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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1963 Moscow protest</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/1963_Moscow_protest" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:1963_Moscow_protest" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li 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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>On 18 December 1963, a number of students from <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and other African countries organized a protest on <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>) in response to the alleged murder of the medical student Edmund Assare-Addo. The number of participants was reported at 500–700,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Ghanaian physician Edward Na, who participated in the events, claimed there were at most 150 protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambassador of Ghana in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Banks_Elliott" title="John Banks Elliott">John Banks Elliott</a>, requested <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a> protection of the Ghanaian embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1963 Moscow protest</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r,_balra_a_Kreml,_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg/220px-V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg/330px-V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg/440px-V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r%2C_balra_a_Kreml%2C_jobbra_az_%C3%81llami_T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_M%C3%BAzeum._Fortepan_60908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5427" data-file-height="3545"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Red Square, the location of the protest, in 1963</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">18 December 1963<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1963-12-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;">Red Square</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Protest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">The alleged murder of the medical student Edmund Assare-Addo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;">Students from Ghana and other African countries</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This was the first recorded political protest on the Red Square since the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Edmund Assare-Addo was a 29-year-old student of the Kalinin Medical Institute. His body was found in a stretch of wasteland along a country road leading to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Ring_Road" title="Moscow Ring Road">Moscow Ring Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African students alleged that he was knifed<sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a Soviet man because Assare-Addo was courting a Russian woman.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African students based their allegation on the unlikelihood of a student venturing into that remote place.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet authorities stated that Assare-Addo froze to death in the snow while drunk. According to the autopsy, performed by Soviet medics with two advanced medical students from Ghana as observers, the death was "an effect of cold in a state of alcohol-induced <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No signs of physical trauma were found, with the possible exception of a small scar on the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussing the protest with Soviet officials, Elliott claimed officials stationed at the Western embassies in Moscow ("the U.S., England, France, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">FRG</a>, or even Holland") were probably involved in instigating the protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elliott went so far as to suggest that students who "behaved poorly" and "skipped class" should be expelled from the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the students' march to the Red Square, Elliott alleged that the students broke into the Ghanaian embassy and damaged furniture and pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Protest">Protest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memorandum_to_the_Soviet_Government_from_African_Students_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Memorandum to the Soviet Government from African Students in the Soviet Union">Memorandum to the Soviet Government from African Students in the Soviet Union</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The protesters were African students studying at Soviet universities and institutes. Having assembled on the morning of 18 December 1963, they wrote a memorandum to present to Soviet authorities. The protesters carried placards with the slogans "Moscow – center of discrimination", "Stop killing Africans!" and "Moscow, a second <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>", while shouting in English, Russian, and French.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters marched to the <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskiye Gates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, where they posed for photographs and gave interviews to Western correspondents.<sup id="cite_ref-cairn_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">TASS</a> news agency responded with a statement: "It is to be regretted that the meetings of the Ghanaian students which began in connection with their claims to the embassy of their country resulted in the disturbance of public order in Moscow streets. It is quite natural that this is resented by the Russian people".<sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December, the students returned to classes and the militsiya ceased the protection of the Ghanaian embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-DI_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1963/12/19/page/4/article/500-african-students-riot-in-red-square">"500 AFRICAN STUDENTS RIOT IN RED SQUARE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. December 19, 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=500+AFRICAN+STUDENTS+RIOT+IN+RED+SQUARE&rft.date=1963-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1963%2F12%2F19%2Fpage%2F4%2Farticle%2F500-african-students-riot-in-red-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Moscow+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DI_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=DIL19631221.2.11#">"Russia Issues Warning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Illini" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Illini">Daily Illini</a>. 21 December 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Issues+Warning&rft.pub=Daily+Illini&rft.date=1963-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidnc.library.illinois.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fillinois%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDIL19631221.2.11%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Moscow+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cairn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairn_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Hessler" class="citation web cs1">Julie Hessler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213141938/http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=CMR_471_0033">"Death of an African Student in Moscow"</a>. CAIRN.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=CMR_471_0033">the original</a> on 2014-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+an+African+Student+in+Moscow&rft.pub=CAIRN.info&rft.au=Julie+Hessler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fzen.php%3FID_ARTICLE%3DCMR_471_0033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Moscow+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛина_Розовская2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Лина Розовская (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/02/100204_peoples_friendship_lumumba.shtml"><bdi lang="ru">Они учились в СССР</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.au=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Frussian%2Frussia%2F2010%2F02%2F100204_peoples_friendship_lumumba.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Moscow+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&oldid=1263796266">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&oldid=1263796266</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Moscow_protest&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="82.217.77.240" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1734544670"> <span>Last edited on 18 December 2024, at 17:57</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_1963_%D0%B3." title="Протест в Москва през 1963 г. – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протест в Москва през 1963 г." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96_(1963)" title="Антирасистський протест у Москві (1963) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антирасистський протест у Москві (1963)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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