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src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8417897/7781434/8721901/s200_l_l_ana.garcia.jpg_oh_12899328816b2b600232937232946f4a_oe_5593640d___gda___1435779738_1ce2c5f1910c06d36dd8c6b0b5f18774" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Lïlïana Garcia</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Lïlïana" data-follow-user-id="8417897" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" 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class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Lïlïana Garcia</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5768934"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/5768934/Red_cell_loss_following_orthopedic_surgery_the_case_against_postoperative_blood_salvage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Red cell loss following orthopedic surgery: the case against postoperative blood salvage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49145377/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5768934/Red_cell_loss_following_orthopedic_surgery_the_case_against_postoperative_blood_salvage">Red cell loss following orthopedic surgery: the case against postoperative blood salvage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Transfusion</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="54de97f01e6ef97b1962460361bfb801" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49145377,"asset_id":5768934,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49145377/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span 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data-work-id="5768932"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/5768932/Latest_view_on_the_mechanism_of_action_of_deep_brain_stimulation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Latest view on the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793731/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5768932/Latest_view_on_the_mechanism_of_action_of_deep_brain_stimulation">Latest view on the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Movement Disorders</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span 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Activity","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Although it is well known that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) alleviates the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated the effect of stimulation from low to high frequencies on rat STN neurons in naive and dopamine-depleted slices using whole-cell, current-clamp techniques and on-line artifact suppression. Stimulation at 10 Hz evoked 10 Hz single spikes but did not significantly modify ongoing STN activity. In contrast, at therapeutically relevant frequencies (80 -185 Hz), stimulation had a dual effect: it fully suppressed STN spontaneous activity and generated a robust pattern of recurrent bursts of spikes, with each spike being time-locked to a stimulus pulse. Neither the suppression of spontaneous activity nor the generation of spikes was prevented by the antagonists of the metabotropic and ionotropic receptors of glutamate and ␥-aminobutyric acid. Tetrodotoxin, the Na ϩ channel blocker, suppressed all HFS-evoked spikes, whereas nifedipin, an L-type Ca 2ϩ -channel blocker, abolished the membrane oscillations underlying bursts. Therefore, we conclude that HFS drives the STN neuronal activity by directly activating the neuronal membrane. We suggest that this pattern may remove the deleterious activity of the basal ganglia network in the parkinsonian state and drive target neurons to a high-frequency state of activity, dependent on the characteristics of STN efferent synapses and resonant properties of target membranes.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":32793734},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5768931/Dual_Effect_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_on_Subthalamic_Neuron_Activity","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:30:38.183-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":8417897,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32793734,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793734/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"8743.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32793734/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Dual_Effect_of_High_Frequency_Stimulatio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32793734/8743-libre.pdf?1391230586=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDual_Effect_of_High_Frequency_Stimulatio.pdf\u0026Expires=1733269219\u0026Signature=SNHNuNMrH1uWcWL2nSKIFJr3aCcWmzGAtcpRRILpMzFRyBIfBiQmLQPgaApAKUSe597UsPaWqicRtacB~zndt0uplGRQNItRzCBW56jkmdP6Bor7OfhN~fNGDewZRy01YPUloHDkDitKBE3jRYFVgqeb-KGuxCxlcb4j7Iy2-QAsYHrcQvuzGNuK5BYLZH5EWVBd-uSAYC9SVCDhXvcvJlRoygD2A8lAOK4L8wVe2~09lXpOaWI~eCbCGxlm8EpeSCIEB4EC7Xm11nXsvnxW0MySNKko8-3yWXs1kGB1k~OlHuXZg0zBFNJLgO0Ax4SThXnWRMhjM64gnM0xH4QPvQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Dual_Effect_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_on_Subthalamic_Neuron_Activity","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":8417897,"first_name":"Lïlïana","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garcia","page_name":"LïlïanaGarcia","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:27:09.134-08:00","display_name":"Lïlïana 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In clinical conditions, high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of subthalamic (STN) neurons in Parkinson's disease is empirically applied at Ն100 Hz (130 -185 Hz), with pulses of short duration (60 -100 s) and 1-to 3-mA amplitude. Other parameter values produce no effect or aggravate the symptoms. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic action of HFS, we have compared the effects of different combinations of parameter values delivered by clinical stimulators on the activity of STN neurons recorded in whole cell patch-clamp configuration in slices. We showed that none of tested combinations of parameters silenced the neurons. Non-therapeutic combinations i.e., low-frequency pulses (10 -50 Hz), even at large amplitude or width, further excited the STN neurons with respect to their spontaneous activity. In contrast, combinations in the therapeutic range (80 -185 Hz, 90 -200 s, 500 -800 A) replaced the preexisting activity by spikes, time-locked to the stimuli and thus presenting a striking regularity. When increasing pulse width or amplitude in this high-frequency range, the dual effect was still present but the activity generated became more irregular. We propose that during HFS at clinically relevant parameters, STN neurons behave as stable oscillators entirely driven by the stimulation, giving an average stable STN output that overrides spontaneous activity and introduces highfrequency regular spiking in the basal ganglia network.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":32793730},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5768930/Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Parameters_on_the_Pattern_of_Discharge_of_Subthalamic_Neurons","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:30:37.724-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":8417897,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32793730,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793730/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3662.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32793730/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32793730/3662-libre.pdf?1391228345=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf\u0026Expires=1733269219\u0026Signature=CZcgaEOSaMEHNy8PVxU~3KgBQN4kAvk48anYy98W09N6fwCrs28752RCqDr7bkfo7eGqsGMGeYFV0w8e-xvY9p~EctZbcmMF4zMpjI53lRbHNGA-PlJtHw7Str6CgUVUVoEKqGY38fLT2CL9-b5dO0QKehb~N6hF7zo0b7BqhrLILmQE7QPSCdH26TbkLwyuKhcw609hurV~WxZ2asf15yAkN~czkxcDS6z5QXlnvkTUbffPAuQfJB1SWfd4-mWzCxuNxrS4H2UFVA6sMAwWJkaFSO81xd22RJz1Py-YdDNmRKSfdraJDgSyentSOqGeEa26v4lWoxu4J5JTyggZQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Parameters_on_the_Pattern_of_Discharge_of_Subthalamic_Neurons","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":8417897,"first_name":"Lïlïana","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garcia","page_name":"LïlïanaGarcia","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:27:09.134-08:00","display_name":"Lïlïana Garcia","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%AFl%C3%AFanaGarcia"},"attachments":[{"id":32793730,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793730/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3662.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32793730/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32793730/3662-libre.pdf?1391228345=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf\u0026Expires=1733269219\u0026Signature=CZcgaEOSaMEHNy8PVxU~3KgBQN4kAvk48anYy98W09N6fwCrs28752RCqDr7bkfo7eGqsGMGeYFV0w8e-xvY9p~EctZbcmMF4zMpjI53lRbHNGA-PlJtHw7Str6CgUVUVoEKqGY38fLT2CL9-b5dO0QKehb~N6hF7zo0b7BqhrLILmQE7QPSCdH26TbkLwyuKhcw609hurV~WxZ2asf15yAkN~czkxcDS6z5QXlnvkTUbffPAuQfJB1SWfd4-mWzCxuNxrS4H2UFVA6sMAwWJkaFSO81xd22RJz1Py-YdDNmRKSfdraJDgSyentSOqGeEa26v4lWoxu4J5JTyggZQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":37793,"name":"Patch-clamp and imaging techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patch-clamp_and_imaging_techniques"},{"id":42408,"name":"Subthalamic Nucleus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subthalamic_Nucleus"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials"}],"urls":[{"id":2266516,"url":"http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/94/6/3662.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Their innate pacemaker activity, consisting of a single-spike tonic mode of discharge, is abolished in the case of hemiballism, profoundly disrupted in the Parkinsonian state and replaced by a regular bursting mode under treatment (high-frequency stimulation, HFS). We propose that control STN activity represents a clock, an internal measure of time allowing the correct automatic execution of learned movements and, in particular, the automatic switch from one movement to the next in a sequential motor pattern. 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Do the effects of HFS stem solely or even largely from local effects on the stimulated brain structure or are they also mediated by actions of HFS on distal structures? Indeed, HFS as an extracellular stimulation is expected to activate subsets of both afferent and efferent axons, leading to antidromic spikes that collide with ongoing spontaneous ones and orthodromic spikes that evoke synaptic responses in target neurons. The present review sug-gests that HFS interfere with spontaneous pathological patterns by introducing a regular activity in several nodal points of the network. Therefore, the best site of implantation of the HFS electrode may be in a region where the HFS-driven activity spreads to most of the identified, dysrhythmic, neuronal populations without causing additional side effects. 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Activity","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Although it is well known that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) alleviates the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated the effect of stimulation from low to high frequencies on rat STN neurons in naive and dopamine-depleted slices using whole-cell, current-clamp techniques and on-line artifact suppression. Stimulation at 10 Hz evoked 10 Hz single spikes but did not significantly modify ongoing STN activity. In contrast, at therapeutically relevant frequencies (80 -185 Hz), stimulation had a dual effect: it fully suppressed STN spontaneous activity and generated a robust pattern of recurrent bursts of spikes, with each spike being time-locked to a stimulus pulse. Neither the suppression of spontaneous activity nor the generation of spikes was prevented by the antagonists of the metabotropic and ionotropic receptors of glutamate and ␥-aminobutyric acid. Tetrodotoxin, the Na ϩ channel blocker, suppressed all HFS-evoked spikes, whereas nifedipin, an L-type Ca 2ϩ -channel blocker, abolished the membrane oscillations underlying bursts. Therefore, we conclude that HFS drives the STN neuronal activity by directly activating the neuronal membrane. We suggest that this pattern may remove the deleterious activity of the basal ganglia network in the parkinsonian state and drive target neurons to a high-frequency state of activity, dependent on the characteristics of STN efferent synapses and resonant properties of target 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src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793730/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5768930/Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Parameters_on_the_Pattern_of_Discharge_of_Subthalamic_Neurons">Impact of High-Frequency Stimulation Parameters on the Pattern of Discharge of Subthalamic Neurons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neurophysiology</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="847a10d617bc9311f84756c2c49a6ce1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32793730,"asset_id":5768930,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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})(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "847a10d617bc9311f84756c2c49a6ce1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5768930]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5768930,"title":"Impact of High-Frequency Stimulation Parameters on the Pattern of Discharge of Subthalamic Neurons","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Impact of high-frequency stimulation parameters on the pattern of discharge of subthalamic neurons. . In clinical conditions, high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of subthalamic (STN) neurons in Parkinson's disease is empirically applied at Ն100 Hz (130 -185 Hz), with pulses of short duration (60 -100 s) and 1-to 3-mA amplitude. Other parameter values produce no effect or aggravate the symptoms. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic action of HFS, we have compared the effects of different combinations of parameter values delivered by clinical stimulators on the activity of STN neurons recorded in whole cell patch-clamp configuration in slices. We showed that none of tested combinations of parameters silenced the neurons. Non-therapeutic combinations i.e., low-frequency pulses (10 -50 Hz), even at large amplitude or width, further excited the STN neurons with respect to their spontaneous activity. In contrast, combinations in the therapeutic range (80 -185 Hz, 90 -200 s, 500 -800 A) replaced the preexisting activity by spikes, time-locked to the stimuli and thus presenting a striking regularity. When increasing pulse width or amplitude in this high-frequency range, the dual effect was still present but the activity generated became more irregular. We propose that during HFS at clinically relevant parameters, STN neurons behave as stable oscillators entirely driven by the stimulation, giving an average stable STN output that overrides spontaneous activity and introduces highfrequency regular spiking in the basal ganglia network.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":32793730},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5768930/Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Parameters_on_the_Pattern_of_Discharge_of_Subthalamic_Neurons","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:30:37.724-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":8417897,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32793730,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793730/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3662.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32793730/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32793730/3662-libre.pdf?1391228345=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf\u0026Expires=1733269219\u0026Signature=CZcgaEOSaMEHNy8PVxU~3KgBQN4kAvk48anYy98W09N6fwCrs28752RCqDr7bkfo7eGqsGMGeYFV0w8e-xvY9p~EctZbcmMF4zMpjI53lRbHNGA-PlJtHw7Str6CgUVUVoEKqGY38fLT2CL9-b5dO0QKehb~N6hF7zo0b7BqhrLILmQE7QPSCdH26TbkLwyuKhcw609hurV~WxZ2asf15yAkN~czkxcDS6z5QXlnvkTUbffPAuQfJB1SWfd4-mWzCxuNxrS4H2UFVA6sMAwWJkaFSO81xd22RJz1Py-YdDNmRKSfdraJDgSyentSOqGeEa26v4lWoxu4J5JTyggZQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Parameters_on_the_Pattern_of_Discharge_of_Subthalamic_Neurons","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":8417897,"first_name":"Lïlïana","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Garcia","page_name":"LïlïanaGarcia","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2014-01-19T06:27:09.134-08:00","display_name":"Lïlïana Garcia","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%AFl%C3%AFanaGarcia"},"attachments":[{"id":32793730,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32793730/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3662.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32793730/download_file?st=MTczMzI2NTYyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI2NTYxOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32793730/3662-libre.pdf?1391228345=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_High_Frequency_Stimulation_Par.pdf\u0026Expires=1733269219\u0026Signature=CZcgaEOSaMEHNy8PVxU~3KgBQN4kAvk48anYy98W09N6fwCrs28752RCqDr7bkfo7eGqsGMGeYFV0w8e-xvY9p~EctZbcmMF4zMpjI53lRbHNGA-PlJtHw7Str6CgUVUVoEKqGY38fLT2CL9-b5dO0QKehb~N6hF7zo0b7BqhrLILmQE7QPSCdH26TbkLwyuKhcw609hurV~WxZ2asf15yAkN~czkxcDS6z5QXlnvkTUbffPAuQfJB1SWfd4-mWzCxuNxrS4H2UFVA6sMAwWJkaFSO81xd22RJz1Py-YdDNmRKSfdraJDgSyentSOqGeEa26v4lWoxu4J5JTyggZQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":37793,"name":"Patch-clamp and imaging techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patch-clamp_and_imaging_techniques"},{"id":42408,"name":"Subthalamic Nucleus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subthalamic_Nucleus"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials"}],"urls":[{"id":2266516,"url":"http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/94/6/3662.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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