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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perestroika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 72 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بيريسترويكا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيريسترويكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroyka" title="Perestroyka – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perestroyka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перабудова – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перабудова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перабудова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Перабудова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перестройка – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перестройка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پەرەسترۆیکا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرەسترۆیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%C3%BF" title="Çĕнйĕркелÿ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕнйĕркелÿ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Περεστρόικα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περεστρόικα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojko" title="Perestrojko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perestrojko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پرسترویکا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرسترویکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestro%C3%AFka" title="Perestroïka – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perestroïka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peireastr%C3%A1ice" title="Peireastráice – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peireastráice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פרסטרויקה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרסטרויקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peresztrojka" title="Peresztrojka – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peresztrojka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84)" title="Վերակառուցում (ԽՍՀՄ) – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերակառուցում (ԽՍՀՄ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB" title="ペレストロイカ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペレストロイカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პერესტროიკა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერესტროიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Қайта құру кезеңі – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қайта құру кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4" title="페레스트로이카 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페레스트로이카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перестройка – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Перестройка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Перестройкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Перестройкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Өөрчлөн байгуулалт (Перестройка) – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өөрчлөн байгуулалт (Перестройка)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieriestrojka" title="Pieriestrojka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieriestrojka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پیریستروئیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیریستروئیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перестройка – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перестройка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перестројка – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перестројка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perestrojka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="பெரஸ்ட்ரோயிகா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரஸ்ட்ரோயிகா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Бозсозӣ – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бозсозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="เปเรสตรอยคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปเรสตรอยคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroyka" title="Perestroyka – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perestroyka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перебудова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перебудова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پیریستروئیکا – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیریستروئیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayta_qurish" title="Qayta qurish – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qayta qurish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perestroika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" title="改革重组 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="改革重组" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1987年苏联经济改革 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1987年苏联经济改革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestr%C3%B3jka" title="Perestrójka – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perestrójka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q167634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Perestroika" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perestroika"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perestroika"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Perestroika" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Perestroika" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&oldid=2624719" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Perestroika&id=2624719&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerestroika"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerestroika"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Perestroika"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/300px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/450px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg/600px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5942_stamp_%28Perestroika_%28reformation%29._Worker._Industries_and_agriculture%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Posse%C3%ABl" title="Posseël">Posseël</a> wat as propaganda vir perestroika gebruik is.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Perestroika</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: перестройка; "herstrukturering", letterlik "verbouing" of "rekonstruksie") was die hervormingspolitiek van <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Gorbatsjof</a>, wat plaasgevind het tydens die twaalfde vyfjaarplan van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjet-Unie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowjet-Unie">Sowjet-Unie</a>. Gorbatsjof, die eerste in 'n generasie USSR-leiers sedert die terreur van Stalin, het in 1985 gepoog om die stagnerende Sowjet-Unie weer op dreef te kry deur <i>glasnost</i>, d.w.s. openheid, asook <i>perestroika</i>, d.w.s. staatkundige en ekonomiese hervorminge. </p><p>Dit word deur Gorbatsjof beskryf in sy boek <i>Perestroika</i> (oorspronklike titel: <i>Перестройка и новое мышление (Perestroïke i novoi mysjlenii)</i> – "Oor herstrukturering en nuwe denke") wat 1987 verskyn het. Gorbatsjof het die <i>perestroika</i>-konsep gekoppel aan die konsep <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i>, oftewel openheid. Glasnost en perestroika kon egter nie die ineenstorting van <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunisme</a> in die Sowjet-Unie verhoed nie. </p><p>Perestroika was 'n <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politiek</a> wat gebaseer is op verdere ontwapening en die veranderinge wat dit vir die Oos-Europese kommunistiese wêreld meegebring het, terwyl die belange van die Sowjetvolk as leidraad gedien het. Sekondêre beweegredes was die "herontdekking" van onder meer <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialisme</a>, die idees van <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrewolusie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoberrewolusie">Oktoberrewolusie</a> van <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>. </p><p>Met Gorbatsjof as sekretarisgeneraal van die Kommunistiese Party, het die Sowjet-Unie toenadering tot die westerse wêreld gesoek, en het vir hulself 'n sleutelrol in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> gesien, mits dit tot 'n duidelike <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Pan-Europese politiek</a> sou ontwikkel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perestroika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Perestroika" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Perestroika">Perestroika</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/24px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiwoordeboek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiwoordeboek">Wikiwoordeboek</a> het 'n inskrywing vir <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/perestroika" class="extiw" title="wikt:perestroika">perestroika</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sowjetunie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Sowjetunie" title="Sjabloon:Sowjetunie"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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class="new" title="Subdivisies van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Subdivisies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republieke_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Republieke van die Sowjetunie">Republieke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outonome_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepublieke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outonome Sosialistiese Sowjetrepublieke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Outonoom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krajs_van_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krajs van Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Krajs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblasts_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblasts van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outonome_oblasts_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outonome oblasts van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Outonoom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outonome_okroegs_van_Rusland" title="Outonome okroegs van Rusland">Outonome okroegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geslote_stad" title="Geslote stad">Geslote stede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streke</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europese_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europese Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Europese Rusland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noord-Kaukasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noord-Kaukasus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Noord-Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeralgebergte" title="Oeralgebergte">Oeralgebergte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wes-Siberiese_Vlakte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wes-Siberiese Vlakte (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wes-Siberiese Vlakte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politiek_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politiek van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algemeen</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grondwet_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grondwet van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grondwet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verkiesings_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verkiesings in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verkiesings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buitelandse_beleid_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buitelandse beleid van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Buitelandse beleid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezjnef-leerstelling" title="Brezjnef-leerstelling">Brezjnef-leerstelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regering_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regering van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Regering</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_regerings_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van regerings van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menseregte_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menseregte in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Menseregte</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_regte_in_die_post-Sowjet_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT regte in die post-Sowjet state (bladsy bestaan nie)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wet van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_leiers_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van leiers van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollektiewe_leierskap_in_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kollektiewe leierskap in die Sowjetunie">Kollektiewe leierskap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paspoort_stelsel_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paspoort stelsel in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paspoort stelsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologie_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologie van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Staatsideologie</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxisme-Leninisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxisme-Leninisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marxisme-Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme">Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politieke instansies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie">Kommunistiese Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasie_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasie van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">organisasie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentrale_Komitee_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentrale Komitee van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sentrale Komitee</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (bladsy bestaan nie)">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretariaat_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretariaat van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sekretariaat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_Sekretaris_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algemene Sekretaris van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Algemene Sekretaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_Sowjets_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van Sowjets van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres van Sowjets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opperste_Sowjet_van_die_Sowjet-Unie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opperste Sowjet van die Sowjet-Unie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Opperste Sowjet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_Volksafgevaardigdes_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van Volksafgevaardigdes van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres van Volksafgevaardigdes</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hooggeregshof_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hooggeregshof van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hooggeregshof</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%AAre_Kollegium_van_die_Hooggeregshof_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militêre Kollegium van die Hooggeregshof van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Militêre Kollegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ampte</th><td 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nie)">Eerste Adjunkpremier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_onderdrukking_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke onderdrukking in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke onderdrukking</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_Terreur" title="Rooi Terreur">Rooi Terreur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollektivisering_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollektivisering in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kollektivisering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot_Suiwering" title="Groot Suiwering">Groot Suiwering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bevolkingsoordrag_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bevolkingsoordrag in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bevolkingsoordrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag">Goelag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_misbruik_van_psigiatrie_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke misbruik van psigiatrie in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke misbruik van psigiatrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategorie"><img alt="Kategorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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