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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turboprop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboskroef" title="Turboskroef – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turboskroef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محرك مروحة عنفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك مروحة عنفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboh%C3%A9liz" title="Turbohéliz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turbohéliz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbop%C9%99rvan%C9%99" title="Turbopərvanə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turbopərvanə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="توربوپراپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توربوپراپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA" title="টার্বোপ্রপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টার্বোপ্রপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboh%C3%A8lice" title="Turbohèlice – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turbohèlice" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbovrtulov%C3%BD_motor" title="Turbovrtulový motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turbovrtulový motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopropellermootor" title="Turbopropellermootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turbopropellermootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboh%C3%A9lice" title="Turbohélice – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turbohélice" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="توربوپراپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توربوپراپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopropulseur" title="Turbopropulseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turbopropulseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboh%C3%A9lice" title="Turbohélice – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turbohélice" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B3%B4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%AD" title="터보프롭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="터보프롭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Տուրբոպտուտակային շարժիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուրբոպտուտակային շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA" title="टर्बोप्रॉप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टर्बोप्रॉप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbobebaling" title="Turbobebaling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turbobebaling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboelica" title="Turboelica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turboelica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Турбовинтті қозғалтқыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Турбовинтті қозғалтқыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbosraigtinis_variklis" title="Turbosraigtinis variklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turbosraigtinis variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gcsavaros_g%C3%A1zturbina" title="Légcsavaros gázturbina – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légcsavaros gázturbina" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin_bebaling" title="Turbin bebaling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turbin bebaling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="ターボプロップエンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ターボプロップエンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_turbo%C5%9Bmig%C5%82owy" title="Silnik turbośmigłowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik turbośmigłowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo%C3%A9lice" title="Turboélice – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turboélice" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopropulsor" title="Turbopropulsor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turbopropulsor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Турбовинтовой двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турбовинтовой двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbovrtu%C4%BEov%C3%BD_motor" title="Turbovrtuľový motor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turbovrtuľový motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopropelerski_motor" title="Turbopropelerski motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turbopropelerski motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%D9%BE" title="توربۆپڕۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توربۆپڕۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potkuriturbiini" title="Potkuriturbiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Potkuriturbiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopropmotor" title="Turbopropmotor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turbopropmotor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turboprop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Турбогвинтовий двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турбогвинтовий двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE" title="ٹربوپروپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹربوپروپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_tu%E1%BB%91c_bin_c%C3%A1nh_qu%E1%BA%A1t" title="Động cơ tuốc bin cánh quạt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ tuốc bin cánh quạt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E8%BC%AA%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%A7%B3%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="渦輪螺旋槳發動機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="渦輪螺旋槳發動機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">propfan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg/310px-JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg/465px-JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg/620px-JMSDF_P-2J_T64-IHI-10E_turboprop_engine_left_side_view_at_Kanoya_Naval_Air_Base_Museum_April_29%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T64" title="General Electric T64">GE T64</a> turboprop, with the propeller on the left, the gearbox with accessories in the middle, and the gas generator (turbine) on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>turboprop</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine engine</a> that drives an aircraft <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propeller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A turboprop consists of an <a href="/wiki/Intake" title="Intake">intake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduction_gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction gearbox">reduction gearbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">combustor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">propelling nozzle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Fuel is then added to the compressed air in the combustor, where the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel mixture">fuel-air mixture</a> then <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combusts</a>. The hot combustion gases expand through the turbine stages, generating power at the point of exhaust. Some of the power generated by the turbine is used to drive the compressor and <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a>. The gases are then exhausted from the turbine. In contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>, the engine's <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gases</a> do not provide enough power to create significant thrust, since almost all of the engine's power is used to drive the propeller.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technological_aspects">Technological aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technological aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turboprop_operation-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turboprop_operation-en.svg/220px-Turboprop_operation-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turboprop_operation-en.svg/330px-Turboprop_operation-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turboprop_operation-en.svg/440px-Turboprop_operation-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram showing the operation of a turboprop engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png/220px-Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png/330px-Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png/440px-Propulsive_efficiency_for_different_engine_types_and_Mach_numbers.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Propulsive efficiency for different engine types and Mach numbers</figcaption></figure> <p>Exhaust thrust in a turboprop is sacrificed in favor of shaft power, which is obtained by extracting additional power (beyond that necessary to drive the compressor) from turbine expansion. Owing to the additional expansion in the turbine system, the residual energy in the exhaust jet is low.<sup id="cite_ref-glennTur_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennTur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glennThr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennThr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lyle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the exhaust jet produces about 10% of the total thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-srm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A higher proportion of the thrust comes from the propeller at low speeds and less at higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turboprops have <a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratios</a> of 50–100,<sup id="cite_ref-kroo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the propulsion airflow is less clearly defined for propellers than for fans.<sup id="cite_ref-glennProp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennProp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walsh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The propeller is coupled to the turbine through a <a href="/wiki/Reduction_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction gear">reduction gear</a> that converts the high <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>/low <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> output to low RPM/high torque. This can be of two primary designs, free-turbine and fixed. A <a href="/wiki/Free-turbine_turboshaft" title="Free-turbine turboshaft">free-turbine turboshaft</a> found on the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PT6" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6">Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6</a>, where the gas generator is not connected to the propeller. This allows for <a href="/wiki/Propeller_strike" title="Propeller strike">propeller strike</a> or similar damage to occur without damaging the gas generator and allowing for only the power section (turbine and gearbox) to be removed and replaced in such an event, and also allows for less stress on the start during engine ground starts. Whereas a <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">fixed shaft</a> has the gearbox and gas generator connected, such as on the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_TPE331" title="Honeywell TPE331">Honeywell TPE331</a>. </p><p>The propeller itself is normally a <a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">constant-speed (variable pitch) propeller</a> type similar to that used with larger aircraft <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engines</a>, except that the propeller-control requirements are very different.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the turbine engine's slow response to power inputs, particularly at low speeds, the propeller has a greater range of selected travel in order to make rapid thrust changes, notably for taxi, reverse, and other ground operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propeller has 2 modes, Alpha and Beta. Alpha is the mode for all flight operations including takeoff. Beta, a mode typically consisting of zero to negative thrust, is used for all ground operations aside from takeoff.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beta mode is further broken down into 2 additional modes, Beta for taxi and Beta plus power. Beta for taxi as the name implies is used for taxi operations and consists of all pitch ranges from the lowest alpha range pitch, all the way down to zero pitch, producing very little to zero-thrust and is typically accessed by moving the power lever to a beta for taxi range. Beta plus power is a reverse range and produces negative thrust, often used for landing on short runways where the aircraft would need to rapidly slow down, as well as backing operations and is accessed by moving the power lever below the beta for taxi range.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the pilot not being able to see out of the rear of the aircraft for backing and the amount of debris reverse stirs up, manufacturers will often limit the speeds beta plus power may be used and restrict its use on unimproved runways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feathering of these propellers is performed by the propeller control lever.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constant-speed propeller is distinguished from the reciprocating engine constant-speed propeller by the control system. The turboprop system consists of 3 <a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">propeller governors</a>, a governor, and overspeed governor, and a fuel-topping governor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor works in much the same way a reciprocating engine propeller governor works, though a turboprop governor may incorporate beta control valve or beta lift rod for beta operation and is typically located in the 12 o'clock position.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also other governors that are included in addition depending on the model, such as an overspeed and fuel topping governor on a <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PT6" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6">Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6</a>, and an under-speed governor on a <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_TPE331" title="Honeywell TPE331">Honeywell TPE331</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turboprop is also distinguished from other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine engine</a> in that the fuel control unit is connected to the governor to help dictate power. </p><p>To make the engine more compact, reverse airflow can be used. On a reverse-flow turboprop engine, the compressor intake is at the aft of the engine, and the exhaust is situated forward, reducing the distance between the turbine and the propeller.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the small-diameter fans used in <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines, the propeller has a large diameter that lets it accelerate a large volume of air. This permits a lower airstream velocity for a given amount of thrust. Since it is more efficient at low speeds to accelerate a large amount of air by a small degree than a small amount of air by a large degree,<sup id="cite_ref-bevil_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bevil-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a low <a href="/wiki/Disc_loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc loading">disc loading</a> (thrust per unit disc area) increases the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, and this reduces the fuel use.<sup id="cite_ref-wayne_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-step_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-step-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propellers work well until the flight speed of the aircraft is high enough that the airflow past the blade tips reaches the speed of sound. Beyond that speed, the proportion of the power that drives the propeller that is converted to propeller thrust falls dramatically. For this reason turboprop engines are not commonly used on aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-glennTur_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennTur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glennThr_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glennThr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lyle_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that fly faster than 0.6–0.7 <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-srm_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">propfan</a> engines, which are very similar to turboprop engines, can cruise at flight speeds approaching 0.75 Mach. To maintain propeller efficiency across a wide range of airspeeds, turboprops use constant-speed (variable-pitch) propellers. The blades of a constant-speed propeller increase their pitch as aircraft speed increases. Another benefit of this type of propeller is that it can also be used to generate reverse thrust to reduce stopping distance on the runway. Additionally, in the event of an engine failure, the propeller can be <a href="/wiki/Feathering_(propeller)#Feathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathering (propeller)">feathered</a>, thus minimizing the drag of the non-functioning propeller.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the power turbine may be integral with the gas generator section, many turboprops today feature a free power turbine on a separate coaxial shaft. This enables the propeller to rotate freely, independent of compressor speed.<sup id="cite_ref-pt6nation_2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt6nation_2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varga_RMI-1_3-view_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg/220px-Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg/330px-Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg/440px-Varga_RMI-1_3-view_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Drawings of the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Varga_RMI-1_X/H" title="Varga RMI-1 X/H">Varga RMI-1 X/H</a> – the world's first working turboprop-powered aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffith" title="Alan Arnold Griffith">Alan Arnold Griffith</a> had published a paper on compressor design in 1926. <a href="/wiki/Turbojet_development_at_the_RAE" title="Turbojet development at the RAE">Subsequent work at the Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> investigated axial compressor-based designs that would drive a propeller. From 1929, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> began work on centrifugal compressor-based designs that would use all the gas power produced by the engine for jet thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first turboprop was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Jendrassik" title="György Jendrassik">György Jendrassik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jendrassik published a turboprop idea in 1928, and on 12 March 1929 he patented his invention. In 1938, he built a small-scale (100 Hp; 74.6 kW) experimental gas turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger <a href="/wiki/Jendrassik_Cs-1" title="Jendrassik Cs-1">Jendrassik Cs-1</a>, with a predicted output of 1,000 bhp, was produced and tested at the <a href="/wiki/Ganz_Works" title="Ganz Works">Ganz Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> between 1937 and 1941. It was of axial-flow design with 15 compressor and 7 turbine stages, annular combustion chamber. First run in 1940, combustion problems limited its output to 400 bhp. Two <a href="/wiki/Jendrassik_Cs-1" title="Jendrassik Cs-1">Jendrassik Cs-1s</a> were the engines for the world's first turboprop aircraft – the <a href="/wiki/Varga_RMI-1_X/H" title="Varga RMI-1 X/H">Varga RMI-1 X/H</a>. This was a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a> which had one model completed, but before its first flight it was destroyed in a bombing raid.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the engine was abandoned due to war, and the factory converted to conventional engine production. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls-Royce_RB50_Trent_Turboprop_On_Test_Rig_At_Hucknall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Rolls-Royce_RB50_Trent_Turboprop_On_Test_Rig_At_Hucknall.jpg/220px-Rolls-Royce_RB50_Trent_Turboprop_On_Test_Rig_At_Hucknall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5e/Rolls-Royce_RB50_Trent_Turboprop_On_Test_Rig_At_Hucknall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>A Rolls-Royce RB.50 <i>Trent</i> on a test rig at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall" title="Hucknall">Hucknall</a>, in March 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of turboprop engines in the general public press was in the February 1944 issue of the British aviation publication <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight</a></i>, which included a detailed cutaway drawing of what a possible future turboprop engine could look like. The drawing was very close to what the future Rolls-Royce Trent would look like.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first British turboprop engine was the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Trent_(turboprop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Trent (turboprop)">RB.50 Trent</a>, a converted <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent" title="Rolls-Royce Derwent">Derwent II</a> fitted with reduction gear and a <a href="/wiki/Rotol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotol">Rotol</a> 7 ft 11 in (2.41 m) five-bladed propeller. Two Trents were fitted to <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> <i>EE227</i> — the sole "Trent-Meteor" — which thus became the world's first turboprop-powered aircraft to fly, albeit as a test-bed not intended for production.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first flew on 20 September 1945. From their experience with the Trent, Rolls-Royce developed the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Clyde" title="Rolls-Royce Clyde">Rolls-Royce Clyde</a>, the first turboprop engine to receive a <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type certificate</a> for military and civil use,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Dart" title="Rolls-Royce Dart">Dart</a>, which became one of the most reliable turboprop engines ever built. Dart production continued for more than fifty years. The Dart-powered <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> was the first turboprop aircraft of any kind to go into production and sold in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first four-engined turboprop. Its first flight was on 16 July 1948. The world's first single engined turboprop aircraft was the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Mamba" title="Armstrong Siddeley Mamba">Armstrong Siddeley Mamba</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Balliol" title="Boulton Paul Balliol">Boulton Paul Balliol</a>, which first flew on 24 March 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg/220px-Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg/330px-Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg/440px-Kuznetsov_NK-12M_turboprop_on_Tu-95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-12" title="Kuznetsov NK-12">Kuznetsov NK-12</a> is the most powerful turboprop to enter service</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union built on German World War II turboprop preliminary design work by Junkers Motorenwerke, while BMW, <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel-Hirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> also worked on projected designs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Soviet Union had the technology to create the airframe for a jet-powered strategic bomber comparable to Boeing's <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a>, they instead produced the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a> Bear, powered with four <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-12" title="Kuznetsov NK-12">Kuznetsov NK-12</a> turboprops, mated to eight <a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">contra-rotating propellers</a> (two per nacelle) with supersonic tip speeds to achieve maximum cruise speeds in excess of 575 mph, faster than many of the first <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> and comparable to jet cruising speeds for most missions. The Bear would serve as their most successful long-range combat and surveillance aircraft and symbol of Soviet power projection through to the end of the 20th century. The USA used turboprop engines with contra-rotating propellers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allison_T40" title="Allison T40">Allison T40</a>, on some experimental aircraft during the 1950s. The T40-powered <a href="/wiki/Convair_R3Y_Tradewind" title="Convair R3Y Tradewind">Convair R3Y Tradewind</a> flying-boat was operated by the U.S. Navy for a short time. </p><p>The first American turboprop engine was the <a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Aviation">General Electric</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T31" title="General Electric T31">XT31</a>, first used in the experimental <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Vultee_XP-81" title="Consolidated Vultee XP-81">Consolidated Vultee XP-81</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The XP-81 first flew in December 1945, the first aircraft to use a combination of turboprop and <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> power. The technology of Allison's earlier T38 design evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Allison_T56" title="Allison T56">Allison T56</a>, used to power the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed Electra</a> airliner, its military maritime patrol derivative the <a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> military transport aircraft. </p><p>The first turbine-powered, shaft-driven helicopter was the <a href="/wiki/Kaman_K-225" title="Kaman K-225">Kaman K-225</a>, a development of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kaman" title="Charles Kaman">Charles Kaman</a>'s K-125 <a href="/wiki/Synchropter" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchropter">synchropter</a>, which used a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_T50" title="Boeing T50">Boeing T50</a> <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">turboshaft</a> engine to power it on 11 December 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>December 1963 saw the first delivery of <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney Canada's</a> <a href="/wiki/PT6" class="mw-redirect" title="PT6">PT6</a> turboprop engine for the then Beechcraft 87, soon to become <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">Beechcraft King Air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1964 saw the first deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch" title="Garrett AiResearch">Garrett AiResearch</a> <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_TPE331" title="Honeywell TPE331">TPE331</a>, (now owned by <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Aerospace" title="Honeywell Aerospace">Honeywell Aerospace</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_MU-2" title="Mitsubishi MU-2">Mitsubishi MU-2</a>, making it the fastest turboprop aircraft for that year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg/220px-Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg/330px-Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg/440px-Lockheed_C-130_Hercules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">military transport aircraft</a>, over 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> have been built</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofans</a>, turboprops are most efficient at flight speeds below 725 km/h (450 mph; 390 knots) because the jet velocity of the propeller (and exhaust) is relatively low.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Modern turboprop airliners operate at nearly the same speed as small <a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a> airliners but burn two-thirds of the fuel per passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg/220px-Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg/330px-Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg/440px-Svensk_flygambulans97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beech_King_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech King Air">Beech King Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_King_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Super King Air">Super King Air</a> are the most popular turboprop <a href="/wiki/Business_aircraft" title="Business aircraft">business aircraft</a>, with a combined 7,300 deliveries as of May 2018<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to piston engines, their greater <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> (which allows for shorter takeoffs) and reliability can offset their higher initial cost, maintenance and fuel consumption. As <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> can be easier to obtain than <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a> in remote areas, turboprop-powered aircraft like the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Caravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Caravan">Cessna Caravan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_Kodiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest Kodiak">Quest Kodiak</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Bush_airplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush airplane">bush airplanes</a>. </p><p>Turboprop engines are generally used on small subsonic aircraft, but the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-114" title="Tupolev Tu-114">Tupolev Tu-114</a> can reach 470 kn (870 km/h; 540 mph). Large <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aircraft</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aircraft</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a>, were also turboprop powered. The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A400M">Airbus A400M</a> is powered by four <a href="/wiki/Europrop_TP400" title="Europrop TP400">Europrop TP400</a> engines, which are the second most powerful turboprop engines ever produced, after the 11 MW (15,000 hp) <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-12" title="Kuznetsov NK-12">Kuznetsov NK-12</a>. </p><p>In 2017, the most widespread turboprop <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> in service were the <a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">72</a> (950 aircraft), <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Q400" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Q400">Bombardier Q400</a> (506), <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_8" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 8">De Havilland Canada Dash 8</a>-100/200/300 (374), <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a> (328), <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a> (270), <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a> (225).<sup id="cite_ref-2017census_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less widespread and older airliners include the <a href="/wiki/BAe_Jetstream_31" class="mw-redirect" title="BAe Jetstream 31">BAe Jetstream 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia" title="Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia">Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_328" title="Dornier 328">Dornier 328</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_2000" title="Saab 2000">Saab 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xian_MA60" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian MA60">Xian MA60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xian_MA600" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian MA600">MA600</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xian_MA700" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian MA700">MA700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fokker_27" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker 27">Fokker 27</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fokker_50" title="Fokker 50">50</a>. </p><p>Turboprop <a href="/wiki/Business_aircraft" title="Business aircraft">business aircraft</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Piper_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Meridian">Piper Meridian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socata_TBM" class="mw-redirect" title="Socata TBM">Socata TBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.180_Avanti" title="Piaggio P.180 Avanti">Piaggio P.180 Avanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">Beechcraft King Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_King_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Super King Air">Super King Air</a>. In April 2017, there were 14,311 business turboprops in the worldwide fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2012 and 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transport_Safety_Bureau" title="Australian Transport Safety Bureau">ATSB</a> observed 417 events with turboprop aircraft, 83 per year, over 1.4 million flight hours: 2.2 per 10,000 hours. Three were "high risk" involving engine malfunction and unplanned landing in single‑engine <a href="/wiki/Cessna_208_Caravan" title="Cessna 208 Caravan">Cessna 208 Caravans</a>, four "medium risk" and 96% "low risk". Two occurrences resulted in minor injuries due to engine malfunction and terrain collision in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft" title="Agricultural aircraft">agricultural aircraft</a> and five accidents involved aerial work: four in agriculture and one in an <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulance">air ambulance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AIN25jun2018C_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIN25jun2018C-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_engines">Current engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_All_the_World%27s_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's All the World's Aircraft">Jane's All the World's Aircraft</a></i>. 2005–2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+All+the+World%27s+Aircraft&rft.date=2005%2F2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Manufacturer</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Designation</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Dry weight (kg)</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Takeoff rating (kW)</th> <th>Application </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongan_Engine_Manufacturing_Company" title="Dongan Engine Manufacturing Company">DEMC</a></td> <td>China</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongan_WJ5" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongan WJ5">WJ5E</a></td> <td>720</td> <td>2130</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harbin_SH-5" title="Harbin SH-5">Harbin SH-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Y-7" title="Xi'an Y-7">Xi'an Y-7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europrop_International" title="Europrop International">Europrop International</a></td> <td>Multinational</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europrop_TP400" title="Europrop TP400">TP400-D6</a></td> <td>1800</td> <td>8203</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A400M">Airbus A400M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T700" title="General Electric T700">CT7</a>-5A</td> <td>365</td> <td>1294</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Electric</td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T700" title="General Electric T700">CT7</a>-9</td> <td>365</td> <td>1447</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CASA/IPTN_CN-235" title="CASA/IPTN CN-235">CASA/IPTN CN-235</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let_L-610" title="Let L-610">Let L-610</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Saab 340</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-80" title="Sukhoi Su-80">Sukhoi Su-80</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Electric </td> <td>United States / <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_H80" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric H80">H80 Series</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>550–625 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayres_Thrush" title="Ayres Thrush">Thrush Model 510</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Industries_L_410_NG" title="Aircraft Industries L 410 NG">Let 410NG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let_L-410_Turbolet" title="Let L-410 Turbolet">Let L-410 Turbolet</a> UVP-E, <a href="/wiki/China_Aviation_Industry_General_Aircraft_Primus_150" class="mw-redirect" title="China Aviation Industry General Aircraft Primus 150">CAIGA Primus 150</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nextant_G90XT" class="mw-redirect" title="Nextant G90XT">Nextant G90XT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Electric</td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_T64" title="General Electric T64">T64</a>-P4D</td> <td>538</td> <td>2535</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeritalia_G.222" title="Aeritalia G.222">Aeritalia G.222</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-5_Buffalo" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo">de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_P-2J" title="Kawasaki P-2J">Kawasaki P-2J</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/TPE331" class="mw-redirect" title="TPE331">TPE331</a> Series</td> <td>150–275</td> <td>478–1650</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aero_Commander_500" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero Commander 500">Aero/Rockwell Turbo Commander 680/690/840/960/1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-38" title="Antonov An-38">Antonov An-38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayres_Thrush" title="Ayres Thrush">Ayres Thrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Jetstream" title="Handley Page Jetstream">BAe Jetstream 31/32</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAe_Jetstream_41" class="mw-redirect" title="BAe Jetstream 41">BAe Jetstream 41</a>, <a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">CASA C-212 Aviocar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cessna_441" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 441">Cessna 441</a> Conquest II, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_228" title="Dornier 228">Dornier 228</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Ag_Cat" title="Grumman Ag Cat">Grumman Ag Cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_MU-2" title="Mitsubishi MU-2">Mitsubishi MU-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco" title="North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco">North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-42_Cheyenne" title="Piper PA-42 Cheyenne">Piper PA-42 Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RUAG_228NG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RUAG 228NG (page does not exist)">RUAG 228NG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_SC.7_Skyvan" title="Short SC.7 Skyvan">Short SC.7 Skyvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_Tucano" title="Short Tucano">Short Tucano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swearingen_Merlin" title="Swearingen Merlin">Swearingen Merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/HAL_HTT-40" title="HAL HTT-40">HAL HTT-40</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honeywell</td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_LTS101" title="Lycoming LTS101">LTP 101</a>-700</td> <td>147</td> <td>522</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-302" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Tractor AT-302">Air Tractor AT-302</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.166" title="Piaggio P.166">Piaggio P.166</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aviakor" title="Aviakor">KKBM</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-12" title="Kuznetsov NK-12">NK-12MV</a></td> <td>1900</td> <td>11033</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-22" title="Antonov An-22">Antonov An-22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-114" title="Tupolev Tu-114">Tupolev Tu-114</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivchenko-Progress" title="Ivchenko-Progress">Progress</a></td> <td>Ukraine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klimov_TV3-117" title="Klimov TV3-117">TV3-117</a>VMA-SB2</td> <td>560</td> <td>1864</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-140" title="Antonov An-140">Antonov An-140</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klimov" title="Klimov">Klimov</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klimov_TV7-117" title="Klimov TV7-117">TV7-117</a>S</td> <td>530</td> <td>2100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-112" title="Ilyushin Il-112">Ilyushin Il-112</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-114" title="Ilyushin Il-114">Ilyushin Il-114</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ivchenko-Progress</td> <td>Ukraine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivchenko_AI-20" title="Ivchenko AI-20">AI20</a>M</td> <td>1040</td> <td>2940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-12" title="Antonov An-12">Antonov An-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-32" title="Antonov An-32">Antonov An-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Ilyushin Il-18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ivchenko-Progress</td> <td>Ukraine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivchenko_AI-24" title="Ivchenko AI-24">AI24</a>T</td> <td>600</td> <td>1880</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-24" title="Antonov An-24">Antonov An-24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-26" title="Antonov An-26">Antonov An-26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-30" title="Antonov An-30">Antonov An-30</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LHTEC" title="LHTEC">LHTEC</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LHTEC_T800" title="LHTEC T800">LHTEC T800</a></td> <td>517</td> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayres_LM200_Loadmaster" title="Ayres LM200 Loadmaster">Ayres LM200 Loadmaster</a> (not built) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Engine_Design_Bureau" title="Omsk Engine Design Bureau">OMKB</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVD-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVD-20 (page does not exist)">TVD-20</a></td> <td>240</td> <td>1081</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-3" title="Antonov An-3">Antonov An-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-38" title="Antonov An-38">Antonov An-38</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada">Pratt & Whitney Canada</a></td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PT-6" class="mw-redirect" title="PT-6">PT-6</a> Series</td> <td>149–260</td> <td>430–1500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-502" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Tractor AT-502">Air Tractor AT-502</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-602" title="Air Tractor AT-602">Air Tractor AT-602</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-802" title="Air Tractor AT-802">Air Tractor AT-802</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_99" title="Beechcraft Model 99">Beechcraft Model 99</a>, Beechcraft King Air, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Beechcraft Super King Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">Beechcraft T-6 Texan II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cessna_208" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 208">Cessna 208 Caravan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cessna_425" title="Cessna 425">Cessna 425 Corsair/Conquest I</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Y-12" title="Harbin Y-12">Harbin Y-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante" title="Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante">Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let_L-410_Turbolet" title="Let L-410 Turbolet">Let L-410 Turbolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.180_Avanti" title="Piaggio P.180 Avanti">Piaggio P.180 Avanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-6_Porter" title="Pilatus PC-6 Porter">Pilatus PC-6 Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-42_Cheyenne" title="Piper PA-42 Cheyenne">Piper PA-42 Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_Malibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Malibu">Piper PA-46-500TP Meridian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorts_360" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorts 360">Shorts 360</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOCATA_TBM" title="SOCATA TBM">Daher TBM 700</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOCATA_TBM" title="SOCATA TBM">Daher TBM 850</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOCATA_TBM" title="SOCATA TBM">Daher TBM 900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_314_Super_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano">Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW120</a></td> <td>418</td> <td>1491</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>-300/320 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW121</a></td> <td>425</td> <td>1603</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a>-300/320, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a> Q100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW123</a> C/D</td> <td>450</td> <td>1603</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a> Q300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW126</a> C/D</td> <td>450</td> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAe_ATP" class="mw-redirect" title="BAe ATP">BAe ATP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW127</a></td> <td>481</td> <td>2051</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pratt & Whitney Canada</td> <td>Canada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada_PW100" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100">PW150</a>A</td> <td>717</td> <td>3781</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a> Q400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Lotnicze" title="Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze">PZL</a></td> <td>Poland</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TWD-10B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TWD-10B (page does not exist)">TWD-10B</a></td> <td>230</td> <td>754</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PZL_M28" class="mw-redirect" title="PZL M28">PZL M28</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">RKBM</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVD-1500S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVD-1500S (page does not exist)">TVD-1500S</a></td> <td>240</td> <td>1044</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-80" title="Sukhoi Su-80">Sukhoi Su-80</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce Limited</a></td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Dart" title="Rolls-Royce Dart">Dart</a> Mk 536</td> <td>569</td> <td>1700</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avro_748" class="mw-redirect" title="Avro 748">Avro 748</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F27" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker F27">Fokker F27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolls-Royce Limited</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Tyne" title="Rolls-Royce Tyne">Tyne</a> 21</td> <td>1085</td> <td>4500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeritalia_G.222" title="Aeritalia G.222">Aeritalia G.222</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet Atlantic">Breguet Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transall_C-160" title="Transall C-160">Transall C-160</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce plc</a></td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allison_Model_250" title="Allison Model 250">250</a>-B17</td> <td>88.4</td> <td>313</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuji_T-7" title="Fuji T-7">Fuji T-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Britten-Norman Islander">Britten-Norman Turbine Islander</a>, O&N <a href="/wiki/Cessna_210" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 210">Cessna 210</a>, Soloy <a href="/wiki/Cessna_206" title="Cessna 206">Cessna 206</a>, Propjet <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">Bonanza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolls-Royce plc</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>Allison <a href="/wiki/Allison_T56" title="Allison T56">T56</a></td> <td>828–880</td> <td>3424–3910</td> <td><a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orion</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye" class="mw-redirect" title="E-2 Hawkeye">E-2 Hawkeye</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-2_Greyhound" class="mw-redirect" title="C-2 Greyhound">C-2 Greyhound</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolls-Royce plc</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_AE_2100" title="Rolls-Royce AE 2100">AE2100</a>A</td> <td>715.8</td> <td>3095</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saab_2000" title="Saab 2000">Saab 2000</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolls-Royce plc</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_AE_2100" title="Rolls-Royce AE 2100">AE2100</a>J</td> <td>710</td> <td>3424</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolls-Royce plc</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_AE_2100" title="Rolls-Royce AE 2100">AE2100</a>D2, D3</td> <td>702</td> <td>3424</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alenia_C-27J_Spartan" title="Alenia C-27J Spartan">Alenia C-27J Spartan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_C-130J_Super_Hercules" title="Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules">Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">Rybinsk</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVD-1500V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVD-1500V (page does not exist)">TVD-1500V</a></td> <td>220</td> <td>1156</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">Saturn</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TAL-34-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAL-34-1 (page does not exist)">TAL-34-1</a></td> <td>178</td> <td>809</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbomeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbomeca">Turbomeca</a></td> <td>France</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius" title="Turbomeca Arrius">Arrius</a> 1D</td> <td>111</td> <td>313 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Socata_TB_30_Epsilon" title="Socata TB 30 Epsilon">Socata TB 31 Omega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turbomeca</td> <td>France</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbomeca_Arrius" title="Turbomeca Arrius">Arrius</a> 2F</td> <td>103</td> <td>376 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Aircraft_Engines" title="Walter Aircraft Engines">Walter</a></td> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_M601" title="Walter M601">M601 Series</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>200</td> <td>560</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Let_L-410_Turbolet" title="Let L-410 Turbolet">Let L-410 Turbolet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerocomp_Comp_Air_10_XL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerocomp Comp Air 10 XL (page does not exist)">Aerocomp Comp Air 10 XL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comp_Air_7" title="Comp Air 7">Aerocomp Comp Air 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayres_Thrush" title="Ayres Thrush">Ayres Thrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_28" title="Dornier Do 28">Dornier Do 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancair_Propjet" title="Lancair Propjet">Lancair Propjet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Zlín Z 37">Let Z-37T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let_L-410_Turbolet" title="Let L-410 Turbolet">Let L-420</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-101T" title="Myasishchev M-101T">Myasishchev M-101T</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAC_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="PAC Fletcher">PAC FU-24 Fletcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technoavia_Rysachok" title="Technoavia Rysachok">Progress Rysachok</a>, <a href="/wiki/PZL-106_Kruk" title="PZL-106 Kruk">PZL-106 Kruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/PZL-130_Orlik" title="PZL-130 Orlik">PZL-130 Orlik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technoavia_SM92_Finist" title="Technoavia SM92 Finist">SM-92T Turbo Finist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Walter</td> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_M602" title="Walter M602">M602</a>A</td> <td>570</td> <td>1360 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Let_L-610" title="Let L-610">Let L-610</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Walter</td> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_M602" title="Walter M602">M602</a>B</td> <td>480</td> <td>1500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intake_momentum_drag" title="Intake momentum drag">Intake momentum drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetboat" title="Jetboat">Jetboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar propeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_XP-99_Prop-Jet" title="Smith XP-99 Prop-Jet">Smith XP-99 Prop-Jet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdministration2009" class="citation book cs1">Administration, Federal Aviation (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWscFMlooH8C&pg=PT201"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-780-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-780-4&rft.aulast=Administration&rft.aufirst=Federal+Aviation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWscFMlooH8C%26pg%3DPT201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.dauntless-soft.com/definitions/groundschoolfaa/Turboprop">"Aviation Glossary – Turboprop"</a>. <i>dictionary.dauntless-soft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.dauntless-soft.com&rft.atitle=Aviation+Glossary+%E2%80%93+Turboprop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.dauntless-soft.com%2Fdefinitions%2Fgroundschoolfaa%2FTurboprop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRathore" class="citation book cs1">Rathore, Mahesh. <i>Thermal Engineering</i>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermal+Engineering&rft.pages=968&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.aulast=Rathore&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glennTur-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glennTur_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glennTur_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2021" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Nancy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbp.html">"Turboprop Engine"</a>. <i>Glenn Research Center</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glenn+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Turboprop+Engine&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Faturbp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glennThr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glennThr_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glennThr_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2021" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Nancy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbprp.html">"Turboprop Thrust"</a>. <i>Glenn Research Center</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glenn+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Turboprop+Thrust&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fturbprp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lyle_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lyle_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyle.smu.edu/propulsion/Pages/variations.htm">"Variations of Jet Engines"</a>. <i>smu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smu.edu&rft.atitle=Variations+of+Jet+Engines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyle.smu.edu%2Fpropulsion%2FPages%2Fvariations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srm_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srm_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/turbofan-2012.pdf">"The turbofan engine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418181832/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/turbofan-2012.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", page 7. <a href="/wiki/SRM_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="SRM Institute of Science and Technology">SRM Institute of Science and Technology</a>, Department of aerospace engineering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Russell1996" class="citation book cs1">J. Russell (2 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuGILwrEMBYC&q=0080538649&pg=PA16"><i>Performance and Stability of Aircraft</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080538649" title="Special:BookSources/0080538649"><bdi>0080538649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+and+Stability+of+Aircraft&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1996-08-02&rft.isbn=0080538649&rft.au=J.+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuGILwrEMBYC%26q%3D0080538649%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kroo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kroo_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilan Kroo and Juan Alonso. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/propulsion/propulsionintro.html">Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis, Propulsion Systems: Basic Concepts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418150746/http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/propulsion/propulsionintro.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Stanford University School of Engineering, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/AircraftDesign.html">Main page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223232617/http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/AircraftDesign.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spak-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spak_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/people/spakovszky.html">Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node84.html">11.5 Trends in thermal and propulsive efficiency</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/School_of_Engineering,_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT turbines</a></i>, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/notes.html">Thermodynamics and Propulsion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glennProp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glennProp_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2021" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Nancy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/propth.html">"Propeller Thrust"</a>. <i>Glenn Research Center</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glenn+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Propeller+Thrust&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fpropth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walsh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walsh_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalshFletcher2008" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Philip; Fletcher, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Gas_Turbine_Performance.html?id=DtFml9BQkEIC"><i>Gas Turbine Performance</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405151030" title="Special:BookSources/9781405151030"><bdi>9781405151030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas+Turbine+Performance&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405151030&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FGas_Turbine_Performance.html%3Fid%3DDtFml9BQkEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Airscrews For Turbines, Fairhurst, Flight magazine, 10 November 1949, p.609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A&P Powerplant Textbook</i> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boldmethod&rft.atitle=How+A+Turboprop+Engine+Works&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Swayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boldmethod.com%2Flearn-to-fly%2Fsystems%2Fthis-is-how-a-turboprop-engine-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bevil-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bevil_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bevilaqua" title="Paul Bevilaqua">Paul Bevilaqua</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir032/n184.doc">The shaft driven Lift Fan propulsion system for the Joint Strike Fighter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073353/http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir032/n184.doc">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 3. Presented 1 May 1997. DTIC.MIL Word document, 5.5 MB. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBensen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Bensen, Igor B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010420164042/http://www.gyrocopters.co.uk/html/dr_bensen_explains_all.html">"How They Fly"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-68230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-68230-3"><bdi>978-0-486-68230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helicopter+Theory&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-486-68230-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgZheyNeXJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-step-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-step_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStepniewskiKeys1984" class="citation book cs1">Stepniewski, Wieslaw Zenon; Keys, C. N. 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Textron Aviation. 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beechcraft+King+Air+350i+rolls+out+improved+situational+awareness%2C+navigation&rft.pub=Textron+Aviation&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftxtav.com%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2F2018%2F05%2Fbeechcraft-king-air-350i-rolls-out-improved-situational-awareness-navigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017census-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017census_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-787-stars-in-annual-airliner-census-439552/">"787 stars in annual airliner census"</a>. <i>Flightglobal</i>. 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flightglobal&rft.atitle=787+stars+in+annual+airliner+census&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fanalysis-787-stars-in-annual-airliner-census-439552%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amstatcorp.com/pages/PressReleases/AMSTAT%20Press%20Release-Market%20Update%20Report%2027-Apr-2017.pdf">"Business Aviation Market Update Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=AMSTAT,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMSTAT, Inc. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geaviation.com&rft.atitle=The+H-Series+Engine+%7C+Engines+%7C+B%26GA+%7C+GE+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geaviation.com%2Fbga%2Fengines%2Fh-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121036/https://www.geaviation.cz/en/company/history">"History | GE Aviation"</a>. <i>www.geaviation.cz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geaviation.cz/en/company/history">the original</a> on 29 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geaviation.cz&rft.atitle=History+%7C+GE+Aviation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geaviation.cz%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Green, W. and Cross, R.<i>The Jet Aircraft of the World</i> (1955). London: MacDonald</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunston2006" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (2006). <i>The Development of Jet and Turbine Aero Engines, 4th Edition</i>. Sparkford, Somerset, England, UK: Patrick Stephens, Haynes Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4477-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4477-3"><bdi>0-7509-4477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Jet+and+Turbine+Aero+Engines%2C+4th+Edition&rft.place=Sparkford%2C+Somerset%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens%2C+Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7509-4477-3&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunston2006" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (2006). <i>World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition</i>. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4479-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4479-X"><bdi>0-7509-4479-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Aero+Engines%2C+5th+Edition&rft.place=Phoenix+Mill%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7509-4479-X&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James, D.N. <i>Gloster Aircraft since 1917</i> (1971). London: Putnam & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-00084-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-00084-6">0-370-00084-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Sickle,_Neil_D.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_D._Van_Sickle" title="Neil D. Van Sickle">Van Sickle, Neil D.</a>; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-KVtOk_ZEC&pg=PA205">"Turboprop Engines"</a>. <i>Van Sickle's modern airmanship</i>. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-069633-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-069633-4"><bdi>978-0-07-069633-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turboprop+Engines&rft.btitle=Van+Sickle%27s+modern+airmanship&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-07-069633-4&rft.au=Van+Sickle%2C+Neil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOl-KVtOk_ZEC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurboprop" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turboprop&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=ciEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=76&query=June+1945">Jet Turbine Planes</a> by LtCol Silsbee USAAF, Popular Science, December 1945, first article on turboprops printed</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion" class="extiw" title="b:Jet Propulsion">Wikibooks: Jet propulsion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1950/1950%20-%202035.html">"Development of the Turboprop"</a> – a 1950 <i>Flight</i> article on UK and US turboprop engines</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_propulsion" title="Jet propulsion">jet propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit (APU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heat_engines39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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