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<li id="toc-The_age_of_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_age_of_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The age of the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_age_of_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexandrian_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandrian_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alexandrian Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexandrian_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronicon_Paschale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronicon_Paschale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chronicon Paschale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronicon_Paschale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounts_in_Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_in_Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Accounts in Church Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts_in_Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounts_in_Byzantine_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_in_Byzantine_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accounts in Byzantine authors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accounts_in_Byzantine_authors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accounts in Byzantine authors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accounts_in_Byzantine_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_official_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_official_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In official documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_official_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_mindset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_mindset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Byzantine mindset</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Byzantine_mindset-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Byzantine mindset subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_mindset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literal_creation_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literal_creation_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literal creation days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literal_creation_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hours_of_the_liturgical_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hours_of_the_liturgical_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hours of the liturgical day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hours_of_the_liturgical_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_of_the_liturgical_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_of_the_liturgical_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Days of the liturgical week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_of_the_liturgical_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_perspective_and_cognitive_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_perspective_and_cognitive_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical perspective and cognitive framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_perspective_and_cognitive_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabular_Byzantine_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabular_Byzantine_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tabular Byzantine calendar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tabular_Byzantine_calendar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tabular Byzantine calendar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tabular_Byzantine_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Secular use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tidal predictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nocturnal_illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nocturnal_illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Nocturnal illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nocturnal_illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eclipse_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eclipse_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Eclipse prediction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eclipse_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Administrative uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine calendar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="تقويم بيزنطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم بيزنطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendariu_bizant%C3%ADn" title="Calendariu bizantín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calendariu bizantín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_t%C9%99qvimi" title="Bizans təqvimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans təqvimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="বাইজেন্টাইন বর্ষপঞ্জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইজেন্টাইন বর্ষপঞ্জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бізантыйскі каляндар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бізантыйскі каляндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Calendari romà d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari romà d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinischer_Kalender" title="Byzantinischer Kalender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinischer Kalender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsantsi_kalender" title="Bütsantsi kalender – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bütsantsi kalender" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βυζαντινό ημερολόγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινό ημερολόγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_bizantino" title="Calendario bizantino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario bizantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_kalendaro" title="Bizanca kalendaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca kalendaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_egutegia" title="Bizantziar egutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="گاه‌شماری بیزانسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری بیزانسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_byzantin" title="Calendrier byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%84%EB%B2%95" title="동로마 기년법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마 기년법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բյուզանդական շրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական շրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Romawi_Timur" title="Kalender Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_bizantino" title="Calendario bizantino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario bizantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="הלוח הביזנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלוח הביזנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბიზანტიური კალენდარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიური კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Византия күнтізбесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Византия күнтізбесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantie%C5%A1u_kalend%C4%81rs" title="Bizantiešu kalendārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bizantiešu kalendārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%C3%A4io_bizant%C3%ACn" title="Calendäio bizantìn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Calendäio bizantìn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_napt%C3%A1r" title="Bizánci naptár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci naptár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Византиски календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византиски календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბიზანტიური კალენდარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიური კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%89" title="تقويم بيزنطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقويم بيزنطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83" title="世界創造紀元 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界創造紀元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarz_bizanty%C5%84ski" title="Kalendarz bizantyński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarz bizantyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_bizantin%C4%83" title="Era bizantină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Era bizantină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Византийский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византийский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%C3%A0riu_bizantinu" title="Calendàriu bizantinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Calendàriu bizantinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byzantine calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carigrajski_koledar" title="Carigrajski koledar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carigrajski koledar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕۆژژمێری بیزەنتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژژمێری بیزەنتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Византијски календар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византијски календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantijski_kalendar" title="Vizantijski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vizantijski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysanttilainen_ajanlasku" title="Bysanttilainen ajanlasku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysanttilainen ajanlasku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinska_kalendern" title="Bysantinska kalendern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bysantinska kalendern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_takvimi" title="Bizans takvimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans takvimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Візантійський календар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійський календар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89" title="ۋىزانتىيە تەقۋىمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىزانتىيە تەقۋىمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%8E%86" title="拜占庭历 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜占庭历" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1982627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/220px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/330px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg/440px-Monreale_creation_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a> of Adam (<a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/140px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/210px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg/280px-Byzantine_church_in_Nahariya_-_Peacocks_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Aristocracy and bureaucracy</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_culture" title="Template talk:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Byzantine calendar</b>, also called the <b>Roman calendar</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Creation Era of Constantinople</b> or the <b>Era of the World</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔτος Κόσμου</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Roman year since the creation of the universe', abbreviated as ε.Κ.), was the calendar used by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 691</span> to 1728 in the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΘΗΕ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ΘΗΕ1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΘΗΕ1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the official calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> from 988 to 1453 and it was used in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> until 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-byz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This calendar was used also in other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, where it is found in old Serbian legal documents such as <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Dušan's Code">Dušan's Code</a>, thus being referred to as the <b>Serbian Calendar</b> as well. </p><p>The calendar was based on the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, except that the year started on 1 September and the year number used an <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. It placed the date of creation at 5509 years before the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and was characterized by a certain tendency that had already been a tradition among Jews and early Christians to number the years from the calculated foundation of the world (Latin: <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Annus Mundi</a></i> or <i>Ab Origine Mundi</i>— "AM").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Year One, marking the assumed <a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">date of creation</a>, was September 1, 5509 BC, to August 31, 5508 BC. This would make the current year (AD 2024) 7533 (7532 before September 1; and 7533 after September 1). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation_of_world_icon_(Russia,_18_c.).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg/220px-Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg/330px-Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg/440px-Creation_of_world_icon_%28Russia%2C_18_c.%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Creation of Adam and Eve (Russian icon, 18th c.)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></div> <p>The first appearance of the term is in the treatise of a monk and priest, Georgios (AD 638–639), who mentions all the main variants of the "World Era" in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgios argues that the main advantage of the World era is the common starting point of the astronomical <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">lunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle_(calendar)" title="Solar cycle (calendar)">solar</a> cycles, and of the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indictions</a>, the usual dating system in Byzantium since the 6th century. He also regarded it as the most convenient for the <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>. For the details see the section "Tabular Byzantine calendar" below. Complex calculations of the 19-year lunar and 28-year solar cycles within this world era allowed scholars to attribute cosmic significance to certain historical dates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This date underwent minor revisions before being finalized in the mid-7th century, although its precursors were developed c. AD 412. By the second half of the 7th century, the <i>Creation Era</i> was known in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, at least in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 10th century (around AD 988), when the era appears in use on official government records, a unified system was widely recognized across the Eastern Roman world. </p><p>The era was ultimately calculated as starting on September 1, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was thought to have been born in the year 5509 since the creation of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-homepage.mac.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepage.mac.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chronology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical time was thus calculated from the creation, and not from Christ's birth as it was in the west after the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> system adopted between the 6th and 9th centuries. The eastern Church avoided the use of the Anno Domini system of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>, since the date of Christ's birth was debated in Constantinople as late as the 14th century. </p><p>The Byzantine calendar was identical to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> except that: </p> <ul><li>the names of the months were transcribed from Latin into Greek;</li> <li>the first day of the year was September 1,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that both the ecclesiastical and <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a> years ran from 1 September to 31 August, (see <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a>), which to the present day is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox church year</a>;</li> <li>dates were seldom, if ever, reckoned according to the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">kalends</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:καλανδαί">καλανδαί</a></span></span>, <i>kalandaí</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nones_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nones (calendar)">nones</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:νωναί">νωναί</a></span></span>, <i>nōnaí</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">ides</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BC%B0%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:εἰδοί">εἰδοί</a></span></span>, <i>eidoí</i>) of the months in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman manner</a>, but simply numbered from the beginning of the month in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek calendar">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian manner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and,</li> <li>its era was based on the year of creation, reckoned September 1, 5509 BC, to August 31, 5508 BC, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">foundation of Rome</a>; years were also reckoned by their place in the <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a> and not by the years' consuls.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">leap day</a> of the Byzantine calendar was obtained in an identical manner to the <a href="/wiki/Bissextile_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissextile day">bissextile day</a> of the original Roman version of the Julian calendar, by doubling the sixth day before the <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">calends</a> of March, i.e., by doubling 24 February. </p><p>The Byzantine World Era was gradually replaced in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> by the Christian Era (Anno Domini), which was utilized initially by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_I_Karykes" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophanes I Karykes">Theophanes I Karykes</a> in 1597, afterwards by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril Lucaris</a> in 1626, and then formally established by the Church in 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΘΗΕ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ΘΗΕ1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΘΗΕ1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, as Russia received Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, it inherited the Orthodox calendar based on the Byzantine Era (translated into Slavonic). After <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">the collapse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1453, the era continued to be used by Russia, which witnessed <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millennialist</a> movements in Moscow in AD 1492 (7000 AM).<sup id="cite_ref-moscow1492_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscow1492-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in AD 1700 that the Byzantine calendar in Russia was changed to the Julian calendar by <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It still forms the basis of traditional Orthodox calendars up to today. September AD 2000 began the year 7509 AM.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_age_of_the_world">The age of the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The age of the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">Dating creation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_the_Geometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/220px-God_the_Geometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/330px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/440px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>God as architect of the world (frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/Bible_moralis%C3%A9e" title="Bible moralisée">Bible moralisée</a>, c. 1220–1230)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest extant Christian writings on the age of the world according to the biblical chronology are by <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> (AD 115–181) in his apologetic work <i>To Autolycus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a> (AD 200–245) in his <i>Five Books of Chronology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these early Christian writers, following the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, determined the age of the world to have been about 5,530 years at the birth of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-GENESIS_2000._p.236_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GENESIS_2000._p.236-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben Zion Wacholder points out that the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> on this subject are of vital significance (even though he disagrees with their chronological system based on the authenticity of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, as compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>), in that through the Christian chronographers a window to the earlier Hellenistic biblical chronographers<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is preserved: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An immense intellectual effort was expended during the Hellenistic period by both Jews and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> to date <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_(mythology)#Biblical_deluge" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood (mythology)">the flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">building of the Temple</a>... In the course of their studies, men such as <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian of Antioch</a> (flourished in 180), <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (died before 215), <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (died in 235), <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a> of Jerusalem (died after 240), <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> in Palestine (260–340), and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Justin" title="Pseudo-Justin">Pseudo-Justin</a> frequently quoted their predecessors, the Graeco-Jewish biblical chronographers of the Hellenistic period, thereby allowing discernment of more distant scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-BZW_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BZW-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Chronographer" title="Demetrius the Chronographer">Demetrius the Chronographer</a> (flourishing 221–204 BC) wrote <i>On the Kings of Judea</i> which dealt with biblical exegesis, mainly chronology; he computed the date of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the flood</a> and the birth of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> exactly as in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first established the <i>Annus Adami</i> (Era of Adam), the antecedent of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar#Epoch_year" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew <i>World Era</i></a>, and of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alexandrian_Era">Alexandrian</a> and Byzantine <i>Creation Eras</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexandrian_Era">Alexandrian Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alexandrian Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alexandrian Era (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κόσμου ἔτη κατ’ Ἀλεξανδρεῖς</span></span>, <i>Kósmou étē kat'Alexandreîs</i>) developed in AD 412, was the precursor to the Byzantine Era. After the initial attempts by <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and others,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Alexandrian computation of the date of creation was worked out to be 25 March 5493 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alexandrine monk <a href="/wiki/Panodorus_of_Alexandria" title="Panodorus of Alexandria">Panodorus</a> reckoned 5904 years from Adam to the year AD 412. His years began with August 29 (August 30 in the year preceding a leap year), corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Thout" title="Thout">First of Thoth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a> new year.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianos of Alexandria</a> however, preferred the Annunciation style<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as New Year's Day, 25 March, and shifted the Panodorus era by about six months, to begin on 25 March. This created the Alexandrian Era, whose first day was the first day of the proleptic<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandrian civil year in progress, 29 August 5493 BC, with the ecclesiastical year beginning on 25 March 5493 BC. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This system presents in a masterly sort of way the mystical coincidence of the three main dates of the world's history: the beginning of Creation, the incarnation, and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. All these events happened, according to the Alexandrian chronology, on 25 March; furthermore, the first two events were separated by the period of exactly 5500 years; the first and the third one occurred on Sunday — the sacred day of the beginning of the Creation and its renovation through Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a> had earlier emphatically quoted mystical justifications for the choice of March 25 as the start of the year: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>March 25 was considered to be the anniversary of Creation itself. It was the first day of the year in the medieval Julian calendar and the nominal vernal equinox (it had been the actual equinox at the time when the Julian calendar was originally designed). Considering that Christ was conceived at that date turned March 25 into the Feast of the Annunciation which had to be followed, nine months later, by the celebration of the birth of Christ, Christmas, on December 25.</p></blockquote> <p>The Alexandrian Era of March 25, 5493 BC was adopted by church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, as well as chroniclers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>. Its striking mysticism made it popular in Byzantium, especially in monastic circles. However this masterpiece of Christian symbolism had two serious weak points: historical inaccuracy surrounding the date of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> as determined by its <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its contradiction to the chronology of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St John</a> regarding the date of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> on Friday after the Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronicon_Paschale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chronicon_Paschale.png/220px-Chronicon_Paschale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chronicon_Paschale.png/330px-Chronicon_Paschale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chronicon_Paschale.png/440px-Chronicon_Paschale.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><i>Chronicon Paschale</i>, Venetian edition of 1729</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicon_Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronicon Paschale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new variant of the World Era was suggested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i>, a valuable Byzantine universal chronicle of the world, composed about the year AD 630 by some representative of the Antiochian scholarly tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had for its basis a chronological list of events extending from the creation of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to the year AD 627. The chronology of the writer is based on the figures of the Bible and begins with 21 March, 5507. </p><p>For its influence on Greek Christian chronology, and also because of its wide scope, the <i>Chronicon Paschale</i> takes its place beside <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, and the chronicle of the monk <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">Georgius Syncellus</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was so important in the Middle Ages; but in respect of form it is inferior to these works.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 10th century, the Byzantine Era, which had become fixed at September 1 5509 BC since at least the mid-7th century (differing by 16 years from the Alexandrian date, and 2 years from the <i>Chronicon Paschale</i>), had become the widely accepted calendar of choice <i>par excellence</i> for Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts_in_Church_Fathers">Accounts in Church Fathers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accounts in Church Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> says in his Homily "<i>On the Cross and the Thief</i>", that <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> "opened for us today <a href="/wiki/Paradise#Christianity" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, which had remained closed for some 5000 years."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac the Syrian</a> writes in a Homily that before <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> "for five thousand years five hundred and some years <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> left <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> (i.e. man) to labor on the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> writes in the <i>City of God</i> (written AD 413–426): </p> <dl><dd>"Let us omit the conjectures of men who know not what they say when they speak of the nature and origin of the human race...They are deceived by those highly mendacious documents which profess to give the history of many thousands of years, though reckoning by the sacred writings we find that not 6,000 years have passed. (<i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i> 12:10)."<sup id="cite_ref-GENESIS_2000._p.236_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GENESIS_2000._p.236-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Augustine goes on to say that the ancient Greek chronology "does not exceed the true account of the duration of the world as it is given in our documents (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Scriptures</a>), which are truly sacred." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (c. 170–235) maintained on Scriptural grounds that Jesus's birth took place in AM 5500, and held that the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Christ</a> took place on a passover day, deducing that its month-date was 25 March<sup id="cite_ref-OGG_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alexandrian_Era">Alexandrian Era</a></i>). He gave the following intervals: </p> <dl><dd>"...from Adam to the flood 2242 years, thence to Abraham 1141 years, thence to the Exodus 430 years, thence to the passover of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> 41 years, thence to the passover of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> 864 years, thence to the passover of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> 114 years, thence to the passover of <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> 107 years, and thence to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> 563 years."<sup id="cite_ref-OGG_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In his <i>Commentary on Daniel</i>, one of his earlier writings, he proceeds to set out additional reasons for accepting the date of AM 5500: </p> <dl><dd>"First he quotes Exod. xxv. 10f. and pointing out that the length, breadth and height of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">ark of the covenant</a> amount in all to 5½ cubits, says that these symbolize the 5,500 years from <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> at the end of which <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">the Saviour</a> was born. He then quotes from Jn. xix. 14 ' <i>it was about the sixth hour</i> ' and, understanding by that 5½ hours, takes each hour to correspond to a thousand years of the world's life..."<sup id="cite_ref-OGG_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Around AD 202 Hippolytus held that Jesus was born in the 42nd year of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and that he was born in AM 5500.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Commentary on Daniel</i> he did not need to establish the precise year of Jesus's birth; he is not concerned about the day of the week, the month-date, or even the year; it was sufficient for his purpose to show that Christ was born in the days of Augustus in AM 5500. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts_in_Byzantine_authors">Accounts in Byzantine authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accounts in Byzantine authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>'s decree in AD 537 that all dates must include the <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a>, the unification of the theological date of creation (as yet unfinalized) with the administrative system of Indiction cycles became commonly referred to amongst Byzantine authors, to whom the indiction was the standard measurement of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_official_documents">In official documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In official documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year AD 691, we find the Creation Era in the Acts of the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... as of the fifteenth day of the month of January last past, <i>in the last fourth Indiction</i>, <i>in the year six thousand one hundred and ninety</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>We find the era also in the dating of the so-called <i>Letter of three Patriarchs</i> to the emperor Theophilos (April, indiction 14, 6344 = AD 836). </p><p>By the 10th century the Byzantine Era is found in the <i>Novellas</i> of AD 947, 962, 964, and most surely of the year AD 988, all dated in this way, as well as the Act of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople">Nicholaos II Chrysobergos</a> in AD 987.<sup id="cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes'</a> (c. 1081–1118) major work is the <i>Synopsis of Histories</i>, which covers the reigns of the Byzantine emperors from the death of Nicephorus I in 811 to the deposition of Michael IV in 1057; it continues the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>. Quoting from him as an example of the common Byzantine dating method, he refers to emperor Basil, writing that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the year 6508 [1000], in the thirteenth <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a>, the emperor sent a great force against the Bulgarian fortified positions (kastra) on the far side of the Balkan (Haimos) mountains,..."<sup id="cite_ref-homepage.mac.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepage.mac.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> (c. 1155–1215), sometimes called Acominatus, was a Byzantine Greek historian. His chief work is his <i>History</i>, in twenty-one books, of the period from 1118 to 1207. Again, an example of the dating method can be seen as he refers to the fall of Constantinople to the fourth crusade as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The queen of cities fell to the Latins on the twelfth day of the month of April of the seventh indiction in the year 6712 [1204]."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a>, writing c. AD 1460, makes a detailed account for the Creation Era. Although unrefined in style, the history of Doukas is both judicious and trustworthy, and it is the most valuable source for the closing years of the Byzantine empire. </p> <blockquote><p>From Adam, the first man created by God, to Noah, at whose time the flood took place, there were ten generations. The first, which was from God, was that of Adam. The second, after 230 years, was that of Seth begotten of Adam. The third, 205 years after Seth, was that of <a href="/wiki/Enos_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enos (Bible)">Enos</a> begotten of Seth. The fourth, 190 years after Enos, was that of Kainan begotten of Enos. The fifth, 170 years after Kainan, was that of <a href="/wiki/Mahalalel" title="Mahalalel">Mahaleel</a> begotten of Kainan. The sixth, 165 years after Mahaleel, was that of Jared begotten of Mahaleel. The seventh, 162 years after Jared, was that of Enoch begotten of Jared. The eighth, 165 years after Enoch, was that of Methuselah begotten of Enoch. The ninth, 167 years after Methuselah, was that of Lamech begotten of Methuselah. The tenth, 188 years after Lamech, was that of Noah. Noah was 600 years old when the flood of water came upon the earth. Thus 2242 years may be counted from Adam to the flood. </p><p>There are also ten generations from the flood to Abraham numbering 1121 years. Abraham was seventy-five years old when he moved to the land of Canaan from Mesopotamia, and having resided there twenty-five years he begat <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>. Isaac begat two sons, Esau and Jacob. When Jacob was 130 years old he went to Egypt with his twelve sons and grandchildren, seventy-five in number. And Abraham with his offspring dwelt in the land of Canaan 433 years, and having multiplied they numbered twelve tribes; a multitude of 600,000 were reckoned from the twelve sons of Jacob whose names are as follows: Ruben, Symeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin. </p><p>The descendants of Levi were Moses and Aaron; the latter was the first of the priesthood while Moses was appointed to govern. In the eightieth year of his life, he walked through the Red Sea and led his people out of Egypt. This Moses flourished in the time of Inachos [son of Oceanus and King of Argos] who was the first [Greek] king to reign. Thus the Jews are more ancient than the Greeks. </p><p>Remaining in the wilderness forty years they were governed for twenty-five years by Joshua, son of Nun, and by the Judges for 454 years to the reign of Saul, the first king installed by them. During the first year of his reign, the great David was born. Thus from Abraham to David fourteen generations are numbered for a total of 1024 years. From David to the deportation to Babylon [586 BC] there are fourteen generations totaling 609 years. From the Babylonian Captivity to Christ there are fourteen generations totaling 504 years. </p><p> By the sequence of Numbers we calculate the number of 5,500 years from the time of the first Adam to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_mindset">Byzantine mindset</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Byzantine mindset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literal_creation_days">Literal creation days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literal creation days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even the most mystical Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">St. Isaac the Syrian</a> accepted without question the common understanding of the Church that <i>the world was created "more or less" in 5,500 BC</i>. As Fr. <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_Rose" title="Seraphim Rose">Seraphim Rose</a> points out: </p> <dl><dd>"The Holy Fathers (probably unanimously) certainly have no doubt that the chronology of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> onwards, is to be accepted "literally." They did not have the fundamentalist's over-concern for chronological <i>precision</i>, but even the most mystical Fathers (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">St. Isaac the Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">St. Gregory Palamas</a>, etc.) were quite certain that <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> lived literally some 900 years, that there were some 5,500 years ("more or less") between <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">the creation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Birth of Christ</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>For early Christians, the creation of the world was neither a matter of <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> problem. As part of a <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> centered on Man, it was a divine act whose reality was beyond any doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chronology_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hours_of_the_liturgical_day">Hours of the liturgical day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hours of the liturgical day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Byzantine period, the day was divided into two 12-hour cycles fixed by the rising and setting of the sun. </p> <dl><dd>"Following Roman custom, the Byzantines began their calendrical day (<i><a href="/wiki/Nychthemeron" title="Nychthemeron">nychthemeron</a></i>) at midnight with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">first hour</a> of day (<i>hemera</i>) coming at dawn. The <a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">third hour</a> marked midmorning, the <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">sixth hour</a> noon, and the <a href="/wiki/None_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="None (liturgy)">ninth hour</a> midafternoon. Evening (<i><a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">hespera</a></i>) began at the 11th hour, and with sunset came the first hour of night (<i><a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">apodeipnon</a></i>). The interval between sunset and sunrise (<i><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">nyx</a></i>) was similarly divided into 12 hours as well as the traditional "watches" (<i>vigiliae</i>) of Roman times."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_of_the_liturgical_week">Days of the liturgical week</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Days of the liturgical week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marcus Rautman points out that the seven-day week was known throughout the ancient world. The Roman Calendar had assigned one of the planetary deities to each day of the week. The Byzantines naturally avoided using these Latin names with their pagan echoes. They began their week with the "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Kyriake</a>), followed by an orderly succession of numbered days: Deutera ("2nd"), Trite ("3rd"), Tetarte ("4th"), and Pempte ("5th"), a day of "preparation" (<a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Paraskeve</a>), and finally <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Sabatton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each day was devoted to remembering one event of the life of Christ or the Theotokos or several martyrs or saints, whose observed feast days gradually eclipsed traditional festivals. Kyriake was seen as the day of resurrection of Christ and as both the first and eighth day of the week, in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">alpha and omega</a> of the cosmos, existing both before and after time. The second day of the week recognized <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a>, "the secondary luminaries as the first reflections of the primal outpouring of light", just as the sun and the moon had been observed during the Roman week. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Forerunner" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Forerunner">John the Baptist</a>, the forerunner (Prodromos) of Christ, was honored on the third day. Both the second and third days were viewed as occasions for penitence. The fourth and sixth days were dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">Cross</a>. The fourth day to the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> and her mourning of the loss of her son and the sixth day (the Paraskeue) as the day of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> of the Lord, with holy songs sung and fasting in remembrance of these events. <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a> was honored on the fifth day of the week, while the Sabatton day was set aside for the saints and all the deceased faithful. This order is still in use in the Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special arrangement of the way in which the hymns were sung was set for each day of the eight-week cycle, the "<a href="/wiki/Octoechos_(liturgy)" title="Octoechos (liturgy)">Octoechos (liturgy)</a>". This cycle begins on the first Sunday after Easter ("Thomas-Sunday") and contains the texts whose content represents the meaning of the days of the week. The hymns sung on these eight weeks were performed with the use of eight different modes also called <a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_perspective_and_cognitive_framework">Historical perspective and cognitive framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical perspective and cognitive framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>According to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Study_Bible" title="Orthodox Study Bible">Orthodox Study Bible</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Regarding questions about the scientific accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> account of creation, and about various viewpoints concerning <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has not dogmatized any particular view. What is dogmatically proclaimed is that the One Triune <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> created everything that exists, and that man was created in a unique way and is alone made <i>in the image and likeness of God</i> (Gn 1:26,27).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The opening words of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, the central doctrinal statement of Christianity, affirms that the One True God is the source of everything that exists, both physical and spiritual, both animate and inanimate: <i>"We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth, and of all things visible and invisible."</i> In addition, our regeneration in Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> are both often called the "New Creation" (2 Cor 5:17; Rev 21:1).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The most extensive and influential recent compilation in English of the writings and mindset of the early Church Fathers on Orthodox-Byzantine calendar and biblical chronography is found in the book "Genesis, Creation, and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision," based on the work of the American hieromonk Fr. Seraphim Rose, edited by Abbot Damascene Christiansen, the second edition of which was published in 2011. It presents the patristic view of the "six days" as actual days, together with views of revered figures in world Orthodoxy who hold this view through modern times. Based on the patristic view, the book presents how in Orthodoxy the nature of time and space before the Fall is a mystery that cannot be known, and that this upholds both the Byzantine view and a distinction by which the Orthodox mindset does not seek to rationally understand the situation of man before the Fall, including chronology, unlike some Protestant Creationists. Yet Fr. Seraphim did find aspects of modern Protestant Creationist and "Intelligent Design" criticisms of contemporary Western scientific views of creation helpful in questioning the universal cultural assumptions of that science, which limited in his view the experiential grasp of spiritual reality found in non-Western Orthodox Christian teachings and experience. A recent summary of Fr. Seraphim Rose's work was given by the American Orthodox Christian priest and environmental literature scholar Paul Siewers <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://orthochristian.com/132885.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>According to Fr. <a href="https://orthodoxwiki.org/Stanley_S._Harakas" class="extiw" title="orthodoxwiki:Stanley S. Harakas">Stanley Harakas</a>, the Bible's description of creation is not a "scientific account". It is not read for scientific knowledge but for spiritual truth and divine revelation. The physical-scientific side of the origins of mankind, though important, is really quite secondary in significance to the Church's message. The central image of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> as <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s image and likeness, who also represents fallen and sinful humanity, and the new Adam, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, who is the "beginning", the first-born of the dead (Colossians 1:18) and the "<a href="/wiki/First_Fruits#Christian_perspective" title="First Fruits">first-fruits</a>" of those who were dead, and are now alive (1 Corinthians 15:20–23), is what is really important.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protopresbyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopresbyter">Protopresbyter</a> Dr. Doru Costache affirms in <i>"The Orthodox Doctrine of Creation in the Age of Science"</i> (2019), that Orthodox Christianity has never issued a dogma of creation that establishes in normative terms its relevant convictions, even though it does possess a strong sense of the cosmos, developing a theology of the world. While not specifically discussing the chronology of the Byzantine calendar as such, he explains that the Orthodox doctrine of creation is largely compatible with the contemporary scientific representation of reality, also suggesting that the Christian doctrine of creation should preserve its capacity to be redrafted when the cultural environment changes. He states that <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">modern creationism</a> has originated in <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">milieus</a> that are foreign to the Orthodox worldview, and there is no record of a wholesale rejection of culture in the <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic tradition</a>. Rather, from the outset of its historical emergence, Orthodox theology has traditionally interacted with the available sciences and the cultural frameworks of the past. The ongoing contextualization, particularly in relation to scientific culture, remained the norm for most of the Byzantine era, which was a time of prodigious research, cultural cross pollination, and innovation. In contrast with contemporary creationism, which construes a <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">recently made world</a>, molded exclusively by God out of an <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert matter</a> deprived of natural energy and capacity for movement, the Orthodox theology of creation traditionally advocates a distinction between the divine acts of creation, and organization. He argues that the supernaturalist worldview of creationism was discarded indirectly by the Orthodox Church in the seventh century as <a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">monoenergism</a>. Thus he aligns with the view of an expanding universe whose history began billions of years ago, a universe characterized by homogeneity, movement, change, and complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Postdoctoral researcher Alexander V. Khramov (Ph.D.) examines the relationship between Christian faith and evolutionary theory in <i>"Fitting Evolution into Christian Belief: An Eastern Orthodox Approach"</i> (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-KHRAMOV_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHRAMOV-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In defining the basic cognitive framework by which we are to approach this subject, he begins by noting that those who have striven to reconcile one system with the other have usually resorted to <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a> (TE) almost without exception – the idea that God employed an evolutionary process to create the Universe and living things. However, if we look instead at the problem from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Greek_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Greek patristic thought</a>, we see a very different way of fitting evolution into Christian belief. By referring to the writings of the Church Fathers including <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory the Theologian</a>, he states that what matters most is not the <i>process</i> of creation, but rather how the Church Fathers understood its <i>result</i>. The basic premise described is that God did not create humans in their present bodily condition; but rather prelapsarian human beings (i.e. before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a>) had spiritual bodies and lived a kind of angelic life; humans entered the organismic life and entered 'time' itself only after the Fall, which happened before the beginning of the empirically known universe. Therefore it is entirely reasonable to suppose that evolution itself started in the fallen world; and Theistic evolutionists have no warrant to equate the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">earliest members of Homo sapiens</a> with those <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">humans who were created by God on the sixth day</a> for life in paradise. The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">six days of creation</a> and other events preceding the expulsion from Paradise simply lie beyond what science can discover. So "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Moses's Book</a>" possesses its own truth, independent of what scientists can say about the observable world. There can be no reason for conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-KHRAMOV_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHRAMOV-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Professor Fr. Arsenius John Baptist Vuibert (<a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint-Sulpice" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint-Sulpice">S.S.</a>), a 19th-century historian, observed that <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Biblical Chronologies</a> are uncertain due to discrepancies in the figures in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> and other methodological factors, accounting for hundreds of different chronologies being assigned by historians. In the case of the Fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council</a>, who assigned 5509 BC. as the date of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">creation of man</a>, he writes that it was in response to the emperor's wishes to fix an era or convenient starting point for historical computation. Therefore, it was a decision of mere historical convenience, not respecting either faith or morals, which are what is truly of intrinsic value in the Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having made this disclaimer, he settles on the Benedictine Chronology of 4963 BC for the purposes of his history.</li></ul> <ul><li>According to the ninth edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="History of the Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, regarding the so-called <i>Era of the Creation of the World</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Des_Vignoles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Des Vignoles (page does not exist)">Alphonse Des Vignoles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Des_Vignoles" class="extiw" title="fr:Alphonse Des Vignoles">fr</a>]</span> asserted in the preface to his <i>Chronologie de l’Histoire Sainte</i> (<i>Chronology of Sacred History</i>, Berlin 1738), that he collected upwards of two-hundred different calculations, the shortest of which reckons only 3483 years between the creation of the world and the commencement of the vulgar era and the longest 6984. The so-called era of the creation of the world is therefore a purely conventional and arbitrary epoch, for which the very nature of the case discussion is hopeless labour.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>It may also be noted historically that while Byzantine officials and chroniclers were disconcerted by the ambiguities among the different dating and recording systems in the earlier centuries, these mattered little to most people who marked time by the orderly progression of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">church festivals</a>, and by the regularity of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">weather cycles</a>, and years that revealed the <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine order</a> (<i>Taxis</i>) underlying the world.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Greek and Roman methods of computing time were connected with certain pagan rites and observances, Christians began at an early period to adopt the Hebrew practice of reckoning their years from the supposed period of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">creation of the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911section:_''Era_of_the_Creation_of_the_World''_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911section:_''Era_of_the_Creation_of_the_World''-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently the two dominant dates for creation that exist using the biblical model are about 5500 BC and about 4000 BC. These are calculated from the genealogies in two versions of the Bible, with most of the difference arising from two versions of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. The older dates of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in the Byzantine Era and in its precursor, the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alexandrian_Era">Alexandrian Era</a>, are based on the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. The later dates of the <a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar#Epoch_year" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> are based on the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a> were well aware of the discrepancy of some hundreds of years between the Greek and Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> chronology,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it did not bother them; they did not quibble over years or worry that the standard calendar was precise "to the very year"; it is sufficient that what is involved is beyond any doubt a matter of some few thousands of years, involving the lifetimes of specific men, and it can in no way be interpreted as millions of years or whole ages and races of men.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, traditional Orthodox Christians will use the Byzantine calculation of the <i>World Era</i> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) year. Both dates appear on Orthodox cornerstones, ecclesiastical calendars and formal documents. The ecclesiastical new year is still observed on September 1 (or on the Gregorian calendar's September 14 for those churches which follow the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>). September 2024 marked the beginning of the year 7533 of this era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabular_Byzantine_calendar">Tabular Byzantine calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tabular Byzantine calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>tabular Byzantine calendar</b> is used to calculate the date of Easter. It dates back to AD 284, when the new moon fell on the fifth <a href="/wiki/Sansculottides" title="Sansculottides">epagemonal day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian calendar">Alexandrian calendar</a> (28 August). Eusebius (vii.32) recounts that Anatolius of Laodicea was the first to arrange the 19-years cycle (when the new moon returns to the same Julian date) for ecclesiastical purposes. Anatolius says that he places the new moon of the first year of his cycle on the Alexandrian equivalent of 22 March, the day of the vernal equinox. In the Julian calendar, the equinox recedes at the rate of 1 day in 128 years; by the time of the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 it was falling on 21 March. 22 March is 26 Phamenoth in the Alexandrian calendar. </p><p>The lunar new year was not allowed to begin before 15 Thoth (12 September, or 13 September if the following February has 29 days), and the month in which Easter fell was not allowed to begin before 12 Phamenoth (8 March). As the paschal full moon (the full moon before Easter), like all full moons is assigned to the 14th day of the lunar month, its earliest date was thus 25 Phamenoth (21 March), and Easter fell at earliest on 26 Phamenoth (22 March) and at latest on 30 Pharmouthi (25 April). The month in which Easter fell could thus begin no later than 10 Pharmouthi (5 April) and the Easter full moon could fall no later than 18 April (23 Pharmouthi). </p><p>If, at the end of the twelfth lunar month, the next lunar month would begin before 15 Thoth, an additional 30-day month was inserted. This caused Easter to jump forward in years 3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17 and 19 of the cycle. The lunar date of the sixth epagemonal day (considered the first day of a leap year) was the same as that of the previous day. The Alexandrian months, all of thirty days, are: </p> <dl><dd>1. Thoth</dd> <dd>2. Phaophi</dd> <dd>3. Athyr</dd> <dd>4. Choiac</dd> <dd>5. Tybi</dd> <dd>6. Mechir</dd> <dd>7. Phamenoth</dd> <dd>8. Pharmouthi</dd> <dd>9. Pachom</dd> <dd>10. Payni</dd> <dd>11. Epiphi</dd> <dd>12. Mesore</dd></dl> <p>The first lunar month had 29 days, and following lunar months had 30 and 29 days alternately. Thus the sixth lunar month, preceding the one in which Easter fell, had 30 days, minimising the chance of Easter clashing with Passover. This calendar uses the <a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a> of 76 years, under which the lunar year averages 365.25 days. But with this arrangement the lunar year averages 366.25 days. Therefore, in cycle 19, when the eleventh lunar month began on 7 Mesore and had 29 days, the next month (beginning on 1 Thoth) also had 29 days (<i>saltus lunae</i>) and the first month of the new lunar year began on 30 Thoth. In the sixth century, after it accepted that it no longer mattered if the birthday of Rome (23 April) fell within Lent, the Roman church abandoned its own calculation (the <i>Supputatio Romana</i>) for the Alexandrian one. This involved recasting the lunar months so that their first days were given in terms of the Julian calendar. While Easter continued to jump forward in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19 of the cycle the extra months were more equitably spaced, generally being hidden within those Julian months which contained two new moons. Their starting dates were: </p> <dl><dd>Cycle 3 - 1 January</dd> <dd>Cycle 5 - 2 September</dd> <dd>Cycle 8 - 6 March</dd> <dd>Cycle 11 - 3 January</dd> <dd>Cycle 13 - 31 December</dd> <dd>Cycle 16 - 1 September</dd> <dd>Cycle 19 - 5 March</dd></dl> <p>In addition to its error of 1 day in 128 years as regards the sun the Julian calendar had an error of 1 day in 308 years as regards the moon in the same direction - thus by 1582 the actual new moons were falling three days earlier than their tabulated dates. Pope Gregory XIII wanted to reform the calendar, which he did by decreeing that most centennial years would not be leap years. He also brought the tabular equinox back to 21 March by omitting the ten days 5 to 14 October 1582. He decided that Easter would continue to fall between 22 March and 25 April in his new calendar, which posed a problem - the First Council of Arles in AD 314 had decreed that Easter would be observed by all on the same day, so it was not open to him to change it unilaterally. Also the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 had decreed that the Easter full moon must not fall before the equinox and the tables were constructed to agree as nearly as possible with the Jewish calendar - in fact after they were constructed in the third century they were declared to be a more accurate version of the Jewish calendar than the one the Jews themselves were using.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory got round that by lying - claiming that the Council had decreed that Easter would be the Sunday after the <b>first</b> full moon after the equinox. The result was that instead of falling during the Passover Easter began to fall more and more frequently within the last Jewish month. This could not be more unfortunate, because the full moon of that month is marked by the rumbustious festival of Purim, which could not be less appropriate for the solemnities of Holy Week. Hence the surreal situation in <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> on Palm Sunday, 24 March 2024, when a small Muslim boy, watching the Purim festivities, asked his mother "Is it Easter?" to which she replied "No. Easter is Jesus Christ. It is completely different." </p><p>Gregory moved the new moons back three days, to make them agree with the real new moons. To keep them in agreement, he instituted the "lunar correction", whereby they are shifted back 1 day 8 times in 2500 years. The next 8 adjustments will occur on 1 March of the years 2100, 2400, 2700, 3000, 3300, 3600, 3900 and 4300. While Gregory decreed that the "solar correction" (the omission of a centennial leap day) occur 3 times in 400 years, this only reduces the backward movement of the equinox to 1 day in 3323 years. Orthodox churches instead apply the correction 7 times in 900 years, keeping the calendar correct to one day in 44,000 years. In the <i>Exigian calendar</i> the rule is that a centennial year is only a leap year if it gives remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900. The first centennial leap year was 1600 and the second 2000. This arrangement means that when the calendar is projected beyond the Christian era the rule is the same - thus the first two centennial leap years were -200 (201 BC) and -700 (701 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also minimises the number of occasions on which the dates of the new moons are moved in a centennial year. As the solar correction moves them forward a day and the lunar correction moves them back a day, when these corrections coincide (e.g. in 2100, 2400 and 2700) they stay where they are. </p><p>The names of the lunar months are as follows: </p> <dl><dd>1. Harriet (29 days)</dd> <dd>2. Ronan (30 days)</dd> <dd>3. Miri (29 days - Orthodox Easter (except in the Finnish Orthodox Church) always falls in this month)</dd> <dd>4. James (30 days)</dd> <dd>5. Eloise (29 days)</dd> <dd>6. Thomas (30 days)</dd> <dd>vii (29 days)</dd> <dd>8. Nicholas (30 days)</dd> <dd>9. Catherine (29 days)</dd> <dd>10. Richard (30 days - 29 in cycle 19, when the <i>saltus lunae</i> is applied)</dd> <dd>11 Emma (29 days)</dd> <dd>12 Paul (30 days)</dd></dl> <p>Seven times in 19 years an additional 30 day month (Paul II) occurs between Paul and Harriet. To aid use (in religious houses the lunar date of the following day is announced daily at Lauds after the reading of the Martyrology) months commemorating female saints have 29 days and months commemorating male saints (apart from the <i>saltus lunae</i>) have 30 days. The repetition of the lunar date on the leap day is preserved - thus 28 February 2028 is 3 Ronan <i>bis</i>, 29 February is 3 Ronan and 1 March is 4 Ronan. In houses where the leap day continues to be placed between 23 and 24 February the sequence is modified accordingly. The derivation of the names is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>(1) <i>Harriet</i> is a diminutive of Henrietta. Wife of Charles I, she was the ancestor of several monarchs.</dd> <dd>(2) St Ronan was a key figure in the implementation of a common Easter date at the Synod of Whitby in 664.</dd> <dd>(3) <i>Miri</i> is a contraction of Mariam, the given name of the Mother of God.</dd> <dd>(4), (6), (12) James, Thomas and Paul were apostles.</dd> <dd>(5) <i>Héloïse</i> was an abbess who reached a rank equivalent to that of Bishop.</dd> <dd>(8), (9) Nicholas and Catherine are well-known saints.</dd> <dd>(10) Richard I, known as <i>Coeur de Lyon</i>, was instrumental in recovering the Holy Land from the Saracens.</dd> <dd>(11) Emma was the mother of Edward the Confessor.</dd> <dd>(13) Paul II was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 641-653, and a Pope of that name reigned 1464-1471.</dd></dl> <p>Occidental Easter generally falls between 15 and 21 Miri, on whichever day is Sunday. There are three exceptions: </p><p>(1) If 14 Miri falls on 18 April and a <a href="/wiki/Golden_number_(time)" title="Golden number (time)">golden number</a> is marked against 6 April, Easter falls on 18 April (if Sunday) and otherwise on the Sunday following 18 April. The golden number marks the year's position in the 19-year cycle and is placed in the calendar against the first days of the lunar months. </p><p>(2) If 14 Miri falls on 19 April Easter falls on 19 April (if Sunday) and otherwise on the Sunday following 19 April. </p><p>(3) If 14 Miri falls on 20 April or later the date against which it stands is to be treated as a day of March and Easter falls on the day after the Saturday following that date. </p><p><b>Example calculation</b> </p><p>On what date does occidental Easter fall in 2025? </p><p>2025 + 1 = 2026; 2026/19 = 106 remainder 12. The golden number is 12. In the calendar, 12 (marking 1 Miri) stands against 31 March. The <a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">dominical letter</a> is E. This is placed against all the Sundays in the year. A leap year has two dominical letters, one for January and February and the other (one place back in the series) for March to December. Easter falls on 20 April because that is an E day and the date, 21 Miri, lies between 15 and 21 Miri (inclusive). </p><p>Orthodox Easter does not admit the lunar correction. Therefore, when Gregory moved the new moons back three days Orthodox Easter fell between 18 and 24 Miri. Another correction in 1800 means that until 2099 Orthodox Easter falls between 19 and 25 Miri, and so on. As 20 April is 21 Miri, Orthodox Easter falls on that day. </p><p><b>LUNAR CALENDAR 1 MARCH 1900 - 28 FEBRUARY 2200</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>JAN<br />Paul<br />30</th> <th>FEB<br />Harr<br />29</th> <th>MAR<br />Ron<br />30</th> <th>APR<br />Miri<br />29</th> <th>MAY<br />Jame<br />30</th> <th>JUN<br />Eloi<br />29</th> <th>JUL<br />Thom<br />30</th> <th>AUG<br />vii<br />29</th> <th>SEPT<br />Nich<br />30</th> <th>OCT<br />Cath<br />29</th> <th>NOV<br />Rich<br />30<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>DEC<br />Emma<br />29 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>A <b>12</b></td> <td>d 1</td> <td>d <b>12</b></td> <td>g 1</td> <td>b</td> <td>e 9</td> <td>g</td> <td>c 17</td> <td>f</td> <td>A</td> <td>d <b>3</b></td> <td>f 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>b <b>1</b></td> <td>e</td> <td>e <b>1</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>c <b>9</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>A <b>17</b></td> <td>d 6</td> <td>g <b>14</b></td> <td>b 14</td> <td>e</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>c</td> <td>f 9</td> <td>f</td> <td>b 9</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 17</td> <td>b <b>6</b></td> <td>e</td> <td>A <b>3</b></td> <td>c 3</td> <td>f <b>11</b></td> <td>A 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>d <b>9</b></td> <td>g</td> <td>g <b>9</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>e <b>17</b></td> <td>A 6</td> <td>c</td> <td>f 14</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>g</td> <td>b 19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>e P2</td> <td>A 17</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 17</td> <td>f <b>6</b></td> <td>b</td> <td>d <b>14</b></td> <td>g 3</td> <td>c <b>11</b></td> <td>e 11</td> <td>A 19</td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>f <b>17</b></td> <td>b 6</td> <td>b <b>17</b></td> <td>e 6</td> <td>g</td> <td>c 14</td> <td>e <b>3</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>d</td> <td>f</td> <td>b <b>8</b></td> <td>d 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>g <b>6</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>c <b>6</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>A <b>14</b></td> <td>d 3</td> <td>f</td> <td>b 11</td> <td>e <b>19</b></td> <td>g 19</td> <td>c Em</td> <td>e <b>16</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 14</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 14</td> <td>b <b>3</b></td> <td>e</td> <td>g <b>11</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>f <b>8</b></td> <td>A 8</td> <td>d 16</td> <td>f <b>5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>b <b>14</b></td> <td>e 3</td> <td>e <b>14</b></td> <td>A 3</td> <td>c</td> <td>f 11</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 19</td> <td>g Ca</td> <td>b <b>16</b></td> <td>e 5</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>c <b>3</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>f <b>3</b></td> <td>b</td> <td>d <b>11</b></td> <td>g</td> <td>b <b>19</b></td> <td>e 8</td> <td>A 16</td> <td>c <b>5</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>A <b>13</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 11</td> <td>g</td> <td>c 11</td> <td>e</td> <td>A 19</td> <td>c <b>8</b></td> <td>f <b>16</b></td> <td>b 5</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 13</td> <td>b <b>2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>e <b>11</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>A <b>11</b></td> <td>d</td> <td>f <b>19</b></td> <td>b 8</td> <td>d vii</td> <td>g <b>5</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>e <b>13</b></td> <td>A 2</td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>f</td> <td>b 19</td> <td>b</td> <td>e 19</td> <td>g <b>8</b></td> <td>c <b>16</b></td> <td>e 16</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 13</td> <td>f <b>2</b></td> <td>b</td> <td>d <b>10</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>g <b>19</b></td> <td>c 8</td> <td>c <b>19</b></td> <td>f 8</td> <td>A El</td> <td>d <b>5</b></td> <td>f 5</td> <td>b <b>13</b></td> <td>e 2</td> <td>g</td> <td>c 10</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>A <b>8</b></td> <td>d <b>16</b></td> <td>d <b>8</b></td> <td>g <b>16</b></td> <td>b 16</td> <td>e</td> <td>g</td> <td>c <b>2</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>A <b>10</b></td> <td>d</td> <td>f <b>18</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>b Ha</td> <td>e <b>5</b></td> <td>e Mi</td> <td>A <b>5</b></td> <td>c 5</td> <td>f <b>13</b></td> <td>A 13</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 10</td> <td>b</td> <td>e 18</td> <td>g <b>7</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>c 16</td> <td>f</td> <td>f 16</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>g <b>2</b></td> <td>b 2</td> <td>e <b>10</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>c <b>18</b></td> <td>f 7</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>d 5</td> <td>g <b>13</b></td> <td>g 5</td> <td>c <b>13</b></td> <td>e 13</td> <td>A</td> <td>c</td> <td>f</td> <td>b 18</td> <td>d <b>7</b></td> <td>g</td> <td>b <b>15</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>e</td> <td>A <b>2</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>d <b>2</b></td> <td>f 2</td> <td>b <b>10</b></td> <td>d 10</td> <td>g <b>18</b></td> <td>c 7</td> <td>e</td> <td>A 15</td> <td>c <b>4</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>f 13</td> <td>b</td> <td>b 13</td> <td>e</td> <td>g</td> <td>c</td> <td>e</td> <td>A <b>7</b></td> <td>d</td> <td>f <b>15</b></td> <td>b 4</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>g 2</td> <td>c <b>10</b></td> <td>c 2</td> <td>f <b>10</b></td> <td>A 10</td> <td>d <b>18</b></td> <td>f 18</td> <td>b</td> <td>e 15</td> <td>g <b>4</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>e <b>12</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>A</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>g</td> <td>b</td> <td>e <b>7</b></td> <td>g 7</td> <td>c <b>15</b></td> <td>f 4</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 12</td> <td>f <b>1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>b 10</td> <td>e <b>18</b></td> <td>e 10</td> <td>A <b>18</b></td> <td>c 18</td> <td>f</td> <td>A</td> <td>d <b>4</b></td> <td>g</td> <td>b <b>12</b></td> <td>e 1</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>c</td> <td>f <b>7</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>b <b>7</b></td> <td>d 7</td> <td>g <b>15</b></td> <td>b 15</td> <td>e</td> <td>A 12</td> <td>c <b>1</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>A <b>9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>d 18</td> <td>g</td> <td>g 18</td> <td>c</td> <td>e</td> <td>A <b>4</b></td> <td>c 4</td> <td>f <b>12</b></td> <td>b 1</td> <td>d</td> <td>g 9</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>e 7</td> <td>A <b>15</b></td> <td>A 7</td> <td>d <b>15</b></td> <td>f 15</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>g <b>1</b></td> <td>c</td> <td>e <b>9</b></td> <td>A</td> <td>c <b>17</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>f</td> <td>b <b>4</b></td> <td>b</td> <td>e <b>4</b></td> <td>g 4</td> <td>c <b>12</b></td> <td>e 12</td> <td>A</td> <td>d 9</td> <td>f</td> <td>b 17</td> <td>d <b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>g 15</td> <td>c</td> <td>c 15</td> <td>f</td> <td>A</td> <td>d <b>1</b></td> <td>f 1</td> <td>b <b>9</b></td> <td>e</td> <td>g <b>17</b></td> <td>c 6</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>A 4</td> <td></td> <td>d 4</td> <td>g <b>12</b></td> <td>b 12</td> <td>e</td> <td>g</td> <td>c</td> <td>f 17</td> <td>A <b>6</b></td> <td>d</td> <td>f <b>14</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>b</td> <td></td> <td>e</td> <td>A <b>1</b></td> <td>c 1</td> <td>f <b>9</b></td> <td>A 9</td> <td>d <b>17</b></td> <td>g 6</td> <td>b</td> <td>e 14</td> <td>g <b>3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>c 12</td> <td></td> <td>f 12</td> <td></td> <td>d</td> <td></td> <td>b</td> <td>e <b>6</b></td> <td></td> <td>c <b>14</b></td> <td></td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Harr</td> <td><b>Ron</b></td> <td>Miri</td> <td><b>Jame</b></td> <td>Eloi</td> <td><b>Thom</b></td> <td>vii</td> <td><b>Nich</b></td> <td>Cath</td> <td><b>Rich</b></td> <td>Emma</td> <td><b>Paul</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_use">Secular use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secular use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar may be used to locate the approximate position of the moon at any time. There are innumerable applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_predictions">Tidal predictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tidal predictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "establishment" of a port is approximately the time between the moon's meridian passage (above and below the horizon) and high water. Tidal range is greatest in the middle and at the end of the lunar month ("spring tides") and at the equinoxes. For accurate predictions use official tables. An example calculation follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nocturnal_illumination">Nocturnal illumination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nocturnal illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is 9 PM Greenwich Mean Time in London on 15 February 2024. The golden number is 11, which is printed against 11 February. This is the lunar new year (1 <i>Harriet</i>) and 15 February is therefore 5 <i>Harriet</i>. At the end of the previous month (as at the end of every lunar month) the sun and moon are together in the sky, but the lunar day is on average 4/5 hour longer than the solar day. Thus at 9 PM it is only 5 PM by the moon. Whether the moon is visible at that time may be determined using the fact that the moon moves through the zodiac at the rate of 13.2° per day (compared to 1° per day for the sun). On 15 February (5 <i>Harriet</i>) the moon will have advanced (5 x (13.2 - 1)) = 5 x 12.2 = about 61° ahead of the sun. So it will be where the sun will be about 61 days later, i.e. around 16 April. </p><p>But there is another factor. The moon's ascending node (where the plane of its orbit crosses the ecliptic in a northerly direction) moves backwards, completing a circuit relative to the equinox in 18.6 years. When the longitude is 0° (which it will reach around 29 January 2025) it reaches a maximum of 5° further from the celestial equator than does the sun (the major standstill). Half a revolution later (the minor standstill) it reaches a maximum of 5° nearer to the celestial equator than does the sun. </p><p>So considering the moon's position at 9 PM on 15 February 2024 we look where the sun would be at 5 PM on 16 April and (since the date is fairly close to the major standstill) a little higher in the sky. The moon was thus looked for (and was seen) high in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclipse_prediction">Eclipse prediction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eclipse prediction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar may be used to predict eclipses. As the node revolves through 360° in 18.6 years, each month it will retrograde about ((360/18.6)/12)° = 1.61°. As the ascending node reaches 0° around 29 January 2025, in September 2024 its longitude is around 6° and the descending node (directly opposite) is around 186°. The sun reaches ecliptic longitude 186° around 30 September. There will be a lunar eclipse if the full moon (usually on the 14th of the lunar month) occurs within 13 days either side of the sun passing through either node. For solar eclipses (at the end of the lunar month) the "eclipse season" is 19 days either side of the sun's passage through a node. The nearer to the node the sun is the greater the eclipse will be. In 2024, 14 <i>Nicholas</i> corresponds to 18 September. As this is just within the eclipse season there will be a small partial eclipse. This reaches a maximum at 02:44 GMT when 8.5% of the disc is obscured. On 28 <i>Nicholas</i>, when the sun is very close to the node, the annular <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_October_2,_2024" title="Solar eclipse of October 2, 2024">solar eclipse of October 2, 2024</a> occurs. If the solar eclipse occurs within 11 days either side of the sun passing through the node (as here) it will be central (total or annular). As the "eclipse season" is longer than a lunar month there will always be at least one eclipse every time the sun passes through a node, which it does on average every 173.2979 days </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_uses">Administrative uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As virtually all religions use lunar calendars, the calendar aids in planning rest days in for example conferences attended by members of different faiths. The Jewish Passover almost always occurs during <i>Miri</i>, and the High Holy Days almost always occur during <i>Catherine</i>. </p><p>Source: International Commission for Anglican-Orthodox Theological Dialogue (Metropolitan Athenagoras of Belgium, The Rt Revd Graham Usher, Bishop of Norwich), <i>The prospect of Whitby</i> (2022, 22 pp.) Norwich Cathedral Library, Norwich, Norfolk, England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_time" title="Byzantine time">Byzantine time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">Dating creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">Creatio ex nihilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron">Hexameron</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other Judeo-Christian eras</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a> <small>(Note that the Alexandrian Era (March 25, 5493 BC), is totally distinct from the Coptic "Alexandrian Calendar", which is derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian calendar</a> and based on another era, the <b> <i>Era of the Martyrs</i> </b> (August 29, 284).)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> <small>(Derived from the Coptic "Alexandrian Calendar", and based on the <b> <i>Incarnation Era</i> </b> (August 29, AD 8).)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Byzantine</i> was first applied to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> by the German historian <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf" title="Hieronymus Wolf">Hieronymus Wolf</a> in 1557, later popularized by French scholars during the 18th century to refer to the Roman Empire after the seat of the Empire was moved from Rome to Constantinople. "Eastern Roman Empire" itself is another anachronous term not used until after the Ottoman conquest. The empire's citizens referred to themselves as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Romaioi</i></span> ('Romans'), their emperor was the "Roman Emperor", and their empire was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Basileia ton Romaion</i></span> ('Empire of the Romans'). The Latin West designated the empire as "Romania", and the Muslims as "Rum".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ΘΗΕ1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ΘΗΕ1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ΘΗΕ1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> "Εἰς ὅλα τὰ πατριαρχικὰ ἕγγραφα μέχρι Φεβρ. 1596 γίνεται χρῆσις τῆς Ἴνδικτιὤνος καὶ τῆς ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου χρονολογίας, ἐνῶ ἡ μετὰ Χριστὸν χρονολογίαν χρησιμοποιεῖται διἀ πρώτην φορἀν ὕπὸ τοῦ πατριάρχου Θεοφἀνους Ά κατἀ Φεβρ. 1597, κατὀπιν ὕπὸ Κυρίλλου τοῦ Λουκἀρεως τὀ 1626, καθιεροῦται δἐ ἐπισἡμως ὕπὸ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τὀ 1728, ἐπικρατησἀσης τῆς ἀπὀ Χριστοῦ μετἀ τῆς Ἴνδικτιῶνος (Κ. Δελικἀνη, ἔνθ' ἄν., Β', κβ'. Φ. Βαφεἴδου, ἔνθ' ἄν., Γ', 94, Κωνσταντινοὐπολις 1912)."<sup id="cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ΘΗΕ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byz_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Era of Byzantium...often cited in the form <i>annus mundi</i>, is usual in the East from the seventh century and all but unknown in the West. The reference point is Creation, 1 September 5509 B.C., which may be compared with the mundane dates computed by Eusebius-Jerome (5198 B.C.), the Era of Alexandria (5502 B.C.), the Hippolytan Era (5500 B.C.), the Jewish Era (3761 B.C.), and the Vulgate date of 3952 B.C. calculated by Bede. The Byzantine Era survived the capture of Constantinople, and was still in use in Russia to the end of the seventeenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Significantly, this same phrase – <i>"from the foundation of the world"</i>, or <i>"since the dawn of time"</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">από καταβολής κόσμου</span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Apo Kataboles Kosmou</i></span>) – occurs repeatedly in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in <b>Matthew 25:34, Luke 11:50, Hebrews 4:3, 9:26</b>, and <b>Revelation 13:8, 17:8</b>. Anno Mundi eras may reflect a desire to use a convenient starting point for historical computation based on the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Scriptures</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PL XC, 598,877 (Pseudo‐Beda).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> is very ancient as a historical form, it developed greatly with the emergence of Christianity. It became an important vehicle of religious polemics, imposed and developed the chronological framework of the Bible with apologetic and polemic goals, and reached the very top of most cultivated historical forms. However, we are so permeated with the historiographical thought produced by <a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy#Positivism" title="19th-century philosophy">nineteenth-century positivism</a> that we have difficulties in recognising chronology as an important pre-modern form of historical writing using techniques, methods, and assumptions that can be seen as fundamental for the study of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About the year 462 the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a> was moved from September 23 to September 1, where it remained throughout the rest of the Byzantine Empire, representing the present day beginning of the Church year. In 537 Justinian decreed that all dates must include the <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a>, so it was officially adopted as one way to identify a Byzantine year, becoming compulsory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This differed from the status of the Greeks who lived in the Western Empire, who generally employed Roman-style dating even in their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the occasions when the Byzantines did employ the Roman method of dating, they were in fact liable to misunderstand it and consider the "3rd of the kalends" to refer to the third day of the month rather than the day before the end of the prior month.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moscow1492-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moscow1492_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"According to Russian reckoning, 1492 marked the close of the seventh millennium of creation, and prophets and visionaries were getting enthusiastic or apprehensive, according to taste. Calendars stopped in 1492. There were skeptics, but they were officially disavowed, even persecuted. In 1490, the patriarch of Moscow conducted an inquisition against heretics, torturing his victims until they confessed to injudicious denunciations of the doctrine of the Trinity and the sanctity of the Sabbath. Among the proscribed thoughts of which the victims were accused was doubt about whether the world was really about to end."<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Armesto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To convert our era to the Byzantine era, add 5509 years from September to December, and 5508 years from January to August.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes of Cyrene</a> (275-194 BC) represented contemporary Alexandrian scholarship; <a href="/wiki/Eupolemus" title="Eupolemus">Eupolemus</a>, a Palestinian Jew and a friend of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah Maccabee</a>, writing in 158 BC, is said to have been the first historian who synchronized Greek history in accordance with the theory of the Mosaic origin of culture. By the time of the 1st century BC, a world chronicle had synchronized Jewish and Greek history and had gained international circulation: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a> (flourishing in 85-35 BC); <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> (116-27 BC); Ptolemy priest of Mendes (50 BC), who is cited by <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a> (<i>Oratio ad Graecos</i>, 38); <a href="/wiki/Apion" title="Apion">Apion</a> (1st century AD); <a href="/wiki/Thrasyllus_of_Mendes" title="Thrasyllus of Mendes">Thrasyllus</a> (before AD 36); and <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(historian)" title="Thallus (historian)">Thallus</a> (1st century AD) – all cited chronicles which had incorporated the dates of the <a href="/wiki/Noachite" class="mw-redirect" title="Noachite">Noachite</a> flood and the exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-BZW_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BZW-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the orthography of proper names, and from various expressions used, it is evident that Demetrius used the Septuagint text of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Era of Antioch" (5492 BC) and "Era of Alexandria" (5502 BC) were originally two different formations, differing by 10 years. They were both much in use by the early Christian writers attached to the Churches of Alexandria and Antioch. However after the year AD 284 the two eras coincided, settling on 5492 BC. There are, consequently, two distinct eras of Alexandria, the one being used before and the other after the accession of Diocletian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A calendar obtained by extension earlier in time than its invention or implementation is called the proleptic version of the calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the commonly used 19‐year <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> moon cycle, there was no year when the Passover (the first spring full moon, Nisan 14) would coincide with Friday and the traditional date of the Passion, March 25; according to Alexandrian system the date would have to have been Anno Mundi 5533 = 42(!)AD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is likely that his reckoning is from 43 BC, the year in which Octavian was declared consul by senate and people and recognized as the adopted son and heir of Caesar. <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, (<i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Haeres</a></i>) also puts Jesus's birth in the 42nd year of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> when Octavius Augustus xiii and Silanus were consuls; and they were consuls in 2 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that according to Wacholder, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' chronology for the antediluvian period (pre-flood) conforms with the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">LXX</a>, but for the <a href="/wiki/Noachite" class="mw-redirect" title="Noachite">Noachites</a> (post-flood) he used the Hebrew text. He chose this method to resolve the problem of the two chronological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World?: The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWec0i621ekC">Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications</a>.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ΘΗΕ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ΘΗΕ_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> "Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον", ΘΗΕ, τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778.<br /><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> "Ecumenical Patriarchate". <i>Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p. 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Dean Ware. "Medieval Chronology: Theory and Practice." In: James M. Powell. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KSoZdxlhC8C">Medieval Studies: An Introduction, Second Edition</a>.</i> Syracuse University Press, 1992. pp. 252-277. p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Diekamp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105104/page/n27">"Der Mönch und Presbyter Georgios, ein unbekannter Schriftsteller des 7. Jahrhunderts"</a>, <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i> 9 (1900) 14–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KUZENKOV-2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KUZENKOV-2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavel Kuzenkov (Moscow). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wra1th.plus.com/byzcong/comms/Kuzenkov_paper.pdf">How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715093926/http://www.wra1th.plus.com/byzcong/comms/Kuzenkov_paper.pdf">Archived</a> July 15, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies</i>, London 2006. pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aha.missouri.edu/people/rautman.html">Marcus Louis Rautman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201144620/http://aha.missouri.edu/people/rautman.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>"Time."</i> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs3iEyVRHKsC&q=Daily+Life+in+the+Byzantine+Empire"><i>Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-homepage.mac.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-homepage.mac.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-homepage.mac.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Stephenson. <i>"Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulstephenson.info/trans/scyl2.html">John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion"</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulstephenson.info/trans/scyl2.html">: <i>The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system</i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108072207/http://www.paulstephenson.info/trans/scyl2.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</i>. November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varona, Patricia. "Chronology and History in Byzantium". <i><a href="/wiki/Greek,_Roman,_and_Byzantine_Studies" title="Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies">Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</a></i> 58 (2018) 389–422. p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewton1972" class="citation cs2">Newton, Robert R. (1972), <i>Medieval Chronicles and the Rotation of the Earth</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 515</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chronicles+and+the+Rotation+of+the+Earth&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2003" class="citation cs2">Butcher, Kevin (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C"><i>Roman Syria and the Near East</i></a>, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&pg=PA127">127</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892367153" title="Special:BookSources/9780892367153"><bdi>9780892367153</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Syria+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780892367153&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJPn3-rRjC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolin2008" class="citation cs2">Solin, Heikki (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0985-6471_2008_act_37_1_2477">"Observations sur la Forme Grecque des Indications Calendaires Romaines à Rome à l'Époque Impériale"</a>, <i>Bilinguisme Gréco-Latin et Épigraphie: Actes du Colloque, 17–19 Mai 2004</i>, <i>Collection de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée</i>, No. 37, <i>Série Épigraphique et Historique</i>, No. 6, Lyon: Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, pp. 259–272</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+la+Forme+Grecque+des+Indications+Calendaires+Romaines+%C3%A0+Rome+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%89poque+Imp%C3%A9riale&rft.btitle=Bilinguisme+Gr%C3%A9co-Latin+et+%C3%89pigraphie%3A+Actes+du+Colloque%2C+17%E2%80%9319+Mai+2004&rft.place=Lyon&rft.series=%27%27Collection+de+la+Maison+de+l%27Orient+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e%27%27%2C+No.+37%2C+%27%27S%C3%A9rie+%C3%89pigraphique+et+Historique%27%27%2C+No.+6&rft.pages=259-272&rft.pub=Maison+de+l%27Orient+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Solin&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fmom_0985-6471_2008_act_37_1_2477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation cs2">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204--1571), </i>Vol. I:<i> The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</i></a>, <i>Memoirs of the APS</i>, Vol. 114, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC&pg=PA71">71</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691149" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691149"><bdi>9780871691149</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204--1571%29%2C+Vol.+I%3A+The+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=%27%27Memoirs+of+the+APS%27%27%2C+Vol.+114&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780871691149&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Gm79HuBY0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Armesto-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felipe Fernández-Armesto. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Duo_AQAAQBAJ">1492: The Year Our World Began</a>.</i> A&C Black, 2011. p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5547">Russian Calendar (988–1917)</a>. <i>The Literary Encyclopedia</i>. 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>. <i>Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus.</i> Book III. 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Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1841. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elias J. Bickerman. <i>Chronology of the Ancient World</i>. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." <i><a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i>. 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Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988. pp. 88,91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costache, Doru. (2019). "The Orthodox Doctrine of Creation in the Age of Science." <i>Journal of Orthodox Christian Studies</i> 2.1: 43–64. 10.1353/joc.2019.0003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KHRAMOV-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHRAMOV_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHRAMOV_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khramov, Alexander V. (2017). 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Edinburgh. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+councils+of+the+Church&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=325&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Karl+Joseph+von+Hefele+%28trans.+William+R+Clark%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde8Oj1v1nNIC%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy1996" class="citation web cs1">Cassidy, Simon (25 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermetic.ch/cal_stud/cassidy/howlong.htm">"Re: How long is a year..EXACTLY? East Carolina University Calendar discussion List CALNDR-L"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+How+long+is+a+year..EXACTLY%3F+East+Carolina+University+Calendar+discussion+List+CALNDR-L&rft.date=1996-10-25&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermetic.ch%2Fcal_stud%2Fcassidy%2Fhowlong.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">29 in cycle 19.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.org/fs/icons-of-church-year">"Main feasts and commemorations"</a>. <i>Orthodox Church of America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181009215353/https://oca.org/fs/icons-of-church-year">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Church+of+America&rft.atitle=Main+feasts+and+commemorations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Ffs%2Ficons-of-church-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010526145207/http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Labyrinth/2398/bginfo/trade/time.html">Byzantine ways of reckoning time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smso.net/Calendar_era#Christian_era">Calendar Era: Late Antiquity and Middle Ages: Christian era</a> at SMSO Encyclopedia (<i>Saudi Medical Site Online</i>).</li> <li>Howlett, J. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm">Biblical Chronology</a></i>. In, <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent)</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991023004114/http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/chronology.html">Chronology of the Biblical Patriarchs</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://orthodoxwiki.org/Church_Calendar" class="extiw" title="orthodoxwiki:Church Calendar">Church Calendar</a> at Orthodoxwiki.</li></ul> <p><b>Hebrew calendar</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=438&letter=E#1154">The Era of the Creation</a> at Jewish Encyclopedia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polysyllabic.com/calhistory/earlier/jewish">The Jewish Calendar</a> by Karl Hagen (medievalist).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a>. <i>Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks</i>. An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Synkellos</a>. <i>The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation</i>. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a>, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). <i>Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit)</i>. (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a>. <i>Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>. <i>O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates.</i> Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia Naturalis</a></i>, XVIII, 210.</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.viii.i.html">Hexæmeron</a></i>. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): <b>Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works</b>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>. <i>On the Trinity</i>. Book IV.</li> <li><i>The Rudder (Pedalion)</i>: Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite" title="Nicodemus the Hagiorite">Nicodemus</a>. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813</i>. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>. <i>Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus.</i> Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_calendar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>21st century</b> </p> <ul><li>Anthony Bryer. "Chronology and Dating". In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack . <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnkxofhi4mQC">The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</a>.</i> Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 31–37.</li> <li>Dr. Iaakov Karcz. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/794/1/32Karcz.pdf">Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazard in the Holy Land</a>". <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004.</li> <li>Fr. Patrick Henry Reardon. <i>Creation and the Patriarchal Histories: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Genesis</i>. Conciliar Press, 2008.</li> <li>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_Rose" title="Seraphim Rose">Seraphim Rose</a>. <i>GENESIS, CREATION and EARLY MAN: The Orthodox Christian Vision</i>. St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, California, 2000.</li> <li>Frederick Deland Leete. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNGMe36KdQAC">Christian Brotherhoods</a></i>. Kessinger Publishing, 2003.</li> <li>Paul James-Griffiths. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i2/tradition.asp">Creation days and Orthodox Jewish Tradition</a></i>. AnswersinGenesis.org. March 2004.</li> <li>Paul Stephenson. <i>"Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020614180150/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans/scyl2.html">John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion"</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020614180150/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans/scyl2.html">: <i>The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system</i></a><i>"</i>. November 2006.</li> <li>Pavel Kuzenkov. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715093926/http://www.wra1th.plus.com/byzcong/comms/Kuzenkov_paper.pdf">How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals</a></i>. <b>21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies</b>, London 2006.</li> <li>Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5547">Russian Calendar (988–1917)</a>". <i>The Literary Encyclopedia</i>. 25 September 2008.</li> <li>Prof. Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201144620/http://aha.missouri.edu/people/rautman.html">Marcus Louis Rautman</a>. "Time." In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs3iEyVRHKsC&q=Gynaikeion+church+-flower+-witches"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs3iEyVRHKsC&q=Gynaikeion+church+-flower+-witches">Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire<i></i></a><i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 3–8.</i></li> <li>Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164409/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/gueze-ethiopian-the-counterfeit-millennium.html">Gueze – ‘Ethiopian’: the Counterfeit Millennium</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>". September 8, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Prof. Dr. Roger T. Beckwith (D.D., D.Litt.)</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVCUZ7BTD2gC&q=%22Enoch+74%22+AND+%22cycle%22">Calendar, Chronology, and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity</a></i>. Brill Academic Publishers, 2005. (<i><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Dr Beckwith</a> served for twenty years on the Anglican-Orthodox Commission</i>).</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Study_Bible" title="Orthodox Study Bible">Orthodox Study Bible</a></i>. St. Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology. Elk Grove, California, 2008.</li></ul> <p><b>20th century</b> </p> <ul><li>Barry Setterfield. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setterfield.org/000docs/scriptchron.htm#creation">Ancient Chronology in Scripture</a></i>. September 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chronology"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chronology">"Chronology" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=305-318&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001145913/http://huc.edu/faculty/faculty/wacholder.shtml">Ben Zion Wacholder</a>. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>, Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451–481.</li> <li>Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001145913/http://huc.edu/faculty/faculty/wacholder.shtml">Ben Zion Wacholder</a>. <i>Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography</i>. Ktav Pub. House, 1976.</li> <li>Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkBasQYRy4sC">Chronology of the Old Testament</a></i>. Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. <i>(supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).</i></li> <li>E.G. Richards. <i>Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History</i>. Oxford University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Elias J. Bickerman. <i>Chronology of the Ancient World</i>. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.</li> <li>Fr. <a href="https://orthodoxwiki.org/Stanley_S._Harakas" class="extiw" title="orthodoxwiki:Stanley S. Harakas">Stanley S. Harakas</a>. <i>The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers</i>. Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.</li> <li>George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>, Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2–18.</li> <li>Howlett, J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm">Biblical Chronology</a>". In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent)</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.</li> <li>Jack Finegan. <i>Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible</i>. Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.</li> <li>Prof. Dr. William Adler. <i>Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus</i>. Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Worp" title="Klaas Worp">K.A. Worp</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/9250/1/5_039_134.pdf">Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents</a></i>. 1985. University of Amsterdam.</li> <li>Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>, Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241–246.</li> <li>Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. <i>The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt</i>. Zutphen, 1978.</li> <li>V. Grumel. <i>La Chronologie</i>. Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.</li> <li>Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." <i><a href="/wiki/Schaff-Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i> New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc04/Page_163.html">Vol. 4, pp. 163</a>.</li> <li>Van der Essen, L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03730b.htm">Chronicon Paschale</a>". In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent)</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.</li> <li>Yiannis E. Meimaris. <i>Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia</i>. Athens, 1992.</li> <li>Otto Neugebauer, <i>Ethiopic astronomy and computus</i> (Vienna, 1979).</li></ul> <p><b>19th century and earlier</b> </p> <ul><li>John McClintock, James Strong. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PsosAAAAYAAJ">Cyclopedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Supplement</a></i>. V.2. Harper, 1887.</li> <li>Prof. Fr. Arsenius John Baptist Vuibert (<a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint-Sulpice" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint-Sulpice">S.S.</a>). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJQWAAAAYAAJ">An Ancient History: From the Creation to the Fall of the Western Empire in A.D. 476</a>.</i> Baltimore: Foley, 1886.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Pozna%C5%84ski" title="Samuel Abraham Poznański">Samuel Poznański</a>. "Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar". in <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Oct., 1897), pp. 152–161.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo61.html">Pseudodoxia Epidemica: Book VI. Ch. 1 – Of sundry common opinions Cosmographical and Historical</a></i>. 1646; 6th ed., 1672. pp. 321–330.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqcrAAAAYAAJ">The Popular Encyclopedia: being a general dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, biography, history, and political economy</a>.</i> (Vol. 3, Part 1). Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1841.</li> <li>Thomas Spencer Baynes. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ">Chronology: Era of the Creation of the World.”</a> <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature</i>. 9th Ed., Vol. 5. A. & C. Black, 1833. pp. 709–754.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dd>'<b>This article is derived in whole or in part from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Byzantine+Creation+Era&oldid=82074">Byzantine Creation Era</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxwiki.org/">OrthodoxWiki</a>, which is dually licensed under <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">CC-By-SA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. 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