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<ul id="toc-Respiratory_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorsal_respiratory_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dorsal respiratory group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dorsal_respiratory_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ventral_respiratory_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventral_respiratory_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ventral respiratory group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ventral_respiratory_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontine_respiratory_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontine_respiratory_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pontine respiratory group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontine_respiratory_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pneumotaxic_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumotaxic_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Pneumotaxic center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumotaxic_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apneustic_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apneustic_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Apneustic center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apneustic_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Respiratory rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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group</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brain region controlling respiration</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Respiratory center</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg/250px-2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg/375px-2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg/500px-2327_Respiratory_Centers_of_the_Brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Respiratory groups in the respiratory center and their influence</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012125">D012125</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315911" class="extiw" title="d:Q7315911">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>respiratory center</b> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. </p><p>The respiratory center is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreceptors">chemoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreceptors">mechanoreceptors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PH#Living_systems" title="PH">blood pH</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Biology_of_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Biology of stress">hormonal changes relating to stress</a> and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a <a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">conscious control</a> of respiration. </p><p>Injury to respiratory groups can cause various breathing disorders that may require <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a>, and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respiratory_groups">Respiratory groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Respiratory groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The respiratory center is divided into three major groups, two in the medulla and one in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the <b>dorsal respiratory group</b> and the <b>ventral respiratory group</b>. In the pons, the <b>pontine respiratory group</b> is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. The dorsal and ventral medullary groups control the basic rhythm of respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-T_and_D_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T_and_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups are paired with one on each side of the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dorsal_respiratory_group">Dorsal respiratory group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dorsal respiratory group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray696.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray696.svg/130px-Gray696.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray696.svg/195px-Gray696.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray696.svg/260px-Gray696.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Solitary tract nucleus in the dorsal respiratory group and nucleus ambiguous of the ventral respiratory group shown in their positions on the medulla oblongata.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) has the most fundamental role in the control of respiration, initiating inspiration (inhalation). The DRG is a collection of neurons forming an elongated mass that extends most of the length of the dorsal medulla. They are near to the <a href="/wiki/Central_canal" title="Central canal">central canal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, and just behind the ventral group. They set and maintain the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">rate of respiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_H_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the neurons are located in the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">nucleus of the solitary tract</a>. Other important neurons are found in the adjacent areas including the reticular substance of the medulla. The solitary nucleus is the end-point for sensory information arriving from the pontine respiratory group, and from two <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal nerve</a>. The solitary nucleus sends signals to the respiratory center from <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral chemoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">baroreceptors</a>, and other types of receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> in particular the <a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">stretch receptors</a>. Thus, the dorsal respiratory group is seen as an integrating center that gives the ventral respiratory group output to modify the breathing rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_H_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ventral_respiratory_group">Ventral respiratory group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ventral respiratory group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VRG maintains a constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to contract, resulting in inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the medulla, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) consists of four groups of neurons that make up the <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a> (expiratory) area of respiratory control. This area is in the ventrolateral part of the medulla, about 5 mm anterior and lateral to the dorsal respiratory group. The neurons involved include those in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a>, the nucleus retroambiguus, and the <a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">pre-Bötzinger complex</a>. </p><p>The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeppen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeppen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G_and_H_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ventral respiratory group of neurons are active in forceful breathing and inactive during quiet, restful respirations.<sup id="cite_ref-T_and_D_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T_and_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VRG sends inhibitory impulses to the apneustic center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pontine_respiratory_group">Pontine respiratory group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pontine respiratory group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">pontine tegmentum</a> in the pons, the pontine respiratory group (PRG) includes the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. These have connections between them, and from both to the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Song_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pneumotaxic_center">Pneumotaxic center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pneumotaxic center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pneumotaxic center is located in the upper part of the pons. Its nuclei are the <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">subparabrachial nucleus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">medial parabrachial nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pneumotaxic center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing. The pneumotaxic center is considered an <a href="/wiki/Antagonism_(chemistry)" title="Antagonism (chemistry)">antagonist</a> to the apneustic center (which produces abnormal breathing during inhalation), cyclically inhibiting inhalation. The pneumotaxic center is responsible for limiting inspiration, providing an <i>inspiratory off-switch</i> (IOS).<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It limits the burst of <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a>, effectively decreasing the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">tidal volume</a> and regulating the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a>. Absence of the center results in an increase in depth of respiration and a decrease in respiratory rate. </p><p>The pneumotaxic center regulates the amount of air that can be taken into the body in each breath. The dorsal respiratory group has <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_rhythm" title="Neuroscience of rhythm">rhythmic bursts of activity</a> that are constant in duration and interval.<sup id="cite_ref-breathing_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breathing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a faster rate of breathing is needed the pneumotaxic center signals the dorsal respiratory group to speed up. When longer breaths are needed the bursts of activity are elongated. All the information that the body uses to help respiration happens in the pneumotaxic center. If this was damaged or in any way harmed it would make breathing almost impossible. </p><p>One study on this subject was on anaesthetized paralyzed cats before and after bilateral <a href="/wiki/Vagotomy" title="Vagotomy">vagotomy</a>. Ventilation was monitored in awake and anaesthetized cats breathing air or CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. Ventilation was monitored both before and after lesions to the pneumatic center region and after subsequent bilateral vagotomy. Cats with pontine lesions had a prolonged inhalation duration.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cats, after anaesthesia and vagotomy, pontine transaction has been described as evoking a long sustained inspiratory discharges interrupted by short expiratory pauses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (August 2014)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> In rats on the other hand, after anaesthesia, vagotomy and pontine transaction, this breathing pattern was not observed, either in vivo or in vitro. These results suggest interspecies differences between rat and cat in the pontine influences on the medullary respiratory center.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuroscience_Studies_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuroscience_Studies-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apneustic_center">Apneustic center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apneustic center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inhalation by constant stimulation of the neurons in the medulla oblongata. The apneustic center sends signals to the dorsal group in the medulla to delay the 'switch off, the <i>inspiratory off switch</i> (IOS) signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center. It controls the intensity of breathing, giving positive impulses to the neurons involved with inhalation. The apneustic center is inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors and also by the pneumotaxic center. It also discharges an inhibitory impulse to the pneumotaxic center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respiratory_rhythm">Respiratory rhythm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Respiratory rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Central_pattern_generator" title="Central pattern generator">Central pattern generator</a></div> <p>Breathing is the repetitive process of bringing air into the lungs and taking waste products out. The oxygen brought in from the air is a constant, on-going need of an organism to maintain life. This need is still there during sleep so that the functioning of this process has to be automatic and be part of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>. The in-breath is followed by the out-breath, giving the respiratory cycle of inhalation and exhalation. There are three phases of the respiratory cycle: inspiration, post-inspiration or passive expiration, and late or active expiration.<sup id="cite_ref-M_and_D_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_and_D-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of cycles per minute is the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a>. The respiratory rate is set in the respiratory center by the dorsal respiratory group, in the medulla, and these neurons are mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a> that extends the length of the medulla.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_H_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic rhythm of respiration is that of quiet, restful breathing known as <a href="/wiki/Eupnea" title="Eupnea">eupnea</a>. Quiet breathing only requires the activity of the dorsal group which activates the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/External_intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="External intercostal muscle">external intercostal muscles</a>. Exhalation is passive and relies on the <a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil of the lungs</a>. When the metabolic need for oxygen increases, inspiration becomes more forceful and the neurons in the ventral group are activated to bring about <a href="/wiki/Forceful_exhalation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forceful exhalation">forceful exhalation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T_and_D_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T_and_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">Shortness of breath</a> is termed dyspnea – the opposite of eupnea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depression of the respiratory center can be caused by: <a href="/wiki/Brain_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain trauma">brain trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumour">brain tumour</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>. A depression can also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">drugs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a>. </p><p>The respiratory center can be stimulated by <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, to produce faster and deeper breaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally at therapeutic doses, this effect is not noticeable, but may be evident when respiration is already compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of respiration">Control of respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_center" title="Cough center">Cough center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">Gag reflex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-T_and_D-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T_and_D_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T_and_D_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T_and_D_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2011" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011). <i>Principles of anatomy & physiology</i> (13th. ed.). 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Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>364</b> (1529): 2517–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0074">10.1098/rstb.2009.0074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865127">2865127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19651653">19651653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pontine+respiratory+activity+involved+in+inspiratory%2Fexpiratory+phase+transition.&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1529&rft.pages=2517-26&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2865127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19651653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0074&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6rschel&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Dutschmann%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2865127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespiratory+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirezDashevskiyMarlinBaertsch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez, JM; Dashevskiy, T; Marlin, IA; Baertsch, N (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495096">"Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>41</b>: 53–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2016.08.003">10.1016/j.conb.2016.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495096">5495096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27589601">27589601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Microcircuits+in+respiratory+rhythm+generation%3A+commonalities+with+other+rhythm+generating+networks+and+evolutionary+perspectives.&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=53-61&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5495096%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27589601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2016.08.003&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Dashevskiy%2C+T&rft.au=Marlin%2C+IA&rft.au=Baertsch%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5495096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespiratory+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfall-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westfall_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westfall_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfallWestfall2010" class="citation book cs1">Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=16661601">"Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists"</a>. In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). <i>Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics</i> (12th ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071624428" title="Special:BookSources/9780071624428"><bdi>9780071624428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+Sympathomimetic+Agonists&rft.btitle=Goodman+%26+Gilman%27s+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780071624428&rft.aulast=Westfall&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Westfall%2C+TC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmedicine.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3FaID%3D16661601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespiratory+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitzky2002" class="citation book cs1">Levitzky, Michael G. (2002). <i>Pulmonary Physiology</i> (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 193–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138765-1"><bdi>978-0-07-138765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Physiology&rft.pages=193-4&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-138765-1&rft.aulast=Levitzky&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespiratory+center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo2006" class="citation book cs1">Costanzo, Linda S. (2006). <i>Physiology</i> (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2320-3"><bdi>978-1-4160-2320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2320-3&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespiratory+center" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannonBaekeyMorrisNuding2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shannon, Roger; Baekey, David M.; Morris, Kendall F.; Nuding, Sarah C.; Segers, Lauren S.; Lindsey, Bruce G. (2004). "Pontine respiratory group neuron discharge is altered during fictive cough in the decerebrate cat". <i>Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology</i>. <b>142</b> (1): 43–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resp.2004.05.002">10.1016/j.resp.2004.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15351303">15351303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8425115">8425115</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template talk:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Respiratory_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory physiology">Respiratory physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Respiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligate_nasal_breathing" title="Obligate nasal breathing">obligate nasal breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirometer" title="Respirometer">respirometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteresivity" title="Hysteresivity">hysteresivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">airway resistance</a></li> <li>bronchial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_hyperresponsiveness" title="Bronchial hyperresponsiveness">hyperresponsiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">constriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilatation" title="Bronchodilatation">dilatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" title="Control of ventilation">Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">apneustic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">dorsal respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">ventral respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_chemoreceptors" title="Central chemoreceptors">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stretch_receptors" title="Pulmonary stretch receptors">pulmonary stretch receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hering%E2%80%93Breuer_reflex" title="Hering–Breuer reflex">Hering–Breuer reflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_capacity" title="Vital capacity">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_residual_capacity" title="Functional residual capacity">FRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">Vt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_capacity" title="Closing capacity">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_expiratory_flow" title="Peak expiratory flow">PEF</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>calculations</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory minute volume">respiratory minute volume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" title="FEV1/FVC ratio">FEV1/FVC ratio</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function tests</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">body plethysmography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peak_flow_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak flow meter">peak flow meter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">nitrogen washout</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" title="Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_shunt" title="Pulmonary shunt">pulmonary shunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a> (Q) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio">Ventilation/perfusion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">V/Q scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_the_lung" title="Zones of the lung">zones of the lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary gas pressures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">alveolar–arterial gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin_dissociation_curve" title="Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric_acid" title="2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid">2,3-BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_effect" title="Haldane effect">Haldane effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloride_shift" title="Chloride shift">chloride shift</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_quotient" title="Respiratory quotient">respiratory quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">diffusion capacity</a> (<a href="/wiki/DLCO" class="mw-redirect" title="DLCO">DLCO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insufficiency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">high altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">death zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_medulla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medulla" title="Template:Medulla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medulla" title="Template talk:Medulla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_medulla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sensory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Descending tracts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&oldid=1223517702#Dorsal_respiratory_group">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_center&oldid=1223517702#Dorsal_respiratory_group</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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