book cs1">B.S., Chandrababu; S., Ganeshram; C., Bhavani (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&q=madurai+british+1801&pg=PA582">History of People and Their Environs</a>. Bharathi Puthakalayam. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80325-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80325-91-0"><bdi>978-93-80325-91-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+People+and+Their+Environs&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Bharathi+Puthakalayam&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80325-91-0&rft.aulast=B.S.&rft.aufirst=Chandrababu&rft.au=S.%2C+Ganeshram&rft.au=C.%2C+Bhavani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrxUQR_qBXYC%26q%3Dmadurai%2Bbritish%2B1801%26pg%3DPA582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King73-47"><a href="#cite_ref-King73_47-0">^</a> <a href="#King">King 2005</a>, pp. 73–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bard18-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Bard18_48-0">^</a> <a href="#Bardwell">Reynolds|Bardwell</a> 1987| p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasaiah2009" class="citation book cs1">Narasaiah (2009). Aalavai – Madurai Managarathin Kadhai. Palaniyappa Brothers. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8379-517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8379-517-3"><bdi>978-81-8379-517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalavai+%E2%80%93+Madurai+Managarathin+Kadhai&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Palaniyappa+Brothers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8379-517-3&rft.au=Narasaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charter-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charter_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121129154436/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/citizencharter.htm">"Madurai Corporation – citizen charter"</a>. Madurai Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/citizencharter.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madurai+Corporation+%E2%80%93+citizen+charter&rft.pub=Madurai+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.101.40.168%2Fnewmducorp%2Fcitizencharter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQO2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229">Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18</a>. Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 229–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+gazetteer+of+India%3A+Provincial+series%2C+Volume+18&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQO2AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/madurai.htm">"Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai"</a>. Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal / Gandhi Book Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606170551/http://mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/madurai.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Memorial+Museum%2C+Madurai&rft.pub=Bombay+Sarvodaya+Mandal+%2F+Gandhi+Book+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi.org%2Fgandhiyatra%2Fmadurai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/n_m_r_subbaraman.htm">"Kamat Research Database, Biography: N.M.R.Subbaraman"</a>. Kamat Research Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604125434/http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/n_m_r_subbaraman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012. 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Manohar. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88386-958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88386-958-1"><bdi>978-0-88386-958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+in+Tamilnad%3A+nationalist+politics+in+South+India%2C+1919%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-88386-958-1&rft.au=David+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNx8LAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore_J._B._P1977" class="citation book cs1">More J. B. 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Orient Blackswan. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1192-7"><bdi>978-81-250-1192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Evolution+of+Muslims+in+Tamilnadu+and+Madras+1930%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1192-7&rft.au=More+J.+B.+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDht7OyOjXMC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l1299/r091299.html">"Special postage stamp on freedom fighters and social reformers"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+1989+to+the+Ninth+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FSR_KeyHighLights%2FLS_1989%2FVol_I_LS_89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). 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Election Commission of India. p. 67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+1967+to+the+Fourth+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FSR_KeyHighLights%2FLS_1967%2FVol_I_LS_67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+1999+to+the+Thirteenth+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FSR_KeyHighLights%2FLS_1999%2FVol_I_LS_99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+2004+to+the+Fourteenth+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FSR_KeyHighLights%2FLS_2004%2FVol_I_LS_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+1957+to+the+Second+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FSR_KeyHighLights%2FLS_1957%2FVol_I_57_LS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+highlights+of+the+general+elections+1996+to+the+Eleventh+Lok+Sabha&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2FStatisticalReports%2FLS_1996%2FVol_I_LS_96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf">"Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha"</a> (PDF). 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The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201043021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madurai-campus-connect/article66308198.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. 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Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=High-level+team+inspects+AIIMS+site+in+Madurai%2C+compound+wall+to+be+raised+soon&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmadurai%2Faiims-madurai-will-get-additional-rs-700-crore-official-informs-madurai-mp%2Farticleshow%2F80387010.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424125817/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/schoolsurban.html">"Schools in Madurai"</a>. Government of Tamil Nadu. 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Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Madurai-Ramnad&rft.atitle=Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csidmr.org%2Fschools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHariharan2002" class="citation news cs1">Hariharan, Sindhu (17 May 2002). "Honeywell Technology Solutions set to expand in Madurai". <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Chennai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Honeywell+Technology+Solutions+set+to+expand+in+Madurai&rft.date=2002-05-17&rft.aulast=Hariharan&rft.aufirst=Sindhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathi2007" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-rGFnZVxgUC&pg=PA53">The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57042-8"><bdi>978-0-521-57042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transition+to+a+Colonial+Economy%3A+Weavers%2C+Merchants+and+Kings+in+South+India%2C+1720%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57042-8&rft.aulast=Parthasarathi&rft.aufirst=Prasannan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-rGFnZVxgUC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanapathy1987" class="citation book cs1">Ganapathy, Subramaniyan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgZ3zpT5nsQC&pg=PA14">Cotton in Madurai District: An Econometric Analysis</a>. 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New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 151–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-449-3"><bdi>978-81-8069-449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Reforms+and+Small+Scale+Industries&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=151-2&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-449-3&rft.aulast=Soundarapandian&rft.aufirst=Mookkiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIHLq5XvZMEC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBansal2005" class="citation book cs1">Bansal, Sunita Pant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&pg=PA47">Encyclopaedia of India</a>. Delhi: Smriti Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87967-71-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87967-71-2"><bdi>978-81-87967-71-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Smriti+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87967-71-2&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.aufirst=Sunita+Pant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQB3Fkc3Tl4C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423010700/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/industries.html">"Industries in Madurai"</a>. National Informatics Centre, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/industries.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industries+in+Madurai&rft.pub=National+Informatics+Centre%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madurai.tn.nic.in%2Findustries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm">"36 cities that will shape India's future"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050631/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=36+cities+that+will+shape+India%27s+future&rft.pub=Rediff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fbusiness%2Fslide-show%2Fslide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future%2F20111012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045732/http://elcot.in/madurai.php">"ELCOT, Madurai"</a>. Madurai Corporation. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC">Encyclopedia of Sacred Places</a>. California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 326–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-655-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-655-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091317/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. 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Madurai passport office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805083215/http://passport.gov.in/madurai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+passport+office&rft.pub=Madurai+passport+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpassport.gov.in%2Fmadurai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108124432/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/23/stories/2007082358730600.htm">"Tamil Nadu / Madurai News: Efforts on to get mega hospital for Madurai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. 23 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/23/stories/2007082358730600.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+%2F+Madurai+News%3A+Efforts+on+to+get+mega+hospital+for+Madurai&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F08%2F23%2Fstories%2F2007082358730600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/aiims-in-madurai-centre-issues-gazette-notification/articleshow/76774712.cms">"The Central Government has recently issued a gazette notification towards the establishment of AIIMS Madurai"</a>. Press108. 7 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815085321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/aiims-in-madurai-centre-issues-gazette-notification/articleshow/76774712.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press108&rft.atitle=The+Central+Government+has+recently+issued+a+gazette+notification+towards+the+establishment+of+AIIMS+Madurai&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmadurai%2Faiims-in-madurai-centre-issues-gazette-notification%2Farticleshow%2F76774712.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="City" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428193325/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/pdf/BSUPPART4.PDF">City Development Plan of Madurai</a> (PDF) (Report). Madurai: Madurai Corporation. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/pdf/BSUPPART4.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=City+Development+Plan+of+Madurai&rft.place=Madurai&rft.pub=Madurai+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.101.40.168%2Fnewmducorp%2Fpdf%2FBSUPPART4.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bardwell" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Holly Baker; Bardwell, Smith (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">The city as a sacred center: essays on six Asian contexts: Annual meetings</a>. BRILL. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08471-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+city+as+a+sacred+center%3A+essays+on+six+Asian+contexts%3A+Annual+meetings&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08471-1&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Holly+Baker&rft.au=Bardwell%2C+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsAfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="King" class="citation book cs1">King, Anthony D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HtVU6D2LOUC">Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment</a>. Taylor & Francis e-library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48075-5"><bdi>978-0-203-48075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+and+Society%3A+Essays+on+the+Social+Development+of+the+Built+Environment&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48075-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HtVU6D2LOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShokoohy2003" class="citation book cs1">Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA52">Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the traditions of maritime settlers on the Malabar and Coramandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)</a>. Inter-India Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30207-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Architecture+of+South+India%3A+The+Sultanate+of+Ma%27bar+and+the+traditions+of+maritime+settlers+on+the+Malabar+and+Coramandel+Coasts+%28Tamil+Nadu%2C+Kerala+and+Goa%29&rft.pub=Inter-India+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30207-4&rft.aulast=Shokoohy&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvxq8enmRKUC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurai" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Madurai#Q228405" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Madurai">Madurai</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321120205/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/">Official government website of Madurai District</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029213443/http://tnchamber.in/">Tamil Nadu Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Madurai</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madurai" title="Template:Madurai"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madurai" title="Template talk:Madurai"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Madurai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Madurai</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madurai" title="History of Madurai">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabhras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabhras">Kalabhras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_of_the_Jains_in_Madurai" title="Impalement of the Jains in Madurai">Impalement of the Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Later Pandyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Invasion of Malik Kafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Madurai Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Madura District (Madras Presidency)">Company Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Madura District (Madras Presidency)">British Raj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madurai" title="Geography of Madurai">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanaimalai" title="Yanaimalai">Yanaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamalai" title="Nagamalai">Nagamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasumalai" title="Pasumalai">Pasumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azhagar_Kovil_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azhagar Kovil Range (page does not exist)">Azhagar Kovil Range</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Mountain_of_Thirupparankundram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Mountain of Thirupparankundram (page does not exist)">Rock Mountain of Thirupparankundram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai-East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurai-East (page does not exist)">Madurai-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai-South" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai-South">Madurai-South</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai-West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurai-West (page does not exist)">Madurai-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai-North">Madurai-North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods and suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alagappan_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alagappan Nagar (page does not exist)">Alagappan Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andalpuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andalpuram (page does not exist)">Andalpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Nagar,_Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Nagar, Madurai (page does not exist)">Anna Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuppanadi" title="Anuppanadi">Anuppanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arappalayam" title="Arappalayam">Arappalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arasaradi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arasaradi (page does not exist)">Arasaradi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaiyur,_Madurai" title="Anaiyur, Madurai">Anaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaniapuram" title="Avaniapuram">Avaniapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balarangapuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balarangapuram (page does not exist)">Balarangapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethaniyapuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethaniyapuram (page does not exist)">Bethaniyapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinthamani_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinthamani Madurai">Chinthamani Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chokkikulam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chokkikulam (page does not exist)">Chokkikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_Anuppanadi" title="Chinna Anuppanadi">Chinna Anuppanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_Chokkikulam" title="Chinna Chokkikulam">Chinna Chokkikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRO_Colony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DRO Colony (page does not exist)">DRO Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doak_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doak Nagar (page does not exist)">Doak Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Nagar" title="Ellis Nagar">Ellis Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goripalayam" title="Goripalayam">Goripalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyer_Bungalow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyer Bungalow (page does not exist)">Iyer Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaihindpuram" title="Jaihindpuram">Jaihindpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pudur" title="K. Pudur">K. Pudur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K.K._Nagar,_Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K.K. Nagar, Madurai (page does not exist)">K.K. Nagar, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarajapuram" title="Kamarajapuram">Kamarajapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappalur" title="Kappalur">Kappalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimedu">Karimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuppayurani" title="Karuppayurani">Karuppayurani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keerathurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keerathurai (page does not exist)">Keerathurai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kochadai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kochadai (page does not exist)">Kochadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Nagar" title="Koodal Nagar">Koodal Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakshmipuram,_Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakshmipuram, Madurai (page does not exist)">Lakshmipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Managiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Managiri (page does not exist)">Managiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathichiyam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathichiyam (page does not exist)">Mathichiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattuthavani" title="Mattuthavani">Mattuthavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamadai" title="Melamadai">Melamadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur" title="Melur">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamalai" title="Nagamalai">Nagamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narimedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narimedu (page does not exist)">Narimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelpettai" title="Nelpettai">Nelpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otthakadai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otthakadai (page does not exist)">Otthakadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanganatham" title="Palanganatham">Palanganatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasumalai" title="Pasumalai">Pasumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravai" title="Paravai">Paravai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponmeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponmeni (page does not exist)">Ponmeni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenoy_Nagar_Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenoy Nagar Madurai (page does not exist)">Shenoy Nagar Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simmakkal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simmakkal (page does not exist)">Simmakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikkanthar_chavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikkanthar chavadi (page does not exist)">Sikkanthar chavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Colony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Colony (page does not exist)">SS Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellur" title="Sellur">Sellur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallakulam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallakulam (page does not exist)">Tallakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabalthandi_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thabalthandi Nagar (page does not exist)">Thabalthandi Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thathaneri" title="Thathaneri">Thathaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therkuvasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Therkuvasal (page does not exist)">Therkuvasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunagar" title="Thirunagar">Thirunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppalai" title="Thiruppalai">Thiruppalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoppur" title="Thoppur">Thoppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thathaneri" title="Thathaneri">Thathaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanakkankulam" title="Thanakkankulam">Thanakkankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumangalam, Madurai">Tirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunagar" title="Thirunagar">Thirunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVS_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVS Nagar (page does not exist)">TVS Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umachikulam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umachikulam (page does not exist)">Umachikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthangudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uthangudi (page does not exist)">Uthangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishalatchi_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishalatchi Nagar (page does not exist)">Vishalatchi Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathapuram" title="Viswanathapuram">Viswanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilachery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilachery (page does not exist)">Vilachery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilangudi,_Madurai" title="Vilangudi, Madurai">Vilangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villapuram" title="Villapuram">Villapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Ponnagaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Ponnagaram (page does not exist)">West Ponnagaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Madurai" title="Transport in Madurai">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarapalayam_bus_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarapalayam bus Terminus">Aarapalayam bus Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_bus_stand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna bus stand (page does not exist)">Anna bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattuthavani_Bus_Terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattuthavani Bus Terminus">Mattuthavani Bus Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazhanganatham_bus_stand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazhanganatham bus stand (page does not exist)">Pazhanganatham bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periyar_bus_stand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periyar bus stand (page does not exist)">Periyar bus stand</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_bus_stand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complex bus stand (page does not exist)">Complex bus stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaiyur_bus_stand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaiyur bus stand (page does not exist)">Anaiyur bus stand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Junction">Madurai Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Nagar" title="Koodal Nagar">Koodal Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_East_railway_station" title="Madurai East railway station">Madurai East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumangalam,_Madurai" title="Tirumangalam, Madurai">Thirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayanallur" title="Samayanallur">Samayanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavandan" title="Sholavandan">Sholavandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupparankundram" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirupparankundram">Thirupparankundram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai International Airport">Madurai International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_institutes_in_Madurai_district" title="List of colleges and institutes in Madurai district">Educational institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">University</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Kamaraj_University" title="Madurai Kamaraj University">Madurai Kamaraj University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Anna_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurai Anna University (page does not exist)">Madurai Anna University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amity_University_Madurai_Campus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amity University Madurai Campus (page does not exist)">Amity University Madurai Campus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiga_College_of_Arts_and_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiga College of Arts and Science (page does not exist)">Ambiga College of Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arul_Anandar_College,_Karumathur" title="Arul Anandar College, Karumathur">Arul Anandar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_College" title="Fatima College">Fatima College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.M.G._Yadava_Women%27s_College" title="E.M.G. Yadava Women's College">E.M.G. Yadava Women's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Doak_College" title="Lady Doak College">Lady Doak College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_College" title="Madura College">Madura College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar_Thirumalai_Naicker_College" title="Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College">Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meenakshi_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meenakshi College (page does not exist)">Meenakshi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.S.S._Wakf_Board_College" title="M.S.S. Wakf Board College">M.S.S. Wakf Board College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswathy_Narayanan_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswathy Narayanan College">Saraswathy Narayanan College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sermathai_Vasan_College_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sermathai Vasan College for Women (page does not exist)">Sermathai Vasan College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sourastra_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sourastra College (page does not exist)">Sourastra College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sourastra_College_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sourastra College for Women (page does not exist)">Sourastra College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadar_Mahajana_Sangam_S._Vellaichamy_Nadar_College" title="Nadar Mahajana Sangam S. Vellaichamy Nadar College">S. Vellaichamy Nadar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_College_in_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="The American College in Madurai">The American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiagarajar_College" title="Thiagarajar College">Thiagarajar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_College,_Madurai" title="Vivekananda College, Madurai">Vivekananda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadava_College" title="Yadava College">Yadava College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Michael_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatima Michael College of Engineering and Technology (page does not exist)">Fatima Michael College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latha_Mathavan_Engineering_College" title="Latha Mathavan Engineering College">Latha Mathavan Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangayarkarasi_College_of_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangayarkarasi College of Engineering (page does not exist)">Mangayarkarasi College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaraj_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology">Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._N._College_of_Engineering" title="K. L. N. College of Engineering">K. L. N. College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLN_College_of_Information_Technology" title="KLN College of Information Technology">KLN College of Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Institute_of_Engineering_%26_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurai Institute of Engineering & Technology (page does not exist)">Madurai Institute of Engineering & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiyan_Saraswathi_Yadav_Engineering_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandiyan Saraswathi Yadav Engineering College">Pandiyan Saraswathi Yadav Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTR_College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="PTR College of Engineering">PTR College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja College of Engineering and Technology">Raja College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SACS_MAVMM_Engineering_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SACS MAVMM Engineering College (page does not exist)">SACS MAVMM Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethu_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sethu Institute of Technology">Sethu Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solamalai_College_of_Engineering" title="Solamalai College of Engineering">Solamalai College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiagarajar_College_of_Engineering" title="Thiagarajar College of Engineering">Thiagarajar College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Ultra College of Engineering and Technology">Ultra College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaigai_College_of_Engineering" title="Vaigai College of Engineering">Vaigai College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velammal_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Velammal College of Engineering and Technology">Velammal College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickram_College_of_Engineering" title="Vickram College of Engineering">Vickram College of Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Medical_College" title="Madurai Medical College">Madurai Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velammal_Medical_College_Hospital_%26_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute (page does not exist)">Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSI_Dental_college&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSI Dental college (page does not exist)">CSI Dental college</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_College_and_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultural College and Research Institute (page does not exist)">Agricultural College and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Law College, Madurai">Government Law College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamilnadu_polytechnic_college&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamilnadu polytechnic college (page does not exist)">Tamilnadu polytechnic college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata-Dhan_Academy" title="Tata-Dhan Academy">Tata-Dhan Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiagarajar_School_Of_Management_,_Thirupparankundram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiagarajar School Of Management , Thirupparankundram (page does not exist)">Thiagarajar School Of Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiyur_Mariamman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandiyur Mariamman Temple">Vandiyur Mariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagar_Koyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagar Koyil">Alagar Koyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhamudircholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_Temple" title="Koodal Azhagar Temple">Koodal Azhagar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumohoor_Kalamegaperumal_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal Temple">Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapuram" title="Madapuram">Madapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiru_Aappanoor" title="Thiru Aappanoor">Thiru Aappanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaganathar_temple" title="Edaganathar temple">Edaganathar temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Mary%27s_Church,_Madurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Mary's Church, Madurai (page does not exist)">St Mary's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazimar_Big_Mosque" title="Kazimar Big Mosque">Kazimar Big Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goripalayam_Mosque" title="Goripalayam Mosque">Goripalayam Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram_Dargah" title="Thiruparankundram Dargah">Thiruparankundram Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungam_Mosque" title="Sungam Mosque">Sungam Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Maqbara" title="Madurai Maqbara">Madurai Maqbara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourist places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirumalai_Nayakkar_Mahal" title="Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal">Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamukkam_Palace" title="Tamukkam Palace">Tamukkam Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamukkam_Ground" title="Tamukkam Ground">Tamukkam Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athisayam" title="Athisayam">Athisayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan%27em_Mall" title="Milan'em Mall">Milan'em Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishaal_de_Mal" title="Vishaal de Mal">Vishaal de Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR_Race_Course_Stadium" title="MGR Race Course Stadium">MGR Race Course Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chithirai_Thiruvizha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithirai Thiruvizha">Chithirai Thiruvizha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil_Sangam" title="Madurai Tamil Sangam">Madurai Tamil Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Malli" title="Madurai Malli">Madurai Malli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_parotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili parotha">Chili parotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jil_jil_jigarthanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jil jil jigarthanda">Jil jil jigarthanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murugan_Idli_Shop" title="Murugan Idli Shop">Murugan Idli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">Parotta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil Nadu Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_South_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai South (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_North_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai North (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Central_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_East_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_West_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)">Madurai West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melur (State Assembly Constituency)">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavandan_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholavandan (State Assembly Constituency)"> Sholavandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupparankundram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirupparankundram (State Assembly Constituency)"> Thirupparankundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumangalam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)"> Tirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usilampatti (State Assembly Constituency)"> Usilampatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)">Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai District">Madurai District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Other topics: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Madurai" title="Category:People from Madurai">People from Madurai</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Madurai_district" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madurai_district" title="Template:Madurai district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madurai_district" title="Template talk:Madurai district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madurai district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Madurai_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>District headquarters: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Taluks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melur_taluk" title="Melur taluk">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai-North">Madurai-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai-South" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai-South">Madurai-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraiyur_taluk" title="Peraiyur taluk">Peraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam_taluk" title="Thirumangalam taluk">Thirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Usilampatti taluk">Usilampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadipatti_taluk" title="Vadipatti taluk">Vadipatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Revenue blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanganallur_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanganallur block"> Alanganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellampatti_block" title="Chellampatti block"> Chellampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikudi_block" title="Kallikudi block"> Kallikudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottampatti_block" title="Kottampatti block"> Kottampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_East_block" title="Madurai East block"> Madurai East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_West_block" title="Madurai West block"> Madurai West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur_block" title="Melur block"> Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedapatti_block" title="Sedapatti block"> Sedapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.Kallupatti_block" class="mw-redirect" title="T.Kallupatti block"> T.Kallupatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam_block" title="Thirumangalam block"> Thirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupparankunram_block" title="Thirupparankunram block"> Thirupparankunram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Usilampatti block"> Usilampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadipatti_block" title="Vadipatti block"> Vadipatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanganallur" title="Alanganallur">Alanganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumbanur" title="Arumbanur">Arumbanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elumalai" title="Elumalai">Elumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalligudi" title="Kalligudi">Kalligudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiyippatti" title="Karaiyippatti">Karaiyippatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur" title="Melur">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamalai" title="Nagamalai">Nagamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othakadai" title="Othakadai">Othakadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedu" title="Palamedu">Palamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraiyur" title="Peraiyur">Peraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayanallur" title="Samayanallur">Samayanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavandan" title="Sholavandan">Sholavandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.Kallupatti" class="mw-redirect" title="T.Kallupatti">T.Kallupatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumangalam,_Madurai" title="Tirumangalam, Madurai">Tirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti" title="Usilampatti">Usilampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadipatti" title="Vadipatti">Vadipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalapatti" title="Vellalapatti">Vellalapatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagar_Koyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagar Koyil">Alagar Koyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatrapatti,_Madurai_district" title="Chatrapatti, Madurai district">Chatrapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellampatti,_Madurai" title="Chellampatti, Madurai">Chellampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennampatti" title="Chennampatti">Chennampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinthamani,_Madurai_district" title="Chinthamani, Madurai district">Chinthamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilandaikulam" title="Ilandaikulam">Ilandaikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappalur" title="Kappalur">Kappalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikeni" title="Karaikeni">Karaikeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karisalkalampatti" title="Karisalkalampatti">Karisalkalampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karseri" title="Karseri">Karseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelavalavu" title="Keelavalavu">Keelavalavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi" title="Keezhadi">Keezhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamangalam" title="Kulamangalam">Kulamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumutrampatti" title="Kumutrampatti">Kumutrampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maittanpatti" title="Maittanpatti">Maittanpatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallappuram" title="Mallappuram">Mallappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangulam" title="Mangulam">Mangulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannadimangalam" title="Mannadimangalam">Mannadimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melakkal_Kanavai" title="Melakkal Kanavai">Melakkal Kanavai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullipallam" title="Mullipallam">Mullipallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthupatti" title="Muthupatti">Muthupatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naganakulam" title="Naganakulam">Naganakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilaiyur" title="Nilaiyur">Nilaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallichandai_Silaiman" title="Pallichandai Silaiman">Pallichandai Silaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periya_Ilanthai_Kulam" title="Periya Ilanthai Kulam">Periya Ilanthai Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungamanallur" title="Perungamanallur">Perungamanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnamangalam" title="Ponnamangalam">Ponnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasinampatti" title="Rasinampatti">Rasinampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluppapatti" title="Saluppapatti">Saluppapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanatham" title="Samanatham">Samanatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptur" title="Saptur">Saptur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedapatti" title="Sedapatti">Sedapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembukudipatti" title="Sembukudipatti">Sembukudipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmanipatti" title="Semmanipatti">Semmanipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengapadai" title="Sengapadai">Sengapadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silaiman" title="Silaiman">Silaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperumalpatti" title="Sperumalpatti">Sperumalpatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaniyamangalam" title="Thaniyamangalam">Thaniyamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenkarai,_Madhurai" title="Thenkarai, Madhurai">Thenkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvedagam" title="Thiruvedagam">Thiruvedagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthapuram" title="Uthapuram">Uthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Ammapatti" title="V. Ammapatti">V. Ammapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakampatti" title="Vadakampatti">Vadakampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannivelampatti" title="Vannivelampatti">Vannivelampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalur" title="Vellalur">Vellalur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaganathar_temple" title="Edaganathar temple">Edaganathar temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goripalayam_Mosque" title="Goripalayam Mosque">Goripalayam Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimar_Big_Mosque" title="Kazimar Big Mosque">Kazimar Big Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvedagam" title="Thiruvedagam">Thiruvedagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagar_Koyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagar Koyil">Alagar Koyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_Temple" title="Koodal Azhagar Temple">Koodal Azhagar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhamudircholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupparamkunram_Murugan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple">Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Madurai_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Madurai district">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Madurai_district" title="Category:People from Madurai district">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Madurai_district" title="Category:Villages in Madurai district">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corporations and Municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu">Corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadi_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadi Municipal Corporation">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Municipal_Corporation" title="Coimbatore Municipal Corporation">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuddalore Municipal corporation">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_Municipal_Corporation" title="Dindigul Municipal Corporation">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erode Municipal Corporation">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosur_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosur Municipal Corporation">Hosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kancheepuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation">Kancheepuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikudi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karaikudi Municipal Corporation">Karaikudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Karur Municipal corporation">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation">Kumbakonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagercoil_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nagercoil Municipal Corporation">Nagercoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Namakkal Municipal Corporation">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukottai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Pudukottai Municipal Corporation">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Municipal Corporation">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivakasi_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivakasi Municipal corporation">Sivakasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambaram Municipal Corporation">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thanjavur Municipal Corporation">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukkudi_City_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation">Thoothukkudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_Municipal_Corporation" title="Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppur Municipal Corporation">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Tiruvannamalai Municipal Corporation">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Municipal_Corporation" title="Vellore Municipal Corporation">Vellore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_Local_bodies_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban Local bodies in Tamil Nadu">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilpatti" title="Kovilpatti">Kovilpatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri" title="Krishnagiri">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar" title="Maraimalai Nagar">Maraimalai Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai" title="Mayiladuthurai">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachi" title="Pollachi">Pollachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajapalayam" title="Rajapalayam">Rajapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram" title="Ramanathapuram">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_Allinagaram" title="Theni Allinagaram">Theni Allinagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruverkadu" title="Tiruverkadu">Tiruverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udagamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Udagamandalam">Udagamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram" title="Viluppuram">Viluppuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambur" title="Ambur">Ambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attur,_Salem" title="Attur, Salem">Attur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonoor" title="Coonoor">Coonoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharapuram" title="Dharapuram">Dharapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobichettipalayam" title="Gobichettipalayam">Gobichettipalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannargudi" title="Mannargudi">Mannargudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettupalayam,_Coimbatore" title="Mettupalayam, Coimbatore">Mettupalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettur" title="Mettur">Mettur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattukkottai" title="Pattukkottai">Pattukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur" title="Perambalur">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet" title="Ranipet">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi" title="Tenkasi">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur" title="Thiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraiyur" title="Thuraiyur">Thuraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindivanam" title="Tindivanam">Tindivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchengode" title="Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupattur" title="Tirupattur">Tirupattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumalaipettai" title="Udumalaipettai">Udumalaipettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valparai" title="Valparai">Valparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaniyambadi" title="Vaniyambadi">Vaniyambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar" title="Virudhunagar">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkonam" title="Arakkonam">Arakkonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarani,_Thiruvannamalai" title="Aarani, Thiruvannamalai">Arani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranthangi" title="Aranthangi">Aranthangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Arcot, Tamil Nadu">Arcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruppukkottai" title="Aruppukkottai">Aruppukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodinayakkanur" title="Bodinayakkanur">Bodinayakkanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu" title="Chengalpattu">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colachel" title="Colachel">Colachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbum,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Cumbum, Tamil Nadu">Cumbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devakottai" title="Devakottai">Devakottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi" title="Edappadi">Edappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudiyatham" title="Gudiyatham">Gudiyatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayankondam" title="Jayankondam">Jayankondam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadayanallur" title="Kadayanallur">Kadayanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi" title="Kallakurichi">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarapalayam" title="Komarapalayam">Komarapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manapparai" title="Manapparai">Manapparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladam" title="Palladam">Palladam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti" title="Panruti">Panruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramakudi" title="Paramakudi">Paramakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee" title="Poonamallee">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasipuram" title="Rasipuram">Rasipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarankovil" title="Sankarankovil">Sankarankovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam" title="Sathyamangalam">Sathyamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga" title="Sivaganga">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumangalam,_Madurai" title="Tirumangalam, Madurai">Tirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur" title="Tiruvallur">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruttani" title="Tiruttani">Tiruttani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam" title="Vedaranyam">Vedaranyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhachalam" title="Virudhachalam">Virudhachalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirampattinam" title="Adirampattinam">Adirampattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambasamudram" title="Ambasamudram">Ambasamudram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur" title="Ariyalur">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavani,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Bhavani, Tamil Nadu">Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyyar" title="Cheyyar">Cheyyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnamanur" title="Chinnamanur">Chinnamanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaganasalai" title="Edaganasalai">Edaganasalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur_(Coimbatore_district)" title="Gudalur (Coimbatore district)">Gudalur (Coimbatore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur (Nilgiris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Theni" title="Gudalur, Theni">Gudalur (Theni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harur" title="Harur">Harur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolarpettai" title="Jolarpettai">Jolarpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkad" title="Kalakkad">Kalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeyam" title="Kangeyam">Kangeyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamadai" title="Karamadai">Karamadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karumathampatti" title="Karumathampatti">Karumathampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalpatnam" title="Kayalpatnam">Kayalpatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilakarai" title="Kilakarai">Kilakarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollankodu" title="Kollankodu">Kollankodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothanallur" title="Koothanallur">Koothanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakuppam" title="Kottakuppam">Kottakuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulithalai" title="Kulithalai">Kulithalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundrathur" title="Kundrathur">Kundrathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhithura,_Kanyakumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhithura, Kanyakumari">Kuzhithurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgudi" title="Lalgudi">Lalgudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madukkarai" title="Madukkarai">Madukkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduranthakam" title="Maduranthakam">Maduranthakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manamadurai" title="Manamadurai">Manamadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangadu" title="Mangadu">Mangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur" title="Melur">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvisharam" title="Melvisharam">Melvisharam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musiri" title="Musiri">Musiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandivaram-Guduvancheri" title="Nandivaram-Guduvancheri">Nandivaram-Guduvancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasingapuram,_Salem" title="Narasingapuram, Salem">Narasingapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellikuppam" title="Nellikuppam">Nellikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliyalam" title="Nelliyalam">Nelliyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddanchatram" title="Oddanchatram">Oddanchatram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallapatti,_Karur" title="Pallapatti, Karur">Pallapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipalayam" title="Pallipalayam">Pallipalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyakulam" title="Periyakulam">Periyakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernambut" title="Pernambut">Pernambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugalur" title="Pugalur">Pugalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyankudi" title="Puliyankudi">Puliyankudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjai_Puliampatti" title="Punjai Puliampatti">Punjai Puliampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattur" title="Sattur">Sattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinghur" title="Sholinghur">Sholinghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkazhi" title="Sirkazhi">Sirkazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surandai" title="Surandai">Surandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharamangalam" title="Tharamangalam">Tharamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumuruganpoondi" title="Thirumuruganpoondi">Thirumuruganpoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruninravur" title="Thiruninravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthuraipoondi" title="Thiruthuraipoondi">Thiruthuraipoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuvakudi" title="Thuvakudi">Thuvakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchendur" title="Tiruchendur">Tiruchendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukoilur" title="Tirukoilur">Tirukoilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittakudi" title="Tittakudi">Tittakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulundurpettai" title="Ulundurpettai">Ulundurpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti" title="Usilampatti">Usilampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadalur" title="Vadalur">Vadalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandavasi" title="Vandavasi">Vandavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellakoil" title="Vellakoil">Vellakoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramasingapuram" title="Vikramasingapuram">Vikramasingapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walajapet" title="Walajapet">Walajapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template talk:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Million-plus agglomerations</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Haryana: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li> <li>Jammu and Kashmir: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li>Punjab: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li>Rajasthan: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chhattisgarh: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li> <li>Uttar Pradesh:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal Council">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bihar: <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li>Jharkhand: <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li>West Bengal: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zonal_Council" title="Western Zonal Council">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gujarat: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li>Maharashtra: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andhra Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li>Karnataka: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li>Kerala: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li>Tamil Nadu: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li>Telangana: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228405#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158274678">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRDv8Bw3G3JRWdHf9hpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4275927-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079847">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119691685">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119691685">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552513105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1a3e3256-c6b1-4b61-ba6d-d45a943dc8b3">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/50138">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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