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Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1823382,"name":"Intracellular Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular_Calcium?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2012816,"name":"Glutamate Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_Receptor?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54181287" data-work_id="54181287" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54181287/The_A8344G_mutation_in_mitochondrial_DNA_associated_with_stroke_like_episodes_and_gastrointestinal_dysfunction">The A8344G mutation in mitochondrial DNA associated with stroke-like episodes and gastrointestinal dysfunction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We report an unusual case of encephalo-entero-myopathy associated with the A8344G mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This patient had mitochondrial myopathy, multiple lipomatosis, mild hearing loss, stroke-like... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54181287" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We report an unusual case of encephalo-entero-myopathy associated with the A8344G mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This patient had mitochondrial myopathy, multiple lipomatosis, mild hearing loss, stroke-like episodes, and paralytic ileus, but she lacked the canonical clinical features of MERRF, myoclonus, epilepsy, or ataxia. We conducted genetic, biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies in skeletal muscle, brain, intestine, and lipoma tissue. The mutation was abundant in all tissues, and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was selectively decreased in brain and small intestine. COX deficiency was also documented histochemically and immunohistochemically in the small intestine, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction played a role in the pathogenesis of paralytic ileus. This case illustrates an unusual and dramatic clinical phenotype of the A8344G mutation, characterized by stroke-like episodes and acute ileus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54181287" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b060b925c5fb3b2960acff2ff3856304" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70671024,"asset_id":54181287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70671024/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34405003" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JulioMontoya7">Julio Montoya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34405003" type="text/json">{"id":34405003,"first_name":"Julio","last_name":"Montoya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JulioMontoya7","display_name":"Julio Montoya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JulioMontoya7?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54181287 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54181287"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54181287, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54181287", }); 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This patient had mitochondrial myopathy, multiple lipomatosis, mild hearing loss, stroke-like episodes, and paralytic ileus, but she lacked the canonical clinical features of MERRF, myoclonus, epilepsy, or ataxia. We conducted genetic, biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies in skeletal muscle, brain, intestine, and lipoma tissue. The mutation was abundant in all tissues, and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was selectively decreased in brain and small intestine. COX deficiency was also documented histochemically and immunohistochemically in the small intestine, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction played a role in the pathogenesis of paralytic ileus. This case illustrates an unusual and dramatic clinical phenotype of the A8344G mutation, characterized by stroke-like episodes and acute ileus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70671024,"asset_id":54181287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34405003,"first_name":"Julio","last_name":"Montoya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JulioMontoya7","display_name":"Julio Montoya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JulioMontoya7?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":165,"name":"Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular 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Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37773,"name":"Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=280879"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":186094,"name":"Electron Transport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Transport?f_ri=280879"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial 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Damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Damage?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34580588" data-work_id="34580588" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34580588/Venlafaxine_Induced_Cytotoxicity_Towards_Isolated_Rat_Hepatocytes_Involves_Oxidative_Stress_and_Mitochondrial_Lysosomal_Dysfunction">Venlafaxine-Induced Cytotoxicity Towards Isolated Rat Hepatocytes Involves Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial/Lysosomal Dysfunction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Depression is a public disorder worldwide. Despite the widespread use of venlafaxine in the treatment of depression, it has been associated with the incidence of toxicities. Hence, the goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34580588" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Depression is a public disorder worldwide. Despite the widespread use of venlafaxine in the treatment of depression, it has been associated with the incidence of toxicities. Hence, the goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the mechanisms of venlafaxine–induced cell death in the model of the freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Methods: Collagenase-perfused rat hepatocytes were treated with venlafaxine and other agents. Cell damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, lysosomal damage, glutathione (GSH) level were analyzed. Moreover, rat liver mitochondria were isolated through differential centrifugation to assess respiratory chain functionality. Results: Our results demonstrated that venlafaxine could induce ROS formation followed by lipid peroxidation, cellular GSH content depletion, elevated GSSG level, loss of lysosmal membrane integrity, MMP collapse and finally cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. N-acetyl cysteine, taurine and quercetine significantly decreased the aforementioned venlafaxine-induced cellular events. Also, radical scavenger (butylatedhydroxytoluene and α-tocopherol), CYP2E1 inhibitor (4-methylpyrazole), lysosomotropic agents (methylamine and chloroquine), ATP generators (L-gluthamine and fructose) and mitochondrial pore sealing agents (trifluoperazine and L-carnitine) considerably reduced cytotoxicity, ROS generation and lysosomal leakage following venlafaxine treatment. Mitochondrion dysfunction was concomitant with the blockade of the electron transfer complexes II and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory system. Conclusion: Therefore, our data indicate that venlafaxine induces oxidative stress towards hepatocytes and our findings provide evidence to propose that mitochondria and lysosomes are of the primary targets in venlafaxine-mediated cell damage</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34580588" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1dd1d77980f456047b0b4953ae964fa7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54446325,"asset_id":34580588,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54446325/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8975853" href="https://tbzmed.academia.edu/AzizEftekhari">Aziz Eftekhari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8975853" type="text/json">{"id":8975853,"first_name":"Aziz","last_name":"Eftekhari","domain_name":"tbzmed","page_name":"AzizEftekhari","display_name":"Aziz Eftekhari","profile_url":"https://tbzmed.academia.edu/AzizEftekhari?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34580588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34580588"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34580588, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34580588", }); 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Despite the widespread use of venlafaxine in the treatment of depression, it has been associated with the incidence of toxicities. Hence, the goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the mechanisms of venlafaxine–induced cell death in the model of the freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Methods: Collagenase-perfused rat hepatocytes were treated with venlafaxine and other agents. Cell damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, lysosomal damage, glutathione (GSH) level were analyzed. Moreover, rat liver mitochondria were isolated through differential centrifugation to assess respiratory chain functionality. Results: Our results demonstrated that venlafaxine could induce ROS formation followed by lipid peroxidation, cellular GSH content depletion, elevated GSSG level, loss of lysosmal membrane integrity, MMP collapse and finally cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. N-acetyl cysteine, taurine and quercetine significantly decreased the aforementioned venlafaxine-induced cellular events. Also, radical scavenger (butylatedhydroxytoluene and α-tocopherol), CYP2E1 inhibitor (4-methylpyrazole), lysosomotropic agents (methylamine and chloroquine), ATP generators (L-gluthamine and fructose) and mitochondrial pore sealing agents (trifluoperazine and L-carnitine) considerably reduced cytotoxicity, ROS generation and lysosomal leakage following venlafaxine treatment. Mitochondrion dysfunction was concomitant with the blockade of the electron transfer complexes II and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory system. Conclusion: Therefore, our data indicate that venlafaxine induces oxidative stress towards hepatocytes and our findings provide evidence to propose that mitochondria and lysosomes are of the primary targets in venlafaxine-mediated cell damage","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54446325,"asset_id":34580588,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8975853,"first_name":"Aziz","last_name":"Eftekhari","domain_name":"tbzmed","page_name":"AzizEftekhari","display_name":"Aziz Eftekhari","profile_url":"https://tbzmed.academia.edu/AzizEftekhari?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":22050,"name":"Cytotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytotoxicity?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37773,"name":"Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":51711,"name":"Antioxidants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidants?f_ri=280879"},{"id":56965,"name":"Gastroentrology \u0026 Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroentrology_and_Hepatology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=280879"},{"id":98627,"name":"OXIDATIVE STRESS AND FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/OXIDATIVE_STRESS_AND_FREE_RADICAL_BIOLOGY?f_ri=280879"},{"id":130652,"name":"Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress, Cytoprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidants_and_Oxidative_Stress_Cytoprotection?f_ri=280879"},{"id":130654,"name":"Antioxidants and cytoprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidants_and_cytoprotection?f_ri=280879"},{"id":133899,"name":"Cytotoxicity assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytotoxicity_assay?f_ri=280879"},{"id":170762,"name":"Natural antioxidants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_antioxidants?f_ri=280879"},{"id":216717,"name":"Antidepressant drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antidepressant_drugs?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":289265,"name":"Antidepressants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antidepressants?f_ri=280879"},{"id":781304,"name":"Anti cytotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_cytotoxicity?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1542960,"name":"Venlafaxine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venlafaxine?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34472263" data-work_id="34472263" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34472263/RELOCATED_to_https_www_academia_edu_40917714">RELOCATED to https://www.academia.edu/40917714</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Vasquez (2006) Web-like interconnections of physiological factors. 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Tooth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHarcot_Marie_Tooth?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1143279,"name":"Charcot Marie Tooth Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charcot_Marie_Tooth_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31816413 coauthored" data-work_id="31816413" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31816413/Mitochondrial_Dysfunction_and_New_Therapeutic_Targets_in_Bipolar_Affective_Disorder">Mitochondrial Dysfunction and New Therapeutic Targets in Bipolar Affective Disorder</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a complex illness encompassing varying degrees of fluctuating disturbances of emotions, behavior, thought, cognition, and hedonic and motoric drive over the course of a patient's life. Mitochondrial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31816413" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a complex illness encompassing varying degrees of fluctuating disturbances of emotions, behavior, thought, cognition, and hedonic and motoric drive over the course of a patient's life. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BAD. Mitochondrial dysfunction may explain the repeatedly observed changes in the brain of patients with BAD. In BAD, studies of peripheral blood cells have shown changes in antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, elevated levels of reactive nitrogen species, and increased DNA and RNA fragmentation. Early intervention is important in slowing the progression of BAD. Not all patients respond to treatment in the same way, but new treatments are expected to address these clinical challenges. This article reviews the hypothesis of mitochondrial dysfunction and provides a new perspective on therapeutic targets in BAD.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31816413" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98079741b299eaaefa4e9c8b35c12cd0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52112517,"asset_id":31816413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52112517/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64742825" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvetaFizikova">Iveta Fizikova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64742825" type="text/json">{"id":64742825,"first_name":"Iveta","last_name":"Fizikova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IvetaFizikova","display_name":"Iveta Fizikova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IvetaFizikova?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31816413">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31816413"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://upjs.academia.edu/JozefDragasek">Jozef Dragasek</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31816413'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31816413').html(); 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Mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BAD. Mitochondrial dysfunction may explain the repeatedly observed changes in the brain of patients with BAD. In BAD, studies of peripheral blood cells have shown changes in antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, elevated levels of reactive nitrogen species, and increased DNA and RNA fragmentation. Early intervention is important in slowing the progression of BAD. Not all patients respond to treatment in the same way, but new treatments are expected to address these clinical challenges. 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Altern Ther Health Med 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5636450" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a798f886c9854ebb20c665d435e85927" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32702906,"asset_id":5636450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32702906/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5636450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5636450"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5636450, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5636450", }); 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19883127" data-work_id="19883127" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19883127/Pain_Revolution_for_Migraine_and_Fibromyalgia_The_Paradigm_Shifting_Guide_for_Doctors_and_Patients_Dealing_with_Chronic_Pain">Pain Revolution for Migraine and Fibromyalgia: The Paradigm-Shifting Guide for Doctors and Patients Dealing with Chronic Pain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Availability: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1522951008/" rel="nofollow">http://www.amazon.com/dp/1522951008/</a> Direct discount purchase from publisher: <a href="https://www.createspace.com/5964921" rel="nofollow">https://www.createspace.com/5964921</a>. Use code "W76N2F95" for discount. Purpose and audience: This book is written to provide essential... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19883127" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Availability: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1522951008/" rel="nofollow">http://www.amazon.com/dp/1522951008/</a> <br />Direct discount purchase from publisher: <a href="https://www.createspace.com/5964921" rel="nofollow">https://www.createspace.com/5964921</a>. Use code "W76N2F95" for discount.<br />Purpose and audience: This book is written to provide essential information to doctors and patients dealing with chronic pain generally, migraine and fibromyalgia specifically. The information is also relevant for cluster headache, myofascial pain syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome. With hundreds of citations to the biomedical research literature, this book provides unique insights into the causes of and solutions for migraine and fibromyalgia as prototypic pain disorders chiefly characterised by central sensitization, glial activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Clinicians and patients alike will gain insights that are immediately applicable for the treatment of these conditions. Importantly, the focus of Dr Vasquez’s Functional Inflammology Protocol is to skillfully address—in a structured manner—the underlying causes of pain and inflammation, not simply to alleviate pain/inflammation via drug dependency. This book details the pathophysiology and essential treatment components; additional explanations and updates are provided via video lectures and tutorials. <br />About this book: This book is an excerpt from Chapter 5 of Dr Vasquez’s most recent 1,200-page textbook, Inflammation Mastery, 4th Edition (2016). The information in this book has been developed over many years starting from Dr Vasquez’s teaching notes in Orthopedics and Rheumatology in 2000 and 2001, then in Integrative Orthopedics (2004, 2012), Musculoskeletal Pain: Expanded Clinical Strategies (Institute for Functional Medicine, 2008), Functional Medicine Rheumatology (2014), and Human Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Clinical Disease (2015).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19883127" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ebd5d5869ea4c2fe619770f2e307a2cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40897172,"asset_id":19883127,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40897172/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19883127 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19883127"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19883127, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19883127", }); 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Use code \"W76N2F95\" for discount.\nPurpose and audience: This book is written to provide essential information to doctors and patients dealing with chronic pain generally, migraine and fibromyalgia specifically. The information is also relevant for cluster headache, myofascial pain syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome. With hundreds of citations to the biomedical research literature, this book provides unique insights into the causes of and solutions for migraine and fibromyalgia as prototypic pain disorders chiefly characterised by central sensitization, glial activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Clinicians and patients alike will gain insights that are immediately applicable for the treatment of these conditions. Importantly, the focus of Dr Vasquez’s Functional Inflammology Protocol is to skillfully address—in a structured manner—the underlying causes of pain and inflammation, not simply to alleviate pain/inflammation via drug dependency. This book details the pathophysiology and essential treatment components; additional explanations and updates are provided via video lectures and tutorials. \nAbout this book: This book is an excerpt from Chapter 5 of Dr Vasquez’s most recent 1,200-page textbook, Inflammation Mastery, 4th Edition (2016). The information in this book has been developed over many years starting from Dr Vasquez’s teaching notes in Orthopedics and Rheumatology in 2000 and 2001, then in Integrative Orthopedics (2004, 2012), Musculoskeletal Pain: Expanded Clinical Strategies (Institute for Functional Medicine, 2008), Functional Medicine Rheumatology (2014), and Human Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Clinical Disease (2015).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40897172,"asset_id":19883127,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":645,"name":"Rheumatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheumatology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":4479,"name":"Chronic Pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Pain?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":17503,"name":"Mitochondrial Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Medicine?f_ri=280879"},{"id":17804,"name":"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome?f_ri=280879"},{"id":40165,"name":"Pain Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pain_Management?f_ri=280879"},{"id":59294,"name":"Migraines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migraines?f_ri=280879"},{"id":83200,"name":"Neuropathic pain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropathic_pain?f_ri=280879"},{"id":88061,"name":"Fibromyalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia?f_ri=280879"},{"id":100501,"name":"Microglia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microglia?f_ri=280879"},{"id":103107,"name":"Migraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migraine?f_ri=280879"},{"id":103108,"name":"Headache","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Headache?f_ri=280879"},{"id":130117,"name":"Glial Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glial_Cell?f_ri=280879"},{"id":140056,"name":"CFS/ME","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CFS_ME?f_ri=280879"},{"id":184383,"name":"Microbiology and Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology_and_Immunology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":195983,"name":"Homocysteine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homocysteine?f_ri=280879"},{"id":244848,"name":"Cluster Headache","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cluster_Headache?f_ri=280879"},{"id":250088,"name":"Headaches and migraines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Headaches_and_migraines?f_ri=280879"},{"id":253019,"name":"Neuronal - Glia Interactions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_-_Glia_Interactions?f_ri=280879"},{"id":266816,"name":"Migraine Headaches","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migraine_Headaches?f_ri=280879"},{"id":272988,"name":"CRPS Research and Developements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRPS_Research_and_Developements?f_ri=280879"},{"id":277654,"name":"Brain Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Inflammation?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290205,"name":"Mitochondrial Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":360239,"name":"CRPS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRPS?f_ri=280879"},{"id":851862,"name":"Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibromyalgia_and_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1001836,"name":"Migraine Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migraine_Disorder?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1391077,"name":"ME/CFS Fibromyalgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ME_CFS_Fibromyalgia?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1655129,"name":"Dysbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dysbiosis?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9089185" data-work_id="9089185" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9089185/Unified_Antiviral_Strategy_Integration_of_Antiviral_and_Immune_Nutrition_Botanical_Medicines_Osteopathic_Manipulative_Medicine_Int_J_Hum_Nutr_Funct_Med_2014">Unified Antiviral Strategy: Integration of Antiviral and Immune Nutrition, Botanical Medicines, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine. Int J Hum Nutr Funct Med 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Rather than viewing viral infections in a manner that is phenomenalistic and enigmatic, and therefore unwieldy, leading to clumsy prevention and treatment strategies, we should deconstruct the complexity of the infectious process. Doing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9089185" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rather than viewing viral infections in a manner that is phenomenalistic and enigmatic, and therefore unwieldy, leading to clumsy prevention and treatment strategies, we should deconstruct the complexity of the infectious process. Doing so – at least in the manner that I have described – gives us four areas upon which we can focus our efforts: 1) targeting the virus directly, 2) blocking viral replication, 3) supporting immune function, and 4) supporting cellular and whole-body health. These are illustrated in the accompanying diagram and briefly described and exemplified in the four respective paragraphs that follow.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9089185" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de8a4c0bee8bddae20b3867eac118752" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35386176,"asset_id":9089185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35386176/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9089185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9089185"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9089185, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9089185", }); 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","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35386176,"asset_id":9089185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":153763,"name":"Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteopathic_Medicine?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":291490,"name":"Manipulative/Manual Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manipulative_Manual_Therapy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":958261,"name":"Viral Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Immunology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":965865,"name":"Viral Infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Infections?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2023470" data-work_id="2023470" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2023470/Application_of_SPACE_Matrix">Application of SPACE Matrix</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul 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Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22052" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flavonoids">Flavonoids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22052" type="text/json">{"id":22052,"name":"Flavonoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flavonoids?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37848" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases">Neurodegenerative Diseases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37848" type="text/json">{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14508297]'), work: {"id":14508297,"title":"Botanical Phenolics and Brain 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extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_extracts?f_ri=280879"},{"id":527780,"name":"Neurodegenerative Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1109079,"name":"Encephalitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Encephalitis?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31455661" data-work_id="31455661" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31455661/Mitochondrial_Shaping_Proteins_in_Cardiac_Health_and_Disease_the_Long_and_the_Short_of_It_">Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It!</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31455661" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mi-tochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement , and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct sub-populations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apo-ptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their profusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31455661" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="55df9330d0889b08823b69b0aa85d9a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51813522,"asset_id":31455661,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51813522/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15103309" href="https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng">Sang-Bing Ong</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15103309" type="text/json">{"id":15103309,"first_name":"Sang-Bing","last_name":"Ong","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"SangBingOng","display_name":"Sang-Bing Ong","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15103309/4155418/40313459/s65_sang-bing.ong.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31455661 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31455661"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31455661, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31455661", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31455661]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31455661").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31455661").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31455661"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24735" type="text/json">{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37537" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_Physiology">Cardiovascular Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37537" type="text/json">{"id":37537,"name":"Cardiovascular Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_Physiology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86092" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Dynamics">Mitochondrial Dynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86092" type="text/json">{"id":86092,"name":"Mitochondrial Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Dynamics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="92910" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_research">Cardiovascular research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="92910" type="text/json">{"id":92910,"name":"Cardiovascular research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_research?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31455661]'), work: {"id":31455661,"title":"Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It!","created_at":"2017-02-15T18:13:59.847-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31455661/Mitochondrial_Shaping_Proteins_in_Cardiac_Health_and_Disease_the_Long_and_the_Short_of_It_?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_31455661","summary":"Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mi-tochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement , and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct sub-populations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apo-ptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their profusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51813522,"asset_id":31455661,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15103309,"first_name":"Sang-Bing","last_name":"Ong","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"SangBingOng","display_name":"Sang-Bing Ong","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15103309/4155418/40313459/s65_sang-bing.ong.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37537,"name":"Cardiovascular Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_Physiology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":86092,"name":"Mitochondrial 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href="https://www.academia.edu/26341200/Mitochondrial_Dysfunction_in_Diabetes_From_Molecular_Mechanisms_to_Functional_Significance_and_Therapeutic_Opportunities">Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Functional Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26341200" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="694af0410d1e18cdb18eb05d891b50c3" rel="nofollow" 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Transport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Transport?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290205,"name":"Mitochondrial Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=280879"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1455811,"name":"Superoxides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superoxides?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30987882" data-work_id="30987882" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30987882/Mitochondrial_Dynamics_as_a_Therapeutic_Target_for_Treating_Cardiac_Diseases">Mitochondrial Dynamics as a Therapeutic Target for Treating Cardiac Diseases.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mitochondria are dynamic in nature and are able to shift their morphology between elongated interconnected mitochondrial networks and a fragmented disconnected arrangement by the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30987882" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mitochondria are dynamic in nature and are able to shift their morphology between elongated interconnected mitochondrial networks and a fragmented disconnected arrangement by the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial morphology are regulated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins - mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) as well as the mitochondrial fission proteins - dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1) and fission protein 1 (Fis1). Despite having a unique spatial arrangement, cardiac mitochondria have been implicated in a variety of disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), heart failure, diabetes, and pulmonary hypertension. In this chapter, we review the influence of mitochondrial dynamics in these cardiac disorders as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in tackling cardiovascular disease.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30987882" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaa0f242dcfeaea54d61fa264b5e230d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51473587,"asset_id":30987882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51473587/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15103309" href="https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng">Sang-Bing Ong</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15103309" type="text/json">{"id":15103309,"first_name":"Sang-Bing","last_name":"Ong","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"SangBingOng","display_name":"Sang-Bing Ong","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15103309/4155418/40313459/s65_sang-bing.ong.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30987882 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30987882"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30987882, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30987882", }); 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Changes in mitochondrial morphology are regulated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins - mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) as well as the mitochondrial fission proteins - dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1) and fission protein 1 (Fis1). Despite having a unique spatial arrangement, cardiac mitochondria have been implicated in a variety of disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), heart failure, diabetes, and pulmonary hypertension. In this chapter, we review the influence of mitochondrial dynamics in these cardiac disorders as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in tackling cardiovascular disease.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51473587,"asset_id":30987882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15103309,"first_name":"Sang-Bing","last_name":"Ong","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"SangBingOng","display_name":"Sang-Bing Ong","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/SangBingOng?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15103309/4155418/40313459/s65_sang-bing.ong.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":606,"name":"Cardiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37913,"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_Medicine?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":86092,"name":"Mitochondrial Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Dynamics?f_ri=280879"},{"id":92910,"name":"Cardiovascular research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_research?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1487398,"name":"Mitochondrial morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_morphology?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12870819" data-work_id="12870819" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12870819/Translating_Microbiome_Microbiota_and_Dysbiosis_Research_into_Clinical_Practice_The_20_Year_Development_of_a_Structured_Approach_that_Gives_Actionable_Form_to_Intellectual_Concepts_Int_J_Hum_Nutr_Funct_Med_2015">Translating Microbiome (Microbiota) and Dysbiosis Research into Clinical Practice: The 20-Year Development of a Structured Approach that Gives Actionable Form to Intellectual Concepts. Int J Hum Nutr Funct Med 2015</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Author's introduction: a review of 1) 20 years of my work and 2) personal experience with dysbiosis</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12870819" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3fbf4d5a662622e0f4912fd22f577d46" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38066466,"asset_id":12870819,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38066466/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12870819 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12870819"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12870819, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12870819", }); 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Microbial Origins of Fibromyalgia. Naturopathic Doctor News and Reviews 2016 Apr ndnr.com/pain-medicine/microbial-origins-of-fibromyalgia derived from Inflammation Mastery, 4th Edition excerpted as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37747319" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Originally published as © Vasquez A. Microbial Origins of Fibromyalgia. Naturopathic Doctor News and Reviews 2016 Apr ndnr.com/pain-medicine/microbial-origins-of-fibromyalgia derived from Inflammation Mastery, 4th Edition excerpted as Pain Revolution (full-color) and Brain Inflammation (discounted grayscale printing). Copyright © 2014-present by Dr Alex Vasquez <a href="https://www.InflammationMastery.com/fibromyalgia" rel="nofollow">https://www.InflammationMastery.com/fibromyalgia</a>  <br /> See related video archive at <a href="https://www.inflammationmastery.com/fibromyalgia-migraine-videos-news" rel="nofollow">https://www.inflammationmastery.com/fibromyalgia-migraine-videos-news</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37747319" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b62b983c1666472c161e949ab5964b50" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57749955,"asset_id":37747319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57749955/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37747319 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37747319"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37747319, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37747319", }); 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class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21853674" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17e155f2029a83f287c33ea32be02a3c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42597447,"asset_id":21853674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42597447/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span 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data-has-card-for-user="40789354" href="https://meduniwien.academia.edu/ThomasSzekeres">Thomas Szekeres</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40789354" type="text/json">{"id":40789354,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Szekeres","domain_name":"meduniwien","page_name":"ThomasSzekeres","display_name":"Thomas Szekeres","profile_url":"https://meduniwien.academia.edu/ThomasSzekeres?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22528429 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22528429"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22528429, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22528429", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22528429 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3818808" data-work_id="3818808" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3818808/Cell_death_pathways_in_Parkinson_s_disease_proximal_triggers_distal_effectors_and_final_steps">Cell death pathways in Parkinson’s disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3818808" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been implicated as early triggers that start cells down the road toward neuronal death. These include abnormal protein accumulation, particularly of alpha-synuclein; altered protein degradation via multiple pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation; and dysregulated kinase signaling. As dysfunction in these systems mounts, pathways that are more explicitly involved in cell death become recruited. These include JNK signaling, p53 activation, cell cycle re-activation, and signaling through bcl-2 family proteins. Eventually, neurons become overwhelmed and degenerate; however, even the mechanism of final cell death in PD is still unsettled. In this review, we will discuss cell death triggers and effectors that are relevant to PD, highlighting important unresolved issues and implications for the development of neuroprotective therapies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3818808" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b89356d63fdb2f63c66f6b80fcd17da4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50126298,"asset_id":3818808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50126298/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4698157" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaMalagelada">Cristina Malagelada</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4698157" type="text/json">{"id":4698157,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Malagelada","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CristinaMalagelada","display_name":"Cristina Malagelada","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaMalagelada?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4698157/1980548/2339132/s65_cristina.malagelada.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3818808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3818808"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3818808, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3818808", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3818808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3818808; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3818808"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3818808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3818808"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3818808; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3818808]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3818808").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3818808").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3818808"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle">Cell Cycle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9113" type="text/json">{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_cell_death">Neuronal cell death</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37850" type="text/json">{"id":37850,"name":"Neuronal cell death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_cell_death?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37851" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection">Neuroprotection</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37851" type="text/json">{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3818808]'), work: {"id":3818808,"title":"Cell death pathways in Parkinson’s disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps","created_at":"2013-06-29T20:16:29.720-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3818808/Cell_death_pathways_in_Parkinson_s_disease_proximal_triggers_distal_effectors_and_final_steps?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_3818808","summary":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been implicated as early triggers that start cells down the road toward neuronal death. These include abnormal protein accumulation, particularly of alpha-synuclein; altered protein degradation via multiple pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation; and dysregulated kinase signaling. As dysfunction in these systems mounts, pathways that are more explicitly involved in cell death become recruited. These include JNK signaling, p53 activation, cell cycle re-activation, and signaling through bcl-2 family proteins. Eventually, neurons become overwhelmed and degenerate; however, even the mechanism of final cell death in PD is still unsettled. In this review, we will discuss cell death triggers and effectors that are relevant to PD, highlighting important unresolved issues and implications for the development of neuroprotective therapies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50126298,"asset_id":3818808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4698157,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Malagelada","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CristinaMalagelada","display_name":"Cristina Malagelada","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaMalagelada?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4698157/1980548/2339132/s65_cristina.malagelada.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37850,"name":"Neuronal cell death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_cell_death?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37851,"name":"Neuroprotection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotection?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":40538,"name":"Alpha Synuclein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alpha_Synuclein?f_ri=280879"},{"id":112576,"name":"Cell Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Death?f_ri=280879"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":396278,"name":"Neuronal Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Death?f_ri=280879"},{"id":436755,"name":"Degeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Degeneration?f_ri=280879"},{"id":500737,"name":"Protein Degradation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Degradation?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1541077,"name":"Parkinson Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parkinson_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1714296,"name":"Cellular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_system?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15209220" data-work_id="15209220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15209220/No_evidence_of_mitochondrial_respiratory_dysfunction_in_OGG1_null_mice_deficient_in_removal_of_8_oxodeoxyguanine_from_mitochondrial_DNA">No evidence of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in OGG1-null mice deficient in removal of 8-oxodeoxyguanine from mitochondrial DNA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15209220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c866102368ba45cef1c7802def8056da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43433709,"asset_id":15209220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43433709/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34265547" href="https://brocku.academia.edu/JeffStuart">Jeff Stuart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34265547" type="text/json">{"id":34265547,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Stuart","domain_name":"brocku","page_name":"JeffStuart","display_name":"Jeff Stuart","profile_url":"https://brocku.academia.edu/JeffStuart?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15209220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15209220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15209220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15209220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15209220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15209220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15209220"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15209220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15209220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15209220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15209220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15209220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15209220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15209220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2425" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radicals">Free Radicals</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2425" type="text/json">{"id":2425,"name":"Free Radicals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radicals?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15719" type="text/json">{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15209220]'), work: {"id":15209220,"title":"No evidence of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in OGG1-null mice deficient in removal of 8-oxodeoxyguanine from mitochondrial DNA","created_at":"2015-08-26T13:21:05.141-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15209220/No_evidence_of_mitochondrial_respiratory_dysfunction_in_OGG1_null_mice_deficient_in_removal_of_8_oxodeoxyguanine_from_mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_15209220","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43433709,"asset_id":15209220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34265547,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Stuart","domain_name":"brocku","page_name":"JeffStuart","display_name":"Jeff Stuart","profile_url":"https://brocku.academia.edu/JeffStuart?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2425,"name":"Free Radicals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radicals?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":44022,"name":"Free Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radical?f_ri=280879"},{"id":61233,"name":"Glutamate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate?f_ri=280879"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=280879"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=280879"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=280879"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen?f_ri=280879"},{"id":392828,"name":"Myocardium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myocardium?f_ri=280879"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1193624,"name":"Oxygen Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen_Consumption?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1292998,"name":"Glutamic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamic_Acid?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2352427,"name":"Respiration Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiration_Rate?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54038102" data-work_id="54038102" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54038102/The_Role_of_Mitochondria_in_Oocyte_and_Early_Embryo_Health">The Role of Mitochondria in Oocyte and Early Embryo Health</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The mitochondria of the oocyte are a prominent source of energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial DNA that will later populate the cells of the offspring. Recent discoveries provided new insight into the physiology of the mitochondria... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54038102" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The mitochondria of the oocyte are a prominent source of energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial DNA that will later populate the cells of the offspring. Recent discoveries provided new insight into the physiology of the mitochondria and its unique genetics. The concept of heteroplasmy defined as the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial genome, is gaining increasing recognition as an important contributor to several complex morbidities, age-related reproductive dysfunction and aging. Understanding the changes caused by pathogenic mutations as well as identifying defects occurring during reproductive aging will enhance our knowledge of the role of mitochondria as organelles in germ cell biology. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of mitochondria in embryo and fetal development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54038102" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ded847ea6f7d7d1aa3c824ebda305d62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70595287,"asset_id":54038102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70595287/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32614050" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AJurisicova">A. Jurisicova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32614050" type="text/json">{"id":32614050,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Jurisicova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AJurisicova","display_name":"A. Jurisicova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AJurisicova?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54038102 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54038102"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54038102, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54038102", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54038102 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54038102; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54038102"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54038102 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54038102"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54038102; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54038102]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54038102").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54038102").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54038102"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4258" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryology">Embryology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4258" type="text/json">{"id":4258,"name":"Embryology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15719" type="text/json">{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29290" type="text/json">{"id":29290,"name":"Oogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oogenesis?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63093" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="63093" type="text/json">{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54038102]'), work: {"id":54038102,"title":"The Role of Mitochondria in Oocyte and Early Embryo Health","created_at":"2021-09-29T13:47:39.344-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54038102/The_Role_of_Mitochondria_in_Oocyte_and_Early_Embryo_Health?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_54038102","summary":"The mitochondria of the oocyte are a prominent source of energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial DNA that will later populate the cells of the offspring. Recent discoveries provided new insight into the physiology of the mitochondria and its unique genetics. The concept of heteroplasmy defined as the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial genome, is gaining increasing recognition as an important contributor to several complex morbidities, age-related reproductive dysfunction and aging. Understanding the changes caused by pathogenic mutations as well as identifying defects occurring during reproductive aging will enhance our knowledge of the role of mitochondria as organelles in germ cell biology. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of mitochondria in embryo and fetal development.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70595287,"asset_id":54038102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32614050,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Jurisicova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AJurisicova","display_name":"A. Jurisicova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AJurisicova?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4258,"name":"Embryology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":29290,"name":"Oogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oogenesis?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":74399,"name":"IVF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IVF?f_ri=280879"},{"id":159283,"name":"Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Respiratory_Chain?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290205,"name":"Mitochondrial Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":386486,"name":"Heteroplasmy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heteroplasmy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":919960,"name":"Ovarian Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ovarian_Development?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1464756,"name":"Bottleneck Hypothesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bottleneck_Hypothesis?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18711154" data-work_id="18711154" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18711154/Oxidative_stress_and_mitochondrial_dysfunction_across_broad_ranging_pathologies_toward_mitochondria_targeted_clinical_strategies">Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across broad-ranging pathologies: toward mitochondria-targeted clinical strategies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Beyond the disorders recognized as mitochondrial diseases, abnormalities in function and/or ultrastructure of mitochondria have been reported in several unrelated pathologies. These encompass ageing, malformations, and a number of genetic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18711154" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Beyond the disorders recognized as mitochondrial diseases, abnormalities in function and/or ultrastructure of mitochondria have been reported in several unrelated pathologies. These encompass ageing, malformations, and a number of genetic or acquired diseases, as diabetes and cardiologic, haematologic, organ-specific (e.g., eye or liver), neurologic and psychiatric, autoimmune, and dermatologic disorders. The mechanistic grounds for mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) along with the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) have been investigated within the pathogenesis of individual disorders or in groups of interrelated disorders. We attempt to review broad-ranging pathologies that involve mitochondrial-specific deficiencies or rely on cytosol-derived prooxidant states or on autoimmune-induced mitochondrial damage. The established knowledge in these subjects warrants studies aimed at elucidating several open questions that are highlighted in the present review. The relevance of OS and MDF i...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18711154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88a08afc4c6837550b7f1a698a2f5872" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42143943,"asset_id":18711154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42143943/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38778487" href="https://uniba-it.academia.edu/MariaGadaleta">Maria Gadaleta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38778487" type="text/json">{"id":38778487,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Gadaleta","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"MariaGadaleta","display_name":"Maria Gadaleta","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/MariaGadaleta?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18711154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18711154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18711154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18711154", }); 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These encompass ageing, malformations, and a number of genetic or acquired diseases, as diabetes and cardiologic, haematologic, organ-specific (e.g., eye or liver), neurologic and psychiatric, autoimmune, and dermatologic disorders. The mechanistic grounds for mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) along with the occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) have been investigated within the pathogenesis of individual disorders or in groups of interrelated disorders. We attempt to review broad-ranging pathologies that involve mitochondrial-specific deficiencies or rely on cytosol-derived prooxidant states or on autoimmune-induced mitochondrial damage. The established knowledge in these subjects warrants studies aimed at elucidating several open questions that are highlighted in the present review. The relevance of OS and MDF i...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42143943,"asset_id":18711154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38778487,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Gadaleta","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"MariaGadaleta","display_name":"Maria Gadaleta","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/MariaGadaleta?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":2425,"name":"Free Radicals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radicals?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":4227,"name":"Molecular hematology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_hematology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=280879"},{"id":8015,"name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis?f_ri=280879"},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879"},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879"},{"id":17923,"name":"Autophagy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autophagy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":23066,"name":"DNA damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_damage?f_ri=280879"},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism?f_ri=280879"},{"id":37413,"name":"Down Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Down_Syndrome?f_ri=280879"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative 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Pigmentosum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xeroderma_Pigmentosum?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1684692,"name":"Friedreich Ataxia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedreich_Ataxia?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2028686,"name":"Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyloid_Beta_Precursor_Protein?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30834181 coauthored" data-work_id="30834181" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30834181/Mitochondrial_Dysfunction_and_Biogenesis_in_Neurodegenerative_diseases_Pathogenesis_and_Treatment">Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases : Pathogenesis and Treatment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30834181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Since mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. The purpose of this review is to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30834181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="94a489740a83da8447f71a5dbe21fff7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51265579,"asset_id":30834181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51265579/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15426369" href="https://nuardiblogspot.academia.edu/MojtabaGolpich">Mojtaba Golpich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15426369" type="text/json">{"id":15426369,"first_name":"Mojtaba","last_name":"Golpich","domain_name":"nuardiblogspot","page_name":"MojtabaGolpich","display_name":"Mojtaba Golpich","profile_url":"https://nuardiblogspot.academia.edu/MojtabaGolpich?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15426369/4165635/16001647/s65_mojtaba.golpich.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30834181">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30834181"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AzmanRaymond">Azman Raymond</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondAli">Raymond Ali</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30834181'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30834181').html(); 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Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Since mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. The purpose of this review is to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51265579,"asset_id":30834181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15426369,"first_name":"Mojtaba","last_name":"Golpich","domain_name":"nuardiblogspot","page_name":"MojtabaGolpich","display_name":"Mojtaba Golpich","profile_url":"https://nuardiblogspot.academia.edu/MojtabaGolpich?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15426369/4165635/16001647/s65_mojtaba.golpich.jpg"},{"id":50663941,"first_name":"Azman","last_name":"Raymond","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AzmanRaymond","display_name":"Azman 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dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2028934,"name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_ALS_?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2610049,"name":"Alzheimer's disease (AD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimers_disease_AD_?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19771562" data-work_id="19771562" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19771562/Mitochondrial_fragmentation_in_neurodegeneration">Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19771562" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a151432af2e1887d5a65ce5e54c0e2ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42023341,"asset_id":19771562,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42023341/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40476433" href="https://cnn.academia.edu/GuyPerkins">Guy Perkins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40476433" type="text/json">{"id":40476433,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Perkins","domain_name":"cnn","page_name":"GuyPerkins","display_name":"Guy Perkins","profile_url":"https://cnn.academia.edu/GuyPerkins?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19771562 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19771562"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11298" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins">Membrane Proteins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11298" type="text/json">{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15719" type="text/json">{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19771562]'), work: {"id":19771562,"title":"Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration","created_at":"2015-12-21T10:44:49.270-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19771562/Mitochondrial_fragmentation_in_neurodegeneration?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_19771562","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42023341,"asset_id":19771562,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40476433,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Perkins","domain_name":"cnn","page_name":"GuyPerkins","display_name":"Guy 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29586663/Pathogenesis_of_Neurodegenerative_Diseases_and_the_Effect_of_Natural_Products_on_Nitric_Oxide_Production_Implicating_in_These_Diseases">Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Effect of Natural Products on Nitric Oxide Production Implicating in These Diseases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical synthesized from L-arginine by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS). NO is involved in a wide range of physiological functions. It functions as neurotransmitter by modulating the release of glutamate and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29586663" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical synthesized from L-arginine by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS). NO is involved in a wide range of physiological functions. It functions as neurotransmitter by modulating the release of glutamate and the neurotransmission of N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, as neuro-endothelial-derived relaxing factor through the action on guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and as inflammatory molecule in response to proinflammatory cytokines or bacterial endotoxin. NO is also implicated in multiple pathological conditions such as acute and chronic neurodegeneration. In spite of the different mechanisms of pathogenesis for these neurodegenerative diseases, NO may play a pivotal role in the pathological conditions of these diseases. Under pathological conditions, NO is produced either from activated neuronal NOS (nNOS) in neuron or inducible NOS (iNOS) in glial cells by increased intracellular calcium concentration through glutamate-NMDA receptor interaction or by in...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29586663" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b5da6aaa318866e90c617e41938ee62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50029711,"asset_id":29586663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50029711/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55945347" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YoungJiShiao">Young-Ji Shiao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55945347" type="text/json">{"id":55945347,"first_name":"Young-Ji","last_name":"Shiao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YoungJiShiao","display_name":"Young-Ji Shiao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YoungJiShiao?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55945347/142840887/132347214/s65_young-ji.shiao.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29586663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29586663"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29586663, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29586663", }); 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NO is involved in a wide range of physiological functions. It functions as neurotransmitter by modulating the release of glutamate and the neurotransmission of N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, as neuro-endothelial-derived relaxing factor through the action on guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and as inflammatory molecule in response to proinflammatory cytokines or bacterial endotoxin. NO is also implicated in multiple pathological conditions such as acute and chronic neurodegeneration. In spite of the different mechanisms of pathogenesis for these neurodegenerative diseases, NO may play a pivotal role in the pathological conditions of these diseases. Under pathological conditions, NO is produced either from activated neuronal NOS (nNOS) in neuron or inducible NOS (iNOS) in glial cells by increased intracellular calcium concentration through glutamate-NMDA receptor interaction or by in...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50029711,"asset_id":29586663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55945347,"first_name":"Young-Ji","last_name":"Shiao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YoungJiShiao","display_name":"Young-Ji Shiao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YoungJiShiao?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55945347/142840887/132347214/s65_young-ji.shiao.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":44022,"name":"Free Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radical?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":61233,"name":"Glutamate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":107795,"name":"Natural Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Product?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":112576,"name":"Cell Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Death?f_ri=280879"},{"id":130117,"name":"Glial Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glial_Cell?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":527780,"name":"Neurodegenerative Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":555492,"name":"Natural Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource?f_ri=280879"},{"id":559224,"name":"Membrane Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Integrity?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1823382,"name":"Intracellular Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular_Calcium?f_ri=280879"},{"id":2555845,"name":"NMDA receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NMDA_receptor?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33009414 coauthored" data-work_id="33009414" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33009414/metabolites_Unraveling_Biochemical_Pathways_Affected_by_M_itochondrial_Dysfunctions_Using_M_etabolomic_Approaches">metabolites Unraveling Biochemical Pathways Affected by M itochondrial Dysfunctions Using M etabolomic Approaches</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mitochondrial dysfunction(s) (MDs) can be defined as alterations in the mitochondria, including mitochondrial uncoupling, mitochondrial depolarization, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial network... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33009414" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mitochondrial dysfunction(s) (MDs) can be defined as alterations in the mitochondria, including mitochondrial uncoupling, mitochondrial depolarization, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial network fragmentation, mitochondrial or nuclear DNA mutations and the mitochondrial accumulation of protein aggregates. All these MDs are known to alter the capacity of ATP production and are observed in several pathological states/diseases, including cancer, obesity, muscle and neurological disorders. The induction of MDs can also alter the secretion of several metabolites, reactive oxygen species production and modify several cell-signalling pathways to resolve the mitochondrial dysfunction or ultimately trigger cell death. Many metabolites, such as fatty acids and derived compounds, could be secreted into the blood stream by cells suffering from mitochondrial alterations. In this review, we summarize how a mitochondrial uncoupling can modify metabolites, the signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in this process. We describe how to identify the causes or consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction using metabolomics (liquid and gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry analysis, NMR spectroscopy) in the obesity and insulin resistance thematic. OPEN ACCESS</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33009414" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c574ce2a71afa4385a4ada7f8cc393ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53122800,"asset_id":33009414,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53122800/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44230520" href="https://unamur.academia.edu/MRaes">Martine Raes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44230520" type="text/json">{"id":44230520,"first_name":"Martine","last_name":"Raes","domain_name":"unamur","page_name":"MRaes","display_name":"Martine Raes","profile_url":"https://unamur.academia.edu/MRaes?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-33009414">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-33009414"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaRenard">Patricia Renard</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-33009414'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-33009414').html(); 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All these MDs are known to alter the capacity of ATP production and are observed in several pathological states/diseases, including cancer, obesity, muscle and neurological disorders. The induction of MDs can also alter the secretion of several metabolites, reactive oxygen species production and modify several cell-signalling pathways to resolve the mitochondrial dysfunction or ultimately trigger cell death. Many metabolites, such as fatty acids and derived compounds, could be secreted into the blood stream by cells suffering from mitochondrial alterations. In this review, we summarize how a mitochondrial uncoupling can modify metabolites, the signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in this process. We describe how to identify the causes or consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction using metabolomics (liquid and gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry analysis, NMR spectroscopy) in the obesity and insulin resistance thematic. OPEN ACCESS","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53122800,"asset_id":33009414,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44230520,"first_name":"Martine","last_name":"Raes","domain_name":"unamur","page_name":"MRaes","display_name":"Martine Raes","profile_url":"https://unamur.academia.edu/MRaes?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":44153560,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Renard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatriciaRenard","display_name":"Patricia Renard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaRenard?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":54508,"name":"Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Review?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 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King","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdrienneKing2?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":44022,"name":"Free Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radical?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=280879"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=280879"},{"id":227342,"name":"Alcohol Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol_Consumption?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":295465,"name":"Fatty Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_Liver?f_ri=280879"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=280879"},{"id":855510,"name":"Liver Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Disease?f_ri=280879"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11472940" data-work_id="11472940" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11472940/Melatonin_and_the_aging_brain">Melatonin and the aging brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11472940" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7bba7a61dd38831c31c49d9cb739b60a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46688464,"asset_id":11472940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46688464/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27941019" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FelixLiu2">Felix Liu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27941019" type="text/json">{"id":27941019,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelixLiu2","display_name":"Felix Liu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelixLiu2?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11472940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11472940"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11472940, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11472940", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11472940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11472940; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11472940"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11472940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11472940"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11472940; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11472940]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11472940").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11472940").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11472940"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8745" type="text/json">{"id":8745,"name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11472940]'), work: {"id":11472940,"title":"Melatonin and the aging brain","created_at":"2015-03-16T20:01:55.657-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11472940/Melatonin_and_the_aging_brain?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_11472940","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46688464,"asset_id":11472940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27941019,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelixLiu2","display_name":"Felix Liu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelixLiu2?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":8745,"name":"Neurochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurochemistry?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37782,"name":"Cell Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Culture?f_ri=280879"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":51570,"name":"Melatonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Melatonin?f_ri=280879"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=280879"},{"id":213901,"name":"Transcription Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factor?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290433,"name":"Antioxidant Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Activity?f_ri=280879"},{"id":295257,"name":"Antioxidant enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_enzyme?f_ri=280879"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=280879"},{"id":613283,"name":"Pineal Gland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pineal_Gland?f_ri=280879"},{"id":968358,"name":"Brain Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Function?f_ri=280879"},{"id":981291,"name":"Brain Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Chemistry?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1109079,"name":"Encephalitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Encephalitis?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1953419,"name":"Neuroprotective Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotective_Agents?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19167133" data-work_id="19167133" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19167133/Targeting_mitochondrial_biogenesis_for_preventing_and_treating_insulin_resistance_in_diabetes_and_obesity_Hope_from_natural_mitochondrial_nutrients_">Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for preventing and treating insulin resistance in diabetes and obesity: Hope from natural mitochondrial nutrients☆</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unclear and may involve pathological changes in multiple tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19167133" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unclear and may involve pathological changes in multiple tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial loss and over-production of oxidants, has been suggested to be involved in the development of insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that targeting mitochondria to protect mitochondrial function as a unique measure, i.e. mitochondrial medicine, could prevent and ameliorate various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we have summarized recent progress in pharmaceutical and nutritional studies of drugs and nutrients to targeting mitochondria by stimulating mitochondrial metabolism (biogenesis and degradation) to improve mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress for preventing and ameliorating insulin resistance. We have focused on nutrients from natural sources to stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in cellular systems and in animal models. The in vitro and in vivo studies, especially our own work on the effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial targeting nutrients or their combinations, may help us to understand the importance and mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistance, and provide hope for developing mitochondria-targeting agents for preventing and treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and obesity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19167133" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b9e31f103fa0092a29f792c14d13580" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42106753,"asset_id":19167133,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42106753/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39373249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WertzKarin">Karin Wertz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39373249" type="text/json">{"id":39373249,"first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Wertz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WertzKarin","display_name":"Karin Wertz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WertzKarin?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19167133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19167133"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19167133, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19167133", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19167133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19167133; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19167133"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19167133 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19167133"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19167133; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19167133]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19167133").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19167133").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19167133"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3851" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity">Obesity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3851" type="text/json">{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15719" type="text/json">{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23243" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes">Type 2 Diabetes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23243" type="text/json">{"id":23243,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19167133]'), work: {"id":19167133,"title":"Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for preventing and treating insulin resistance in diabetes and obesity: Hope from natural mitochondrial nutrients☆","created_at":"2015-11-29T01:42:59.435-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19167133/Targeting_mitochondrial_biogenesis_for_preventing_and_treating_insulin_resistance_in_diabetes_and_obesity_Hope_from_natural_mitochondrial_nutrients_?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_19167133","summary":"Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unclear and may involve pathological changes in multiple tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial loss and over-production of oxidants, has been suggested to be involved in the development of insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that targeting mitochondria to protect mitochondrial function as a unique measure, i.e. mitochondrial medicine, could prevent and ameliorate various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we have summarized recent progress in pharmaceutical and nutritional studies of drugs and nutrients to targeting mitochondria by stimulating mitochondrial metabolism (biogenesis and degradation) to improve mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress for preventing and ameliorating insulin resistance. We have focused on nutrients from natural sources to stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in cellular systems and in animal models. The in vitro and in vivo studies, especially our own work on the effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial targeting nutrients or their combinations, may help us to understand the importance and mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistance, and provide hope for developing mitochondria-targeting agents for preventing and treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and obesity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42106753,"asset_id":19167133,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39373249,"first_name":"Karin","last_name":"Wertz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WertzKarin","display_name":"Karin Wertz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WertzKarin?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":23243,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":51373,"name":"Insulin Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insulin_Resistance?f_ri=280879"},{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus?f_ri=280879"},{"id":95522,"name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advanced_Drug_Delivery_Research?f_ri=280879"},{"id":151951,"name":"Animal Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Model?f_ri=280879"},{"id":152562,"name":"Dietary Supplements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_Supplements?f_ri=280879"},{"id":159187,"name":"Drug Delivery Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_Systems?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290205,"name":"Mitochondrial Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1714296,"name":"Cellular system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_system?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25385932" data-work_id="25385932" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25385932/Mechanisms_for_experimental_buprenorphine_hepatotoxicity_major_role_of_mitochondrial_dysfunction_versus_metabolic_activation">Mechanisms for experimental buprenorphine hepatotoxicity: major role of mitochondrial dysfunction versus metabolic activation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25385932" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1873b5a556bf458a99879f430525a70f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45700116,"asset_id":25385932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45700116/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48836825" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DelphineHaouzi">Delphine Haouzi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48836825" type="text/json">{"id":48836825,"first_name":"Delphine","last_name":"Haouzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DelphineHaouzi","display_name":"Delphine Haouzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DelphineHaouzi?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25385932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25385932"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25385932, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25385932", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25385932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25385932; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25385932"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25385932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25385932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25385932; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25385932]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25385932").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25385932").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25385932"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37773" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology">Hepatology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37773" type="text/json">{"id":37773,"name":"Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71437" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver">Liver</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71437" type="text/json">{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability">Permeability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="83972" type="text/json">{"id":83972,"name":"Permeability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25385932]'), work: {"id":25385932,"title":"Mechanisms for experimental buprenorphine hepatotoxicity: major role of mitochondrial dysfunction versus metabolic activation","created_at":"2016-05-17T02:33:41.890-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25385932/Mechanisms_for_experimental_buprenorphine_hepatotoxicity_major_role_of_mitochondrial_dysfunction_versus_metabolic_activation?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_25385932","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45700116,"asset_id":25385932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48836825,"first_name":"Delphine","last_name":"Haouzi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DelphineHaouzi","display_name":"Delphine Haouzi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DelphineHaouzi?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37773,"name":"Hepatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":83972,"name":"Permeability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Permeability?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":112576,"name":"Cell Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Death?f_ri=280879"},{"id":118450,"name":"Glutathione","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutathione?f_ri=280879"},{"id":143599,"name":"Buprenorphine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buprenorphine?f_ri=280879"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=280879"},{"id":466103,"name":"Narcotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcotics?f_ri=280879"},{"id":528241,"name":"Biotransformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotransformation?f_ri=280879"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight?f_ri=280879"},{"id":664186,"name":"Alkylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkylation?f_ri=280879"},{"id":887736,"name":"Membrane Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Potential?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1256747,"name":"Oxidation-Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidation-Reduction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1816594,"name":"Adenosine Triphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Triphosphate?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14221930 coauthored" data-work_id="14221930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14221930/Increased_levels_of_adenine_nucleotide_translocator_1_protein_and_response_to_oxidative_stress_are_early_events_in_facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy_muscle">Increased levels of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 protein and response to oxidative stress are early events in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder, has been causally related to deletion of tandemly arrayed 3.3 kb repeats (D4Z4) on chromosome 4q35. Although increased expression of several 4q35... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14221930" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder, has been causally related to deletion of tandemly arrayed 3.3 kb repeats (D4Z4) on chromosome 4q35. Although increased expression of several 4q35 genes has been reported, two recent studies dispute this, finding no significant changes in the transcriptional level of any of the 4q35 genes, among which is the heart and muscle-specific</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14221930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bd7796802f6da26ed6491b8c0ea02464" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44447462,"asset_id":14221930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44447462/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33203493" href="https://publicationlist.academia.edu/YegorVassetzky">Yegor Vassetzky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33203493" type="text/json">{"id":33203493,"first_name":"Yegor","last_name":"Vassetzky","domain_name":"publicationlist","page_name":"YegorVassetzky","display_name":"Yegor Vassetzky","profile_url":"https://publicationlist.academia.edu/YegorVassetzky?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14221930">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14221930"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GillesCarnac">Gilles Carnac</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14221930'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14221930').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14221930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14221930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14221930; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14221930]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14221930").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14221930").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14221930"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine">Molecular Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5072" type="text/json">{"id":5072,"name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9786" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9786" type="text/json">{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress">Oxidative Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14292" type="text/json">{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14221930]'), work: {"id":14221930,"title":"Increased levels of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 protein and response to oxidative stress are early events in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscle","created_at":"2015-07-20T12:39:49.377-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14221930/Increased_levels_of_adenine_nucleotide_translocator_1_protein_and_response_to_oxidative_stress_are_early_events_in_facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy_muscle?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_14221930","summary":"Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder, has been causally related to deletion of tandemly arrayed 3.3 kb repeats (D4Z4) on chromosome 4q35. Although increased expression of several 4q35 genes has been reported, two recent studies dispute this, finding no significant changes in the transcriptional level of any of the 4q35 genes, among which is the heart and muscle-specific","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44447462,"asset_id":14221930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33203493,"first_name":"Yegor","last_name":"Vassetzky","domain_name":"publicationlist","page_name":"YegorVassetzky","display_name":"Yegor Vassetzky","profile_url":"https://publicationlist.academia.edu/YegorVassetzky?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33327818,"first_name":"Gilles","last_name":"Carnac","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GillesCarnac","display_name":"Gilles Carnac","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GillesCarnac?f_ri=280879","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5072,"name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Medicine?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":37826,"name":"Biopsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopsy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":50157,"name":"Molecular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular?f_ri=280879"},{"id":89118,"name":"Muscular Dystrophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscular_Dystrophy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":204114,"name":"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duchenne_Muscular_Dystrophy?f_ri=280879"},{"id":233372,"name":"Lipid peroxidation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_peroxidation?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=280879"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=280879"},{"id":501806,"name":"Protein Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Expression?f_ri=280879"},{"id":588751,"name":"Heat Shock Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Shock_Proteins?f_ri=280879"},{"id":599392,"name":"Proteome analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteome_analysis?f_ri=280879"},{"id":766010,"name":"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Two-Dimensional_Gel_Electrophoresis?f_ri=280879"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41161386" data-work_id="41161386" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41161386/The_mitochondrial_uncoupling_as_a_promising_pharmacological_target_against_cancer">The mitochondrial uncoupling as a promising pharmacological target against cancer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Context: Mitochondria represent a key intracellular signalling hub that is emerging as important determinants of numerous aspects of cancer development and progression. In this sense, the organelle constitutes a promising target for the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41161386" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Context: Mitochondria represent a key intracellular signalling hub that is emerging as important determinants of numerous aspects of cancer development and progression. In this sense, the organelle constitutes a promising target for the development of novel anticancer agents. Despite the negative history, mitochondrial uncoupling has recently proposed as a pharmacological target against cancer, but little is known about the mechanisms involved.<br /><br />Aims: To demonstrate the role of mitochondria in tumor formation and to describe how targeting of mitochondria uncoupling can be beneficial in the therapy of these diseases, which affect a large human population.<br /><br />Methods: The data for this systematic review were collected from three popular databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus and included in the search terms the words “mitochondrial uncoupling” and “cancer”. The influence of mitochondrial uncoupling on cells physiology that could lead to cancer cells death, invasion and metastasis was critically appraised from relevant researches. The anticancer effects of small molecules mitochondrial uncouplers and their anticancer mechanisms were also discussed. The present dataset finally included 201 published articles.<br /><br />Results: It was found that the mitochondrial uncoupling-mediated responses possibly involved in the anti-cancer/anti-metastatic effects include Ca2+ homeostasis and bioenergetics disruption, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dynamics alteration, and gene expression modulation.<br /><br />Conclusions: Overall, this critical review suggests that mitochondrial uncoupling could be an interesting pharmacological target to be considered in the design and synthesis of novel anti-cancer compounds with optimal physic-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties and improved safety profiles.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41161386" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9461150da6bd114482324faec5f37f8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61403237,"asset_id":41161386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61403237/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13838875" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalPharmacyPharmacognosyResJPPRes">Journal Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Res JPPRes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13838875" type="text/json">{"id":13838875,"first_name":"Journal Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Res","last_name":"JPPRes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalPharmacyPharmacognosyResJPPRes","display_name":"Journal Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Res JPPRes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalPharmacyPharmacognosyResJPPRes?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/73db849da28752992bc1b6c420c97630?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41161386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41161386"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41161386, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41161386", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41161386]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41161386").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41161386").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41161386"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer">Cancer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6021" type="text/json">{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6482" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meta-Analysis_and_Systematic_Review">Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6482" type="text/json">{"id":6482,"name":"Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meta-Analysis_and_Systematic_Review?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13827" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology">Cell Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13827" type="text/json">{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13828" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Cell_Biology">Cancer Cell Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13828" type="text/json">{"id":13828,"name":"Cancer Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Cell_Biology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41161386]'), work: {"id":41161386,"title":"The mitochondrial uncoupling as a promising pharmacological target against cancer","created_at":"2019-12-02T18:22:44.442-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41161386/The_mitochondrial_uncoupling_as_a_promising_pharmacological_target_against_cancer?f_ri=280879","dom_id":"work_41161386","summary":"Context: Mitochondria represent a key intracellular signalling hub that is emerging as important determinants of numerous aspects of cancer development and progression. In this sense, the organelle constitutes a promising target for the development of novel anticancer agents. Despite the negative history, mitochondrial uncoupling has recently proposed as a pharmacological target against cancer, but little is known about the mechanisms involved.\n\nAims: To demonstrate the role of mitochondria in tumor formation and to describe how targeting of mitochondria uncoupling can be beneficial in the therapy of these diseases, which affect a large human population.\n\nMethods: The data for this systematic review were collected from three popular databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus and included in the search terms the words “mitochondrial uncoupling” and “cancer”. The influence of mitochondrial uncoupling on cells physiology that could lead to cancer cells death, invasion and metastasis was critically appraised from relevant researches. The anticancer effects of small molecules mitochondrial uncouplers and their anticancer mechanisms were also discussed. The present dataset finally included 201 published articles.\n\nResults: It was found that the mitochondrial uncoupling-mediated responses possibly involved in the anti-cancer/anti-metastatic effects include Ca2+ homeostasis and bioenergetics disruption, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dynamics alteration, and gene expression modulation.\n\nConclusions: Overall, this critical review suggests that mitochondrial uncoupling could be an interesting pharmacological target to be considered in the design and synthesis of novel anti-cancer compounds with optimal physic-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties and improved safety profiles.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61403237,"asset_id":41161386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13838875,"first_name":"Journal Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Res","last_name":"JPPRes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalPharmacyPharmacognosyResJPPRes","display_name":"Journal Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Res JPPRes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalPharmacyPharmacognosyResJPPRes?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/73db849da28752992bc1b6c420c97630?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":6482,"name":"Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meta-Analysis_and_Systematic_Review?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":13828,"name":"Cancer Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Cell_Biology?f_ri=280879","nofollow":false},{"id":14195,"name":"Cancer Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Biology?f_ri=280879"},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=280879"},{"id":17503,"name":"Mitochondrial Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Medicine?f_ri=280879"},{"id":22255,"name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Research?f_ri=280879"},{"id":30847,"name":"Mitochondrial Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Evolution?f_ri=280879"},{"id":44348,"name":"Systematic Reviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Reviews?f_ri=280879"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=280879"},{"id":66683,"name":"Systematic Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Literature_Review?f_ri=280879"},{"id":112576,"name":"Cell Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Death?f_ri=280879"},{"id":221411,"name":"Systematic review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_review?f_ri=280879"},{"id":280879,"name":"Mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_dysfunction?f_ri=280879"},{"id":290205,"name":"Mitochondrial Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Diseases?f_ri=280879"},{"id":304752,"name":"Qualitative systematic reviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_systematic_reviews?f_ri=280879"},{"id":3472903,"name":"Mitochondrial Uncoupling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_Uncoupling?f_ri=280879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17119323" data-work_id="17119323" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17119323/Gustafson_C_Vasquez_A_Alex_Vasquez_DC_ND_DO_FACN_Mitochondrial_Dysfunction_and_the_Emerging_Mitochondrial_Medicine_Interview_by_Craig_Gustafson_Integrative_Medicine_2013">Gustafson C, Vasquez A. Alex Vasquez, DC, ND, DO, FACN: Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Emerging “Mitochondrial Medicine” Interview by Craig Gustafson. Integrative Medicine 2013</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Gustafson C, Vasquez A. Alex Vasquez, DC, ND, DO, FACN: Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Emerging “Mitochondrial Medicine” Interview by Craig Gustafson. Integrative Medicine 2013: 12(4);  20-24</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17119323" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7513c5b5c3525b57146d3fd1bba6a9f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39344195,"asset_id":17119323,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39344195/download_file?st=MTczMjcyOTE2OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4753213" href="https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez">Alex Vasquez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4753213" type="text/json">{"id":4753213,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Vasquez","domain_name":"ichnfm","page_name":"AlexVasquez","display_name":"Alex Vasquez","profile_url":"https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez?f_ri=280879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4753213/2016212/21240053/s65_alex.vasquez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17119323 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17119323"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17119323, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17119323", }); 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