Jawaharlal Nehru | Biography, Significance, Family, Wife, Daughter, Death, & Facts

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border-right-sm border-left-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="left-rail-section-content"> <div class="topic-left-rail-header text-truncate bg-gray-50 position-relative text-right d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="tlr-title px-20 py-15 text-left"> <em class="material-icons text-gray-400 d-lg-none" data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> </div> <button aria-label="Close" class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0" > <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 pl-sm-50 pr-sm-60 pl-lg-5 pr-lg-10 pt-10 pt-lg-0 bg-gray-50 clear-catfish-ad"> <div class="toc mb-20"> <div class="font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-15 mb-15 mt-20"> Table of Contents </div> <ul class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru">Introduction & Top Questions</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5155"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru#ref5155">Early years</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5156"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru#ref5156">Political apprenticeship</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5157"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/Struggle-for-Indian-independence">Struggle for Indian independence</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5158"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/Struggle-for-Indian-independence#ref5158">Imprisonment during World War II</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5159"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/Achievements-as-prime-minister">Achievements as prime minister</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5160"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/Achievements-as-prime-minister#ref5160">Legacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/Jawaharlal-Nehru">Quick Facts & Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/images-videos">Images & Videos</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg" data-href="/media/1/408232/13197" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg" alt="Jawaharlal Nehru" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/18/128318-050-9178EC3F/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Indian-Pres-Indira-visit-start-October-1949.jpg" data-href="/media/1/408232/139630" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/18/128318-004-680F50F9/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Indian-Pres-Indira-visit-start-October-1949.jpg" alt="Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Harry S. Truman" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/83/97383-004-093713E2/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Indian-Pres-Italian-Antonio-Segni-September-1962.jpg" data-href="/media/1/408232/121621" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/83/97383-004-093713E2/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Indian-Pres-Italian-Antonio-Segni-September-1962.jpg" alt="Jawaharlal Nehru and Antonio Segni" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/64605-050-99F39058/region-Kashmir.jpg" data-href="/media/1/408232/54885" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/64605-004-59221542/region-Kashmir.jpg" alt="Kashmir region" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/Funeral-procession-Jawaharlal-Nehru-quote-Mohandas-Gandhi-February-2-1948/13198" data-href="/media/1/408232/13198" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/91/23191-138-AE12413F/Funeral-procession-Jawaharlal-Nehru-quote-Mohandas-Gandhi-February-2-1948.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Witness the funeral procession for Mahatma Gandhi, February 2, 1948" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-student-links"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> For Students </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/Jawaharlal-Nehru"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Jawaharlal Nehru" width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/summary/Jawaharlal-Nehru" >Jawaharlal Nehru summary</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-related-quizzes"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> Quizzes </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/quiz/explore-india"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/171646-131-D436A0E1/Chandigarh-Statuettes-folk-artist-sculpture-park-Rock.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Chandigarh. 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<figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-20 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="13684" data-asm-type="image"> <div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"> <a style="min-height: 160px;" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/408232/13197"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg?w=300"> <img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop" alt="Jawaharlal Nehru" loading="eager" /> </picture> <button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </a> </div> <figcaption class="card-body"> <div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"> <span> <a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/9849-004-75880243/Jawaharlal-Nehru-photograph-Yousuf-Karsh-1956.jpg" data-href="/media/1/408232/13197">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> <span><span>As India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, was in office for more than 16 years, making him the country's longest-serving prime minister.</span></span> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <span class="link-blue">(more)</span> </button> </span> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div><div class="topic-header"> <div class="d-flex align-items-top justify-content-between"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div> <div> <h1>Jawaharlal Nehru</h1></div> </div> <div class="topic-identifier font-16 font-md-20">prime minister of India</div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none d-sm-flex flex-row"> <div class="mr-10 mb-15"> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="d-none d-sm-block md-topic-tools qa-action-buttons mb-15" data-topic-id="408232"> <button class="js-tooltip btn btn-sm btn-outline-blue border pr-10 border-2" > <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" data-icon="more_vert"></em> More Actions </button> <div class="md-more-popover popover popover-sm p-0 font-14 z-1"> <div> <button class="js-print-modal-button js-modal gtm-topic-tool btn btn-sm btn-link gtm-topic-tool font-weight-bold btn-link" data-modal="[data-topic-id=408232] .md-print-modal" > <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="print"></em> Print </button> <div class="md-print-modal size-lg d-none"> <div class="md-modal-body"> 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Moraes</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black">Editor in Chief, <i>The Indian Express, </i>New Delhi, 1957–72. Author of <i>India Today; Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography.</i></div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> Frank R. Moraes</span></div> <div class="font-serif font-12 text-gray-700"> <span class="qa-fact-checked-by">Fact-checked by</span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 font-12" href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 text-black">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link font-12 "> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <span class="text-gray-700"> Last Updated: <time datetime="2024-11-19T00:00:00CST" >Nov 19, 2024</time> •</span> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="qf-title font-weight-bold font-14 mb-10 text-center"> Quick Facts</div> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Byname: </dt> <dd>Pandit (Hindi: “Pundit” or “Teacher”) Nehru</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Born: </dt> <dd>November 14, 1889, <a href="/place/Prayagraj">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/place/India">India</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Died: </dt> <dd>May 27, 1964, New Delhi (aged 74)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Also Known As: </dt> <dd>Pandit Nehru</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Title / Office: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/prime-minister">prime minister (1947-1964)</a>, <a href="/place/India">India</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Political Affiliation: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Indian-National-Congress">Indian National Congress</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Notable Family Members: </dt> <dd>father <a href="/biography/Motilal-Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></dd> <dd>daughter <a href="/biography/Indira-Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Role In: </dt> <dd><a href="/event/Delhi-Pact">Delhi Pact</a></dd> <dd><a href="/event/Indus-Waters-Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/event/Salt-March">Salt March</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Jawaharlal-Nehru"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What is Jawaharlal Nehru known for?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India after it gained independence. He previously was one of the prominent leaders of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Indian-National-Congress\">Indian National Congress<\/a>, having attracted the country\u2019s intellectuals and youth into the mainstream of the movement. His descendants, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Indira-Gandhi\">Indira Gandhi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Rajiv-Gandhi\">Rajiv Gandhi<\/a>, and Rahul Gandhi, were also prominent Indian leaders." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>How was Jawaharlal Nehru educated?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Jawaharlal Nehru had a largely Western upbringing. As a boy, he was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/homeschooling\">homeschooled<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/India\">India<\/a>, mostly by a series of English governesses and tutors. He continued his education in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/England\">England<\/a>, at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Harrow-School\">Harrow School<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/London\">London<\/a> and at Trinity College, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/University-of-Cambridge\">Cambridge<\/a>." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>What were Jawaharlal Nehru\u2019s accomplishments?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Jawaharlal Nehru was a key leader of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Indian-National-Congress\">Indian National Congress<\/a> and the independence movement. He often balanced the religiosity and traditionalism of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Mahatma-Gandhi\">Mahatma Gandhi<\/a> with a more secular and modernist perspective, thus broadening the appeal of the movement. In 1947 he became <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/India\">India<\/a>\u2019s first prime minister and served until his death in 1964." } } , { "@type" : "Question", "name" : "<div>How did Jawaharlal Nehru change the world?<\/div><em><\/em>", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Jawaharlal Nehru helped lead <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/India\">India<\/a> to independence, which ended the British raj. As India\u2019s first prime minister, he worked to make India an important member of the international community. He dislodged the Portuguese from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Goa\">Goa<\/a> but was less successful in disputes with China over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Arunachal-Pradesh\">Arunachal Pradesh<\/a> and with Pakistan over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent\">Kashmir<\/a>." } } ] } </script> <div class="top-questions qa-accordion d-flex flex-column module-spacing"><div class="font-weight-bold font-14 mb-5"> Top Questions </div><div id="intent-accordion" class="md-intent-accordion"><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="1"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What is Jawaharlal Nehru known for?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India after it gained independence. He previously was one of the prominent leaders of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indian National Congress</a>, having attracted the country’s intellectuals and youth into the mainstream of the movement. His descendants, including <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Indira-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indira Gandhi</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, and Rahul Gandhi, were also prominent Indian leaders.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="2"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>How was Jawaharlal Nehru educated?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Jawaharlal Nehru had a largely Western upbringing. As a boy, he was <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/homeschooling" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">homeschooled</a> in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">India</a>, mostly by a series of English governesses and tutors. He continued his education in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/England" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">England</a>, at the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harrow-School" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Harrow School</a> in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/London" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">London</a> and at Trinity College, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Cambridge" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Cambridge</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="3"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>What were Jawaharlal Nehru’s accomplishments?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Jawaharlal Nehru was a key leader of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indian National Congress</a> and the independence movement. He often balanced the religiosity and traditionalism of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mahatma Gandhi</a> with a more secular and modernist perspective, thus broadening the appeal of the movement. In 1947 he became <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">India</a>’s first prime minister and served until his death in 1964.</p></div></div></div><div class="top-question bg-gray-50 rounded" data-value="4"><h3 class="accordion--question font-14 font-weight-normal cursor-pointer rounded"><div class="pe-none d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><div>How did Jawaharlal Nehru change the world?</div><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></div></h3><div class="accordion--answer hidden p-15 pt-5 font-16 mb-5"><div class="accordion--answer-copy"><p>Jawaharlal Nehru helped lead <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">India</a> to independence, which ended the British raj. As India’s first prime minister, he worked to make India an important member of the international community. He dislodged the Portuguese from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Goa" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Goa</a> but was less successful in disputes with China over <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Arunachal-Pradesh" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Arunachal Pradesh</a> and with Pakistan over <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Kashmir</a>.</p></div></div></div><button class="show-more-button js-toggle-top-questions btn btn-unstyled font-14 d-flex pr-10 rounded-sm"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></em></button></div></div><div class="bg-gray-50 p-15 rounded module-spacing recent-news d-flex flex-column float-false"> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-bold font-14 m-0 d-inline"> News <span class="text-gray-600">•</span> </h2> <div class="recent-news-item first-recent-news-item d-inline"> <a class="font-14 gtm-ap-news-link" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/leaders-pay-floral-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-in-ut/article68868270.ece" rel="nofollow">Leaders pay floral tributes to Jawaharlal Nehru in U.T.</a> <span class="font-14 text-gray-600"> <span>•</span> Nov. 15, 2024, 5:03 AM ET (The Hindu) <button class="btn btn-link d-inline p-0 font-12 js-toggle-recent-news"> <span class="text-gray-500">...</span><span>(Show more)</span> </button> </span> </div> </div> <div class="rest-of-recent-news-items"> <div class="recent-news-item mt-5"> <a class="font-14 gtm-ap-news-link" href="https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/remembering-jawaharlal-nehru-135th-birth-anniversary-childrens-day-9669092/" rel="nofollow">In Pics: Remembering Jawaharlal Nehru on his 135th birth Anniversary</a> <span class="font-14 text-gray-600"> <span>•</span> Nov. 13, 2024, 10:37 PM ET (The Indian Express) </span> </div> <div class="recent-news-item mt-5"> <a class="font-14 gtm-ap-news-link" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-fund-to-launch-nehru-archive-next-year/article68864079.ece" rel="nofollow">Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund to launch ‘Nehru Archive’ next year</a> <span class="font-14 text-gray-600"> <span>•</span> Nov. 13, 2024, 7:52 AM ET (The Hindu) </span> </div> <div class="recent-news-item mt-5"> <a class="font-14 gtm-ap-news-link" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/congress-protest-nehru-statue-9660893/" rel="nofollow">Row after Nehru statue found ‘discarded’, Congress warns of intensifying its protest</a> <span class="font-14 text-gray-600"> <span>•</span> Nov. 8, 2024, 9:43 PM ET (The Indian Express) </span> </div> <button class="js-toggle-recent-news d-flex btn btn-unstyled font-14 pr-10 rounded-sm mt-10" aria-label="Toggle additional news items"> Show less <em class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_less"></em> </button> </div> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref30235"></span>Jawaharlal Nehru</strong> (born November 14, 1889, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Prayagraj" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Allahabad</a>, India—died May 27, 1964, New Delhi) was the first <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/prime-minister" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">prime minister</a> of independent <span id="ref30236"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">India</a> (1947–64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/neutralism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">neutralist</a> (nonaligned) policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Independence-Movement" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indian Independence Movement</a> during the 1930s and ’40s.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="marker h2"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref5155"> <h2 class="h1">Early years</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Nehru was born to a family of Kashmiri <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahman-social-class" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Brahmans</a>, noted for their administrative <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="aptitude" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/aptitude" data-type="EB">aptitude</a> and scholarship, who had migrated to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Delhi</a> early in the 18th century. He was a son of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Motilal-Nehru" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Motilal Nehru</a>, a renowned lawyer and leader of the Indian independence movement, who became one of <span id="ref30237"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi</a>’s prominent associates. Jawaharlal was the eldest of four children, two of whom were girls. A sister, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vijaya-Lakshmi-Pandit" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a>, later became the first woman president of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-General-Assembly" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">United Nations General Assembly</a>.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Until the age of 16, Nehru was educated at home by a series of English governesses and tutors. Only one of those—a part-Irish, part-Belgian theosophist, Ferdinand Brooks—appears to have made any impression on him. Jawaharlal also had a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="venerable" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/venerable" data-type="EB">venerable</a> Indian tutor who taught him <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindi-language" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hindi</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sanskrit</a>. In 1905 he went to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harrow-School" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Harrow</a>, a leading English school, where he stayed for two years. Nehru’s academic career was in no way outstanding. From Harrow he went to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trinity-College-Hartford-Connecticut" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Trinity College</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Cambridge" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Cambridge</a>, where he spent three years earning an honours degree in natural science. On leaving Cambridge he qualified as a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/barrister" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">barrister</a> after two years at the Inner Temple, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/London" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">London</a>, where in his own words he passed his examinations “with neither glory nor ignominy.”</p><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The seven years Nehru spent in England left him in a hazy half-world, at home neither in England nor in India. Some years later he wrote, “I have become a queer mixture of East and West, out of place everywhere, at home nowhere.” He went back to India to discover India. The <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="contending" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/contending" data-type="EB">contending</a> pulls and pressures that his experience abroad were to exert on his personality were never completely resolved.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Four years after his return to India, in March 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who also came from a Kashmiri family that had settled in Delhi. Their only child, Indira Priyadarshini, was born in 1917; she would later (under her married name of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Indira-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indira Gandhi</a>) also serve (1966–77 and 1980–84) as <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prime-Minister-of-India" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">prime minister of India</a>. In addition, Indira’s son <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rajiv Gandhi</a> succeeded his mother as prime minister (1984–89).</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-quiz-module" href="/quiz/explore-india" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/171646-131-D436A0E1/Chandigarh-Statuettes-folk-artist-sculpture-park-Rock.jpg" alt="Chandigarh. Statuettes at the Rock Garden of Chandigarh a sculpture park in Chandigarh, India, also known as Nek Chand's Rock Garden. Created by Nek Chand Saini an Indian self taught artist. visionary artist, folk artist, environmental art" class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70" /> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-green">Britannica Quiz</div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5">Explore India Quiz</div> </div> </a><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><em><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indira-Gandhi-on-global-underprivilege-2003652" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">(Read Indira Gandhi’s 1975 Britannica essay on global underprivilege.)</a></em></p><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker h3"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref5156"> <h2 class="h1">Political apprenticeship</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">On his return to India, Nehru at first had tried to settle down as a lawyer. Unlike his father, however, he had only a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="desultory" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desultory" data-type="MW">desultory</a> interest in his profession and did not relish either the practice of law or the company of lawyers. For that time he might be described, like many of his generation, as an instinctive nationalist who yearned for his <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">country’s</a> freedom, but, like most of his contemporaries, he had not formulated any precise ideas on how it could be achieved.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD8 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Nehru’s autobiography discloses his lively interest in Indian politics during the time he was studying abroad. His letters to his father over the same period reveal their common interest in India’s freedom. But not until father and son met Mahatma Gandhi and were persuaded to follow in his political footsteps did either of them develop any definite ideas on how freedom was to be attained. The quality in Gandhi that impressed the two Nehrus was his insistence on action. A wrong, Gandhi argued, should not only be condemned but be resisted. Earlier, Nehru and his father had been <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="contemptuous" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contemptuous" data-type="MW">contemptuous</a> of the run of contemporary Indian politicians, whose <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">nationalism</a>, with a few notable exceptions, consisted of interminable speeches and long-winded resolutions. Jawaharlal was also attracted by Gandhi’s insistence on fighting against <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">British rule of India</a> without fear or hate.</p><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD9 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Nehru met Gandhi for the first time in 1916 at the annual meeting of the <span id="ref30238"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Indian National Congress</a> (Congress Party) in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lucknow" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lucknow</a>. Gandhi was 20 years his senior. Neither seems to have made any initially strong impression on the other. Gandhi makes no mention of Nehru in an autobiography he <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="dictated" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/dictated" data-type="EB">dictated</a> while imprisoned in the early 1920s. The omission is understandable, since Nehru’s role in Indian politics was secondary until he was elected president of the Congress Party in 1929, when he presided over the historic session at <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lahore" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lahore</a> (now in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pakistan</a>) that proclaimed complete independence as India’s political goal. Until then the party’s objective had been <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dominion-British-Commonwealth" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">dominion</a> status.</p><span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD10 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Nehru’s close association with the Congress Party dates from 1919 in the immediate aftermath of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">World War I</a>. That period saw an early wave of nationalist activity and governmental repression, which culminated in the <span id="ref30239"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Jallianwala-Bagh-Massacre" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Massacre of Amritsar</a> in April 1919; according to an official report, 379 persons were killed (though other estimates were considerably higher), and at least 1,200 were <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="wounded" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/wounded" data-type="EB">wounded</a> when the local British military commander ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of unarmed Indians assembled in an almost completely enclosed space in the city.</p><span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD11 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">When, late in 1921, the prominent leaders and workers of the Congress Party were outlawed in some provinces, Nehru went to prison for the first time. Over the next 24 years he was to serve another eight periods of detention, the last and longest ending in June 1945, after an imprisonment of almost three years. In all, Nehru spent more than nine years in jail. Characteristically, he described his terms of incarceration as normal interludes in a life of abnormal political activity.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD11 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD12 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">His political apprenticeship with the Congress Party lasted from 1919 to 1929. In 1923 he became general secretary of the party for two years, and he did so again in 1927 for another two years. His interests and duties took him on journeys over wide areas of India, particularly in his native <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dutch-Republic" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">United Provinces</a> (now <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Uttar Pradesh</a> state), where his first exposure to the overwhelming poverty and <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="degradation" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/degradation" data-type="MW">degradation</a> of the peasantry had a profound influence on his basic ideas for solving those vital problems. Though vaguely inclined toward <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/socialism" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">socialism</a>, Nehru’s radicalism had set in no definite mold. The watershed in his political and economic thinking was his tour of Europe and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Soviet Union</a> during 1926–27. Nehru’s real interest in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Marxism</a> and his socialist pattern of thought stemmed from that tour, even though it did not appreciably increase his knowledge of communist theory and practice. His subsequent sojourns in prison enabled him to study Marxism in more depth. Interested in its ideas but repelled by some of its methods—such as the regimentation and the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="heresy" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/heresy" data-type="EB">heresy</a> hunts of the communists—he could never bring himself to accept <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Marx" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Karl Marx</a>’s writings as revealed scripture. Yet from then on, the yardstick of his economic thinking remained Marxist, adjusted, where necessary, to Indian conditions.</p><span class="marker MOD12 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":3,"pageId":408232,"pageLength":1170,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"A","adLeg":"A","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_PAGINATED","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Jawaharlal Nehru | Biography, Significance, Family, Wife, Daughter, Death, & Facts | Britannica