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<span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Introduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsenal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsenal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Arsenal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsenal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Concert hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Church architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_inside_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_inside_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Art inside the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_inside_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_debates_surrounding_ulterior_uses_of_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_debates_surrounding_ulterior_uses_of_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scholarly debates surrounding ulterior uses of churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_debates_surrounding_ulterior_uses_of_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hagia Irene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Irene" title="Aya Irene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aya Irene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="آيا إيرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيا إيرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_%C4%B0rini_Kils%C9%99si" title="Aya İrini Kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aya İrini Kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Царква Святой Ірыны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Царква Святой Ірыны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Света Ирина (Константинопол) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Света Ирина (Константинопол)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_de_la_Santa_Pau_(Hagia_Eirene)" title="Església de la Santa Pau (Hagia Eirene) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església de la Santa Pau (Hagia Eirene)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Hagia Eiréné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hagia Eiréné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hagia Irene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Εκκλησία Αγίας Ειρήνης (Κωνσταντινούπολη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκλησία Αγίας Ειρήνης (Κωνσταντινούπολη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Irene" title="Iglesia de Santa Irene – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia de Santa Irene" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C4%9Dejo_de_Sankta_Irene" title="Preĝejo de Sankta Irene – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Preĝejo de Sankta Irene" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hagia Irene" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="ایا ایرنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایا ایرنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Ir%C3%A8ne_(Constantinople)" title="Église Sainte-Irène (Constantinople) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église Sainte-Irène (Constantinople)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%95%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88" title="아야 이리니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아야 이리니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_Irena" title="Aja Irena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aja Irena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hagia Irene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Irene" title="Chiesa di Santa Irene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa di Santa Irene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წმინდა ირინეს ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდა ირინეს ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Әулие Ирина шіркеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әулие Ирина шіркеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9C_-_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Црква „Света Ирина “ - Истанбул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црква „Света Ирина “ - Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="كنيسه ايا ايرينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسه ايا ايرينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hagia Irene" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Eirene" title="Hagia Eirene – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hagia Eirene" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Santa_Irene" title="Igreja de Santa Irene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja de Santa Irene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hagia Irene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Церковь Святой Ирины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Церковь Святой Ирины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Hagia Eiréné – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hagia Eiréné" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagija_Irene" title="Hagija Irene – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hagija Irene" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аја Ирина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аја Ирина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Eirene" title="Hagia Eirene – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hagia Eirene" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_%C4%B0rini" title="Aya İrini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aya İrini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Церква Святої Ірини (Стамбул) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Церква Святої Ірини (Стамбул)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آئیا ارینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیا ارینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="神圣和平教堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神圣和平教堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q736676#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hagia_Irene&params=41_0_35_N_28_58_52_E_type:landmark_region:TR-34"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°0′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00972°N 28.98111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00972; 28.98111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine church building in Istanbul, now a museum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:">Hagia Irene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Irene,_Istanbul_(52112279404)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hagia_Irene%2C_Istanbul_%2852112279404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Museum</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Fatih.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hagia Irene is located in Istanbul Fatih"><img alt="Hagia Irene is located in Istanbul Fatih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Location_map_Fatih.jpg/240px-Location_map_Fatih.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Location_map_Fatih.jpg/360px-Location_map_Fatih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Location_map_Fatih.jpg/480px-Location_map_Fatih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.096%;left:88.249%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hagia Irene"><img alt="Hagia Irene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Istanbul Fatih</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hagia_Irene&params=41_0_35_N_28_58_52_E_type:landmark_region:TR-34"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°0′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.00972°N 28.98111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.00972; 28.98111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Church</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Architecture">Byzantine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data note">532</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brick, stone</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas of Istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356">356</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 (9th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hagia Irene</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Αγία Ειρήνη</span>) or <b>Hagia Eirene</b> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Greek language">Medieval Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἁγία Εἰρήνη</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[aˈʝia<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈrini]</a></span>, "Holy Peace", <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Aya İrini</i>), sometimes known also as <b>Saint Irene</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> church located in the outer courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. It is the oldest known church structure in the city and one of the only Byzantine churches in Istanbul that was never converted into a mosque, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols">Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols</a>, as it was used as an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a> for storing weapons until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-history_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hagia Irene today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> operates as a museum and concert hall. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church was dedicated to the peace of God, and is one of the three shrines which emperors devoted to God's attributes, together with <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (Wisdom) and Hagia Dynamis.<sup id="cite_ref-ja106_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The building reputedly stands on the site of a pre-Christian temple. It ranks as the first church completed in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, before Hagia Sophia, during its transformation from a Greek trading colony to the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. According to later tradition but disputed by some scholars, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> commissioned the first Hagia Irene church in the 4th century, which was completed by the end of his reign (337). When Constantine died, it is believed that his resting place may be the porphyry sarcophagus that lay in the courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It served as the church of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate</a> before <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> was completed in 360 under <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika revolt</a> in 532,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hagia Irene was burned down. In the wake of the riots, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, who had almost been deposed during the riot, had the church rebuilt in 548 as part of a widespread architectural project. It was then damaged again by the <a href="/wiki/740_Constantinople_earthquake" title="740 Constantinople earthquake">740 Constantinople earthquake</a> on October 20, 740, about six months before the death of <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> ordered the restorations<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had its interior decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>. Some restorations from this time have survived to the present. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg/266px-The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg/399px-The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg/532px-The_Dome_of_Hagia_Irene..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The Dome of Hagia Irene, with a <i><b><a href="/wiki/Crescent_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent of Islam">crescent</a> Alem</b></i>, an Ottoman religious decoration that was added on top of <a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">Military colours</a> and domes of <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> or converted churches. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, emperors were often away from the seat of power for extended periods of time. However, a trend was being established near the end of the Late-Antiquity period of Rome and into the early Byzantine period that saw emperors remaining at the capital. At the time of the Hagia Irene’s founding, Constantinople was not yet recognized as the capital and seat of power of the Byzantine Emperors due to the frequent travels of Emperor Constantine (r. 306-337), as it is understood that imperial power wasn’t necessarily concentrated in a capital like Rome, but around the emperor when he embarked on his travels. As Constantine’s dynasty unfolded, each emperor made more and more improvements to the city that would see the consolidation of the city’s status as a true seat of power. By Emperor Constantius II’s reign (r. 337-361), the city featured an impressive amount of public and political institutions: a Senate building, libraries, bathouses, and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is very little scholarship on the function of the Hagia Irene from Constantine, even during the turbulent periods of theological controversies. One of the early challenges facing the developing Christian Church was the Arian controversy, which centered around Christ being divine or not. To resolve this issue, a council was held at Nicea that resulted in the widely accepted Nicean Creed, which stated that Christ was begotten from God, and as such is divine. </p><p>The arrival of Justinian to the throne in 527 saw a concerted effort to stamp out any deviation from Orthodoxy as defined by the Nicean council and all following councils, and these efforts were directed against Jews, pagans, and “heretics”. Jews were alienated from Byzantine society, and Jewish writings began shifting from Greek to Hebrew as they retreated to the safety of their own culture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagans had restrictive laws placed against them, with severe penalties, including death, for breaking them. Any sort of coordinated resistance efforts were squashed. Samaritans, an ethno-religious group similar to Jews, rose up against the Byzantine Empire in 529 and were ruthlessly suppressed, with almost 100,000 being killed during the suppression of the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, the Church and the Western/Eastern Roman emperors interacted with each other with various power dynamics. On one hand, it was apparent that church leaders had, at times, significant power over the emperor, such as St. Ambrose denying Theodosius I entry to the church in Milan until he repented for his role in the Massacre of Thessalonica.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at other times there were interactions that were friendly. Liturgical practices during services at the Hagia Sophia during Justinian’s reign saw the emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople, in a private room high above and away from the citizens of Constantinople, engage in prayer to God before returning to lead the congregation together.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite moments of difference between the state and the church throughout Byzantine history, Justinian’s aforementioned stance on religious deviation showed a common imperial and religious goal. </p><p>The Hagia Irene church witnessed one of the most devastating episodes in the history of Constantinople as a city, which was the Nika Revolt in 532. Around the time of Justinian’s campaign of religious consolidation,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A riot broke out after a chariot race at the Hippodrome that nearly saw the emperor deposed. The riot spread quickly, engulfing the entire city in violence, and a majority of the city would be razed during the events of the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hagia Irene was destroyed during the revolt, but it is unknown why it was targeted by the rioters (although it was the seat of the Patriarchate, which is significant considering the timing of the riot just several years after Justinian’s initiation of a widespread crackdown on religious dissent). The rebuilt Hagia Irene was constructed as part of Justinian’s massive architectural project that was happening across the empire, and the design of the church was based on the emerging “centrally-planned” design of churches that was becoming more and more standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the church had hospices added to it to service the poor and sick, and Justinian endowed it with regular funds to keep it running.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar endeavor happened earlier under Constantine, where he built several churches in the easternmost portions of his empire as part of a good-will project that not only included the building of architectural works, but charity to the poor as well.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsenal">Arsenal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arsenal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Irene2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hagia_Irene2.jpg/220px-Hagia_Irene2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hagia_Irene2.jpg/330px-Hagia_Irene2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hagia_Irene2.jpg/440px-Hagia_Irene2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6283" data-file-height="4878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Eirene" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Eirene">Hagia Eirene</a> (photo between 1888 and 1910). The current building dates from 532. Its predecessor was the first church building commissioned by Constantine in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>, the church was enclosed inside the walls of the Topkapi palace. The <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> used the church as an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a> (<i>Cebehane</i>) until 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used as a warehouse for military equipment and repository for trophies of arms and military regalia taken by the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet III">Ahmet III</a> (1703–1730) it was converted into the National Military Museum in 1726.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Marshal</a> of the Imperial Arsenal, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fethi_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Fethi Paşa">Ahmed Fethi Paşa</a>, made the church a military antiques museum.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used as the Military Museum from 1908 until 1978 when it was then turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Ministry_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Ministry of Culture">Turkish Ministry of Culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_hall">Concert hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concert hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the Hagia Irene serves mainly as a <a href="/wiki/Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a> for <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> performances, due to its extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> characteristics and impressive atmosphere. Many of the concerts of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">Istanbul International Music Festival</a> have been held here every summer since 1980. </p><p>In 2000, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a> designer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faruk_Sara%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faruk Saraç (page does not exist)">Faruk Saraç</a> produced a special show here. A collection of 700 designed pieces inspired by the Ottoman sultans, including the robes of 36 sultans ranging from <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman Gazi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to the last sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, were on display. The show was accompanied by music and the story of the sultans' lives and demonstrations of Ottoman-era dancing. </p><p>For many years, the Hagia Irene was only accessible during events or by special permission, but the museum has been open to the public every day except Tuesday since January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_architecture">Church architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/220px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/330px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg/440px-Millingen_H_Eirene_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Section looking southwestwards</figcaption></figure> <p>Reconstruction during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> shows change in the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> and narthex, which stayed intact after the earthquake. Restoration after the earthquake created a stronger foundation for the church.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before being rebuilt, the foundation had significant structural problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restoration established a cross-domed plan on the gallery level while still being able to keep the original basilica plan at the ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narthex can be found to the west, preceded by the atrium, and then the apse on the east side.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hagia Irene still has its dome and has peaked roofs on the north, west, and south sides of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome itself is 15m wide and 35m high and has twenty windows. Hagia Irene has the typical form of a Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a>, which are divided by three pairs of piers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helps support the galleries above the narthex.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semicircular arches are also attached to the capitals which also helps give support to the galleries above.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_inside_the_church">Art inside the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art inside the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg/220px-Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg/330px-Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg/440px-Church_of_St_Irene_1004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Capital with monogram ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ, "of the king"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Byzantine tradition, there is a unique vestige of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclastic</a> art within the church. The apse semidome and the bema arch are covered with mosaics.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also the frescoes which can be found on the south side aisle.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mosaics date back to about the 8th century. This was during the time of the earthquake which most of the upper parts of the church can be dated back to.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a mosaic of a cross, which is outlined in black with a <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold ground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ends are flared along with having teardrop shapes at the end. This extends around the base of the semidome.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cross was put in during the reconstruction by Constantine V, which was during the Iconoclastic years.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the bema arch there is an inscription of Psalm 64 verses 4–5 on the inner side, and then on the outer side there is an inscription of Amos 6 verse 6. There is evidence of alterations on these inscriptions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscriptions detail a praise to the church as it is the house of the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses, especially the Psalm, were used as inspiration for some of the mosaics in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hagia Irene also holds a <a href="/wiki/Synthronon" title="Synthronon">synthronon</a>. Synthronons are rows of built benches that are arranged in a semicircle in the apse. During Divine Liturgy this is where the clergy would sit.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only synthronon that has survived in the city from the Byzantine era.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synthronon in Hagia Irene has six tiers of seats. There are doors at both side that open up into an ambulatory beneath the fourth tier of seats. </p><p>The capitals of the original church building were removed during a reconstruction in the Byzantine era, and only ten of them were reused in the atrium of the building. They show monograms with the names and titles of the imperial couple Justinian and Theodora.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_debates_surrounding_ulterior_uses_of_churches">Scholarly debates surrounding ulterior uses of churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly debates surrounding ulterior uses of churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although scholarly work on the Hagia Irene mainly centers on some of its architectural features, looking at the different scholarly interpretations of architecture, both religious and secular, in Byzantine society can provide a glimpse into the church and state dynamics of the time. There is debate among scholars as to the extent of the usage of churches as “imperial propaganda”, especially once Christianity is established as the state religion. Back during Rome’s status as a unified empire, architecture as manifestations of state power was used extensively, and can be seen primarily through triumphal arches, which were often placed at areas where Rome achieved great victories.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information put forward by author Jelena Bogdanovic in her article <i>“The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire”</i> may highlight some continuity with this tradition. Emperor Constantine had a porphyry statue of himself dressed as Helios, and this statue had what is believed to be fragments of the True Cross and the axe Noah used to build the Ark inserted into the column, which may signify the transition between the traditional pagan religions of Rome into Christianity as the eventual state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, author Peter Sarris examines developments in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian and spends a significant amount of time in the article how Justinian wanted almost every aspect of the Byzantine State to reflect Christianity, and paraphrases historian Averil Cameron’s description of Justinian’s rebuilding of Constantinople as the unification of the political and religious ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work from other scholars keep in line with the idea of continuity, but some of the content written indicates that the displaying of “personal” propaganda had to be toned down. In the book “<i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian”,</i> contributor Joseph Alchermes discusses how the patronage of grand churches like the Hagia Sophia may have been used in political infighting during the time of Justinian. Like the Hagia Irene, Emperor Justinian I rebuilt the Hagia Sophia after it was razed during the Nika Revolt. There was an apparent rivalry between Justinian and noblewoman Ancinia Juliana, who was a patron of the Hagia Polyeuktos church.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hagia Polyeuktos Church was one of the most opulent churches in the Byzantine Empire before the Hagia Sophia’s reconstruction, and it even boasted a commemorative plaque that featured text that could be construed as a challenge to Justinian. When Justinian entered the church for the first time, he boasted that he had surpassed Solomon, a reference to part of the text on the Polyeuktos' plaque.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, other scholars have chosen to focus on churches through their function as a place of worship. Author Allan Doig notes that the unique church architecture that occurred under Justinian such as the centrally planned church were made to improve the liturgical processes of churches by encouraging those who visited to gain an understanding of God by contemplating three things: the architecture of the church, the liturgical services, and the scriptures itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hagia Irene</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/123px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/185px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg/246px-Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="2253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground plan of the church"><img alt="Ground plan of the church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png/187px-Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png/281px-Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png/374px-Constantinople_Hagia_Eirene.png 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ground plan of the church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman helmet, with markings of Saint-Irene arsenal, Constantinople, c. 1520. Musée de l'Armée."><img alt="Ottoman helmet, with markings of Saint-Irene arsenal, Constantinople, c. 1520. Musée de l'Armée." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg/100px-Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg/151px-Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg/201px-Ottoman_helmet_made_in_Saint_Irene_arsenal_Constantinople_circa_1520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman helmet, with markings of Saint-Irene arsenal, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back,_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hagia Irene with Hagia Sophia at the back"><img alt="Hagia Irene with Hagia Sophia at the back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG/187px-Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG/281px-Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG/374px-Hagia_Irene_with_Hagia_Sophia_at_the_back%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hagia Irene with <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> at the back</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene roof from afar"><img alt="Church of St Irene roof from afar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_9060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene roof from afar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene exterior from west"><img alt="Church of St Irene exterior from west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg/116px-Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg/175px-Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg/233px-Church_of_St_Irene_5762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene exterior from west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene exterior"><img alt="Church of St Irene exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg/116px-Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg/175px-Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg/233px-Church_of_St_Irene_5760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene exterior"><img alt="Church of St Irene exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_7532.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene exterior"><img alt="Church of St Irene exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_5534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene exterior"><img alt="Church of St Irene exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg/116px-Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg/175px-Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg/233px-Church_of_St_Irene_1018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene interior"><img alt="Church of St Irene interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_0914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene apse"><img alt="Church of St Irene apse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_0990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene apse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene interior"><img alt="Church of St Irene interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_0913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene narthex"><img alt="Church of St Irene narthex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_0993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene narthex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene narthex"><img alt="Church of St Irene narthex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene narthex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene atrium seen from narthex"><img alt="Church of St Irene atrium seen from narthex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene atrium seen from narthex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene atrium"><img alt="Church of St Irene atrium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg/187px-Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg/281px-Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg/374px-Church_of_St_Irene_0999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene atrium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Irene interior"><img alt="Church of St Irene interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg/116px-Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg/175px-Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg/233px-Church_of_St_Irene_1016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Irene interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The apse of Hagia Irene without seats (April 2024)"><img alt="The apse of Hagia Irene without seats (April 2024)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg/187px-2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg/281px-2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg/374px-2024.04.28.12.56.10_IMG_8602_Hagia-Irene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The apse of Hagia Irene without seats (April 2024)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">History of Roman and Byzantine domes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101657/http://www.askerimuze.tsk.tr/ing/tarihce.html">"History"</a>. Askeri Müze ve Kültür Sitesi Komutanlığı. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askerimuze.tsk.tr/ing/tarihce.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Askeri+M%C3%BCze+ve+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Sitesi+Komutanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askerimuze.tsk.tr%2Fing%2Ftarihce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja106-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ja106_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janin, pg. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2024" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001"><i>The New Roman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University PressNew York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549322.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754932-2"><bdi>978-0-19-754932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+PressNew+York&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549322.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-754932-2&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549322.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Matson Odahl, <i>Constantine and the Christian Empire</i>, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2010), 237–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Doig, <i>Liturgy and Architecture: From the Early Church to the Middle Ages</i>, (Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreelyCakmak2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John; Cakmak, Ahmet (2004). <i>Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521772570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521772570"><bdi>978-0521772570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Monuments+of+Istanbul&rft.pages=136-143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521772570&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cakmak%2C+Ahmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestephen2019" class="citation book cs1">Destephen, Sylvain (2019). <i>From Mobile Center to Constantinople</i>. Washington D.C: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 1–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mobile+Center+to+Constantinople&rft.place=Washington+D.C&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Destephen&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1996" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J.A.S (1996). <i>The Age of Justinian: Circumstances of Imperial Power</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 246–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Justinian%3A+Circumstances+of+Imperial+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=246-248&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.A.S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation book cs1">Evans. <i>Age of Justinian</i>. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Justinian&rft.pages=248&rft.au=Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Doig,_Liturgy_and_Architecture_from_the_Early_Church_to_the_Middle_Ages_(Aldershot:_Ashgate_Publishing,_2008),_61." class="citation book cs1">Allan Doig, Liturgy and Architecture from the Early Church to the Middle Ages (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Allan+Doig%2C+Liturgy+and+Architecture+from+the+Early+Church+to+the+Middle+Ages+%28Aldershot%3A+Ashgate+Publishing%2C+2008%29%2C+61.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoig,_Liturgy_and_Architecture,_74-76." class="citation book cs1">Doig, Liturgy and Architecture, 74-76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Doig%2C+Liturgy+and+Architecture%2C+74-76.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Sarris,_Economy_Society_In_The_Age_of_Justinian_(New_York:_Cambridge_University_Press,_2006),_206." class="citation book cs1">Peter Sarris, Economy Society In The Age of Justinian (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Peter+Sarris%2C+Economy+Society+In+The+Age+of+Justinian+%28New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2006%29%2C+206.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Age_of_Justinian,_248" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Age of Justinian, 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Evans%2C+Age+of+Justinian%2C+248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoig,_Liturgy_and_Architecture,_74-76." class="citation book cs1">Doig, Liturgy and Architecture, 74-76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Doig%2C+Liturgy+and+Architecture%2C+74-76.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1888" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Aubrey (1888). <i>Buildings of Justinian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+of+Justinian&rft.place=London&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2023" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2023). <i>The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Roman+Empire%3A+A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyhrr1989" class="citation journal cs1">Pyhrr, Stuart (1989). "European Armor from the Imperial Ottoman Arsenal". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>24</b>: 85–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512872">10.2307/1512872</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512872">1512872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191412421">191412421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=European+Armor+from+the+Imperial+Ottoman+Arsenal&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=85-116&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191412421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512872&rft.aulast=Pyhrr&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Museums and Narratives of Display from the late Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic</i>, Wendy Shaw, <b>Muqarnas</b>, Vol.XXIV, (Brill, 2007), 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002081933/http://topkapisarayi.gov.tr/en/hagia-irene-museum-opened">"Hagia Irene Museum Opened"</a>. Topkapi Palace Museum. 6 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topkapisarayi.gov.tr/en/hagia-irene-museum-opened">the original</a> on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hagia+Irene+Museum+Opened&rft.pub=Topkapi+Palace+Museum&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopkapisarayi.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fhagia-irene-museum-opened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroth2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stroth, Fabian (2021). <i>Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9"><bdi>978-3-95490-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monogrammkapitelle.+Die+justinianische+Bauskulptur+Konstantinopels+als+Texttr%C3%A4ger&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-95490-272-9&rft.aulast=Stroth&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constantinople.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=10895">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Constantinople"</a>. <i>constantinople.ehw.gr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constantinople.ehw.gr&rft.atitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Constantinople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstantinople.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3FlemmaID%3D10895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506?rskey=EB8DuA&result=4"><i>Irene, Church of Saint – Oxford Reference</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195046526" title="Special:BookSources/9780195046526"><bdi>9780195046526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irene%2C+Church+of+Saint+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195046526&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-2506%3Frskey%3DEB8DuA%26result%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroth2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stroth, Fabian (2021). <i>Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 55–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9"><bdi>978-3-95490-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monogrammkapitelle.+Die+justinianische+Bauskulptur+Konstantinopels+als+Texttr%C3%A4ger&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=55-63&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-95490-272-9&rft.aulast=Stroth&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaussler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Haussler, Ralph (1999). "Architecture, Performance and Ritual: The Role of State Architecture in the Roman Empire". <i>Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal</i>: 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Roman+Archaeology+Journal&rft.atitle=Architecture%2C+Performance+and+Ritual%3A+The+Role+of+State+Architecture+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Haussler&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanović2016" class="citation cs2">Bogdanović, Jelena (2016), Bogdanović, Jelena; Christie, Jessica Joyce; Guzmán, Eulogio (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dfnt2b.9">"The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire"</a>, <i>Political Landscapes of Capital Cities</i>, University Press of Colorado, pp. 97–154, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-468-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-468-3"><bdi>978-1-60732-468-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dfnt2b.9">j.ctt1dfnt2b.9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Landscapes+of+Capital+Cities&rft.atitle=The+Relational+Spiritual+Geopolitics+of+Constantinople%2C+the+Capital+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=97-154&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1dfnt2b.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-468-3&rft.aulast=Bogdanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1dfnt2b.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2005" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (2005). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 362–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Justinian&rft.pages=362-365&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkşit2005" class="citation book cs1">Akşit, I. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000aksi"><i>Hagia Sophia: Akşit Kültür ve Turizm Yayincilik</i></a></span>. Akşit Kültür ve Turizm Yayıncılık. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-7039-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-7039-07-5"><bdi>978-975-7039-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Ak%C5%9Fit+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+ve+Turizm+Yayincilik&rft.pub=Ak%C5%9Fit+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+ve+Turizm+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-975-7039-07-5&rft.aulast=Ak%C5%9Fit&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhagiasophia0000aksi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bogdanovic, Jelena. “The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire”. In <i>from Political Landscapes of Capital Cities</i>, edited by Jelena Bogdanovic, Jessica Joyce Christie, and Eulogio Guzman (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2018), 106.</li> <li>Bogdanovic Jelena, "Hagia Eirene", 2008, <i>Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1970" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Fanny (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi"><i>Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul</i></a></span>. New York, Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000NP64Z2">B000NP64Z2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palace+of+Topkapi+in+Istanbul&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Scribner&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000NP64Z2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalaceoftopkapii00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Destephen, Sylvain, “From Mobile Center to Constantinople”, <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers (2019) 1-4.</i></li> <li>Doig, Allan. <i>Liturgy and Architecture from the Early Church to the Middle Ages</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008</li> <li>Evans, J.A.S. <i>The Age of Justinian: Circumstances of Imperial Power</i>. New York: Routledge, 1996</li> <li>Freely, John; Cakmak, Ahmet (2004). <i>Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521772575" title="Special:BookSources/0521772575">0521772575</a></li> <li>Haussler, Ralph. “Architecture, Performance and Ritual: The Role of State Architecture in the Roman Empire” <i>Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal</i> (1999): 3-4.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506?rskey=EB8DuA&result=4">"Irene, Church of Saint – Oxford Reference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2506</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1953" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janin, Raymond (1953). "Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique". <i>La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin</i> (in French). 3rd Vol.: Les Églises et les Monastères (part 1). Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+G%C3%A9ographie+Eccl%C3%A9siastique+de+l%27Empire+Byzantin&rft.atitle=Le+Si%C3%A8ge+de+Constantinople+et+le+Patriarcat+Oecum%C3%A9nique&rft.volume=3rd+Vol.%3A+Les+%C3%89glises+et+les+Monast%C3%A8res&rft.issue=part+1&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony. <i>The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="1008–1009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). <i>Church of Saint s.v.Irene</i>. Vol. 2nd of 3 vols. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046526" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195046526"><bdi>978-0195046526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+of+Saint+s.v.Irene&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0195046526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Krautheimer" title="Richard Krautheimer">Krautheimer, Richard</a> (1984). <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7"><bdi>978-0-300-05294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05294-7&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maas, Michael. <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Millingen, Alexander Van, Ramsey Traquair, Walter S. George, and Arthur e. Henderson. <i>Byzantine churches in Constantinople: their history and architecture.</i> London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1912. Print.</li> <li>Musilek, Josef, Lubos Podolka, and Monika Karkova, "The Unique Construction of the Church of Hagia Irene in Istanbul for The Teaching of Byzantine Architecture." <i>Priced Engineering,</i> 161 (2016): 1745–750. Web.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1991" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci"><i>Architecture, ceremonial, and power: The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14050-8"><bdi>978-0-262-14050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+ceremonial%2C+and+power%3A+The+Topkapi+Palace+in+the+fifteenth+and+sixteenth+centuries&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-14050-8&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecturecere0000neci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Irene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peschlow, Urs (1977). <i>Die Irenenkirche in Istanbul. Untersuchungen zur Architektur.</i> Tübingen: Wasmuth.</li> <li>Procopius, <i>Buildings of Justinian</i>. Translated by Aubrey Stewart. London: n.p, 1888.</li> <li>Pyhrr, Stuart (1989). "European Armor from the Imperial Ottoman Arsenal". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>24</b>: 85–116 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512872">1512872</a></li> <li>Sarris, Peter, <i>Economy Society In The Age of Justinian.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Socrates SCHOLASTICUS.  <i>Historia Ecclesiastica.</i> Translated by A.C Zenos. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Irene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatih,_Istanbul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatih" title="Template:Fatih"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatih" title="Template talk:Fatih"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatih" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatih"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatih,_Istanbul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray,_Fatih" title="Aksaray, Fatih">Aksaray</a></li> <li>Akşemsettin</li> <li>Alemdar</li> <li>Ali Kuşçu</li> <li>Atikali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayvansaray" title="Ayvansaray">Ayvansaray</a></li> <li>Balabanağa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balat,_Fatih" title="Balat, Fatih">Balat</a></li> <li>Beyazıt</li> <li>Binbirdirek</li> <li>Cankurtaran</li> <li>Cerrahpaşa</li> <li>Cibali</li> <li>Demirtaş</li> <li>Derviş Ali</li> <li>Emin Sinan</li> <li>Hacı Kadın</li> <li>Haseki Sultan</li> <li>Hırka-İ Şerif</li> <li>Hobyar</li> <li>Hoca Gıyasettin</li> <li>Hocapaşa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderpa%C5%9Fa" title="İskenderpaşa">İskenderpaşa</a></li> <li>Kalenderhane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk" title="Karagümrük">Karagümrük</a></li> <li>Katip Kasım</li> <li>Kemalpaşa</li> <li>Koca Mustafapaşa</li> <li>Küçük Ayasofya</li> <li>Mercan</li> <li>Mesihpaşa</li> <li>Mevlanakapı</li> <li>Mimar Hayrettin</li> <li>Mimar Kemalettin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollafenari,_Fatih" title="Mollafenari, Fatih">Mollafenari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollag%C3%BCrani" title="Mollagürani">Mollagürani</a></li> <li>Molla Hüsrev</li> <li>Muhsine Hatun</li> <li>Nişanca</li> <li>Rüstempaşa</li> <li>Saraç İshak</li> <li>Sarıdemir</li> <li>Şehremini</li> <li>Şehsuvar Bey</li> <li>Seyyid Ömer</li> <li>Silivrikapı</li> <li>Süleymaniye</li> <li>Sultan Ahmet</li> <li>Sümbül Efendi</li> <li>Sururi</li> <li>Tahtakale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayahatun,_Fatih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayahatun, Fatih">Tayahatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Topkapı, Fatih">Topkapı</a></li> <li>Yavuz Sinan</li> <li>Yavuz Sultan Selim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule" title="Yedikule">Yedikule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek" title="Zeyrek">Zeyrek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ah%C4%B1rkap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahırkapı (page does not exist)">Ahırkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1mermer" title="Altımermer">Altımermer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayakap%C4%B1" title="Ayakapı">Ayakapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A7ekap%C4%B1,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahçekapı, Fatih (page does not exist)">Bahçekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgradkap%C4%B1" title="Belgradkapı">Belgradkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCklanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Büyüklanga (page does not exist)">Büyüklanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu" title="Cağaloğlu">Cağaloğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87apa,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çapa, Fatih (page does not exist)">Çapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çarşıkapı (page does not exist)">Çarşıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87atlad%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çatladıkapı (page does not exist)">Çatladıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba,_Fatih" title="Çarşamba, Fatih">Çarşamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F,_Fatih" title="Çemberlitaş, Fatih">Çemberlitaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurbostan,_Fatih" title="Çukurbostan, Fatih">Çukurbostan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draman,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draman, Fatih (page does not exist)">Draman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Edirnekapı, Fatih">Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C4%9Frikap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eğrikapı (page does not exist)">Eğrikapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Eminönü">Eminönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">Fener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kzade" title="Fındıkzade">Fındıkzade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedikpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedikpaşa (page does not exist)">Gedikpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haseki,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haseki, Fatih (page does not exist)">Haseki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horhor,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horhor, Fatih (page does not exist)">Horhor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0mrahor,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İmrahor, Fatih (page does not exist)">İmrahor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kad%C4%B1rga,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadırga, Fatih (page does not exist)">Kadırga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1zta%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıztaşı, Fatih (page does not exist)">Kıztaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkmustafapa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçükmustafapaşa (page does not exist)">Küçükmustafapaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkpazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçükpazar (page does not exist)">Küçükpazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCklanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçüklanga (page does not exist)">Küçüklanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli,_Fatih" title="Laleli, Fatih">Laleli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmutpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmutpaşa (page does not exist)">Mahmutpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narl%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narlıkapı (page does not exist)">Narlıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuruosmaniye,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuruosmaniye, Fatih (page does not exist)">Nuruosmaniye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazartekke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazartekke (page does not exist)">Pazartekke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatya" title="Samatya">Samatya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara%C3%A7hane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraçhane (page does not exist)">Saraçhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarayburnu" title="Sarayburnu">Sarayburnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofular,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofular, Fatih (page does not exist)">Sofular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulukule" title="Sulukule">Sulukule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Şehzadebaşı">Şehzadebaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C5%9Fkasap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taşkasap (page does not exist)">Taşkasap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unkapan%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unkapanı (page does not exist)">Unkapanı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vefa" title="Vefa">Vefa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezneciler,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezneciler, Fatih (page does not exist)">Vezneciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1" title="Yenikapı">Yenikapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusufpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusufpaşa (page does not exist)">Yusufpaşa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Square" title="Beyazıt Square">Beyazıt Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Tower" title="Beyazıt Tower">Beyazıt Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church" title="Bulgarian St. Stephen Church">Bulgarian St. Stephen Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1_Martyr%27s_Cemetery" title="Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery">Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Saray" title="Eski Saray">Eski Saray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Agha_Mosque" title="Firuz Agha Mosque">Firuz Agha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(Edirnekap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Medrese" title="Rüstem Pasha Medrese">Rüstem Pasha Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Bazaar" title="Spice Bazaar">Spice Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library">Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Irene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" title="Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirkeci_railway_station" title="Sirkeci railway station">Sirkeci railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Anadolu_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi">Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_High_School" title="Istanbul High School">Istanbul High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadir_Has_University" title="Kadir Has University">Kadir Has University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metro Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Aksaray (Istanbul Metro)">Aksaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emniyet%E2%80%94Fatih_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Emniyet—Fatih (Istanbul Metro)">Emniyet—Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1%E2%80%94Ulubatl%C4%B1_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Topkapı—Ulubatlı (Istanbul Metro)">Topkapı—Ulubatlı</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezneciler_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Vezneciler (Istanbul Metro)">Vezneciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1_Transfer_Center" title="Yenikapı Transfer Center">Yenikapı</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Istanbul" title="Category:Istanbul">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Template:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Template talk:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Proximate landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Cistern" title="Theodosius Cistern">Theodosius Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Byzantine_Constantinople" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Template:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Template talk:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Byzantine_Constantinople" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Church buildings and monasteries in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Acacius" title="Church of St Acacius">St. Acacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque">St. Andrew in Krisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Menas_of_Samatya" title="Church of Saint Menas of Samatya">Martyrium of St. Carpus and Papylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan_Hane,_Istanbul" title="Arslan Hane, Istanbul">Christ of the Chalkè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Christ Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Imaret_Mosque" title="Eski Imaret Mosque">Christ Pantepoptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Christ Pantokrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">St. Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Antiochos" title="Palace of Antiochos">St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktar_Hayrettin_Mosque" title="Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque">Gastria Monastery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Edirnekapı, Fatih">Hagia Yorgi in Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">St. John Baptist at Lips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirami_Ahmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque">St. John Baptist in Trullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Lips Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefeli_Mosque" title="Kefeli Mosque">Monastery of Manuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">St. Mary of Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Benoit,_Istanbul" title="Church of Saint Benoit, Istanbul">St. Mary of the Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">St. Mary Eleousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegon_Monastery" title="Hodegon Monastery">Monastery of St. Mary Hodegetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">St. Mary Kyriotissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">St. Mary at Lips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols">St. Mary of the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">St. Mary Pammakaristos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_of_Samatya" title="Church of St. George of Samatya">St. Mary Peribleptos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos" title="Church of the Virgin of the Pharos">St. Mary of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_the_Spring_(Istanbul)" title="Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)">St. Mary of the Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manast%C4%B1r_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Manastır Mosque, Istanbul">Holy Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">St. Michael Archangel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mocius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of St Mocius (page does not exist)">St. Mocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Myrelaion Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia" title="Nea Ekklesia">Nea Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Polyeuctus" title="Church of St. Polyeuctus">St. Polyeuctus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque">St. Thekla in the Palace of Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church-Mosque_of_Vefa" title="Church-Mosque of Vefa">St. Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">St. Theodosia in Dexiokratou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Hormisdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Stoudios Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Saray" title="Bogdan Saray">Unknown (Bogdan Saray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Kapi_Mosque" title="Ese Kapi Mosque">Unknown (Ese Kapi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1m_Agha_Mosque" title="Kasım Agha Mosque">Unknown (Kasım Ağa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalar_Mosque" title="Odalar Mosque">Unknown (Odalar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Basilica" title="Palace Basilica">Unknown (Palace Basilica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque" title="Şeyh Süleyman Mosque">Unknown (Şeyh Süleyman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toklu_Dede_Mosque" title="Toklu Dede Mosque">Unknown (Toklu Dede)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Public spaces of Constantinople">Public spaces of Constantinople</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches-Mosques_in_Istanbul" title="Template:Churches-Mosques in Istanbul">Church-mosques in Istanbul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736676#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736676#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736676#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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