Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil 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</option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" selected='selected'> Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option 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value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option 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Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 29199 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/266/pdf?version=1732612930" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="On Forming Characteristics of Hems by Means of Incremental Sheet Forming" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/266">On Forming Characteristics of Hems by Means of Incremental Sheet Forming</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dennis Steinfels</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Bailly</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 266; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060266">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060266</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Given the need for versatile joining processes, form-fit joining is gaining increasing importance. Although it has known limitations and complexity, roller hemming remains widely used due to its flexibility. Here, the novel Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) hemming technique has the potential to expand <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/266/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Given the need for versatile joining processes, form-fit joining is gaining increasing importance. Although it has known limitations and complexity, roller hemming remains widely used due to its flexibility. Here, the novel Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) hemming technique has the potential to expand the range of applications and process limits. It has already proven effective in preliminary works for joining comparatively small radii without wrinkles and cracks. However, a deeper understanding of the dominant material flow and deformation mechanism during forming is required to fully exploit its potential. This study aims to conduct a detailed examination of this technology through experimental and numerical investigations. Strain measurements on convex and concave hems provide insights into the material flow. A comparison of the forming mechanism for both processes is made using straight hems. The results show that ISF hemming has a favorable material flow for compensating cracks and wrinkles in curved hems. Additionally, it induces strains across the entire hem area, reaching higher values than those achieved with roller hemming. One reason for this is the forming mechanism, which combines tension, compression and shear, whereas roller hemming primarily involves bending and compression of the hemming radius. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/266">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/266/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529608"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529608"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529608" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529608" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529608" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span 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class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g023-550.jpg?1732613027'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g024-550.jpg?1732613029'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g025-550.jpg?1732613031'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g026-550.jpg?1732613034'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g027-550.jpg?1732613036'><p>Figure 27</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g028-550.jpg?1732613039'><p>Figure 28</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g029-550.jpg?1732613041'><p>Figure 29</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g030-550.jpg?1732613042'><p>Figure 30</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g031-550.jpg?1732613044'><p>Figure 31</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='31' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g032-550.jpg?1732613047'><p>Figure 32</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='32' data-target='article-1529608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g033-550.jpg?1732613048'><p>Figure 33</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529608-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g001-550.jpg?1732612995" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Example components with hemmed outer edges.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g002-550.jpg?1732612996" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Typical hemming process steps using the example of roller hemming [<a href="#B2-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">2</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g003-550.jpg?1732612996" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Typical defects for hemming of concave and convex contours [<a href="#B9-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g004-550.jpg?1732612997" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Examples of flange reliefs in sharp corners of hemming products [<a href="#B3-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B9-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g005-550.jpg?1732612999" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Joint components and their respective cross-sections formed by ISF with different hole diameters [<a href="#B19-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g006-550.jpg?1732613000" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic contact area while hemming for roller hemming (<b>left</b>) and ISF hemming (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g007-550.jpg?1732613001" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Tool motions of roller hemming (<b>left</b>) and ISF hemming (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g008-550.jpg?1732613001" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>True stress–true strain relation of DC04 sheet [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g009-550.jpg?1732613004" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Forming tools.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g010-550.jpg?1732613006" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Hem geometries in this work.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g011-550.jpg?1732613007" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Geometric definitions of the flanges [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g012-550.jpg?1732613008" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup as an example of straight geometry.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g013-550.jpg?1732613009" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Exemplary tool paths for ISF flanging and hemming [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g014-550.jpg?1732613011" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Procedure for ISF hemming as an example of shrink hem geometry [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g015-550.jpg?1732613013" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Procedure for roller hemming of the straight hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g016-550.jpg?1732613014" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Creaform HandyScan 700 (<b>left</b>) and exemplary 3D scanning setup up (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B28-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g017-550.jpg?1732613018" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Exemplary optical forming analysis for the shrink hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g018-550.jpg?1732613019" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Exemplary setup for ISF hemming (<b>left</b>) and roller hemming model (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g019-550.jpg?1732613021" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Equivalent plastic strain in stretch (<b>left</b>) and shrink (<b>right</b>) specimen after flanging simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g020-550.jpg?1732613022" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Geometric comparison of experiment and simulation based on the hem cross-sections.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g021-550.jpg?1732613024" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Sheet thickness distribution from experiment and simulation for stretch (<b>left</b>) and shrink hems (<b>right</b>). The initial blank thickness of 1 mm is indicated by the dotted line.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g022-550.jpg?1732613025" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Material drag at the outer edge of hems [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00266" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g023-550.jpg?1732613027" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of effective strains from experiment and simulation for stretch hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g024-550.jpg?1732613029" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of effective strains from experiment and simulation for shrink hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g025-550.jpg?1732613031" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Vectors of major in-plane principal strain for stretch hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g026-550.jpg?1732613034" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Vectors of minor in-plane principal strain for stretch hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g027-550.jpg?1732613036" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>Vectors of major in-plane principal strain for shrink hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g028-550.jpg?1732613039" title=" <strong>Figure 28</strong><br/> <p>Vectors of minor in-plane principal strain for shrink hem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g029-550.jpg?1732613041" title=" <strong>Figure 29</strong><br/> <p>Vectors of strains in thickness direction for stretch and shrink hemming (bulge).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g030-550.jpg?1732613042" title=" <strong>Figure 30</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of resulting material flow vectors in ISF hemming for stretch and shrink hems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g031-550.jpg?1732613044" title=" <strong>Figure 31</strong><br/> <p>General appearance of the straight hems produced with ISF hemming (<b>left</b>) and roller hemming (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g032-550.jpg?1732613047" title=" <strong>Figure 32</strong><br/> <p>Optical strain measurement for straight hems formed with ISF hemming (<b>left</b>) and roller hemming (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00266/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00266-g033-550.jpg?1732613048" title=" <strong>Figure 33</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the deformation zone in ISF hemming and roller hemming.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/266'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 4754 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/265/pdf?version=1732339268" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optimizing the Material Extrusion Process for Investment Casting Mould Production" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/265">Optimizing the Material Extrusion Process for Investment Casting Mould Production</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo Rodríguez-González</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo Zapico</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sofía Peláez-Peláez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María Ángeles Castro-Sastre</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 265; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060265">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060265</a> - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the optimization of the Material Extrusion (MEX) process for producing polylactic acid (PLA) patterns used in investment casting moulds, specifically targeting the casting of non-ferrous alloys such as brass. Key MEX process parameters—layer thickness, wall thickness, infill density, and post-processing <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/265/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the optimization of the Material Extrusion (MEX) process for producing polylactic acid (PLA) patterns used in investment casting moulds, specifically targeting the casting of non-ferrous alloys such as brass. Key MEX process parameters—layer thickness, wall thickness, infill density, and post-processing with dichloromethane vapour for surface enhancement—were systematically analyzed for their impact on mould quality. Results indicate that an optimized combination of MEX parameters yields moulds with high dimensional accuracy, low surface roughness, and minimal pattern residue within the mould cavity. These optimized moulds were subsequently used in brass casting, with the final cast parts evaluated for dimensional precision and surface finish. The study concludes that PLA patterns manufactured via optimized MEX parameters provide a precise, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement solution for industry applications. Additionally, this process is environmentally friendly and presents clear advantages over other pattern-making methods, offering a sustainable alternative for producing complex metal parts with reduced environmental impact. The findings underscore the significant role of post-processing in enhancing mould quality and, consequently, the quality of the cast parts. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/265">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jmmp/special_issues/1U54C9NK8A ">Advances in Additive Manufacturing and Material Characterization Techniques</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/265/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527573"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527573"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527573" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527573" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527573" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g001-550.jpg?1732339356" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527573" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g002-550.jpg?1732339358'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g003-550.jpg?1732339362'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g004-550.jpg?1732339363'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g005-550.jpg?1732339364'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g006-550.jpg?1732339367'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g007-550.jpg?1732339368'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g008-550.jpg?1732339369'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g009-550.jpg?1732339371'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g010a-550.jpg?1732339372'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g010b-550.jpg?1732339374'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527573-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g011-550.jpg?1732339375'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527573-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g001-550.jpg?1732339356" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Pattern design and (<b>b</b>) test specimens F1 to F16.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g002-550.jpg?1732339358" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mould-manufacturing process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g003-550.jpg?1732339362" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of mould quality: (<b>a</b>) measurement of cavity dimensions; (<b>b</b>) measurement of cavity roughness; and (<b>c</b>) cutting of mould parts for residue detection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g004-550.jpg?1732339363" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Process to validate the method: (<b>a</b>) MEX pattern manufactured in PLA with optimal parameters; (<b>b</b>) obtained mould, (<b>c</b>) raw part; and (<b>d</b>) final part.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g005-550.jpg?1732339364" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Several parts analyzed as case studies: (<b>a</b>) highly detailed ornamental parts; (<b>b</b>) highly detailed ornamental parts; and (<b>c</b>) bevel gear.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g006-550.jpg?1732339367" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) δ value in increasing order obtained for 16 combinations and (<b>b</b>) Pareto plot of influence on δ (α = 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g007-550.jpg?1732339368" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Variation in pattern dimensions due to the effect of post-processing with dichloromethane evaluated with parameter δ applied to the dimensions before and after post-processing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g008-550.jpg?1732339369" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Roughness obtained from mould cavities arranged from lower to higher Ra.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g009-550.jpg?1732339371" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Roughness of the patterns before and after post-treatment, arranged from lower to higher.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g010a-550.jpg?1732339372" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Images of one of the walls of the mould cavity obtained by microscopy (used pattern F7): (<b>a</b>) overall image; (<b>b</b>) detail of the side surface; and (<b>c</b>) detail of the bottom surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g010b-550.jpg?1732339374" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Images of one of the walls of the mould cavity obtained by microscopy (used pattern F7): (<b>a</b>) overall image; (<b>b</b>) detail of the side surface; and (<b>c</b>) detail of the bottom surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00265/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00265-g011-550.jpg?1732339375" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Dimensional and surface quality assessment: (<b>a</b>) dimensional changes experienced by the pattern and mould during the process and (<b>b</b>) changes in the roughness of the pattern and mould.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/265'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 13014 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/264/pdf?version=1732092666" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Design Strategy for Surface Modification and Decarburization to Achieve Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/264">A Design Strategy for Surface Modification and Decarburization to Achieve Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Soumya Sridar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Noah Sargent</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie Prochaska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mitra Shabani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Owen Hildreth</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Xiong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 264; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060264">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060264</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Post-processing of additively manufactured components, including the removal of support structures and the reduction in surface roughness, presents significant challenges. Conventional milling struggles to access internal cavities, while the Self-Terminating Etching Process (STEP) offers a promising solution. STEP effectively smooths surfaces and dissolves <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/264/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Post-processing of additively manufactured components, including the removal of support structures and the reduction in surface roughness, presents significant challenges. Conventional milling struggles to access internal cavities, while the Self-Terminating Etching Process (STEP) offers a promising solution. STEP effectively smooths surfaces and dissolves supports without substantial changes in geometry. However, it can lead to compositional changes and precipitation, affecting the material properties and necessitating a design strategy to mitigate them. In this study, STEP is applied to stainless steel 316L (SS316L) produced via laser powder bed fusion, reducing surface roughness from 7 to 2 μm. After STEP, the surface carbon exhibited a threefold increase, leading to the formation of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> clusters. This significantly impacted the yield strength, resulting in a 37% reduction compared to the as-built condition. The key to overcoming this challenge was using computational simulations, which guided the determination of the decarburization conditions: 1000 °C for 60 min, ensuring maximum M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> dissolution and surface carbon reduction with minimal grain coarsening. Following these conditions, the yield strength of SS316L was restored to the level observed in the as-built condition. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed design strategy to enhance the mechanical performance of additively manufactured components significantly. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/264">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jmmp/special_issues/1U54C9NK8A ">Advances in Additive Manufacturing and Material Characterization Techniques</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/264/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524894"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524894"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524894" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524894" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524894" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g001-550.jpg?1732092767" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524894" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g002-550.jpg?1732092768'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g003-550.jpg?1732092772'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g004-550.jpg?1732092773'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g005-550.jpg?1732092774'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g006-550.jpg?1732092776'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g007-550.jpg?1732092778'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g008-550.jpg?1732092779'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g009-550.jpg?1732092781'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g010-550.jpg?1732092782'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g011-550.jpg?1732092783'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g012-550.jpg?1732092787'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524894-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g001-550.jpg?1732092767" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Flowchart of the STEP technique applied to SS316L steel fabricated using the LPBF technique, (<b>b</b>) time–temperature profile used for sensitization heat treatment of SS316L steel (step 1 in (<b>a</b>)), (<b>c</b>) macrograph of the as-fabricated SS316L disc after application of the STEP technique, and (<b>d</b>) tensile bars of SS316L printed according to ASTM E8 standard in horizontal orientation using LPBF for the application of the STEP technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g002-550.jpg?1732092768" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>3D-surface tomography maps for the as-built and as-etched SS316L show the difference in surface roughness, with sharp red peaks in the as-built condition and a relatively smoother surface without peaks in the as-etched condition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g003-550.jpg?1732092772" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrograph of the (<b>a</b>) cross-section of the SS316L disc before application of STEP and those obtained from the (<b>b</b>) horizontal and (<b>c</b>) vertical edges of the as-etched SS316L steel show clusters of black features near the surface formed due to STEP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g004-550.jpg?1732092773" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Composition measurements performed using EDS at different points from the surface to the bulk of the as-etched SS316L steel show that the black features correspond to the M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> phase with a higher chromium content than the bulk (refer to the table).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g005-550.jpg?1732092774" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) SEM micrograph of as-etched SS316L steel showing the location of lines where the EPMA measurements were performed to determine the carbon content (hardness indents served as markers) and (<b>b</b>) variation in carbon content from the surface of the as-etched SS316L steel to the bulk showing three times increase in the composition of carbon close to the surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g006-550.jpg?1732092776" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Carbon content as a function of distance for different times determined using kinetic simulations at (<b>a</b>) 900, (<b>b</b>) 1000, and (<b>c</b>) 1100 °C showing the optimum decarburization times as well as (<b>d</b>) calculated phase fraction as a function of temperature for SS316L steel powder showing the dissolution temperature of M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g007-550.jpg?1732092778" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Composition maps obtained using EDS from the surface of SS316L decarburized after etching at 1000 °C for 30 min in (<b>a</b>) flowing air showing the formation of a Cr-rich oxide layer and (<b>b</b>) in a vacuum atmosphere without any significant oxidation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g008-550.jpg?1732092779" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>)Variation in carbon content along with standard deviation for the as-etched sample and the samples decarburized in a vacuum at 1000 °C for different times showed that the accumulated carbon in the surface evened out for all the time periods tested in this work and (<b>b</b>) XRD analysis of the as-etched sample and sample decarburized for 60 min at 1000 °C showing an FCC matrix phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g009-550.jpg?1732092781" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>IPF maps for SS316L samples in (<b>a</b>) as-built condition and decarburized at 1000 °C in a vacuum for (<b>b</b>) 30, (<b>c</b>) 60, and (<b>d</b>) 120 min as well as (<b>e</b>) plot for variation in grain size as a function of decarburization time obtained using EBSD measurements showing that the grains in decarburized samples are more rounded than the as-built sample and excessive grain coarsening occurs after decarburization for 120 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g010-550.jpg?1732092782" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs from the surface of the sample decarburized in a vacuum at 1000 °C for (<b>a</b>) 30 min, (<b>b</b>) high magnification micrograph of the region close to the surface of the sample decarburized for 30 min showing large amounts of undissolved M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> particles, (<b>c</b>) surface of the sample decarburized in a vacuum at 1000 °C for 60 min showing that there is an effective dissolution of the M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> particles forming large clusters, and (<b>d</b>) high-magnification micrograph of the region close to the surface of the sample decarburized for 60 min showing the presence of a minor amount of discontinuous M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> in grain boundaries and within the grains.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g011-550.jpg?1732092783" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Engineering stress–strain curves and the tensile properties of as-built, as-etched, etched + decarburized, and wrought SS316L steel show that the designed decarburization heat treatment has helped in restoring the strength that was reduced due to the application of the etching treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00264/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00264-g012-550.jpg?1732092787" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of the fracture surface in (<b>a</b>) as-built, (<b>b</b>) as-etched, (<b>c</b>) etched + decarburized, and (<b>d</b>) wrought conditions after tensile tests showing ductile fracture with dimples in all conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/264'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 7016 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/263/pdf?version=1732085442" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Build Orientation-Driven Anisotropic Fracture Behaviour in Polymer Parts Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/263">Build Orientation-Driven Anisotropic Fracture Behaviour in Polymer Parts Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karthik Ram Ramakrishnan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jagan Selvaraj</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 263; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060263">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060263</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Additive manufacturing (AM) enables fabricating intricate objects with complex geometries previously unattainable through conventional methods. This process encompasses various techniques, including powder bed fusion (PBF), such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi-jet fusion (MJF). These techniques involve selectively melting powdered polymer material, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/263/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Additive manufacturing (AM) enables fabricating intricate objects with complex geometries previously unattainable through conventional methods. This process encompasses various techniques, including powder bed fusion (PBF), such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi-jet fusion (MJF). These techniques involve selectively melting powdered polymer material, predominantly utilizing engineering thermoplastics layer by layer to create solid components. Although their mechanical properties have been extensively characterised, very few works have addressed the influence of additive manufacturing on fracture behaviour. In this context, we present our work demonstrating the presence of anisotropy in fracture behaviour due to the build orientation as well as the PBF methods. To evaluate this anisotropy, the fracture behaviour of polyamide 12 polymer manufactured by SLS and MJF were investigated with experiments and numerical modelling of Mode I compact tension (CT) specimens. Experiments were monitored by digital image correlation (DIC) and infra-red thermography (IRT). Additionally, the fractured surfaces are analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Comparative analyses between SLS and MJF technologies unveiled dissimilar trends in mechanical strength, build-orientation effects, and fracture properties. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/263">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/263/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524719"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524719"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524719" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524719" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524719" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g001-550.jpg?1732085604" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524719" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g002-550.jpg?1732085606'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g003-550.jpg?1732085609'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g004-550.jpg?1732085610'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g005-550.jpg?1732085612'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g006-550.jpg?1732085614'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g007-550.jpg?1732085615'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g008-550.jpg?1732085618'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g009-550.jpg?1732085619'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g010-550.jpg?1732085620'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g011-550.jpg?1732085623'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g012-550.jpg?1732085624'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g013-550.jpg?1732085626'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g014-550.jpg?1732085629'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g015-550.jpg?1732085633'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g016-550.jpg?1732085638'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524719-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g017-550.jpg?1732085642'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524719-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g001-550.jpg?1732085604" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Geometry of compact tension sample and (<b>b</b>) different build directions for additive manufacturing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g002-550.jpg?1732085606" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup for compact tension testing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g003-550.jpg?1732085609" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Typical images from optical camera and thermal camera during compact tension tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g004-550.jpg?1732085610" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Numerical modelling of compact tension test using cohesive zone modelling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g005-550.jpg?1732085612" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Force vs. opening displacement curves for SLS (<b>a</b>) XY and (<b>b</b>) Z.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g006-550.jpg?1732085614" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Force vs. opening displacement curves for MJF (<b>a</b>) XY and (<b>b</b>) Z.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g007-550.jpg?1732085615" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of force vs. displacement for different orientation and manufacturing process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g008-550.jpg?1732085618" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Crack extension measurement from optical images and thermal images for SLS Z sample (Dashed lines indicate crack location).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g009-550.jpg?1732085619" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Typical shear strain contour from DIC analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g010-550.jpg?1732085620" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Crack length vs. time for typical SLS Z sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g011-550.jpg?1732085623" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>J-R curves for (<b>a</b>) SLS and (<b>b</b>) MJF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g012-550.jpg?1732085624" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Mean value of J<sub>max</sub> from calculation of the J-integral for samples printed in different build orientations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g013-550.jpg?1732085626" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Predictions obtained from the numerical modelling for SLS XY (<b>a</b>) and Z (<b>b</b>) configurations and comparison against experiments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g014-550.jpg?1732085629" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Predictions obtained from the numerical modelling for MJF XY (<b>a</b>) and Z (<b>b</b>) configurations and comparison against experiments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g015-550.jpg?1732085633" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of shear strain contours from numerical model and experimental data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g016-550.jpg?1732085638" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the crack surface of SLS (<b>a</b>) XY and (<b>b</b>) Z and MJF (<b>c</b>) XY and (<b>d</b>) Z samples (Yellow arrows indicate irregularities post fracture).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00263/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00263-g017-550.jpg?1732085642" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Fracture surface of (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SLS XY and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) MJF Z specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/263'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 6390 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/262/pdf?version=1732077418" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of Polymer Hydrophobic Surfaces Through Combined Laser Ablation and Hot Embossing Processes" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/262">Development of Polymer Hydrophobic Surfaces Through Combined Laser Ablation and Hot Embossing Processes</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esmaeil Ghadiri Zahrani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amirmohmmad Fakharzadeh Jahromi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bahman Azarhoushang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 262; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060262">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060262</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The development of hydrophobicity on polymer surfaces in mass production is one of the most critical challenges in the plastic industry. This paper deals with a novel combined hot embossing process in which femtosecond laser ablation is utilized to texture the embossing stamps. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/262/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The development of hydrophobicity on polymer surfaces in mass production is one of the most critical challenges in the plastic industry. This paper deals with a novel combined hot embossing process in which femtosecond laser ablation is utilized to texture the embossing stamps. By controlling the process temperature and axial forces, the laser textures were transferred to polymer surfaces, successfully resulting in hydrophobicity. Four different polymers, including ABS, PP, PA, and PC, along with two different laser textures, namely ball and pyramid, were tested. The laser and hot embossing parameters under which the textures were transferred to the polymers are introduced. The critical micro- and nano-features of the transferred textures that resulted in high hydrophobic contact angles are also discussed. The results indicate that PP and ABS have higher contact angles, respectively, while under the given parameters, PA and PC did not exhibit hydrophobic surfaces. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/262">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/T4O9HU7809">Advanced Manufacturing and Surface Technology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/262/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524675"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524675"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524675" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524675" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524675" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g001-550.jpg?1732077516" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524675" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g002-550.jpg?1732077518'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g003-550.jpg?1732077519'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g004-550.jpg?1732077521'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g005-550.jpg?1732077523'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g006-550.jpg?1732077523'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524675-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g007-550.jpg?1732077527'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524675-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g001-550.jpg?1732077516" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overview of utilized steps for the combined processes of laser ablation and hot embossing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g002-550.jpg?1732077518" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Five-axis laser machine; (<b>b</b>) Positioning of stamp; and (<b>c</b>) Dimensions of laser-textured stamp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g003-550.jpg?1732077519" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Patterns used for laser texturing: (<b>a</b>) Ball and (<b>b</b>) Pyramid.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g004-550.jpg?1732077521" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Hot embossing set-up.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g005-550.jpg?1732077523" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Confocal images of the laser-textured stamps and (<b>b</b>) the 2D illustration of micro-features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g006-550.jpg?1732077523" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Comparison between hydrophobic and hydrophile areas and (<b>b</b>) Measurement of contact angle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00262/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00262-g007-550.jpg?1732077527" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Investigation into nano-structures on the stamp—(<b>a</b>) laser-textured stamp, (<b>b</b>) pyramid texture array, (<b>c</b>) micro-feature, (<b>d</b>) ridge nano-structure before hot-embossing, and (<b>e</b>) ridge nano-structure after hot-embossing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/262'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 8481 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/261/pdf?version=1731726382" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Review of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing for the Internal Surfaces of Metal Additive Manufactured Parts" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/261">A Review of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing for the Internal Surfaces of Metal Additive Manufactured Parts</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liaoyuan Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuli Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhongmin Xiao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fanxuan Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shijie Kang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanlei Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dunwen Zuo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 261; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060261">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060261</a> - 16 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the rapid development of high-end manufacturing industries such as aerospace and national defense, the demand for metal additive manufactured parts with complex internal cavities has been steadily increasing. However, the finishing of complex internal surfaces, especially for irregularly shaped parts, remains a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/261/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the rapid development of high-end manufacturing industries such as aerospace and national defense, the demand for metal additive manufactured parts with complex internal cavities has been steadily increasing. However, the finishing of complex internal surfaces, especially for irregularly shaped parts, remains a significant challenge due to their intricate geometries. Through a comparative analysis of common finishing methods, the distinctive characteristics and applicability of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) are highlighted. To meet the finishing needs of complex metal additive manufactured parts, this paper reviews the current research on magnetic abrasive finishing devices, processing mechanisms, the development of magnetic abrasives, and the MAF processes for intricate internal cavities. Future development trends in MAF for complex internal cavities in additive manufactured parts are also explored; these are (1) investigating multi-technology composite magnetic abrasive finishing equipment designed for complex internal surfaces; (2) studying the dynamic behavior of multiple magnetic abrasive particles in complex cavities and their material removal mechanisms; (3) developing high-performance magnetic abrasives suitable for demanding conditions; and (4) exploring the MAF process for intricate internal surfaces. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/261">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/261/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522164"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522164"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522164" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522164" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522164" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g001-550.jpg?1731726529" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522164" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g002-550.jpg?1731726530'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g003-550.jpg?1731726531'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g004-550.jpg?1731726533'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g005-550.jpg?1731726534'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g006-550.jpg?1731726535'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g007-550.jpg?1731726536'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g008-550.jpg?1731726537'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g009-550.jpg?1731726538'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g010-550.jpg?1731726539'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g011-550.jpg?1731726540'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g012-550.jpg?1731726541'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g013-550.jpg?1731726542'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g014-550.jpg?1731726544'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1522164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g015-550.jpg?1731726545'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522164-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g001-550.jpg?1731726529" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The manufacturing principles of additive manufacturing technology [<a href="#B2-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">2</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g002-550.jpg?1731726530" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The inherent defects of additive manufactured parts. (<b>a</b>) Balling effect [<a href="#B8-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Micro-cracks [<a href="#B8-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. (<b>c</b>) Powder adhesion [<a href="#B9-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. (<b>d</b>) Staircase layering [<a href="#B9-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g003-550.jpg?1731726531" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the principles of fluid cavitation abrasive polishing [<a href="#B19-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g004-550.jpg?1731726533" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of abrasive flow manufacturing [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g005-550.jpg?1731726534" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of magnetic abrasive finishing for internal surfaces [<a href="#B24-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of MAF. (<b>b</b>) Front view of the in-house MAF setup. (<b>c</b>) Top view of the in-house MAF setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g006-550.jpg?1731726535" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Magnetic poles with different structures [<a href="#B38-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g007-550.jpg?1731726536" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Devices with different forms of vibration. (<b>a</b>) Cylinder vibration [<a href="#B36-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Ultrasonic vibration [<a href="#B51-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g008-550.jpg?1731726537" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Crystal cell model of the BCC structure [<a href="#B65-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g009-550.jpg?1731726538" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Morphological characteristics of magnetic chains [<a href="#B68-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g010-550.jpg?1731726539" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>A 3D profile of the magnetic brush [<a href="#B69-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Magnetic abrasive tool. (<b>b</b>) Simplified magnetic brush.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g011-550.jpg?1731726540" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The MAF scheme for the inner surface of a double-layer tube [<a href="#B28-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Vertical view. (<b>b</b>) Horizontal view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g012-550.jpg?1731726541" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>SPH simulation results at different rotational speeds [<a href="#B71-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">71</a>]: (<b>a</b>) 800 r/min, (<b>b</b>) 1250 r/min, (<b>c</b>) 1500 r/min, (<b>d</b>) 2000 r/min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g013-550.jpg?1731726542" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of magnetic abrasives prepared by rapid solidification by atomization. (<b>a</b>) Diamond [<a href="#B76-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Cubic boron nitride [<a href="#B78-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">78</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g014-550.jpg?1731726544" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of magnetic abrasives prepared by chemical composite plating [<a href="#B80-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">80</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Low magnification. (<b>b</b>) High magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00261/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00261-g015-550.jpg?1731726545" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>MAF results of the inner surface of the elliptical tube [<a href="#B102-jmmp-08-00261" class="html-bibr">102</a>]. (<b>a</b>) SEM image before processing. (<b>b</b>) SEM image after processing. (<b>c</b>) Actual image before processing. (<b>d</b>) Actual image after processing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/261'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 7690 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/260/pdf?version=1731596974" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Comparison of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of RSW and RFSSW Joints in AA6061-T4 for Automotive Applications" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/260">A Comparison of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of RSW and RFSSW Joints in AA6061-T4 for Automotive Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Damon Gale</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taylor Smith</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuri Hovanski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kate Namola</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeremy Coyne</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 260; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060260">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060260</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To reduce vehicle weight and improve energy efficiency, automotive manufacturers are increasingly using aluminum body panels. However, the traditional joining method, Resistance Spot Welding (RSW), presents challenges like weld porosity and electrode degradation when used with aluminum. These issues have driven the industry <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/260/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To reduce vehicle weight and improve energy efficiency, automotive manufacturers are increasingly using aluminum body panels. However, the traditional joining method, Resistance Spot Welding (RSW), presents challenges like weld porosity and electrode degradation when used with aluminum. These issues have driven the industry to explore alternative, more effective methods for joining aluminum in vehicle manufacturing such as Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW). This research reports on a comparison of the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds made with RSW and RFSSW in AA6061-T4 automotive sheets. This comparison includes CT scanning, optical and SEM imaging, statistical microscopy, hardness testing, tensile testing, and fatigue testing. The results showed that RFSSW produced fully consolidated welds with a refined, equiaxed grain structure that outperformed RSW’s dendritic grain structure by as much as 73% in tensile testing and 2600% in fatigue testing. These results suggest that future designs utilizing RFSSW could incorporate fewer joints, reducing processing time, energy consumption, and tool wear. Cost studies also found that RFSSW consumes 2.5% of the energy that RSW does per joint, demonstrating that RFSSW is positioned as the preferred method for joining aluminum automotive sheets. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/260">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/260/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1521192"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1521192"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1521192" data-cycle-prev="#prev1521192" data-cycle-progressive="#images1521192" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g001-550.jpg?1731597139" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1521192" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g002-550.jpg?1731597140'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g003-550.jpg?1731597141'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g004-550.jpg?1731597143'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g005-550.jpg?1731597145'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g006-550.jpg?1731597150'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g007-550.jpg?1731597153'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g008-550.jpg?1731597154'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g009-550.jpg?1731597156'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1521192-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g010-550.jpg?1731597158'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1521192-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g001-550.jpg?1731597139" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The RSW process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g002-550.jpg?1731597140" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The four stages of RFSSW: (<b>A</b>) clamping, (<b>B</b>) plunging, (<b>C</b>) refilling, and (<b>D</b>) lifting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g003-550.jpg?1731597141" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Drawing of the test coupon’s width, height, and weld placement in (<b>B</b>) 2 sheet stack-ups and (<b>C</b>) 3 sheet stack-ups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g004-550.jpg?1731597143" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Surface profiles of RFSSW and RSW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g005-550.jpg?1731597145" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>CT Scan images of 2.0 mm/2.5 mm/1.2 mm stack-up utilizing: (<b>A</b>) RFSSW, (<b>B</b>) RSW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g006-550.jpg?1731597150" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Locations of EBSD scans for RFSSW (<b>Top</b>) and RSW (<b>Bottom</b>); (<b>B</b>) Grain maps of RFSSW (<b>Left</b>) and RSW (<b>Right</b>) at 1000× magnification; (<b>C</b>) Grain size distribution of RFSSW (I. nugget center and II. Nugget edge) and RSW (III. Nugget center and IV. Nugget edge).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g007-550.jpg?1731597153" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Microhardness heat maps of RFFSW and RSW welds (Vickers).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g008-550.jpg?1731597154" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Fracture modes (nugget pullout and interfacial fracture); (<b>B</b>) Difference in tensile strength between RFSSW and RSW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g009-550.jpg?1731597156" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Elongation at UTS for RFSSW and RSW; (<b>B</b>) SEM images at 2500× magnification of the fracture surfaces, RFSSW (ductile dimple) and RSW (brittle fraction).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00260/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00260-g010-550.jpg?1731597158" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Fatigue life curves of RFSSW and RSW.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/260'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 12590 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/259/pdf?version=1731575150" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Stainless Steel 316L Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling Process: Microstructure, Geometrical and Mechanical Properties" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/259">Stainless Steel 316L Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling Process: Microstructure, Geometrical and Mechanical Properties</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Zaitceva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anton Sotov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anatoliy Popovich</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vadim Sufiiarov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 259; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060259">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060259</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Additive manufacturing (AM) methods are widely used to produce metal products. However, the cost of equipment for processes based on material melting is high. In this paper, a promising, less expensive method of producing metal products from metal-filled Ultrafuse 316L filament by FDM <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/259/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Additive manufacturing (AM) methods are widely used to produce metal products. However, the cost of equipment for processes based on material melting is high. In this paper, a promising, less expensive method of producing metal products from metal-filled Ultrafuse 316L filament by FDM was investigated. The aim of this work was to compare the debinding methods and investigate the microstructure, phase composition, and geometric and mechanical properties. The results showed that catalytic debinding can be replaced by thermal debinding as no significant effect on the structure and properties was found. In addition, a filament study was performed and data on the particle size distribution, morphology, and phase composition of the metal particles were obtained. Thermodynamic modeling was performed to better understand the phase distribution at the sintering stage. The δ-Fe fraction influencing the corrosion properties of the material was estimated. The conformity of geometric dimensions to the original 3D models was evaluated using 3D scanning. The applied printing and post-processing parameters allowed us to obtain a density of 98%. The material and technology represent a promising direction for applications in the field of lightweight engineering in the manufacturing of parts with bioinspired designs, shells, and sparse filler structures with useful porosity designs (like helicoidal structures). <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/259">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/259/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1520679"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1520679"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1520679" data-cycle-prev="#prev1520679" data-cycle-progressive="#images1520679" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g001-550.jpg?1731575228" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1520679" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g002-550.jpg?1731575229'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g003-550.jpg?1731575232'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g004-550.jpg?1731575233'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g005-550.jpg?1731575235'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g006-550.jpg?1731575240'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g007-550.jpg?1731575242'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g008-550.jpg?1731575246'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g009-550.jpg?1731575248'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1520679-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g010-550.jpg?1731575249'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1520679-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g001-550.jpg?1731575228" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of catalytic debinding.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g002-550.jpg?1731575229" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Process line of FDM additive manufacturing with metal-filled filament.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g003-550.jpg?1731575232" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Images of filament: (<b>a</b>) cross section, (<b>b</b>) longitudinal section; metal particles after (<b>c</b>) removal of binder in nitric acid, (<b>d</b>) thermal debinding, (<b>e</b>) powder cross section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g004-550.jpg?1731575233" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>DSC curve of filament.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g005-550.jpg?1731575235" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Sample appearance at the production stages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g006-550.jpg?1731575240" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Cross sections of 3D-printed samples: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) green models, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) sintered parts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g007-550.jpg?1731575242" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The XRD patterns of samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g008-550.jpg?1731575246" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Image of sample microstructure after sintering.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g009-550.jpg?1731575248" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Image of parts manufactured by FDM with metal-filled filament after sintering.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00259/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00259-g010-550.jpg?1731575249" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of geometric dimensions of parts with 3D models: (<b>a</b>) green model; (<b>b</b>) sintered part.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/259'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 6347 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/258/pdf?version=1731562924" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Different Annealing Methods on ULTEM 9085 Parts Manufactured by Material Extrusion" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/258">Effect of Different Annealing Methods on ULTEM 9085 Parts Manufactured by Material Extrusion</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Javaid Butt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Habib Afsharnia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Md Ashikul Alam Khan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vahaj Mohaghegh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 258; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060258">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060258</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A common practice of improving the performance of parts manufactured by material extrusion is annealing. In this work, ULTEM 9085 parts were subjected to three different annealing methods to compare their effectiveness in terms of dimensional stability, hardness, surface roughness, tensile strength, microstructure <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/258/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A common practice of improving the performance of parts manufactured by material extrusion is annealing. In this work, ULTEM 9085 parts were subjected to three different annealing methods to compare their effectiveness in terms of dimensional stability, hardness, surface roughness, tensile strength, microstructure and flexural strength. The annealing methods involved heating ULTEM 9085 parts inside an oven in three different ways: direct oven annealing by placing the parts on a tray, fluidized bed annealing with sharp sand surrounding the parts and sandwiching the parts between metal plates. Annealing for all three methods was conducted at temperatures of 180 °C, 190 °C and 200 °C with time intervals of 1 h, 2 h and 3 h. The results showed that direct oven annealing provides consistent results under all scenarios. Better dimensional accuracies were observed with fluidized bed annealing, and metal plate annealing is better suited to ensuring an improved surface finish and higher hardness values. For the tensile test, direct oven annealing yielded the most consistent and optimal results with an increase of up to 28.1% in tensile strength, whereas the other two methods performed better at lower temperatures. Direct oven annealing also led to improved ductility and higher elongation at break. Moreover, microstructural analysis of the fracture surfaces indicated enhanced coalescence for direct oven annealing. In terms of flexural testing, metal plate annealing proved to be more effective, with an increase of up to 13.9% in flexural strength. The other two methods demonstrated consistent results, with direct oven annealing showing slightly higher values compared with unannealed ULTEM 9085 samples. This work provides a useful comparison among different annealing methods that can be used to enhance the performance of ULTEM 9085 parts for different engineering applications. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/258">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/258/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1520429"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1520429"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1520429" data-cycle-prev="#prev1520429" data-cycle-progressive="#images1520429" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g001-550.jpg?1731563017" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1520429" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g002-550.jpg?1731563021'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g003-550.jpg?1731563022'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g004-550.jpg?1731563024'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g005-550.jpg?1731563029'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g006-550.jpg?1731563032'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g007-550.jpg?1731563039'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g008-550.jpg?1731563043'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g009-550.jpg?1731563049'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g010-550.jpg?1731563054'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g011-550.jpg?1731563057'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g012-550.jpg?1731563060'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g013a-550.jpg?1731563066'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g013b-550.jpg?1731563069'><p>Figure 13 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1520429-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g014-550.jpg?1731563072'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1520429-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g001-550.jpg?1731563017" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions and build orientation of the samples [<a href="#B22-jmmp-08-00258" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jmmp-08-00258" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-jmmp-08-00258" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g002-550.jpg?1731563021" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Annealing methods: (<b>a</b>) direct oven; (<b>b</b>) sand; (<b>c</b>) metal plate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g003-550.jpg?1731563022" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Surftest SJ-210 measuring the surface roughness of an ULTEM 9085 sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g004-550.jpg?1731563024" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution on ULTEM 9085 samples at 200 °C for 1 h, followed by cooling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g005-550.jpg?1731563029" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Surface roughness measurements: (<b>a</b>) at 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) at 190 °C; (<b>c</b>) at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g006-550.jpg?1731563032" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrograph of unannealed ULTEM 9085.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g007-550.jpg?1731563039" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of the three annealing methods: (<b>a</b>) lowest surface roughness for metal plate annealing; (<b>b</b>) highest surface roughness for metal plate annealing; (<b>c</b>) lowest surface roughness for direct oven annealing; (<b>d</b>) highest surface roughness for direct oven annealing; (<b>e</b>) lowest surface roughness for sand annealing; (<b>f</b>) highest surface roughness for sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g008-550.jpg?1731563043" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Tensile testing results: (<b>a</b>) tensile strength at 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) elongation at break at 180 °C; (<b>c</b>) tensile strength at 190 °C; (<b>d</b>) elongation at break at 190 °C; (<b>e</b>) tensile strength at 200 °C; (<b>f</b>) elongation at break at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g009-550.jpg?1731563049" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Tensile testing results with the real cross-sectional area post-annealing: (<b>a</b>) at 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) at 190 °C; (<b>c</b>) at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g010-550.jpg?1731563054" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Hardness testing results: (<b>a</b>) at 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) at 190 °C; (<b>c</b>) at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g011-550.jpg?1731563057" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Three-point flexural testing results: (<b>a</b>) at 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) at 190 °C; (<b>c</b>) at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g012-550.jpg?1731563060" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrograph for the fracture surface of unannealed ULTEM 9085.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g013a-550.jpg?1731563066" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs for the fracture surfaces of the three annealing methods: (<b>a</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for direct oven annealing; (<b>b</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for direct oven annealing; (<b>c</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for metal plate annealing; (<b>d</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for metal plate annealing; (<b>e</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for sand annealing; (<b>f</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g013b-550.jpg?1731563069" title=" <strong>Figure 13 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs for the fracture surfaces of the three annealing methods: (<b>a</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for direct oven annealing; (<b>b</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for direct oven annealing; (<b>c</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for metal plate annealing; (<b>d</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for metal plate annealing; (<b>e</b>) lowest tensile strength fracture surface for sand annealing; (<b>f</b>) highest tensile strength fracture surface for sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00258/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00258-g014-550.jpg?1731563072" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Surface plots: (<b>a</b>) average surface roughness; (<b>b</b>) average tensile strength; (<b>c</b>) average hardness; (<b>d</b>) average flexural strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/258'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 2990 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/257/pdf?version=1731566704" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Effects of Cutting Parameters on Cutting Force and Tribological Properties of Machined Surface Under Dry Turning of AISI304L Austenitic Stainless Steel" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/257">The Effects of Cutting Parameters on Cutting Force and Tribological Properties of Machined Surface Under Dry Turning of AISI304L Austenitic Stainless Steel</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gábor Kónya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Béla Csorba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norbert Szabó</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zsolt F. Kovács</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 257; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060257">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060257</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the roughness parameters <i>R</i><sub>a</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>z</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>sk</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>ku</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>pk</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>vk</sub>, and <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> were examined during machining with coated carbide <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/257/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the roughness parameters <i>R</i><sub>a</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>z</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>sk</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>ku</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>pk</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>vk</sub>, and <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> were examined during machining with coated carbide tools in a dry environment. The authors introduced the <i>R</i><sub>vk</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>pk</sub> ratio, a coefficient that facilitates a simpler evaluation of surface wear resistance. Specifically, if this ratio is greater than 1, the surface is more wear-resistant, while values less than 1 indicate a higher tendency for surface wear. The Taguchi OA method was used to analyze and identify the significance of technological parameters on output characteristics. Based on the results, it was established that feed rate has the greatest impact on all output characteristics. The highest cutting force was measured at a cutting speed of 60 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, attributed to the fact that at lower cutting speeds, the base material does not soften while the cross-sectional area of the chip increases. To achieve the lowest <i>R</i><sub>a</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>z</sub> surface roughness, a cutting speed of 100 m/min and a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev are recommended. If the goal is to enhance surface wear resistance and improve oil retention capability, machining with a cutting speed of 80–100 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev is advisable, as the coarser machining increases both the <i>R</i><sub>vk</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>pk</sub> ratio and the oil-retaining pocket size, which together improve the wear resistance of the machined surface. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/257">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/257/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1520404"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1520404"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1520404" data-cycle-prev="#prev1520404" data-cycle-progressive="#images1520404" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g001-550.jpg?1731566856" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1520404" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g002-550.jpg?1731566857'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g003-550.jpg?1731566858'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g004-550.jpg?1731566859'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g005-550.jpg?1731566860'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g006-550.jpg?1731566861'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g007-550.jpg?1731566862'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g008-550.jpg?1731566863'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1520404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g009-550.jpg?1731566864'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1520404-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g001-550.jpg?1731566856" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The effect of feed rate in the case of each cutting speed on <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>c</sub> cutting force; (<b>b</b>) the significance of cutting parameters on <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>c</sub> cutting force.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g002-550.jpg?1731566857" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The effect of feed rate in the case of each cutting speed on (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>a</sub> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>z</sub> roughness parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g003-550.jpg?1731566858" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The significance of cutting parameters on (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>a</sub> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>z</sub> roughness parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g004-550.jpg?1731566859" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>sk</sub>–<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>ku</sub> tribological map.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g005-550.jpg?1731566860" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The significance of cutting parameters on (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>sk</sub> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>ku</sub> tribological parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g006-550.jpg?1731566861" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>pk</sub> and <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>vk</sub> as a function of cutting speed and feed rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g007-550.jpg?1731566862" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>vk</sub>/<span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>pk</sub> ratio as a function of cutting speed and feed rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g008-550.jpg?1731566863" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The significance of cutting parameters on (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>pk</sub> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">R</span><sub>vk</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00257/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00257-g009-550.jpg?1731566864" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The effect of feed rate in the case of each cutting speed on <span class="html-italic">A</span><sub>2</sub> parameter; (<b>b</b>) the significance of cutting parameters on <span class="html-italic">A</span><sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/257'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1520046" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1520046" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1520046" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/256/s1?version=1731498114"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1278 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 21860 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/256/pdf?version=1731498113" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Geometric and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Skeletal Gyroid Structures Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Biomedical Implants" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/256">Geometric and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Skeletal Gyroid Structures Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Biomedical Implants</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cong Hou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Max Goris</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dries Rosseel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bey Vrancken</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kathleen Denis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 256; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060256">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060256</a> - 13 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Skeletal gyroid structures possess promising applications in biomedical implants, owing to their smooth and continuously curved surfaces, open porosity, and customisable mechanical properties. This study simulated the geometric properties of Ti6Al4V skeletal gyroid structures, with relative densities ranging from 1.83% to 98.17%. The <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/256/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Skeletal gyroid structures possess promising applications in biomedical implants, owing to their smooth and continuously curved surfaces, open porosity, and customisable mechanical properties. This study simulated the geometric properties of Ti6Al4V skeletal gyroid structures, with relative densities ranging from 1.83% to 98.17%. The deformation behaviour of these structures was investigated through a combination of uniaxial compression tests and simulations, within a relative density range of 13.33% to 50% (simulation) and 15.19% to 41.69% (experimental tests). The results established explicit analytical correlations of pore size and strut diameter with the definition parameters of the structures, enabling precise control of these dimensions. Moreover, normalised Young’s modulus (ranging from 1.05% to 20.77% in simulations and 1.65% to 15.53% in tests) and normalised yield stress (ranging from 1.75% to 17.39% in simulations and 2.09% to 13.95% in tests) were found to be power correlated with relative density. These correlations facilitate the design of gyroid structures with low stiffness to mitigate the stress-shielding effect. The presence of macroscopic 45° fractures in the gyroid structures confirmed that the primary failure mechanism is induced by shear loads. The observed progressive failure and plateau region proved the bending-dominant behaviour and highlighted their excellent deformability. Additionally, the anisotropy of gyroid structures was confirmed through variations in stress and strain concentrations, deformation behaviour, and Young’s modulus under different loading directions. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/256">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jmmp/special_issues/7F2RXWA2WA ">Recent Advances in 3D Printing Technologies in Bioengineering with Selected Papers from the 29th Congress of the European Society of Biomechanics (ESB 2024)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/256/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1520046"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1520046"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1520046" data-cycle-prev="#prev1520046" data-cycle-progressive="#images1520046" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g001-550.jpg?1731498203" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1520046" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g002-550.jpg?1731498205'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g003-550.jpg?1731498205'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g004-550.jpg?1731498206'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g005-550.jpg?1731498208'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g006-550.jpg?1731498210'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g007-550.jpg?1731498211'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g008-550.jpg?1731498213'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g009-550.jpg?1731498214'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g010-550.jpg?1731498216'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1520046-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g011-550.jpg?1731498217'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1520046-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g001-550.jpg?1731498203" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Definition of pore core (green sphere), pore channel, and strut diameter in a two-unit structure. (<b>b</b>) Indications of different loading directions based on single units. (<b>c</b>) Gyroid structures for compression tests and simulations, with dimensions and loading directions indicated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g002-550.jpg?1731498205" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Geometric characterisations of gyroid structures. (<b>a</b>) Correlation between relative density and parameter C, with images of the gyroid unit for different C values. Correlations of strut diameter (<b>b</b>), pore channel (<b>c</b>), and pore core (<b>d</b>) with unit cell size U and parameter C. Green spheres represent the feature size measured from CAD models. The red surfaces represent analytical analysis results and can be described as equations by the end of <a href="#sec3dot1-jmmp-08-00256" class="html-sec">Section 3.1</a>. The detailed results of the geometric analysis can be found in the <a href="#app1-jmmp-08-00256" class="html-app">Supplementary Data</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g003-550.jpg?1731498205" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of calculating the geometric feature sizes using the analytical approach in a two-unit gyroid structure. The dimensions of this structure are 2 units in X, 1 unit in Y and Z. The centre of the image is defined as the 0 point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g004-550.jpg?1731498206" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Results of mesh sensitivity analysis based on Young’s modulus. Differences between the results for various element sizes and the final values (element size = 10% of strut diameter) are indicated next to the marks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g005-550.jpg?1731498208" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Simulation results of stress distributions (<b>a</b>) and strain distribution (<b>b</b>) in gyroid structures at 1% overall strain (before yield), with indications of parameter C, relative density, and loading direction. Higher magnification of stress and strain distributions are shown. Corresponding histograms are shown for stress (<b>c</b>) and strain (<b>d</b>) in gyroid structures with varying relative density (loading direction [0,0,1]), and stress (<b>e</b>) and strain (<b>f</b>) in gyroid structures with different loading directions (C = 1.1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g006-550.jpg?1731498210" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of stress–strain curves of gyroid structures with (<b>a</b>) different relative density (loading direction [0,0,1]) and (<b>b</b>) loading directions (C = 1.1). Loading directions are indicated in square brackets. The corresponding ρ<sub>CAD</sub> and the average ρ<sub>sample</sub> are shown in round brackets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g007-550.jpg?1731498211" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Power relationships between normalised Young’s modulus and relative density of gyroid structures. (<b>b</b>) Power relationships between normalised yield stress and relative density of gyroid structures. Structures are loaded in the [0,0,1] direction. The theoretical relative density (ρ<sub>CAD</sub>) was used to represent data in simulations, and the measured relative density (ρ<sub>sample</sub>) was used to illustrate data in tests. The power relationships are compared with the work of Yan et al. [<a href="#B20-jmmp-08-00256" class="html-bibr">20</a>] and the Gibson–Ashby [<a href="#B18-jmmp-08-00256" class="html-bibr">18</a>] model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g008-550.jpg?1731498213" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Optical microscope images of as produced samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g009-550.jpg?1731498214" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Struts orientation analysis of gyroid unit cell with parameter C = 1.1. (<b>a</b>) Schematics of gyroid units in different perspectives. The grey colour represents solid volume and the orange line beams represent the simplified struts. Corresponding labels for struts are shown. (<b>b</b>) Schematics of gyroid units in different loading directions. (<b>c</b>) The strut orientation for different loading directions, shown as the angle between struts and compression direction (Z-axis).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g010-550.jpg?1731498216" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Detailed view of sequential building layers in slicing gyroid structures for three loading directions. Parameter C = 1.1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00256/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00256-g011-550.jpg?1731498217" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the principle of calculating the support ratio of material layers. (<b>b</b>) CAD models of gyroid structures in FEM analysis and compression tests, corresponding to <a href="#jmmp-08-00256-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>c. (<b>c</b>) Box plots of support ratios of gyroid structures in three loading directions. Comparisons show different significance codes. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values ranges: 0.001 &lt; ** &lt; 0.01, 0.05 &lt; ns (not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/256'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 6236 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/255/pdf?version=1731484921" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Experimental Investigation into the Enhancement of Surface Quality of Inconel 718 Through Axial Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Grinding in Dry and MQL Environments" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/255">An Experimental Investigation into the Enhancement of Surface Quality of Inconel 718 Through Axial Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Grinding in Dry and MQL Environments</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sreethul Das</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pandivelan Chinnaiyan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joel Jayaseelan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeyapandiarajan Paulchamy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andre Batako</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ashwath Pazhani</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 255; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060255">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060255</a> - 13 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) has proven to be beneficial for grinding difficult-to-machine materials. This work attempts to enhance the grinding performance of Inconel 718 through a comprehensive study of UVAG characteristics. Grinding experiments were performed in both dry and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/255/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) has proven to be beneficial for grinding difficult-to-machine materials. This work attempts to enhance the grinding performance of Inconel 718 through a comprehensive study of UVAG characteristics. Grinding experiments were performed in both dry and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) environments, and assessment of the grinding forces, specific energy, residual stress, and surface topography was done. A substantial reduction of both surface roughness and grinding force components was observed in UVAG compared to conventional grinding (CG). Utilizing UVAG with MQL at the maximum vibration amplitude led to a 64% reduction in tangential grinding force and a 51% decrease in roughness parameter, <i>R<sub>a</sub></i>, when compared to CG conducted in a dry environment. The high-frequency indentations of the abrasives in UVAG generated compressive residual stresses on the ground surface. Surface parameters pointed to uniform texture and SEM images showed widening of abrasive grain tracks on the workpiece surface during UVAG. The utilization of UVAG under MQL produced a synergistic impact and resulted in the lowest grinding forces, specific energy, and optimal surface quality among all the grinding conditions investigated. Overall analysis of the results indicated that the axial configuration of the vibration set-up is favorable for UVAG, and the high-frequency periodic separation-cutting characteristic of the process improves lubricating efficiency and grinding performance. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/255">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/255/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1519687"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1519687"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1519687" data-cycle-prev="#prev1519687" data-cycle-progressive="#images1519687" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g001-550.jpg?1731485083" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1519687" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g002-550.jpg?1731485084'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g003-550.jpg?1731485086'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g004-550.jpg?1731485088'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g005-550.jpg?1731485089'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g006-550.jpg?1731485090'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g007-550.jpg?1731485092'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g008-550.jpg?1731485094'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g009-550.jpg?1731485095'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g010-550.jpg?1731485097'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g011a-550.jpg?1731485098'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g011b-550.jpg?1731485103'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g012-550.jpg?1731485104'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g013-550.jpg?1731485106'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1519687-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g014-550.jpg?1731485108'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1519687-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g001-550.jpg?1731485083" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>UVAG set-up with ultrasonic stack assembly unit and data acquisition system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g002-550.jpg?1731485084" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of ultrasonic stack assembly and fixtures mounted on dynamometer. (<b>b</b>) Schematic of UVAG parameters with respect to the grinding wheel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g003-550.jpg?1731485086" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of normal (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>n</sub></span>) and tangential (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>t</sub></span>) grinding forces in CG and UVAG (at different amplitude levels) for dry and MQL conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g004-550.jpg?1731485088" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Visualization of path traced by an abrasive grit relative to the workpiece surface in CG and UVAG (<span class="html-italic">A</span> = 20 μm, <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 19.8 kHz, <span class="html-italic">V<sub>w</sub></span> = 19 m/min, <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2900 rpm and <span class="html-italic">D</span> = 200 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g005-550.jpg?1731485089" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Tangential force <span class="html-italic">F<sub>t</sub></span>, axial force <span class="html-italic">F<sub>x</sub></span>, and axial velocity <span class="html-italic">V<sub>x</sub></span> components of UVAG (at different amplitude levels) in dry and MQL environments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g006-550.jpg?1731485090" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Coefficient of friction (<span class="html-italic">µ</span>) in UVAG under dry and MQL conditions at different vibration amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g007-550.jpg?1731485092" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Specific energy in UVAG under dry and MQL conditions at different vibration amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g008-550.jpg?1731485094" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Surface residual stress in UVAG under dry and MQL conditions at different vibration amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g009-550.jpg?1731485095" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Microhardness of the samples from UVAG under dry and MQL conditions at different vibration amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g010-550.jpg?1731485097" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Plot of <span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span> values for dry and MQL grinding conditions in CG and UVAG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g011a-550.jpg?1731485098" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of surface morphologies using SEM and 3D surface plots for CG and UVAG under dry and MQL grinding conditions at vibration amplitude <span class="html-italic">A</span> = 20 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g011b-550.jpg?1731485103" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of surface morphologies using SEM and 3D surface plots for CG and UVAG under dry and MQL grinding conditions at vibration amplitude <span class="html-italic">A</span> = 20 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g012-550.jpg?1731485104" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Box-and-whisker plot comparing normal grinding force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>n</sub></span>) across different conditions using Fisher’s LSD method with 95% confidence intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g013-550.jpg?1731485106" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Box-and-whisker plot comparing tangential grinding force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>t</sub></span>) across different conditions using Fisher’s LSD method with 95% confidence intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00255/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00255-g014-550.jpg?1731485108" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Box-and-whisker plot comparing surface roughness parameter (<span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span>) across different conditions values using Fisher’s LSD method with 95% confidence intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/255'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 4564 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/254/pdf?version=1731423495" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Managing Residual Heat Effects in Femtosecond Laser Material Processing by Pulse-on-Demand Operation" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/254">Managing Residual Heat Effects in Femtosecond Laser Material Processing by Pulse-on-Demand Operation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaka Petelin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matevž Marš</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaka Mur</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rok Petkovšek</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 254; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060254">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060254</a> - 12 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Femtosecond laser processing combines highly accurate structuring with low residual heating of materials, low thermal damage, and nonlinear absorption processes, making it suitable for the machining of transparent brittle materials. However, with high average powers and laser pulse repetition rates, residual heating becomes <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/254/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Femtosecond laser processing combines highly accurate structuring with low residual heating of materials, low thermal damage, and nonlinear absorption processes, making it suitable for the machining of transparent brittle materials. However, with high average powers and laser pulse repetition rates, residual heating becomes relevant. Here, we present a study of the femtosecond laser pulse-on-demand operation regime, combined with regular scanners, aiming to improve throughput and quality of processing regardless of the scanner’s capabilities. We developed two methods to define the needed pulse-on-demand trigger sequences that compensate for the initial accelerating scanner movements. The effects of pulse-on-demand operation were studied in detail using direct process monitoring with a fast thermal camera and indirect process monitoring with optical and topographical surface imaging of final structures, both showing clear advantages of pulse-on-demand operation in precision, thermal effects, and structure shape control. The ability to compensate for irregular scanner movement is the basis for simplified, cheaper, and faster femtosecond laser processing of brittle and heat-susceptible materials. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/254">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/254/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1519386"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1519386"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1519386" data-cycle-prev="#prev1519386" data-cycle-progressive="#images1519386" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g001-550.jpg?1731423573" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1519386" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g002-550.jpg?1731423576'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g003-550.jpg?1731423577'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g004-550.jpg?1731423579'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g005-550.jpg?1731423581'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g006-550.jpg?1731423583'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1519386-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g007-550.jpg?1731423585'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1519386-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g001-550.jpg?1731423573" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental setup schematic. (<b>b</b>) An example PoD sequence of pulses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g002-550.jpg?1731423576" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chosen frames from a high-speed camera sequence and respective recognized crater positions. (<b>b</b>) Graph of reconstructed crater positions and the final PoD sequence for 4 m/s target scanner speeds and laser frequency 100 kHz. (<b>c</b>) Graph showing PoD sequence position deviation from target position. (<b>d</b>) Microscope picture of PoD sequence presented in (<b>b</b>). Both scalebars in (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>) represent 200 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g003-550.jpg?1731423577" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Crater distributions using (<b>a</b>) 20 kHz, (<b>b</b>) 30 kHz, and (<b>c</b>) 50 kHz repetition rates at 4 m/s target scanning speed. (<b>d</b>) PoD sequence craters at 100 kHz laser repetition rate and 4 m/s target scanner speed, as calculated from microscope-based method and applied for processing. (<b>e</b>) Graph of reconstructed positions from (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) and the fit for calculating PoD sequence. All scalebars in (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) represent 200 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g004-550.jpg?1731423579" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fast IR camera showing temperature evolution on steel with (<b>a</b>) regular processing and (<b>b</b>) PoD processing. (<b>c</b>) Comparison graph for the hotspot temperature (moving position) using regular fixed frequency processing (blue) vs. PoD (orange). All scalebars (line below timestamp) in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) represent 200 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g005-550.jpg?1731423581" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Fast IR camera showing temperature evolution on glass with (<b>a</b>) regular processing and (<b>b</b>) PoD processing. (<b>c</b>) Comparison graph for the hotspot temperature (moving position) using regular fixed frequency processing (blue) vs. PoD (orange). All scalebars (line below timestamp) in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) represent 200 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g006-550.jpg?1731423583" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Wide channels in glass processed using (<b>a</b>) regular processing and (<b>b</b>) PoD processing, both showing horizontal and vertical cross-section topography measurements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00254/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00254-g007-550.jpg?1731423585" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Wide channels in stainless steel processed using (<b>a</b>) regular processing and (<b>b</b>) PoD processing, both showing horizontal and vertical cross-section topography measurements.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/254'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 5716 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/253/pdf?version=1731399817" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Improving the Quality of Reshaped EoL Components by Means of Accurate Metamodels and Evolutionary Algorithms" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/253">Improving the Quality of Reshaped EoL Components by Means of Accurate Metamodels and Evolutionary Algorithms</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Piccininni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angela Cusanno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianfranco Palumbo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Ingarao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Livan Fratini</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 253; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060253">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060253</a> - 12 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The reshaping of End-of-Life (EoL) components by means of the sheet metal forming process has been considered largely attractive, even from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, EoL parts can often be characterized by non-uniform thicknesses or alternation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/253/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The reshaping of End-of-Life (EoL) components by means of the sheet metal forming process has been considered largely attractive, even from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, EoL parts can often be characterized by non-uniform thicknesses or alternation of work-hardened/undeformed zones as the result of the manufacturing process. Such heterogeneity can hinder a proper reshaping of the EoL part, and residual marks on the reformed blanks can still be present at the end of the reshaping step. In a previous analysis, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of reshaping a blank with a deep-drawn feature by means of the Sheet Hydroforming (SHF) process: it was demonstrated that residual marks were still present if the deep-drawn feature was located in a region not enough strained during the reshaping step. Starting from this condition and adopting a numerical approach, additional investigations were carried out, changing the profile of the load applied by the blank holder and the maximum oil pressure. Numerical results were collected in terms of overall strain severity and residual height of the residual marks from the deep-drawn feature at the end of the reshaping step. Data were then fitted by accurate Response Surfaces trained by means of interpolant Radial Basis Functions and anisotropic Kriging algorithms, subsequently used to carry out a virtual optimization managed by multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOGA-II and NSGA-II). Optimization results, subsequently validated via experimental trials, provided the optimal working conditions to achieve a remarkable reduction of the marks from the deep-drawn feature without the occurrence of rupture. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/253">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/253/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1518918"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1518918"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1518918" data-cycle-prev="#prev1518918" data-cycle-progressive="#images1518918" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g001-550.jpg?1731399893" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1518918" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g002-550.jpg?1731399895'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g003-550.jpg?1731399896'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g004-550.jpg?1731399897'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g005-550.jpg?1731399899'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g006-550.jpg?1731399900'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g007-550.jpg?1731399901'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g008-550.jpg?1731399902'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g009-550.jpg?1731399904'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1518918-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g010-550.jpg?1731399905'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1518918-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g001-550.jpg?1731399893" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>General overview of the reshaping approach.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g002-550.jpg?1731399895" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Optimization process: (<b>a</b>) definition of the DH output variable and (<b>b</b>) overview of the workflow.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g003-550.jpg?1731399896" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>AA5754 (<b>a</b>) undeformed blank; (<b>b</b>) shape after the deep drawing (DD) step; (<b>c</b>) shape the reshaping process (<b>d</b>) Cutting plane (highlighted in red), used to measure the residual ΔH.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g004-550.jpg?1731399897" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Visual representation of the trained metamodels (anisotropic Kriging algorithm): (<b>a</b>) ΔH and (<b>b</b>) FLDCRT<sub>max</sub> output variables. Colored zones, from blue to red, refer to increasing value of the two output variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g005-550.jpg?1731399899" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Visual representation of the trained metamodels (Radial Basis Function algorithm): (<b>a</b>) ΔH and (<b>b</b>) FLDCRT<sub>max</sub> output variables. Colored zones, from blue to red, refer to increasing value of the two output variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g006-550.jpg?1731399900" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Optimization results (RS trained using the AKR model and MOGA-II as EA): distribution of the created designs in terms of (<b>a</b>) maximum oil pressure and (<b>b</b>) average value of the BHF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g007-550.jpg?1731399901" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Optimization results (RS trained using the AKR model and MOGA-II as EA): parallel coordinate chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g008-550.jpg?1731399902" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the four Pareto fronts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g009-550.jpg?1731399904" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Optimization results: (<b>a</b>) numerical estimation of the ΔH from the optimal design; (<b>b</b>) cross-section of the extracted sample from the reshaped blank (the investigated path starts from point A and ends at point B).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00253/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00253-g010-550.jpg?1731399905" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Validation of the optimization: comparison of the thickness distribution along the investigated blank portion (A is the start node, B the end node).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/253'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2833 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/252/pdf?version=1731320298" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Performance Analysis of FFF-Printed Carbon Fiber Composites Subjected to Different Annealing Methods" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/252">Performance Analysis of FFF-Printed Carbon Fiber Composites Subjected to Different Annealing Methods</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Javaid Butt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Md Ashikul Alam Khan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Adnan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vahaj Mohaghegh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 252; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060252">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060252</a> - 11 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Annealing is a popular post-process used to enhance the performance of parts made by fused filament fabrication. In this work, four different carbon-fiber-based composites were subjected to two different annealing methods to compare their effectiveness in terms of dimensional stability, surface roughness, tensile <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/252/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Annealing is a popular post-process used to enhance the performance of parts made by fused filament fabrication. In this work, four different carbon-fiber-based composites were subjected to two different annealing methods to compare their effectiveness in terms of dimensional stability, surface roughness, tensile strength, hardness, and flexural strength. The four materials include PLA-CF, PAHT-CF, PETG-CF, and ABS-CF. The annealing methods involved heating the printed composites inside an oven in two different ways: placed on a tray and fluidized bed annealing with sharp sand. Annealing was conducted for a one-hour time interval at different annealing temperatures selected as per the glass transition temperatures of the four materials. The results showed that oven annealing provides better results under all scenarios except dimensional stability. PETG-CF and ABS-CF composites were significantly affected by oven annealing with expansion along the <i>z</i>-axis as high 8.42% and 18% being observed for PETG-CF and ABS-CF, respectively. Oven annealing showed better surface finish due to controlled and uniform heating, whereas the abrasive nature of sand and contact with sand grains caused inconsistencies on the surface of the composites. Sand annealing showed comparable hardness values to oven annealing. For tensile and flexural testing, sand annealing showed consistent values for all cases but lower than those obtained by oven annealing. However, oven annealing values started to decrease at elevated temperatures for PETG-CF and ABS-CF. This work offers a valuable comparison by highlighting the limitations of conventional oven annealing in achieving dimensional stability. It provides insights that can be leveraged to fine-tune designs for optimal results when working with different FFF-printed carbon-fiber-based composites, ensuring better accuracy and performance across various applications. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/252">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/252/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1518492"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1518492"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1518492" data-cycle-prev="#prev1518492" data-cycle-progressive="#images1518492" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g001-550.jpg?1731320424" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1518492" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g002a-550.jpg?1731320427'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g002b-550.jpg?1731320430'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g003-550.jpg?1731320435'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g004-550.jpg?1731320440'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g005a-550.jpg?1731320443'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g005b-550.jpg?1731320445'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g006-550.jpg?1731320449'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g007a-550.jpg?1731320451'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1518492-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g007b-550.jpg?1731320454'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1518492-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g001-550.jpg?1731320424" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution for PLA-CF during annealing at 83 °C for 1 h, followed by cooling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g002a-550.jpg?1731320427" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Surface roughness measurements: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g002b-550.jpg?1731320430" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Surface roughness measurements: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g003-550.jpg?1731320435" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Tensile testing results: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g004-550.jpg?1731320440" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Hardness testing results: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g005a-550.jpg?1731320443" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Three-point flexural testing results: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g005b-550.jpg?1731320445" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Three-point flexural testing results: (<b>a</b>) PLA-CF; (<b>b</b>) PAHT-CF; (<b>c</b>) PETG-CF; (<b>d</b>) ABS-CF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g006-550.jpg?1731320449" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Overlay contour plots for PAHT-CF: (<b>a</b>) oven annealing; (<b>b</b>) sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g007a-550.jpg?1731320451" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Overlay contour plots for PETG-CF: (<b>a</b>) oven annealing; (<b>b</b>) sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00252/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00252-g007b-550.jpg?1731320454" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Overlay contour plots for PETG-CF: (<b>a</b>) oven annealing; (<b>b</b>) sand annealing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/252'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 5250 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/251/pdf?version=1731329166" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Thermal Management of Friction-Drilled A356 Aluminum Alloy: A Study of Preheating and Drilling Parameters" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/251">Thermal Management of Friction-Drilled A356 Aluminum Alloy: A Study of Preheating and Drilling Parameters</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmed Abdalkareem</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rasha Afify</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nadia Hamzawy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tamer S. Mahmoud</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mahmoud Khedr</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 251; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060251">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060251</a> - 8 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Friction drilling is a non-conventional process that generates heat through the interaction between a rotating tool and a workpiece, forming a hole with a bushing. In this study, the effect of the preheating temperature, rotational speed, and feed rate on the induced temperature <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/251/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Friction drilling is a non-conventional process that generates heat through the interaction between a rotating tool and a workpiece, forming a hole with a bushing. In this study, the effect of the preheating temperature, rotational speed, and feed rate on the induced temperature during the friction drilling of A356 aluminum alloy was investigated. This study aimed to analyze the influence of friction-drilling parameters on the thermal conditions in the induced bushing, where it focused on the relationship between preheating and the resulting heat generation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach was carried out to optimize the friction-drilling parameters that contributed most to the induced temperature during the friction-drilling processing. Experiments were conducted at various preheating temperatures (100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C), rotational speeds (2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm), and feed rates (40 mm/min, 60 mm/min, 80 mm/min). The induced temperature during the process was recorded using an infrared camera, where the observed temperatures ranged from a minimum of 154.4 °C (at 2000 rpm, 60 mm/min, and 100 °C preheating) to a maximum of 366.8 °C (at 4000 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 200 °C preheating). The results show that preheating increased the peak temperature generated in the bushing during friction drilling, especially at lower rotational speeds. The rotational speed rise led to an increase in the induced temperature. However, the increase in the feed rate resulted in a decrease in the observed temperature. The findings provide insights into optimizing friction-drilling parameters for enhanced thermal management in A356 aluminum alloy. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/251">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/251/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1517280"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1517280"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1517280" data-cycle-prev="#prev1517280" data-cycle-progressive="#images1517280" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g001-550.jpg?1731329397" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1517280" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g002-550.jpg?1731329398'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g003-550.jpg?1731329402'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g004-550.jpg?1731329404'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g005-550.jpg?1731329408'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g006-550.jpg?1731329410'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g007-550.jpg?1731329412'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1517280-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g008-550.jpg?1731329414'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1517280-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g001-550.jpg?1731329397" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation steps of the A356 Al-alloy sheet plates: (<b>a</b>) the as-received ingot melted in an electrical furnace, (<b>b</b>) the molten metal poured inside the steel mold, and (<b>c</b>) the sheet plates cut by EDM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g002-550.jpg?1731329398" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic drawing representing the geometry and regions of the thermal drilling tool.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g003-550.jpg?1731329402" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The CNC vertical milling machine used to accomplish the friction-drilling processes is represented with a magnified image of the fixture, tool, and workpiece.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g004-550.jpg?1731329404" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A thermal image captured via the infrared camera displaying the temperature distribution of a specimen preheated at 200 °C before the friction-drilling processing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g005-550.jpg?1731329408" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Temperature recording and distribution during the friction-drilling stages under working conditions of a rotational speed at 4000 rpm, a feed rate of 60 mm/min, and preheating temperature of 200 °C: (<b>a</b>) centering, (<b>b</b>) tool penetration, (<b>c</b>) processing of the hole, (<b>d</b>) the tool-retracting stage, (<b>e</b>) complete bushing formation, and (<b>f</b>) tool removal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g006-550.jpg?1731329410" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The maximum induced temperature at the tool/workpiece interface during the friction drilling of A356 Al alloy at different preheating temperatures, rotational speeds, and feed rates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g007-550.jpg?1731329412" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Main effects plots and (<b>b</b>) Pareto chart of the friction-drilling parameters affecting the observing temperature in the produced bushings.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00251/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00251-g008-550.jpg?1731329414" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Normal probability plot and residual graphs: (<b>a</b>) normal probability plot for residuals, (<b>b</b>) residuals vs. fitted values, (<b>c</b>) histograms of residuals, and (<b>d</b>) residuals vs. the order of the data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/251'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 8436 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/250/pdf?version=1730879898" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Combined Zr, Ti, and V Additions on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Al-Cu Cast Alloys" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/250">Impact of Combined Zr, Ti, and V Additions on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Al-Cu Cast Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peng Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kun Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Pan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>X.-Grant Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 250; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060250">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060250</a> - 6 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The effects of minor additions of the transition elements Zr, Ti, and V on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue behavior of 224 Al-Cu alloys were investigated. The results revealed that the introduction of the transition elements led to a refined <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/250/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The effects of minor additions of the transition elements Zr, Ti, and V on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue behavior of 224 Al-Cu alloys were investigated. The results revealed that the introduction of the transition elements led to a refined grain size and a finer and much denser distribution of θ″/θ′ precipitates compared to that of the base alloy, which enhanced the tensile strength but reduced the elongation at both room temperature and 300 °C. Constitutive analyses based on theoretical strength calculations indicated that precipitation strengthening was the primary mechanism contributing to the strength of both tested alloys at room temperature and 300 °C. The out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue test results showed that the addition of transition elements caused a slight decrease in the fatigue lifetime, which was mainly attributed to the reduced ductility and higher peak tensile stress at low temperatures. During the fatigue process, the transition element-added alloy exhibited a lower coarsening ratio, indicating higher thermal stability, which mitigated the negative impact of the reduced ductility on the fatigue performance to some extent. Considering their various properties, the addition of Zr, Ti, and V is recommended to improve the overall performance of Al-Cu 224 cast alloys. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/250">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/250/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514922"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514922"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514922" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514922" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514922" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g001-550.jpg?1730879983" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514922" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g002-550.jpg?1730879987'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g003-550.jpg?1730879990'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g004-550.jpg?1730879994'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g005-550.jpg?1730879995'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g006-550.jpg?1730879998'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g007-550.jpg?1730880000'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g008-550.jpg?1730880001'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g009-550.jpg?1730880002'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g010-550.jpg?1730880003'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g011-550.jpg?1730880004'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g012-550.jpg?1730880006'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g013-550.jpg?1730880013'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1514922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g014-550.jpg?1730880016'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514922-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g001-550.jpg?1730879983" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Geometry and dimensions of (<b>a</b>) tensile sample and (<b>b</b>) OP-TMF sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g002-550.jpg?1730879987" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>As-cast grain structures of (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g003-550.jpg?1730879990" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Backscatter SEM images showing the typical microstructures of the two alloys: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) as-cast and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) T7 states.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g004-550.jpg?1730879994" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Bright-field TEM images showing the typical distributions of precipitates in the T7-treated (<b>a</b>) base alloy and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloy. (<b>c</b>) Uneven distribution of Al<sub>3</sub>M in the TEs alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g005-550.jpg?1730879995" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Tensile properties of T7-treated alloys at both (<b>a</b>) RT and (<b>b</b>) 300 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g006-550.jpg?1730879998" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Bright-field TEM images showing the precipitate distributions after the tensile tests at 300 °C: (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g007-550.jpg?1730880000" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Theoretically calculated and experimentally measured YS values at RT and 300 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g008-550.jpg?1730880001" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Half-life hysteresis loops of two tested alloys under OP-TMF loading with various strain amplitudes: (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g009-550.jpg?1730880002" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of peak stress of tested alloys under various strain amplitudes: (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g010-550.jpg?1730880003" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Softening ratios of experimental alloys at various strain amplitudes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g011-550.jpg?1730880004" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Fatigue lifetimes of the tested alloys and (<b>b</b>) the average number of cycles as a function of the strain amplitude.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g012-550.jpg?1730880006" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Bright-field TEM images showing the post-fatigue precipitate distributions: (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g013-550.jpg?1730880013" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Fatigue fracture morphologies of (<b>a</b>) base and (<b>b</b>) TEs alloys after fatigue tests at a 0.4% strain amplitude, and the typical characteristics of the (<b>c</b>) crack-growth zone and (<b>d</b>) crack-rupture zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00250/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00250-g014-550.jpg?1730880016" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Typical OP-TMF damage characteristics observed in longitudinal sections using SEM backscattered mode, where (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show the porosity and broken iron-rich intermetallic observed in both tested alloys and (<b>c</b>) shows the broken Al3M found only in the TEs alloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/250'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1514824" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1514824" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1514824" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/249/s1?version=1730874608"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 172 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 31631 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/249/pdf?version=1730968983" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Study of Fit and Friction Force as a Function of the Printing Process for FFF 3D-Printed Piston–Cylinder Assembly" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/249">A Study of Fit and Friction Force as a Function of the Printing Process for FFF 3D-Printed Piston–Cylinder Assembly</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philippe A. Passeraub</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Quentin Allen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elizabeth Clark</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Miles</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siddartha Berns</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maija Pearson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sterling Allred</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jonah Brooks</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sylvain Hugon</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 249; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060249">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060249</a> - 6 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Current 3D printing processes for polymer material extrusion are limited in their accuracy in terms of dimension, form, and position. For precise results, post-processing is recommended, like with assembled parts such as pistons and cylinders wherein axial mobility is desired with low friction <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/249/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Current 3D printing processes for polymer material extrusion are limited in their accuracy in terms of dimension, form, and position. For precise results, post-processing is recommended, like with assembled parts such as pistons and cylinders wherein axial mobility is desired with low friction force and limited radial play. When no post-processing step of the printed parts is accomplished, the fit and the friction force behavior are strongly dependent on the process performances. This paper presents a study on parameters of significance and their effects on sliding and running fits as well as their friction forces for fused filament fabrication of such assemblies. A series of experiments were performed with multiple factors and levels, including the position or layout of printed objects, their layer thickness, the material used, the use of aligned or random seam, and the printer type. Piston–cylinder pairs were printed, measured, assembled, and tested using a tensile test frame. A mathematical model was developed to describe the oscillating friction force behavior observed. This study presents the feasibility and limitations of producing piston–cylinder assemblies with reduced play and friction when using appropriate conditions. It also provides recommendations to obtain and better control a desired running and sliding fit. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/249">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/249/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514824"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514824"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514824" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514824" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514824" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g001-550.jpg?1730969114" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514824" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g002-550.jpg?1730969116'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g003-550.jpg?1730969117'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g004-550.jpg?1730969117'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g005-550.jpg?1730969119'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g006-550.jpg?1730969120'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g007-550.jpg?1730969122'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g008-550.jpg?1730969124'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g009-550.jpg?1730969125'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g010-550.jpg?1730969128'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g011a-550.jpg?1730969131'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g011b-550.jpg?1730969132'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g012-550.jpg?1730969133'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1514824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g0A1-550.jpg?1730969135'><p>Figure A1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514824-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g001-550.jpg?1730969114" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic fishbone diagram showing the main cause–effects parameters of an FFF-based 3D printing process to achieve the desired running and sliding fits.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g002-550.jpg?1730969116" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic views (<b>a</b>) of the wall structures to study 3D printers’ resolution with small changes of wall thickness; (<b>b</b>) of piston–cylinder parts, for which circularity, dimensions, and assembly were studied; and (<b>c</b>) of the parts layout on the printer bed used to study the influence of the position on fits performances.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g003-550.jpg?1730969117" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Photographic view of the piston–cylinder assembly with the fixture adapters during tensile testing to measure the friction force as a function of displacement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g004-550.jpg?1730969117" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the basic considerations used for the concept model development of friction force as a function of the displacement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g005-550.jpg?1730969119" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Graphs of experimental results showing the interactions between target thickness—expected to vary incrementally from 2.0 mm to 2.1 mm in regular steps—and printing day (top), and between target thickness and print orientation (bottom), for Bambu Lab ABS (<b>a</b>), Stratasys ABS (<b>b</b>), Bambu Lab PLA (<b>c</b>), and Prusa PLA (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g006-550.jpg?1730969120" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Results of data analysis from experimental measurements: Interaction plots for all printers and materials combined, showing the interaction between target thickness—expected to vary incrementally from 2.0 mm to 2.1 mm in regular steps—and printer type (<b>a</b>), and between target thickness and print orientation (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g007-550.jpg?1730969122" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Graphs of Tukey simultaneous 95% confidence intervals for pairwise comparisons of difference of means in mm for pairs of walls with 50 mm thickness difference depending on their printing orientation for the FFF 3D printers Bambu ABS (<b>a</b>), Stratasys ABS (<b>b</b>), Bambu PLA (<b>c</b>), and Prusa PLA (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g008-550.jpg?1730969124" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stereomicroscope views (20X magnification) with digital analysis of cylindrical piston surfaces in the insert (200X magnification) of ABS printed with Bambu Lab and 0.20 mm layer thickness (<b>a</b>), ABS printed with Stratasys and 0.18 mm layer thickness (<b>b</b>), PLA printed with Bambu Lab and 0.20 mm layer thickness (<b>c</b>), and PLA printed with PRUSA and 0.20 mm layer (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g009-550.jpg?1730969125" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic representation of the position of the cylinders (cells with red gradients) and the pistons (cells with blue gradients) on the printer bed. The numbers are experimental deviations in mm from the 20.000 mm target value (cylinders), and from the 19.960 mm target value (pistons). The intensity of the cell colors indicates the deviation’s quantity: red for the cylinders, and blue for the pistons, with white showing the lowest deviations. (<b>b</b>) Schematic representation combining results from (<b>a</b>) to visualize the map of average clearances in mm for the potential assembly of neighbor piston–cylinder pairs (e.g., for the top left value: (20.000 − 0.121 (the average of −0.130, −0123, and −0.111)) − (19.960 − 0.166 (the average of −0.168, −0168, and −0.161) = 0.085 mm), instead of 0.040 mm expected). The green color of the cell indicates the parts with measured allowances close to the target. The smaller allowances have colors tending towards orange, while the larger allowances have colors tending towards purple. The cells with thicker borders indicate the printing positions of the three pairs of parts (A, B, C) assembled and used for various analysis in this paper.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g010-550.jpg?1730969128" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Experimental results of the resulting friction force when displacing the FFF 3D-printed PLA piston through the cylinder at 1 mm/s, 2.5 mm/s, 5 mm/s, and 10 mm/s speeds, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g011a-550.jpg?1730969131" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Views of experimental results of friction forces as a function of the displacement at 1 mm/s speed with corresponding calculations using the developed model for FFF 3D-printed PLA piston–cylinder assemblies with different dimensional clearances; (<b>f</b>) graphical representation (with variability) of the measured diameters of the corresponding piston–cylinder assemblies (in black, the cylinders or holes normalized at 20 mm inner diameter; in gray, the pistons or shafts with different diameters) from (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>), and in orange vertical lines, the corresponding allowance using the mathematical model with the following calculated values: 0.014 mm for RC5eq, 0.065 mm for RC6eq, 0.105 mm for RC7eq, 0.128 mm for RC8eq, and 0.160 mm for RC9eq. Indications of RC5eq up to RC9eq suggest some correspondence with the running and sliding clearance fits from ANSI standard B4.1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g011b-550.jpg?1730969132" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) Views of experimental results of friction forces as a function of the displacement at 1 mm/s speed with corresponding calculations using the developed model for FFF 3D-printed PLA piston–cylinder assemblies with different dimensional clearances; (<b>f</b>) graphical representation (with variability) of the measured diameters of the corresponding piston–cylinder assemblies (in black, the cylinders or holes normalized at 20 mm inner diameter; in gray, the pistons or shafts with different diameters) from (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>), and in orange vertical lines, the corresponding allowance using the mathematical model with the following calculated values: 0.014 mm for RC5eq, 0.065 mm for RC6eq, 0.105 mm for RC7eq, 0.128 mm for RC8eq, and 0.160 mm for RC9eq. Indications of RC5eq up to RC9eq suggest some correspondence with the running and sliding clearance fits from ANSI standard B4.1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g012-550.jpg?1730969133" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Graphs with the friction force as a function of the axial position between cylinder and piston assembly with aligned seam (<b>a</b>) and random seam (<b>b</b>). In the inset are the corresponding microscopic views of the piston surface showing the corresponding seam type.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00249/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00249-g0A1-550.jpg?1730969135" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Measured clearances for each of the three batches used for <a href="#jmmp-08-00249-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>b. The green color of the cell indicates the parts with measured allowances close to the target. The smaller allowances have colors tending towards orange, while the larger allowances have colors tending towards purple.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/249'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 7783 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/248/pdf?version=1730873142" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Influence of Interpass Temperature on the Simulated Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a Circumferentially Welded 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Pipe Joint" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/248">Influence of Interpass Temperature on the Simulated Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a Circumferentially Welded 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Pipe Joint</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Henrique Grossi Dornelas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>João da Cruz Payão Filho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victor Hugo Pereira Moraes e Oliveira</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Werley Cipriano Farias</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 248; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060248">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060248</a> - 6 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To reduce manufacturing costs, energy companies aim to maximize the deposition rate during welding operations by increasing the interpass temperature (IT), thereby minimizing the cooling time. However, IT can significantly affect weldment performance, particularly its Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energy (toughness). The present <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/248/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To reduce manufacturing costs, energy companies aim to maximize the deposition rate during welding operations by increasing the interpass temperature (IT), thereby minimizing the cooling time. However, IT can significantly affect weldment performance, particularly its Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energy (toughness). The present study investigates the effect of increasing IT beyond the limit specified by the ASME B31.3 (315 °C) on the CVN impact energy (−30 °C) of the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel submerged arc welded (SAW). The CGHAZ thermal cycles were obtained through finite element method simulations and physically replicated using a Gleeble machine. The increase in IT beyond the ASME-specified limit significantly reduces the CVN impact energy of the CGHAZ. However, the values obtained remained above the minimum required threshold (NORSOK M630, 42 J). The main effect of increased IT was grain coarsening. Additionally, an inverse linear relationship was observed between effective grain size (EGS) and CVN impact energy. The steel’s microstructure showed non-significant sensitivity to variations in IT within the studied range. These findings suggest that, under the conditions studied, increasing IT could be a viable option for optimizing production by reducing welding time and potentially lowering costs. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/248">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/248/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514796"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514796"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514796" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514796" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514796" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g001-550.jpg?1730873207" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514796" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g002-550.jpg?1730873208'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g003-550.jpg?1730873208'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g004-550.jpg?1730873209'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g005-550.jpg?1730873210'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g006-550.jpg?1730873211'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g007-550.jpg?1730873213'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g008-550.jpg?1730873214'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g009-550.jpg?1730873216'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g010-550.jpg?1730873217'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1514796-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g011-550.jpg?1730873219'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514796-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g001-550.jpg?1730873207" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Optical microscopy of the 2.25Cr-1Mo base metal as received, identifying the pearlite (P) and ferrite (α) constituents.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g002-550.jpg?1730873208" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Groove dimensions and (<b>b</b>) schematic of the welding pass sequence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g003-550.jpg?1730873208" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity at a constant pressure of the 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pipe obtained from JMatPro<sup>®</sup> thermodynamic simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g004-550.jpg?1730873209" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Simulated and measured welding thermal cycles 10 and 25 mm away from the groove.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g005-550.jpg?1730873210" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature map obtained using the FEM model and (<b>b</b>) macrographs of the weld cap pass with the simulated joint for an interpass temperature (IT) of 315 °C, showing the weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), and base material (adapted from [<a href="#B11-jmmp-08-00248" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B26-jmmp-08-00248" class="html-bibr">26</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g006-550.jpg?1730873211" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Simulated welding thermal cycles of the CGHAZ for the studied interpass temperatures (IT).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g007-550.jpg?1730873213" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Optical (<b>left</b>) and EBSD (<b>right</b>) micrographs of the simulated CGHAZ for IT = (<b>a</b>) 315, (<b>b</b>) 400, (<b>c</b>) 475, and (<b>d</b>) 550 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g008-550.jpg?1730873214" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Vickers microhardness and (<b>b</b>) Charpy-V notch impact energy (−30 °C) as a function of the interpass temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g009-550.jpg?1730873216" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Energy absorbed and prior austenite grain size (PAGS) as a function of the interpass temperature and (<b>b</b>) linear fitting between PAGS and absorbed energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g010-550.jpg?1730873217" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Energy absorbed and effective grain size (EGS) as a function of the interpass temperature, and (<b>b</b>) linear fitting between EGS and absorbed energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00248/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00248-g011-550.jpg?1730873219" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Point-to-point analysis of the simulated CGHAZ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/248'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 3823 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/247/pdf?version=1730951021" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Machining-Induced Burr Suppression in Edge Trimming of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites by Tool Tilting" data-journal="jmmp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-4494/8/6/247">Machining-Induced Burr Suppression in Edge Trimming of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites by Tool Tilting</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tamás Sándor Tima</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norbert Geier</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Manuf. Mater. Process.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>8</em>(6), 247; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060247">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060247</a> - 5 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Several challenges arise during edge trimming of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, such as the formation of machining-induced burrs and delamination. In a recent development, appropriate-quality geometric features in CFRPs can be machined using special cutting tools and optimised machining parameters. However, these <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/247/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Several challenges arise during edge trimming of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, such as the formation of machining-induced burrs and delamination. In a recent development, appropriate-quality geometric features in CFRPs can be machined using special cutting tools and optimised machining parameters. However, these suitable technologies quickly become inappropriate due to the accelerated tool wear. Therefore, the main aim of our research was to find a novel solution for maintaining the machined edge quality even if the tool condition changed significantly. We developed a novel mechanical edge-trimming technology inspired by wobble milling, i.e., the composite plate compression is governed by the proper tool tilting. The effectiveness of the novel technology was tested through mechanical machining experiments and compared with that of conventional edge-trimming technology. Furthermore, the influences of the tool tilting angle and the permanent chamfer size on the burr characteristics were also investigated. A one-fluted solid carbide end mill with a helix angle of 0° was applied for the experiments. The machined edges were examined trough stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The images were evaluated through digital image processing. Our results show that multi-axis edge-trimming technology produces less extensive machining-induced burrs than conventional edge trimming by an average of 50%. Furthermore, we found that the tool tilting angle has a significant impact on burr size, while permanent chamfer does not influence it. These findings suggest that multi-axis edge trimming offers a strong alternative to conventional methods, especially when using end-of-life cutting tools, and highlight the importance of selecting the optimal tool tilting angle to minimize machining-induced burrs. <a href="/2504-4494/8/6/247">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/8/6/247/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514677"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514677"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514677" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514677" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514677" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g001-550.jpg?1730951125" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514677" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g002-550.jpg?1730951125'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g003-550.jpg?1730951127'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g004-550.jpg?1730951128'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g005-550.jpg?1730951129'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g006-550.jpg?1730951129'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g007-550.jpg?1730951131'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g008-550.jpg?1730951135'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g009-550.jpg?1730951136'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g010-550.jpg?1730951138'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g011-550.jpg?1730951139'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g012-550.jpg?1730951140'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g013-550.jpg?1730951141'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g014-550.jpg?1730951142'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g015-550.jpg?1730951143'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g016-550.jpg?1730951144'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g017-550.jpg?1730951146'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g018-550.jpg?1730951147'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1514677-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g019-550.jpg?1730951148'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514677-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g001-550.jpg?1730951125" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the main steps of the novel edge-trimming technology: (<b>a</b>) chamfer machining on one of the edges; (<b>b</b>) chamfer machining on the other side of the plate, (<b>c</b>) the finishing step of the multi-axis technology and (<b>d</b>) an illustration of the compression effect, where <span class="html-italic">a<sub>ef</sub></span> is the cutting width in the final step, <span class="html-italic">a<sub>e</sub></span> denotes the cutting width of the tilting steps, <span class="html-italic">v<sub>f</sub></span> is the feed rate, <span class="html-italic">φ</span> is the tool tilting angle, <span class="html-italic">n</span> is the spindle speed, <span class="html-italic">c</span> is the permanent chamfer size, <span class="html-italic"><span class="underline">n</span></span> is the normal of the final machined CFRP edge surface, G is the global coordinate system fixed to the machine tool and L is the local coordinate system fixed to the end mill.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g002-550.jpg?1730951125" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of a cross section of the multi-axis technology, where the area I is removed first, followed by the area II and the area III respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g003-550.jpg?1730951127" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The algorithm of the developed multi-axis mechanical edge-trimming technology, where <span class="html-italic">v<sub>c</sub></span> denotes the cutting speed, <span class="html-italic">v<sub>f</sub></span> is the feed rate, <span class="html-italic">D</span> is the tool diameter, <span class="html-italic">a<sub>e</sub></span> is the width of the cut, <span class="html-italic">φ<sub>i</sub></span> is the tool tilting angle for the <span class="html-italic">i</span>th cutting step and <span class="html-italic">i</span> is a running parameter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g004-550.jpg?1730951128" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Illustration of conventional machining technology, where <span class="html-italic">a<sub>ef</sub></span> denotes the cutting width, <span class="html-italic">v<sub>f</sub></span> is the feed rate, <span class="html-italic">n</span> is the spindle speed, <span class="html-italic"><span class="underline">n</span></span> is the normal of the final machined CFRP edge surface, G is the global coordinate system and L is the local coordinate system; (<b>b</b>) illustration of allowance plan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g005-550.jpg?1730951129" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup: (<b>a</b>) cutting tool, (<b>b</b>) special fixture, (<b>c</b>) CFRP composite plate, (<b>d</b>) rotary table of the machine tool and (<b>e</b>) industrial vacuum cleaner.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g006-550.jpg?1730951129" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the maximum burr size, where <span class="html-italic">N<sub>wd,i</sub></span> (-) is the width of the image, <span class="html-italic">L<sub>b,i</sub></span> (μm) is the average burr length, <span class="html-italic">y<sub>i</sub></span> is the equation of a straight line fitted by the method of least squares, <span class="html-italic">m<sub>i</sub></span> is the slope of the fitted line and P denotes the coordinate system fixed to the captured images.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g007-550.jpg?1730951131" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the compensation, where <span class="html-italic">N<sub>wh,i</sub></span> is the number of white pixels, <span class="html-italic">N<sub>wd,i</sub></span> is the width of the image and <span class="html-italic">n</span> is the number of images taken.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g008-550.jpg?1730951135" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Raw images of the machined edges of the CFRP composites, where the <span class="html-italic">C</span> denotes the conventional and <span class="html-italic">T</span> denotes the multi-axis (tilted) strategy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g009-550.jpg?1730951136" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The main effect diagram of the machining technologies: (<b>a</b>) specific average edge length (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>e</sub></span>) and (<b>b</b>) maximum burr size (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g010-550.jpg?1730951138" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Red represents the CFRP plate machined by conventional technology, and green represents the CFRP plate machined by multi-axis technology. (<b>a</b>) The specific average edge length (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>e</sub></span>) of each experimental setting. (<b>b</b>) The maximum burr size (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>) of each experimental setting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g011-550.jpg?1730951139" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Diagram of the specific average edge length (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>e</sub></span>) as a function of the feed rate (<span class="html-italic">v<sub>f</sub></span>); (<b>b</b>) diagram of the maximum burr size (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>) as a function of the feed rate (<span class="html-italic">v<sub>f</sub></span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g012-550.jpg?1730951140" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Diagram of the specific average edge length (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>e</sub></span>) as a function of the cutting width (<span class="html-italic">a<sub>e</sub></span>); (<b>b</b>) diagram of the maximum burr size (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>) as a function of the cutting width (<span class="html-italic">a<sub>e</sub></span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g013-550.jpg?1730951141" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Raw images of the machined edges of the CFRP composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g014-550.jpg?1730951142" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Diagram of the specific average edge length (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>e</sub>.</span>) as a function of the tool tilting angle (<span class="html-italic">φ</span>); (<b>b</b>) diagram of the maximum burr size (<span class="html-italic">L<sub>b</sub></span>) as a function of the tool tilting angle (<span class="html-italic">φ</span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g015-550.jpg?1730951143" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic image of the applied worn tool from a radial direction, where <span class="html-italic">v<sub>b</sub></span> (μm) is the nominal flank wear.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g016-550.jpg?1730951144" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The difference between the two technologies using a worn tool: (<b>a</b>) multi-axis technology and (<b>b</b>) conventional technology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g017-550.jpg?1730951146" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of edges machined using a low-grade tool and (<b>a</b>) conventional technology or (<b>b</b>) multi-axis technology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g018-550.jpg?1730951147" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Scatter plot of maximum burr size and specific average edge length in the cases of conventional (CON) and multi-axis (MULTI) technologies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-4494/8/6/247'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jmmp/jmmp-08-00247/article_deploy/html/images/jmmp-08-00247-g019-550.jpg?1730951148" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the influence of the number grips on the (<b>a</b>) ratio of MRR and (<b>b</b>) ratio of machining time.</p> <strong style='display: block; 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