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href="#Restrictive_lung_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Restrictive lung diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictive_lung_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_respiratory_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_respiratory_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronic respiratory disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_respiratory_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_tract_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_tract_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Respiratory tract infections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Respiratory_tract_infections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Respiratory tract infections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_tract_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_respiratory_tract_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Upper respiratory tract infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_respiratory_tract_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_respiratory_tract_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lower respiratory tract infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_respiratory_tract_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_and_lower_respiratory_tract_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_and_lower_respiratory_tract_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Upper and lower respiratory tract infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_and_lower_respiratory_tract_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tumors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tumors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tumors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malignant_tumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malignant_tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Malignant tumors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malignant_tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benign_tumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benign_tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Benign tumors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benign_tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleural_cavity_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleural_cavity_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pleural cavity diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleural_cavity_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulmonary_vascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulmonary_vascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pulmonary vascular disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulmonary_vascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neonatal_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonatal_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Neonatal diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonatal_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Respiratory disease</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مرض تنفسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض تنفسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_respirat%C3%B2ria" title="Malaltia respiratòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia respiratòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respira%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_onemocn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Respirační onemocnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Respirační onemocnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedades_del_aparato_respiratorio" title="Enfermedades del aparato respiratorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedades del aparato respiratorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnas_gaixotasun" title="Arnas gaixotasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnas gaixotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیماری تنفسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری تنفسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_respiratoire" title="Maladie respiratoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie respiratoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_riospr%C3%A1ide" title="Galar riospráide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar riospráide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A7%88%ED%99%98" title="호흡기 질환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호흡기 질환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar_huhu" title="Cutar huhu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cutar huhu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շնչառական հիվանդություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնչառական հիվանդություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="श्वसन तंत्र के रोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वसन तंत्र के रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_pernapasan" title="Penyakit pernapasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit pernapasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פתולוגיה של מערכת הנשימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתולוגיה של מערכת הנשימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ശ്വാസകോശ രോഗങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വാസകോശ രോഗങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_pernafasan" title="Penyakit pernafasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit pernafasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" title="呼吸器疾患 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="呼吸器疾患" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroby_uk%C5%82adu_oddechowego" title="Choroby układu oddechowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroby układu oddechowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_respirat%C3%B3ria" title="Doença respiratória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença respiratória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="ශ්වසන රෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්වසන රෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Respiratory disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Поремећаји дисања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поремећаји дисања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftv%C3%A4gssjukdomar" title="Luftvägssjukdomar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftvägssjukdomar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="சுவாச நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவாச நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_amesgunef" title="Aṭṭan amesgunef – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aṭṭan amesgunef" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="โรคระบบหายใจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคระบบหายใจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solunum_yolu_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Solunum yolu hastalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Solunum yolu hastalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disease of the respiratory system</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Respiratory disease</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphysema_low_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emphysema_low_mag.jpg/220px-Emphysema_low_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emphysema_low_mag.jpg/330px-Emphysema_low_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emphysema_low_mag.jpg/440px-Emphysema_low_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="1979" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of an emphysematous lung; <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> is a respiratory disease, strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Respiratory diseases</b>, or <b>lung diseases</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathological</a> conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> difficult in <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">air-breathing</a> animals. They include conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioles">bronchioles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_pleurae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary pleurae">pleurae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a>, the nerves and <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">muscles of respiration</a>. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">pharyngitis</a> to life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">bacterial pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">acute asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndromes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease. </p><p>The study of respiratory disease is known as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">pulmonology</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstructive_lung_disease">Obstructive lung disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Obstructive lung disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD) are all <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive lung diseases</a> characterised by <a href="/wiki/Airway_obstruction" title="Airway obstruction">airway obstruction</a>. This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation. Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary function tests">pulmonary function tests</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a>. Many obstructive lung diseases are managed by avoiding triggers (such as <a href="/wiki/Dust_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust mite">dust mites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>), with symptom control such as <a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">bronchodilators</a>, and with suppression of inflammation (such as through <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>) in severe cases. One common cause of COPD including <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, and chronic bronchitis, is <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>, and common causes of <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a> include severe infections and <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>. The definitive cause of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> is not yet known.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictive_lung_diseases">Restrictive lung diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Restrictive lung diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Age_adjustment" title="Age adjustment">Age-standardised</a> <a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALY) rates from respiratory diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">Restrictive lung diseases</a> are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">lung compliance</a>, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-emedicineRLD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicineRLD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictive lung diseases can be divided into two categories: those caused by intrinsic factors and those caused by extrinsic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictive lung diseases yielding from intrinsic factors occur within the lungs themselves, such as <a href="/wiki/Tissue_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue death">tissue death</a> due to inflammation or toxins. Conversely, restrictive lung diseases caused by extrinsic factors result from conditions originating from outside the lungs such as <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">neuromuscular dysfunction</a> and irregular chest wall movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronic_respiratory_disease">Chronic respiratory disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronic respiratory disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. They are characterized by a high inflammatory cell recruitment (<a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocyte">neutrophil</a>) and/or destructive cycle of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, (e.g. mediated by <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i>). Some of the most common are <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>. Most chronic respiratory dieseases are not curable; however, various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a> can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease</b> </p><p>The latest evidence suggests that primary pulmonary rehabilitation and maintenance rehabilitation delivered through telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease reaches outcomes similar to centre-based rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are no safety issues identified, the findings are based on evidence limited by a small number of studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respiratory_tract_infections">Respiratory tract infections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Respiratory tract infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_respiratory_tract_infection">Upper respiratory tract infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Upper respiratory tract infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croup_steeple_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Croup_steeple_sign.jpg/220px-Croup_steeple_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Croup_steeple_sign.jpg/330px-Croup_steeple_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Croup_steeple_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Classic steeple sign indicating croup</figcaption></figure> <p>The upper airway is defined as all the structures connecting the glottis to the mouth and nose.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">tonsillitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">otitis media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">pharyngitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">laryngitis</a> are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a> is a bacterial infection of the larynx which causes life-threatening swelling of the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> with a mortality rate of 7% in adults and 1% in children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> is still the primary cause even with vaccinations. Also Streptococcus pyogenes can cause epiglottitis. Symptoms include drooling, stridor, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and a hoarse voice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a> (Laryngotracheobronchitis) is a viral infection of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> typically lasting five to six days. The main symptom is a barking cough and low-grade <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>. On an X-ray, croup can be recognized by the "steeple sign", which is a narrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>. It most commonly occurs in winter months in children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years. A severe form caused by bacteria is called bacterial tracheitis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a> is swelling of the tonsils by a bacterial or viral infection. This inflammation can lead to airway obstruction. From tonsillitis can come a peritonsillar abscess which is the most common upper airway infection and occurs primarily in young adults. It causes swelling in one of the tonsils, pushing the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_uvula" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine uvula">uvula</a> to the unaffected side.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is usually made based on the presentation and examination. Symptoms generally include fever, sore throat, trouble swallowing, and sounding like they have a "hot potato" in their mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_respiratory_tract_infection">Lower respiratory tract infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lower respiratory tract infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common lower respiratory tract infection is <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i> in Western countries. Worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> and fungi can cause pneumonia, for example <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a>. Pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Poor oral care may be a contributing factor to lower respiratory disease, as bacteria from gum disease may travel through airways and into the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21523216_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21523216-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_and_lower_respiratory_tract_infection">Upper and lower respiratory tract infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Upper and lower respiratory tract infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia" title="Primary ciliary dyskinesia">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> is a genetic disorder causing the cilia to not move in a coordinated manner. This causes chronic respiratory infections, cough, and nasal congestion. This can lead to bronchiectasis, which can cause life-threatening breathing issues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tumors">Tumors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malignant_tumors">Malignant tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malignant tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malignant tumors of the respiratory system, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">primary carcinomas of the lung</a>, are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 30% of all cancer deaths. The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking tobacco</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histological</a> types of respiratory system cancer are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_cell_lung_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Small cell lung cancer">Small cell lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small cell lung cancer">Non-small cell lung cancer</a> <ul><li>Adenocarcinoma of the lung</li> <li>Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung</li> <li>Large cell lung carcinoma</li></ul></li> <li>Other lung cancers (<a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">carcinoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleural" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural">Pleural</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>, almost always caused by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> dust.</li></ul> <p>In addition, since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs, it is common for cancer <a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a> to occur within the lung. <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> may invade directly through local spread, and through lymph node metastases. After metastasis to the <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a> frequently metastasizes to the lung. <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a>, germ cell cancer and <a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">renal cell carcinoma</a> may also metastasize to the lung.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer. Surgical removal of part of a lung (<a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">lobectomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segmentectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmentectomy">segmentectomy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">wedge resection</a>) or of an entire lung <a href="/wiki/Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">pneumonectomy</a>), along with chemotherapy and <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, are all used. The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed, and to some extent on the <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, and is only about 14–17% overall. In the case of metastases to the lung, treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain, rare circumstances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benign_tumors">Benign tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Benign tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Pulmonary <a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">hamartoma</a></li> <li>Congenital malformations such as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_sequestration" title="Pulmonary sequestration">pulmonary sequestration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_cystic_adenomatoid_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation">congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation</a> (CCAM).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pleural_cavity_diseases">Pleural cavity diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pleural cavity diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pleural cavity diseases include <a href="/wiki/Pleural" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural">pleural mesothelioma</a> which are mentioned above. </p><p>A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a>, tuberculosis, mesothelioma and other conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">pneumothorax</a> is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity. The affected lung "collapses" like a deflated balloon. A <a href="/wiki/Tension_pneumothorax" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension pneumothorax">tension pneumothorax</a> is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity cannot escape, so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life-threatening situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pulmonary_vascular_disease">Pulmonary vascular disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pulmonary vascular disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>. Examples are:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="please give a reliable source. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">blood clot</a> that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs (thromboembolism). Large pulmonary emboli are fatal, causing sudden death. A number of other substances can also embolise (travel through the blood stream) to the lungs but they are much more rare: <a href="/wiki/Fat_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat embolism">fat embolism</a> (particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery), <a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air embolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iatrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iatrogenic">iatrogenic</a> – caused by invasive medical procedures).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arterial_hypertension" title="Pulmonary arterial hypertension">Pulmonary arterial hypertension</a>, elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Most commonly it is <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> (i.e. of unknown cause) but it can be due to the effects of another disease, particularly COPD. This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Cor_pulmonale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cor pulmonale">cor pulmonale</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a>, leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> (or air spaces). It is usually due to congestive heart failure.</li> <li>Pulmonary hemorrhage, inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli. This may cause blood to be coughed up. Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto-immune disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goodpasture%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodpasture's syndrome">Goodpasture's syndrome</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neonatal_diseases">Neonatal diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neonatal diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulmonary diseases also impact newborns and the disorders are often unique from those that affect adults. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a> most commonly occurs in less than six hours after birth in about 1% of all births in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main risk factor is prematurity with the likelihood of it occurring going up to 71% in infants under 750g.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other risk factors include infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), method of delivery, fetal asphyxia, genetics, <a href="/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes" title="Prelabor rupture of membranes">prolonged rupture of membranes</a> (PROM), maternal toxemia, <a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">chorioamnionitis</a>, and male sex. The widely accepted pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome is it caused by insufficient surfactant production and immature lung and vascular development. The lack of surfactant makes the lungs <a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">atelectatic</a> causing a ventilation to perfusion mismatch, lowered compliance, and increased air resistance. This causes hypoxia and respiratory acidosis which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>. It has a ground glass appearance on an x-ray. Symptoms can include tachypnea, nasal flaring, paradoxical chest movement, grunting, and subcostal retractions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</a> is a condition that occurs after birth usually from <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> and oxygen use. It happens almost exclusively in pre-mature infants and is characterized by the alveoli, and lung vasculature becoming inflamed and damaged. Complications from BPD can follow a patient into adulthood. As a child they may experience learning disabilities, pulmonary hypertension, and hearing problems. As an adult, there is an increased likelihood for asthma and exercise intolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium Aspiration Syndrome</a> occurs in full term or post-term infants who aspirate <a href="/wiki/Meconium" title="Meconium">meconium</a>. Risk factors include a diabetic mother, fetal hypoxia, precipitous delivery, and maternal high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its diagnosis is based on meconium stained amniotic fluid at delivery and staining on the skin, nails, and umbilical cord. Aspiration can cause airway obstruction, air-trapping, pneumonia, lung inflammation, and inactivated surfactant. It presents as patchy atelectasis and hyperinflation on an x-ray with a <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">pneumothorax</a> of pneumomediastinum also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn</a> (PPHN) is a syndrome that occurs from an abnormal transition to extra-uterine life. It is marked by an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and vasoconstriction causing a right-to-left shunt of the blood through the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">foramen ovale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">ductus arteriosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main causes of PPHN are parenchymal diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome, idiopathic, and hypoplastic vasculature like in a diaphragmatic hernia. It will eventually resolve in most infants.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only syndrome that inhaled nitric oxide is approved for by the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CXR-Pulmonary_interstitial_emphysema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CXR-Pulmonary_interstitial_emphysema.jpg/220px-CXR-Pulmonary_interstitial_emphysema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/CXR-Pulmonary_interstitial_emphysema.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Pulmonary interstitial emphysema</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn</a> is caused by the retention of alveolar fluid in the lungs. It commonly occurs in infants who are delivered via <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> without the onset of labor because absorption of amniotic fluid in the lungs has not yet commenced. Other risk factors are male sex, <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">macrosomia</a>, multiple gestations, and maternal asthma. It usually presents with tachypnea and increased work of breathing. On an x-ray diffuse infiltrates, interlobar fissures, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusions</a> can be seen. It is a diagnosis of exclusion because of its similarity to other diseases and frequently CPAP is used to help push the lung fluid into the pulmonary vasculature.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_interstitial_emphysema" title="Pulmonary interstitial emphysema">Pulmonary interstitial emphysema</a> is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. It is a rare disease that occurs most often in premature infants, even though it is possible to appear in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often presents as a slow deterioration with the need for increased ventilatory support. Chest x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. It is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">respiratory syncytial virus</a> (RSV), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone infected.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus infects the cells causing ciliary dysfunction and death. The debris, edema, and inflammation eventually leads to the symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most common reason for admission of children under the age of one year. It can present widely from a mild respiratory infection to respiratory failure. Since there is no medication to treat the disease, it is only managed supportively with fluids and oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a> of the lung or pleura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">Chest X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, including <a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">high-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Culture of microorganisms</a> from secretions such as sputum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">Ultrasound</a> scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary function test">Pulmonary function test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation–perfusion scan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Respiratory_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths from respiratory diseases per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff20; color:black;"> </span> 19–125</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe820; color:black;"> </span> 126–169</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd820; color:black;"> </span> 170–196</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc020; color:black;"> </span> 197–225</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa020; color:black;"> </span> 226-–75</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a20; color:black;"> </span> 276–308</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f08015; color:black;"> </span> 309–365</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e06815; color:black;"> </span> 366–440</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d85010; color:black;"> </span> 441–593</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d02010; color:white;"> </span> 594–1,227</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately one billion <a href="/wiki/Common_colds" class="mw-redirect" title="Common colds">common colds</a> occur each year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BLF_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLF-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-PHAC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHAC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3% of ICU utilization in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546" class="extiw" title="d:Q3286546">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J00">J00</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J99">J99</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=460">460</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=519">519</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012140">D012140</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lung disease</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br /> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li><i>noninfectious</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis">RB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li> <li><i>circulatory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template talk:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conditions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> period / <a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">fetal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal factors <br /> complicating pregnancy,<br /> labour or delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">Single umbilical artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">presentation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">Small for gestational age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">Large for gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)" title="Birth trauma (physical)">Birth trauma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalohematoma" title="Cephalohematoma">Cephalohematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)" title="Chignon (medical term)">Chignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_succedaneum" title="Caput succedaneum">Caput succedaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage" title="Subgaleal hemorrhage">Subgaleal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">Erb's palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis" title="Klumpke paralysis">Klumpke paralysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affected systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient tachypnea of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Pneumomediastinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome" title="Wilson–Mikity syndrome">Wilson–Mikity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumopericardium" title="Pneumopericardium">Pneumopericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent fetal circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Bleeding</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding" title="Vitamin K deficiency bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">HDN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">ABO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)">Anti-Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)">Rh c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)">Rh E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">Hyperbilirubinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">Kernicterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion" title="Velamentous cord insertion">Velamentous cord insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular hemorrhage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage" title="Germinal matrix hemorrhage">Germinal matrix hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity" title="Anemia of prematurity">Anemia of prematurity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis" title="Meconium peritonitis">Meconium peritonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integument</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum" title="Sclerema neonatorum">Sclerema neonatorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia" title="Periventricular leukomalacia">Periventricular leukomalacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome" title="Gray baby syndrome">Gray baby syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Congenital hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Congenital hypotonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">mycoplasma hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum infection">ureaplasma urealyticum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis" title="Neonatal sepsis">Neonatal sepsis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder">Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Respiratory_physiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template talk:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Respiratory_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory physiology">Respiratory physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Respiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligate_nasal_breathing" title="Obligate nasal breathing">obligate nasal breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirometer" title="Respirometer">respirometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteresivity" title="Hysteresivity">hysteresivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">airway resistance</a></li> <li>bronchial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_hyperresponsiveness" title="Bronchial hyperresponsiveness">hyperresponsiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">constriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilatation" title="Bronchodilatation">dilatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" title="Control of ventilation">Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">apneustic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">dorsal respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">ventral respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_chemoreceptors" title="Central chemoreceptors">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stretch_receptors" title="Pulmonary stretch receptors">pulmonary stretch receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hering%E2%80%93Breuer_reflex" title="Hering–Breuer reflex">Hering–Breuer reflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_capacity" title="Vital capacity">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_residual_capacity" title="Functional residual capacity">FRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">Vt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_capacity" title="Closing capacity">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_expiratory_flow" title="Peak expiratory flow">PEF</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>calculations</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory minute volume">respiratory minute volume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" title="FEV1/FVC ratio">FEV1/FVC ratio</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function tests</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">body plethysmography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peak_flow_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak flow meter">peak flow meter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">nitrogen washout</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" title="Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_shunt" title="Pulmonary shunt">pulmonary shunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a> (Q) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio">Ventilation/perfusion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">V/Q scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_the_lung" title="Zones of the lung">zones of the lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary gas pressures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">alveolar–arterial gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin_dissociation_curve" title="Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric_acid" title="2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid">2,3-BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_effect" title="Haldane effect">Haldane effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloride_shift" title="Chloride shift">chloride shift</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_quotient" title="Respiratory quotient">respiratory quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">diffusion capacity</a> (<a href="/wiki/DLCO" class="mw-redirect" title="DLCO">DLCO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insufficiency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">high altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">death zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_Disease_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disease_groups" title="Template:Disease groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Disease_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Disease groups (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disease_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disease groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_Disease_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major Disease groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">Parasitic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear disease">Ear disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_disease" title="Lymphatic disease">Lymphatic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respiratory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial disorder">Maxillofacial disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">Urologic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_disease" title="Female genital disease">Female genital disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_disease" title="Breast disease">Breast disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_genital_disease" title="Male genital disease">Male genital disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication" title="Obstetric labor complication">Obstetric labor complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_disorder" title="Postpartum disorder">Postpartum disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">Skin disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue disorder">Soft tissue disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">Connective tissue disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_disease" title="Bone disease">Bone disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondropathy" title="Chondropathy">Chondropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">Congenital disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">Fetal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566505">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nemoci dýchacího ústrojí"><a 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